21ST CENTURY LITERATUE
reasons for such allegations.
Philippine Revelation
Dr. Jose P Rizal
 His full name is Jose Protacio Rizal
Mercado Alonzo y Realonda.
 He was born June 19, 1861 at Calamba,
Laguna.
 He studied at Ateneo, UST, Universidad
Central de Madrid, Univ. of Berlin, Univ.
of Leipzig, and Univ. of Heidelberg.
 Executed by musketry on Dec. 30, 1896
with charges of sedition and rebellion.
 Pen names include Dimasalang, Laong-
Laan and P. Jacinto.
 Noli Me Tangere
 Driven by his undying love for his
country, Rizal wrote the novel to
expose the ills of Philippine society
during the Spanish colonial era. At the
time, the Spaniards prohibited the
Filipinos from reading the
controversial book because of the
unlawful acts depicted in the novel.
 El Filibusterismo
 This is Rizal’s sequel to his first book,
Noli Me Tángere. In El
Filibusterismo), the novel exhibits a
dark theme (as opposed to the hopeful
atmosphere in the first novel) in which
it depicts the country’s issues and how
the protagonist attempts a reform. The
story takes place 13 years after Noli
Me Tángere, where revolutionary
protagonist Crisostomo Ibarra is now
under the guise of Simoun – a wealthy
jewelry tycoon.
 To the Filipino Youth
 Rizal wrote this literary poem when he
was still studying at the University of
Sto. Tomas (UST). Originally written
in Spanish (A la juventud filipina),
Rizal submitted this piece for a poem
contest organized for Filipinos by the
Manila Lyceum of Art and Literature.
 Goodbye to Leonor
 This literary piece gives an insight into
the romantic relationship of Rizal and
his beloved, Leonor Rivera.
 Sobre La Indolencia de Los Filipinos
 (On the Indolence of the Filipinos). An
essay on the so-called Filipino
indolence and an evaluation of the
 Antonio de Morga’s 1609 “Sucesos de
las islas Filipinas (Events of the
Philippine Islands),”
 “Zhu Fan Zhi,” published by Chau Ju-
kua in 1225, which described the
industry and honesty of the Filipinos
before the Spanish conquest; and
 Antonio Pigafetta’s chronicle of the
Magellan expedition,
 “How did the industrious infidel
become indolent centuries later when
he was Christianized? Why did they
forget their proud past and become
indolent?”
 Filipinas Dentro de Cien Anos
 A socio-political essay written in four
parts (1889-1890) in the magazine La
Solidaridad by José Rizal. It is one of
the most significant political works of
the Filipino Reform movement in
Spain, Rizal tracing the circumstances
that brought about the awakening of
the Filipino and consequently the birth
of the Filipino spirit of a nation.
 He underscores the need to establish a
new kind of political relationship
between Spain and the Philippines if
the former does not wish a total break-
up with the latter. Spain is being given
a sort of ultimatum: reform or
independence.
Marcelo H. del Plar
 Pen Names: Plaridel, Pudpoh, Piping Dilat,
Siling Labuyo, Kupang, Maitalaga and
Dolores Manapat
 On August 1, 1882, he co - founded the
“Diaryong Tagalog.” The first Philippine
bilingual newspaper (Tagalog and Spanish)
existed only from three to five months.
 Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa (Love of
Country)
 At ito'y hindi nararapat pagtakhan sa
dahilang ang pagibig sa inang- baya'y
isang damdaming tunay na katutubo;
sapagka't naroroon ang mga kauna-
unahang alaala ng kamusmusan, isang
masamang tulang awitin na ang
kabataan lamang ang nakakikilala at sa
mga bakas nito'y sumisibol ang
bulaklak ng kawalang-malay at ng
 kaligayahan; sapagka't doo'y
nahihimbing ang buong nakaraan at
nababanaagan ang isang hinaharap.
 Kaiingat Kayo (Be Careful)
 A humorous and sarcastic dig in
answer to Fr. Jose Rodriquez in the
novel NOLI of Rizal, published in
Barcelona in 1888. He used Dolores
Manapat as pen-name here.
 Dasalan at Tocsohan (Prayers and Jokes)
 Similar to a cathecism but sarcastically
done agains the parish priests,
published in Barcelona in 1888.
Because of this, del Pilar was called
“filibuster.” Done in admirable tone of
supplication and excellent use of
Tagalog.
 Examples are;
 Ang Tanda
 Pagsisi
 Ang Amain Namin
 Ang Aba Ginnong Barya
 Ang Abo Po Santa Baria
 And Mga Utos ng Prayle (Ang
Sampung Utos ng Prayle)
 Ang Cadaquilaan ng Dios (God’s
Goodness)
 Published in Barcelona, it was also like
a cathecism sarcastically aimed against
the parish priests but also contains a
philosophy of the power and
intelligence of God and an appreciation
for and love for nature.
 “Di kailangan, kapatid ko ang
magbukas ka’t bumasa ng pilosopiya o
teolohiya at iba pang karunungan,
upang maranasan mo ang kadakilaan
ng Diyos.”
 La Frailocracia Filipinas (Frailocracy in
the Philippines)
 La Frailocracia Filipina is a pamphlet
written by Filipino writer Marcelo H.
del Pilar. The pamphlet was an answer
to a pamphlet entitled Los Frailes en
Filipinas which was written by a
Spaniard. The arguments were in five
parts, namely, the muchmooted
problem of filibusterism, the much-
vaunted love of the friars for Spain, the
disagreement of Filipino civilization by
the friars, the influence of the friars on
the Filipinos, and the aspirations of the
Filipinos.
 Sagot sa Espanya sa Hibik ng Pilipinas
(Answer to Spain on the Plea of Filipinos
 A poem pleading for change from
Spain but that Spain is already old and
weak to grant any aid to the
Philippines. This poem is in answer to
that of Hermenigildo Flores’ Hibik sa
Pilipinas (A Plea from the Philippines).
 Dupluhan...Dalit...Mga Bugtong
 (A poetical contest in narrative
sequence, psalms, riddles). A
compilation of poems on the
oppression by the priests in the
Philippines.
 La Soberania en Filipinas (Sovereignty
in the Philippines)
 (A poetical contest in narrative
sequence, psalms, riddles). A
compilation of poems on the
oppression by the priests in the
Philippines.
 Por Telefono (By Telephone)
 Pasiong Dapat Ipag-alab ng Puso ng
Taong Babasa (Passion that Should
Arouse the Hearts of the Leaders)
Graciano Lopez Jaena (1856-1896)
 He wrote 100 speeches in Spanish, and
published by Remigio Garcia.
 He escaped to Valencia, Spain to avoid
arrest due to his “Fray Botod.”
 Moved to Barcelona, Spain and established
La Solidaridad, as its 1st Editor-in-Chief.
 The La Soli became the official paper of the
Associacion Hispano de Filipinas, and the
official newspaper of Propaganda
Movement.
 La Solidaridad (The Solidarity)
 was an organization created in Spain
on December 13, 1888. Composed of
Filipino liberals exiled in 1872 and
students attending Europe's
universities, the organization aimed to
increase Spanish awareness of the
needs of its colony, the Philippines,
and to propagate a closer relationship
between the colony and Spain.
 Ang Fray Botod (Friar Botod)
 One of his works written in Jaro, Iloilo
in 1876, six years after the Cavite
Revolt attacking the friars in the
Philippines. He exposed how some of
the friars were greedy, ambitious and
 immoral.
 La Hija del Fraile (The Child of The
Friar) and Everything is Hambug
(Everything is Mere Show)
 Here Jaena explains the tragedy of
marrying a Spaniard.
 Sa Mga Pilipino
 1891… A speech which aimed to
improve the condition of the Filipinos
to become free and progressive.
 Talumpating Pagunita kay Colombus
(An Oration to Commemorate
Columbus)
 A speech he delivered in Madrid on the
39th anniversary of the discovery of
America.
 En Honor fel Presidente Morayta de La
Associacion Hispanic Filipino 1884
 Here he praised Gen. Morayta for his
equal treatment of the Filipinos.
 En Honoe de Los Artistas Luna y
Resurrecion Hidalgo
 A sincere expression of praise for the
paintings of Hidalgo on the condition
of the Filipinos under the Spaniards.
 Amor a Espana o a Las Jovenes de
Malolos (Love for Spain or To the Youth
of Malolos)
 The theme is about how girls were
taught Spanish in schools and whose
teachers were the governors-general of
the place.
 El Bandolerismo en Pilipinas (Banditry
in the Philippines)
 Jaena refuted the existence of banditry
in the Philippines and of how there
should be laws on robbery and other
reforms.
 Honor en Pilipinas (Honor in the
Philippines)
 The triumphant exposition of Luna,
Resurrecion and Pardo de Tavera of the
thesis that intellect or knowledge gives
honor to the Philippines.
 Pag-alis sa Buwis sa Pilipinas (Abolition
of Taxes sa Pilipinas)
 Institucion ng Pilipinas (Sufferings of the
Philippines)
 Jaena refers here to the wrong
management of education in the
Philippines 1887.
Antonio Luna
 A pharmacist who was banished by the
Spaniards to Spain • He became contributor
of La Soli • His pen name was Tagailog •
He wrote about Filipino customs and how
Spain mismanaged the Philippines. • He
became a general of the revolution against
Spain. • He was murdered by Aguinaldo’s
men at the age of 33.
 NOCHE BUENA (Christmas Eve).
 It pictured true Filipino life.
 SE DEVIERTEN (How They Diverted
Themselves).
 A dig at a dance of the Spaniards
where the people were very crowded.
 LA TERTULIA FILIPINA (A Filipino
Conference or Feast).
 Depicts a Filipino custom which he
believed was much better than the
Spanish.
 POR MADRID (For Madrid).
 A denouncement of Spaniards who
claim that the Philippines is a colony of
Spain but who think of Filipinos as
foreigners when it comes to collecting
taxes for stamps.
 LA CASA DE HUEPEDES (The
Landlady’s House).
 Depicts a landlady who looks for
boarders not for money but in order to
get a husband for her child.
Mariano Ponce
 He became an editor-in-chief, biographer
and researcher of Propaganda movement.
 He used Tikbalang, Naning and Kalipulako
as pen names
 He wrote about the values of education and
how the Filipinos were oppressed by the
foreigners as well as problems of his
countrymen.
 Ang Alamat ng Bulacan (Legend of
Bulacan) – contains legends and folklores
of his native town.
 Pagpugot kay Longinos (The Beheading
of Longinus) – a play shown at the plaza of
Malolos, Bulacan.
 Sobre Filipinos (About the Filipinos).
 Ang mga Pilipino sa Indo-Tsina (The
Filipinos in Indo-China)
Pedro Paterno
 He is a scholar, dramatist, researcher and
novelist.
 He is also a mason of the Confraternity of
Masons.
 NINAY. The first social novel in Spanish
by a Filipino.
 A MI MADRE (To My Mother). Shows
the importance of a mother especially in the
home.
 SAMPAGUITA Y POESIAS VARIAS
(Sampaguitas and Varied Poems). A
collection of his poems.
*The first Philippine novel Ninay—written in Tagalog and published -
gathers together a large number of themes and motifs which shaped the
works of a large number of literary texts. Using the nine-day novena for
the dead (pasiam) as the frame, the novel unfolds a series of narratives
that constitute variations of unrequited love. The first doomed love
affair is between Ninay, for whom the prayers for the dead are being
said, and Carlos Mabagsic falsely accused by the villainous Portuguese
businessman, Federico Silveyro, of leading an insurrection. After a
colorful sojourn abroad, Carlos returns only to find out that Ninay has
entered a convent. He dies of cholera and Ninay also succumbs to the
disease and dies. Unrequited love because of the machinations of
another evil character, Don Juan Silveyro, is also the fate of ill-starred
Loleng and Berto, who becomes an outlaw to avenge the death of his
sweetheart.It is Berto who finally puts an end to the wicked ways of
Federico*
Jose Maria Panganiban
 He used JOMAPA as his pen name.
 He was known for his photographic mind.
 He was a member of various movements in
the country.
 His major works include;
 Ang Lupang Tinubuan (My Native
Land)
 Ang Aking Buhay (My Life)
 Su Plano de Estudio (Your Study Plan)
 El Pensamiento (The Thinking)
* means whereof thou shalt contribute to the progress of humanity; thus;
 Love God with all your heart.
 Bear always in mind that the love of God is also the love of
country, and this, too, is love of one's fellowmen.
 Engrave in your heart that the true measure of honor and
happiness is to die for the freedom of your country.
 All your good wishes will be crowned with success if you have
serenity, constancy, reason and faith in all your acts and
endeavor.
 Guard the mandates and aims of the K.K.K. as you guard your
honor.
 It is the duty of all to deliver, at the risk of their own lives and
wealth, anyone who runs great risks in the performance of his
duty.
 Our responsibility to ourselves and the performance of our duties
will be the example set for our fellowmen to follow.
 Insofar as it is within your power, share your means with the poor
and the unfortunate.
 Diligence in the work that gives sustenance to you is the true
basis of love—love for your self, for your wife and children, for
your brothers and countrymen.
 Punish any scoundrel and traitor and praise all good work.
Believe, likewise, that the aims of the K.K.K. are God-given, for
the will of the people is also the will of God.
Apolinario Mabini
 Apolinario Mabini is known in literature
and history as the Sublime Paralytic and the
Brains of the Revolution.
 LA REVOLUCION FILIPINA- Mabini
wrote The Philippine Revolution in 1901-
1903 as both an account and critique of the
movement that established the first
Philippine Republic, as well as of the first
years of the Philippines as a self-governing
nation.
 THE TRUE DECALOGUE -Expounding
on the ideals that Mabini believed the
Philippine Revolution should have had, he
wrote “El Verdadero Decalogo” in his
humble hut in Los Baños in May 1898.
Aguinaldo authorized its continued
publication, together with Mabini’s
proposed constitution.
 MABINI’S DRAFT OF THE
CONSTITUTION- Upon his appointment
as President Aguinaldo’s chief adviser,
Mabini crafted The Constitutional Program
of the Philippine Republic (c., 1898),
among the more significant documents that
laid out the foundations of the Philippine
Republic
*“THE TRUE DECALOGUE” by Apolinario Mabini
First. Thou shalt love God and thy honor above all things: God as the
fountain of all truth, of all justice and of all activity; and thy honor, the
only power which will oblige thee to be faithful, just and industrious.
Second. Thou shalt worship God in the form which thy conscience may
deem most righteous and worthy: for in thy conscience, which
condemns thy evil deeds and praises thy good ones, speaks thy God.
Third. Thou shalt cultivate the special gifts which God has granted thee,
working and studying according to thy ability, never leaving the path of
righteousness and justice, in order to attain thy own perfection, by
thou shalt fulfill the mission to which God has appointed thee in this life
and by so doing, thou shalt be honored, and being honored, thou shalt
glorify thy God.
Fourth. Thou shalt love thy country after God and thy honor and more
than thyself: for she is the only Paradise which God has given thee in
this life, the only patrimony of thy race, the only inheritance of thy
ancestors and the only hope of thy posterity; because of her, thou hast
life, love and interests, happiness, honor and God.
Fifth. Thou shalt strive for the happiness of thy country before thy own,
making of her the kingdom of reason, of justice and of labor: for if she
be happy, thou, together with thy family, shalt likewise be happy.
Sixth. Thou shalt strive for the independence of thy country: for only
thou canst have any real interest in her advancement and exaltation,
because her independence constitutes thy own liberty; her advancement,
thy perfection; and her exaltation, thy own glory and immortality.
Seventh. Thou shalt not recognize in thy country the authority of any
person who has not been elected by thee and thy countrymen; for
authority emanates from God, and as God speaks in the conscience of
every man, the person designated and proclaimed by the conscience of a
whole people is the only one who can use true authority.
Eighth. Thou shalt strive for a Republic and never for a monarchy in thy Himno Nacional Filipino (The Philippine
country: for the latter exalts one or several families and founds a
dynasty; the former makes a people noble and worthy through reason, National Anthem) which was set to music
great through liberty, and prosperous and brilliant through labor. by Julian Felipe.
Ninth. Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself: for God has imposed
upon him, as well as upon thee, the obligation to help thee and not to do
unto thee what he would not have thee do unto him; but if thy neighbor,
failing in this sacred duty, attempt against thy life, thy liberty and thy
interests, then thou shalt destroy and annihilate him for the supreme law
of selfpreservation prevails.

Tenth. Thou shalt consider thy countryman more than thy neighbor;
thou shalt see him thy friend, thy brother or at least thy comrade, with
whom thou art bound by one fate, by the same joys and sorrows and by
common aspirations and interests.

Therefore, as long as national frontiers subsist, raised and maintained by

the selfishness of race and of family, with thy countryman alone shalt
thou unite in a perfect solidarity of purpose and interest, in order to have
force, not only to resist the common enemy but also to attain all the
aims of human life.*

Emilio Jacinto
 KARTILLA of KATIPUNAN.
 EL DESAROLLO Y CAIDA DE LA
REPUBLICA (The Rise and Fall of the
Philippine Republic)
 SA BAYANG PILIPINO (To the Filipino
Nation)
 A life that is not dedicated to a noble and divine cause is like a
tree without a shade, if not a poisonous weed. • A deed that is
motivated by self-interest or self-pity and done without sincerity
lacks nobility.
 True piety is the act of being charitable, loving one's fellowmen,
and being judicious in behavior, speech and deed. • We are all
equal, regardless of the color of their skin; While one could have
more education, wealth or beauty than the other, none of them
can overpass one's identity.
 A person with a noble character values honor above self-interest,
while a person with a base character values self-interest above
honor.
 To a man with a sense of shame, his word is inviolate.
 Do not waste your time; lost wealth can be retrieved, but time lost
is lost forever.
 Defend the oppressed and fight the oppressor.
 A wise man is someone who is careful in all that he says; learn to
keep the things that need to be kept secret.
 In the thorny path of life, the man leads the way and his wife and
children follow; If the leader goes the way of evil, so do the
followers.
 Never regard a woman as an object for you to trifle with; rather
you should consider her as a partner and a friend in times of need;
Give proper considerations to a woman's frailty and never forget
that your own mother, who brought you forth and nurtured you
from infancy, is herself such a person.
 Do not do to the wife, children and brothers and sisters of others
what you do not want others to do to your wife, children and
brothers and sisters.
 A (person's) worth is not measured by his/her status in life,
neither by the length of his nose nor the fairness of skin, and
certainly not by whether he is a priest claiming to be God's
deputy. Even if he is a tribesman/tribeswoman from the hills and
speaks only his/her own tongue, a (person) is honorable if he/she
possesses a good character, is true to his/her word, has fine
perceptions and is loyal to his/her native land.
 When these teachings shall have been propagated and the
glorious sun of freedom begins to shine on these poor islands to
enlighten a united race and people, then all the loves lost, all the
struggle and sacrifices shall not have been in vain.

Jose Palma
 Jose Palma became popular because of his