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DEVELOPMENT
27.1 Introduction
27.7 Summary
Objectives:
After studying this lesson, you will be able to understand
27.1 Introduction:
Dear students, the present chapter deals with the role of foreign trade in economic
development. As you know that, foreign trade means the trade with the other economies
in terms of exports and imports, because no country is self sufficient. Every country
depends upon other countries for exports of some items and imports of others. This gives
raise to international trade or international specialization. When country specialises in the
production of those goods which it can produce cheaper and import those goods which
others can produce at a lower cost, it gains from trade and there is increase in national
income which helps to promote economic development. Now I think it is clear to you
about the meaning of foreign trade and economic development concepts. Therefore, in
this lesson an attempt is made the explain role of foreign trade in economic development.
The role of foreign trade in economic development is considerable. The Classical and
Neo-classical economists attached so much importance to foreign trade in countries
development that they regarded it as an engine of growth. The opposite view is held by
structuralist who argue that historically foreign trade has led to international inequality
whereby the rich countries have become richer at the expense of the poorer countries.
Inward Oriented
Outward Oriented Strategies.
Inward oriented strategy, trade and industrial incentives are biased in favor
of production for the domestic market over that for export market. This
can also called as the import substitution strategy.
The inward oriented policies are characterized by high levels of protection, direct
controls on imports and investments and overvalued exchange rates wheras
discriminatory use of tariffs, quotas, tax and credit subsidies etc., is not in consonense
with the spirit of purest form of outward oriented strategy. It may be mentioned here,
however, that outward oriented strategy does not necessarily imply less government
intervention. As pointed out by the World Development Report, “ some countries
have pursued outward orientation by offsetting some of the anti-export bias of
important barriers; they have promoted exports by dismantling import barriers only
slowly”. However, it should be noted that the small countries and their model of
development is not suited to big countries and in their case foreign trade has not
contributed much in their economic development. Therefore, some economists have
strongly criticized their theories which seek to establish positive relationship between
international trade and economic development.
There are economists who hold the view that foreign trade hinders the development of
underdeveloped countries. Historically, it has resulted in the exploitation of the poor
countries by the rich countries. It is, therefore, contended that it would be in the interest
of under-developed countries to forego the gains arising from international specialization
and follow the policy of import substitution and deliberate industrialization for the
economic development of their economies.
27.4 Effects of foreign trade: Foreign trade will have two types of effects, they
are:
Favorable Effects
Unfavorable Effects.
Let us have a in-depth analysis of the above stated favorable and unfavorable effects of
foreign trade on economic development.
It encourages the setting up of basic and key industries such as iron and steel industry,
heavy electricals and engineering goods industries. Such industries require the
imports of plant, machinery equipment and other appliances as they cannot be
produced at home in the initial stages of economic development. Such imports which
help to expand the productive capacity of the economy are termed as developmental
imports. A developing country needs both developmental and maintenance imports
for promoting economic development. At the same time to pay for the imports,
exports must also increase proportionately. Exports must match the imports failing
which the pace of economic development will slow down. Thus both imports and
exports are essential for the economic development of a country.
Foreign trade can help to break the vicious circle of poverty by widening the market,
stimulating the inducement to invest and thereby raising the volume of saving and
investment. Not only this, the expansion of the market results in various types of
internal and external economies which lower the cost of production and widen the
market still further. This makes the process of economic development cumulative in
character.
Foreign capital not only increases the level of income, output and employment but
also helps to tide over balance of payments difficulties and inflationary pressures. It
also bring with it entrepreneurship, managerial talents, technical known-how, skills
and ideas which play a vital role in economic development. International trade thus
serves as the vehicle for the international movements of capital and ideas.
When a country specializes in the production of a few goods due to international trade
and division of labor, it exports those commodities which it produces cheaper in
exchange for what others can produce at a lower cost. It gains from trade and there is
increase in national income which in turn raises the level of output through trade tends to
break the vicious circle of poverty and promotes economic development.
LDC is hampered by the small size of its domestic market which fails to absorb sufficient
volume of output. This leads to low inducement to investment. The size of the market is
also small because of low per capita income and of purchasing power. International trade
widens the market and increases the inducement to invest income and saving through
more efficient resources allocation.
Moreover, many under developed countries specialize in the production of one or two
staple commodities. If efforts are made to export them, they tend to widen the market.
Thus existing resources are employed more productively and the resources allocation
becomes more efficient with given production functions.
As a result, unemployment and under employment are reduced; domestic saving and
investment increase; there is a larger inflow of factor inputs into the expanding export
sector; and greater backward and forward linkages with other sectors of economy. This is
known as the “staple theory of economic growth”, associated with Watkins. Foreign trade
also helps to transform the subsistence sector into the monetized sector by providing
markets for farm produce and raises the income and the standard of living of the
peasantry. The expansion of the market leads to a number of internal and external
economies, and hence, to reduction in cost of production. These are the direct or static
gains from international trade.
Some of the important unfavorable effects of foreign trade are mentioned below:
It is contended that international trade adversely affects the rate of saving in the poor
countries through international demonstration effect. International trade causes
awareness of the superior consumption patterns of rich countries. Therefore, it effects
the capital formation in the country.
It is maintained by certain economists like Raul Prebish and HW Singar that there has
been secular deterioration in the terms of trade of the less developed countries and
consequently gains from international trade have gone more to rich countries at the
cost of poor countries.
To overcome the various problems and difficulties in the foreign trade attempts have
been made in recent years for promoting regional economic cooperation among the
developing countries. This enables them to overcome constraint of a small size of
domestic market from which these countries suffer and helps them to rep advantages of
the economies of large scale production. Later these countries can explore the
possibilities of coordinated industrial planning by abolishing trade barriers amongst
themselves. However, it requires political will to sacrifice national self-interest and
subordinate political considerations to the promotion of common economic interests.
27.7 Summary
Therefore, foreign trade, in addition to the static gains resulting from efficient resource
allocation with given production functions, powerfully contributed in four ways indicated
above, by transforming existing production functions and pushing upwards and outwards.
Important advantages are; speeds up the process of economic development, provides
necessary infrastructure, widens the extent of the market , provides great educative effect,
encourages the inflow of capital, brings efficiency in production. And important
disadvantages are; slow and lopsided development, adverse effects on capital formation,
deterioration in terms of trade. Therefore, foreign trade may either promote or hinder
economic development depending upon specific situation.
Inward oriented strategy : Trade and industrial incentives are biased in favor of
production for the domestic market over that for export market. This can also called as
the import substitution strategy.
Outward Oriented Strategy: Trade and industrial policies do not discriminate between
production for the domestic market and for foreign market goods. This is called as export
promotion strategy.
Export promotion strategy: Outward oriented strategy also called as export promotion
strategy