Philippine Politics and Cultural History

Republic of he Philippines
SAMAR COLLEGES, INC.

COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES
Catbalogan City, Samar
MODULE ON
Philippine Politics and
Cultural History
Prepared by:
MANUELITO S. UY
Part-Time College Instructor
Copyright © August 2020
PHILIPPINE POLITICS AND CULTURAL HISTORY

UNIT I:
PHILIPPINES: LAND AND PEOPLE
The history of the Philippines dates back to some

50,000 years ago. It may be surprising but there is
archaeological evidence to support the claim, though this
may not be conclude that it is the “history of the
Philippines” that dates back that far. However, there is
little dispute about the statement that Homo Sapiens did
exist in Palawan some 50,000 years ago. Later,
Austronesia-speaking people settled in the Philippines and
they established maritime trading with other parts of the
South East Asia. It was done as early as 5,000 B.C. Before
the arrival of the colonizers, they were surprised about the
natural beauty of the country and were amazed by its rich
natural resources.

LESSON TOPICS
1
 GEOGRAPHY OF THE PHILIPPINES
 THE FLORA AND FAUNA
 OUR NATURAL RESOURCES
I. INTRODUCTION
This topic will focus on the basic geographical and topographic description of
the Philippines along with its unique natural resources of various floras and
faunas which are endemic to its natural environment. The natural heritage of the
Philippines serves as one of the national identity and pride of every Filipinos that
despite changes and development to its natural habitat, the responsibility on
taking care these resources should be a top priority to each and every citizens of
this country.
II. OBJECTIVES
1. Describe the geographical setting of the Philippines;

2. Classify the different floras and faunas;
3. Identify the natural resources and its socio-economic and cultural
contribution to the Filipinos.
III. DISCUSSION
A. LOCATION AND LAND AREA
 The Philippine archipelago is geographically located between latitude

(approximately) 4 º 23’ N and 21 º 25’ N and longitude (approximate) 112 º E
and 127 º E.
 It is composed of 7,107 islands, with a land area of 300,000 square
kilometers. Its length measures 1,850 kilometers, starting from the point near
the southern tip of Taiwan and ending close to northern Borneo. It breadth is
about 965 kilometers.
 The Philippine coastline adds up to 17,500 km. Three prominent bodies of
water surround the archipelago: the Pacific Ocean on the east, the South
China Sea on the west and north, and the Celebes Sea on the south. This
position accounts much of the variations in geographic, climatic and
vegetational conditions in the country.
B. TOPOGRAPHY
 The Philippines consists of alluvial plains, narrow valleys, rolling hills and
high mountains, characterize the topography of the bigger islands
-particularly Luzon and Mindanao.
 High mountains are found in Mindanao and Luzon, with altitudes varying
from 1,790 to 3,144 meters. Mount Apo being the highest.
 Most of the smaller islands are mountainous in the interior, surrounded by
narrow strips of discontinuous flat lowlands, which constitute the coastal
rims. The country's shorelines are irregular.

C. CLIMATE
 The Philippines is normally warm with abundant rainfall and gentle winds.
There are three pronounced seasons: wet to rainy from June to October; cool
and dry weather from November to February; and hot and dry weather from
March to May.
 Temperature in Manila ranges from 21 oc to 320C with 27 oc average. The
coolest month is January and the warmest is May. Both temperature and
humidity levels reach the maximum in April and May, but these are generally
good months for going to beaches and mountain trekking.
 The warmest recorded temperature in the country was on April 19, 1912 with
42.4 oc in Tuguegarao, Cagayan while the coolest was on January 7, 1903
with 30C at Baguio. During the wet to rainy season, country is often visited by.
several typhoons.
 More than 20 typhoons pass the country every year; this is because of its
geographical location that is within the typhoon belt, an area where typhoons
are formed.
D. TERRITORIAL AND POLITICAL SUBDIVISION
 Philippines has three major islands: these are Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao.
The largest island is Luzon with a total land area of 104,688 square
kilometers.
 It is the 17th largest island in the world. According to National Statistical
Coordination Board, there are 17 regions, 81 provinces, 138 cities and 42,095
barangays. Some regions are enjoying autonomy.
 Barangay is the smallest political unit in which cities and municipalities in the
Philippines are divided. It consists of more or less of 1,000 inhabitants
residing within the territorial limit of a city or municipality and administered by
a set of elective officials, headed by a barangay chairman or punong
barangay.
E. VOLCANOES
 Being part of the of the Pacific Ring of Fire, volcanoes are found 'at the
intersection of the tectonic plate of the Philippines and the Eurasian plate.
 Famous volcanoes found in the island of Luzon includes Bulusan, Mayon,
Taal, Pinatubo, Arayat, Makiling and Banahaw. In Visayas, Kanlaon, Silay,
Biliran, Cabalian and Mandalagan are found while in Mindanao, Hibok-Hibok,
Paco, Calayo, Apo and Calindong are situated.
 A total of200 active and non-active volcanoes are found in the island that
causes the country to experience earthquakes.
 At present, two famous volcanoes threaten to explode, these are Bulusan and
Taal. Residents were advised by the government to abandon their dwelling.
F. EARTHQUAKES
 Earthquakes in the Philippines are frequent and sometimes violent. This is

because the country is located within the "Pacific Ring of Fire," a series of
interconnected seismic plates that causes volcanic eruptions and
earthquakes.

 The Philippine Plate is in between the Pacific Plate and the Indian Plate. The
Philippine Plate is one of the seismic plates involved in the 8.9 magnitude
earthquake last 2011
 When an earthquake reaches above magnitude 5 in the Richter scale, it is
considered a major earthquake. Below is the list of the most powerful
earthquakes recorded by the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and
Seismology (Philvolcs) for the past 30 years.
G. MINERAL RESOURCES
 Except for petroleum and some metals, mineral resources are found in
Philippine soil. The country's mineral deposits can be classified into metals
and non-metals.
 Metal deposits are estimated at 21.5 billion metric tons, while non-metal
deposits are projected at around 19.3 billion metric tons.
 The first in rank in terms of deposits and size is nickel, it is found in Ilocos
Norte, Nueva Ecija, Camarines Norte and Cotabato, while copper is found in
Zambales, Batangas, Mindoro, Panay and Negros.
 Gold is found in small quantities nearly in all provinces. There are deposits of
iron ore in Bulacan and lead in Marinduque and Cebu.
 Among non-metal deposits, the most abundant are cement, marble and lime.
Other non-metals include asbest6s, clay, asphalt, feldspar, sulphur, talc,
silicon, gypsum, salt, coal, and phosphate.
H. PLANTS AND FLOWERS (FLORA)
 About 37 percent of the Philippines is covered by forest or woodland. An

estimated number of 9,000 flowering plants and 200 fruit trees surround the
entire archipelago.
 Among the trees are the banyan, many varieties of palm, trees yielding
rubber, and many indigenous trees with extremely hard wood such as
apitong, yacal, lauan, camagon, ipil, white and red narra, and mayapis. Narra
is the country's national tree. Bamboo and cinnamon, clove, and pepper
plants grow wild, as do numerous species of orchid.
 One of the most valuable indigenous plants is the abaca, or Manila hemp, a
plantain, the fiber which is used in making cordage, textiles, and hats.
 Mangrove trees and nipa palms grow in coastal swamps, and coarse grasses
of little value for cattle cover considerable areas of the uplands.

 Throughout the year, there Are millions of flowers that bloom everywhere.
Among the country's most beautiful flowers are sampaguita, cadena de amor,
ilang-ilang, santan, camia, dama de noche, bougainvilla, rose, sunflower and
many others.
 The national flower, "Sampaguita" - is called the "Queen of Flowers". The
country has been the source of many fragrances, teas and herbal medicines
around the world.
 In February 2002, an environmental organization discovered what could be
one of the largest flowers in the 5,511 hectare Sibalom National Park in
Antique province. Measuring about 22 inches in diameter, the endangered
flower, locally named as "uruy" or Rafflesia, has no stem and leaves.
I. ANIMALS
 The country is endowed with numerous species of animals. The most

prominent among them is a water buffalo called "carabao". A number of
snakes and amphibians are also found in the archipelago.
 Rare animals like flying squirrels, flying lizards, and flying lemurs and (locally
called "kagwang") hover in Palawan and some parts of Mindanao.
 A dwarf-like carabao called "tamaraw" is found in Mindoro, the smallest
monkey in the world called "tarsi"' dwells in Bohol, the mouse deer commonly
called "pilandok" in Palawan, known as the smallest deer in the world,
including the rare Visayan spotted deer. Not to be left behind is the unique
"Palawan Bearcat', an animal which could be mistaken either as a bear or a
cat.
 The island is also a home of more than 760 species of bird. The second
largest eagle in the world, which is the "monkey-eating eagle" are found in the
southern part of the country, large size bats in Subic; they are called "fruit
bats", some species of colorful parrots and cockatoos.
 A variety of rodents can be found in some parts of the archipelago. These are
the Philippine Porcupine found in Palawan, Northern Luzon Giant Cloud Rat,
and Greater Dwarf Cloud Rat, and the Southern Giant Slender-Tailed Cloud
Rat. Some are considered endemic because eating rat is a part of delicacy to
some Filipinos.
 Among the new species found in the island include crocodiles, snakes and
birds, which make the country one of the highest rates in terms of discovery of
new species.
 The country is considered as a mega diversity country and a global
biodiversity hotspot. In the 2000 Red List of the International Union for the
Conservation of Natural Resources, 418 of the country's 52,177 species are
considered threatened.
J. MARINE RESOURCES
 Since the Philippines is surrounded by waters, about 500 species of fishes

have been found. There are six important species identified by the Bureau of
Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR), these are tawilis, tuna, milkfish,
Saint Peter's fish (popularly known as tilapia, roundscad and anchovies. They
are considered important because each has yielded around 100,000 tons per
year since 1980's.
 Other varieties of fish include mullet, mackerel, yellocvfin, herring, groupers,
snappers, pampano, bonito, tarpon, skipjack, prawn, squid and a lot more.
Philippines is also the home of small species of fishes like the the Pandaca

Pygmea which was first discovered in 1925 in Malabon River and the smallest
commercial fish called "Sinarapan" found in Camarines Sur.
 Some species of sharks, dolphins, and whales dwells around the fluvial
domains of the country. Not to be left behind is the sea cow or sea pig called
"dugon€' in Palawan and whale shark known as "butanding" in Sorsogon.
Land and sea turtles are also very common.
 Pawikan (marine turtles) are found mostly in the southern part of the
archipelago. The most common are the green sea turtle although other
varieties may be found like the hawksbill, leatherback, loggerhead and olive
ridley. Despite several laws protecting the turtles, some fishermen catch them
for commercial purposes.
 The archipelago is also rich in shells, shellfish, seaweeds and pearls. The
southern part of the country is abundant in pearl oysters. The Philippine Glory
of the Sea (Connus Gloriamaris) is the world's rarest and most expensive
shell. The world's largest shell (tridachna gigas) and smallest (pisidum) are
both found in the Philippines. The tridachna gigas has a length of one meter
and weighs 600 pounds while pisidum is less than 1 millimeter long.
 The Philippine Pearl of Allah, also called as Pearl of Lao-Tzu holds the
Guinness Book of Record to be the largest pearl in the world weighing 14
pounds and measures 9 h inches long and 5 h inches in diameter. In May
1984, it was valued at US $42 million. It is believed to be 600 years old at
present.
 Tourist Spots The country offers numerous awesome, exciting and beautiful
tourist destinations. First in the list is the Banaue Rice Terraces in Ifugao,
which the UNESCO recognized as a World Heritage Site. Hundred Islands in
Pangasinan, a national park composed of cluster of tiny islands and an islet is
a perfect place for swimming and diving.
 Also found in the island is the Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National
Park and the Tubbataha Reef National Marine Park (which made it to the
World Heritage List) in Palawan that captures the attention of tourists and
nature lovers.
 Another destination is Boracay, considered as one of the finest swimming
destinations in the world. It is known because of its powder white sand and
crystal clear waters, a perfect place for sunbathing and night parties
especially during summer.
 Another destination is the Chocolate Hills in Bohol, composed of more than
1,000 individual mounds of cone- shaped and dome-shaped hills. Included
also in the list also is the world's smallest volcano, the Taal Volcano in
Batangas.
 Those interested in history, ancestral houses and cathedrals are found in
Vigan, the place of last resistance against the Japanese during World War,
Corregidor Island and the Walled City — Intramuros in the City of Manila, the
first official residence of the Spanish Governor-Generals.
 Other tourists spots includes the beautiful island of Batanes in the north, and
Camiguin in Northern Mindanao, regarded as the "most beautiful island in the
country", the summer capital of the country, Baguio City and the Queen City
of the South, Cebu City.
IV. ACTIVITY
 Create a pictorial documentation using MS Powerpoint showing the different

geographical and topographical views of the Philippines .

EVALUATION
Name: __________________________________ Year/Sec: _________________

Date: ___________________________________ Score: ____________________
A. Describe the physical characteristics of Aetas, Indonesians and Malays.
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B. Discuss the economic activities of Aetas, Indonesians and Malays
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C. Do you believe in the theory of land bridges? Defend your answer.
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LESSON
TOPICS
2  FILIPINO VALUES
 THE ORIGIN OF THE FILIPINOS
I. INTRODUCTION
Values are an integral part of every culture. With worldview and personality,
they generate behavior, Being part of a culture that shares a common core set of
values creates expectations and predictability without which a culture would
disintegrate and its members would lose their personal' identity and sense of
worth. Values tell people what is good, beneficial, important, useful, beautiful,
desirable, constructive, etc. They answer the question of why people do what
they do. Values help people solve common problems for survival. Over time, they
become the roots of traditions that groups of people find important in their day-to-
day lives.
This topic will also focus on the origin of the Filipinos consulting from various
anthropological and archaeological studies made in the past and with recent
findings in the present.
II. OBJECTIVES
1. Identify the positive and negative Filipino Values;

2. Discuss the origin of the Filipinos through archaeological and
anthropological studies;
3. Analyze on theories concerning the origin of the Filipinos.
III. DISCUSSION
A. FILIPINO VALUES
 Filipino values may be attributed from many influences, they could be

influenced by its ancestors or by its colonizers. Some values are bipolar,
meaning it can be positive or negative. Below are positive and negative
Filipino values:
Positive Filipino Values
1. Bayanihan system or spirit of kinship and camaraderie. A Filipino

community spirit and cooperation wherein a group of individuals extends a
helping hand without expecting any remuneration. 'It is characterized by
communal work towards one goal exemplified in carrying a nipa house or
pushing a passenger jeepney.
2. Damayan system. A sympathy for people who lost their loved ones. In case
of the death of a certain member of the community, the whole community
sympathizes with the bereaved family. Neighbors, friends, and relatives of the
deceased usually give certain amount of money as their way of showing
sympathy.

3. Familisim or close family relations. A Filipino trait of giving highest
importance to the family above other things. A trait wherein family members
should be taken care and supported regardless of whether he/she did
something wrong, a family member must be given attention and should not be
abandoned.
4. Fun-loving trait. A trait found in most Filipinos, a trait that makes them
unique that even in times of calamities and other challenges in life, they
always have something to be happy about, a reason to celebrate.
5. Hospitality. A Filipino trait of being receptive and generous to guests.
6. Compassionate. A Filipino trait of being sympathetic to others even if the
person is a stranger. An example of this is giving alms to the beggars. This is
observed when we hear Filipinos saying, "kawawa naman or nakakaawa
naman"
7. Regionalism. A Filipino trait of giving more priority or preference in giving
favors to his province mate before others.
8. Friendly. A trait found in most Filipinos. They are sincere, loyal, kind, and
sociable people.
9. Flexible or magaling makibagay. The ability of Filipinos to "ride-on" or
adjust to the norms of other group just to attain smooth and harmonious
relationship.
10.Religious. Most Filipinos possess strong conformance of their religious belief
both in words and in deeds.
11.Respect to elders. A Filipino trait of being courteous both in words and in
deeds to older people.
12.Resourcefulness. A Filipino trait of being creative and resourceful. The
ability to do things that are next to impossible. Example is fixing appliances
that look impossible to repair.
13.Patience. Filipinos are known for their tenacity and strong determination in
every undertaking.
14."Utang na loob". A feeling of obligation to repay someone who extends
assistance to another which may take place in undetermined time and in
whatever way.
Negative Filipino Values
1. Bahala na Attitude. A Filipino trait which is characterized by retreating or

withdrawing from certain undertakings and leaving everything to God to
interfere and determine the outcomes of his deeds.
2. Colonial complex or blue-seal mentality. A Filipino value of showing high
admiration and more preference to foreign produced goods over local ones.
3. Crab mentality. A Filipino attitude characterized by an attempt to "pull down"
someone who has achieved success beyond the others. This is done out of
jealousy and insecurity.
4. Euphemism. A Filipino way of substituting a word or phrase that is thought to
be offensive or harsh with a mild and acceptable one in order not to offend or
hurt another person.
5. Filipino Time. In reality, it means "being late", a Filipino attitude of
unobservance of exact time.
6. Gaya-Gaya Attitude. A Filipino attitude of imitating or copying other culture
specifically in the mode of dressing, language, fashion, or even haircut.
7. 'Jackpot mentality". A "get rich quick" mentality of some Filipinos who would
rather engage in fast ways of acquiring money than through hard work and
sacrifice by betting in lottery, joining raffle draws and others.

8. Kapalaran Values. A Filipino trait of accepting events in life by believing that
everything is destined by fate. Such trait contributes to lack of initiative and
perseverance among Filipinos.
9. Mañana Habit. A Filipino attitude of delaying or setting aside a certain task
assigned for the next day although it can be done today.
10.Ningas-Cogon. A Filipino attitude of being enthusiastic only during the start
of new undertaking but ends dismally in accomplishing nothing. A common
practice observed from some politicians who are visible 'only during the start
of certain endeavor.
11.Oversensitive. Filipinos have the tendency to be irritated easily or get hurt
upon hearing some criticisms or comments.
12.Pakikisama. A Filipino attitude of submitting oneself to the will of the group
for the sake of camaraderie and unity. Failure to comply with the group, the
person may be called "walang pakikisama or selfish". The adherence to group
demands have taught our youth to engage in bad habits like smoking,
alcoholism and even drug addiction.
13.Lack of sportsmanship. Filipino attitude of not accepting defeats in
competitions rather putting the blame either to their opponents or to the sport
officials.
14.Tsamba lang Attitude. A Filipino attitude of simplicity by declaring that
his/her accomplishments are result of luck and not from
perseverance and ability.
Wait a Minute...
The oldest human fossil

B. THE ORIGIN OF THE FILIPINOS (First Man in the discovered in the
Philippines) Philippines is the skullcap
of a "Stone-Age Filipino",
 Archaeological findings proved man is ancient in the about 22,000 years old
Dr. Robert B. Fox,
Philippines. The first group of migrant came about
American anthropologist
2500,000 B.C. during the Ice Age or Middle Pleistocene of the National Museum,
Period, through the land bridges which connected the inside Tabon Cave
country with Mainland China. Palawan, found this
 The Filipino a cousin of the "Java Man," "Peking Man," and human skullcap_ on May
28, 1962. This human
other earliest men in Asia. Professor H. Otley Beyer,
relic was called the
founder of the Antropology Department of the University of "Tabon Man '
the Philippines, called him the "Dawn Man", because he
arrived at the dawn of time. He is brawny and thickly haired.
Dawn man's economic activities included fishing, hunting and gathering fruits
and vegetables. Anthropologists maintained that they came because of their
chasing wild animals.Dawn man disappeared without leaving any trace.
1. NEGRITOS
 Long before the disappearance of the "Dawn Man", came the "Negritos" from
Asian mainland. They arrived between 25,000 to 30,000 years ago through
land bridges.
 Thousand years after their arrival, huge glaciers of ice melted and raised the
water level of the Seas causing the land bridges to submerge. Because of
this, the Philippine was detached from the Asian mainland.
 Negritos were small in height. They were below five feet in height, with black
skin, dark kinky hair, round black eyes, and flat nose. Because of height and
complexion, Spaniards called them Negritos (little black people). In the
Philippines they are known as Aeta, Ati, or Ita.

 They had no fixed houses. Like the "Dawn Man" their economic activities
were hunting, fishing and gathering fruits and vegetables. They were skilled in
using bow and arrow. They could make fire easily but never cooked their
food. The Negritos lived permanently and became the first inhabitants of the
archipelago.
2. INDONESIANS
 Another Asian people who migrated to the Philippines were the "Indonesians".
They came into two waves. The first wave came about 3000 B.C while the
second wave about 1000 B.C.
 They arrived in the island using boats; they were the first to reach the land
traversing the sea. Those who came under the first wave were tall ranging
from five feet and six inches to six feet and 2 inches, slender and light in
complexion while those who came under the second wave were shorter and
bulkier.
 The culture of Indonesians was very advanced than the Negritos for it
belonged to the New Stone Age (Neolithic). They built houses, engaged in
agriculture, cooked food using bamboo tubes. Their other occupations were
hunting and fishing.
 Their tools consisted of polished stone axes, adzes, and chisels. They had
bows and arrows, spears, shields, and blowguns (sumpit) as weapons. They
brought bronze and copper to the country. They were responsible for the
creation of rice terraces.
3. MALAYS
 After the Indonesians came the expert navigators called "Malays", who came
in three waves. The first wave came from 200 B.C. to IOOA.D. This group of
Malays who came in during this wave were the headhunters, the ancestors of
the Bontoks, Ilongots, Kalingas, and other tribes in northern Luzon.
 The second wave arrived from 100 A.D. to the 13th century. These groups
were the alphabet-using Malays, the ancestors of the Visayans,Tagalogs,
Ilocanos, Bicolanos, Kapampangans, and other Christian Filipinos.
 The third and last waVe came from the 14th to the 16th century A.D. They
were responsible in introducing Islam in the Philippines.
 Malays were medium in height and slender in physique, but were hardy and
supple.
 They had brown complexion, with straight black hair, dark brown eyes, and
flat noses. Malays were more advanced than the Negritos and the
Indonesians, for they possessed the Iron Age culture.
 They introduced both lowland and highland methods of rice cultivation,
including the system of irrigation; the domestication of animals; the
manufacture of metal tools and weapons; pottery and weaving; and the
Malayan heritage (government, law, religion, writing, arts, sciences, and
customs).
 They wore dresses of woven fabrics and ornamented themselves with jewels
of gold, pearls, beads, glass, and colored stones. Their weapons consisted of
bows and arrows, spears, bolos, daggers, krises (swords), sumpits
(blowguns), shields and armors made of animal hide and hardwood, and
lantakas (bronze cannons).
C. FORMATION OF BARANGAY (500AD-800AD)

 During the 3rd century, the natives were in contact with other Southeast Asian
and East Asian nations. Scattered ethnic groups formed barangays under the
rule of the Sultanates of Sulu, who were Muslims.
 Because of international trade, these fragmented barangays became more
culturally homogenous by the 4th century. The Buddhist and Hindu culture
were introduced including their religion which flourished among the noblemen.
 Most of the barangays were under de-jure rule of the Malay, Sri Vijaya and
Javanese Majapahit empires, Brunei, Melaka and other Kingdoms of Borneo.
 Each of them, however has its own independent system of rule: Trade
relations with Sumatra, Borneo, Thailand, Java, China, India, Arabia and
Japan flourished during this period.
 Rule from the beaches (Thalassocracy) prevailed, based on international
trade. In this period, valuable goods includes jars, which was a symbol of
wealth in entire South Asia, salt, metal and tobacco.
 The natives would trade feathers, rhino horn, hornbill beaks, beeswax, bird's
nests, resin, and rattan. In the period between the 7th century to the
beginning of the 1400s, many trading centers emerged including the Kingdom
of Namanyan, which flourished along Manila, Cebu, Butuan, Pangasinan,
Pampanga and Aparri.
D. GROWTH OF ISLAMIC SULTANATES
 Tuan Mashaika, an Arab, founded the first Muslim community in Sulu. He

married a native and raised his children as Muslims. In 1380, an Arab known
as Karim Makdum, with regnal name Sharif Awliya converted a huge number
of natives to Islam.
 He also established the first mosque in the Philippines at Tubig-lndangan on
Simunul Island. He is said to have married a certain native and begot a
daughter whom they called Paramisuli, a named reserved to the royal family.
 Sharif Awliya did not stay long in the island, he left his wife and daughter. In
1390, Raja Baginda arrived in the country and continued the works of Sharif
Awliya.
 By this time, a flourishing community of Muslims evolved and by the middle of
the incoming century, the first Sulu sultanate was founded. Syed Abubakar,
an Arab from south Arabia was crowned as first sultan.
 He used the regnal name Sharif Hashim. He was said to be a direct
descendant of Prophet Muhammad.
 In 1515, Sharif Muhammad Kabungsuan landed in Lanao Del Sur and
introduced the Islamic faith, then he went to Cotabato.
 Marriage between natives and Muslims paved way for the existence of
Maguindanao and Buayan sultanate, from then on, the Islam sultanate
expanded.
IV. ACTIVITY
 Using venn diagram, distinguish the positive and negative values of the
Filipinos.
 Make a graphical presentation on theories concerning the origin of the
Filipinos.

UNIT II:
THE PRE-SPANISH PERIOD
Long before the arrival of the Spaniards, ancient

Filipinos were living in scattered barangays and ruled by
different chieftains. Although, they were living separately,
they were similar in many waysr their religion, mode of
dressing, houses, system of government and marriage
practices, and economic activities. In shortf they were
refined and civilized; they possessed a distinct culture that
distinguished them from other races.

LESSON TOPICS
1
 THE PHILIPPINES DURING THE PRE-SPANISH
PERIOD
 The Customs and Traditions
 The Economic, Religious and Socio-Political
Setting
I. INTRODUCTION
This topic will focus on the basic geographical and topographic description of
the Philippines along with its unique natural resources of various floras and
faunas which are endemic to its natural environment. The natural heritage of the
Philippines serves as one of the national identity and pride of every Filipinos that
despite changes and development to its natural habitat, the responsibility on
taking care these resources should be a top priority to each and every citizens of
this country.
II. OBJECTIVES
1. Describe the customs and traditions of the pre-Spanish Filipinos;

2. Discuss the economic, religious and socio-political setting of the pre-
Spanish Filipinos.
III. DISCUSSION
FILIPINO CULTURE DURING PRE-SPANISH PERIOD
A. Houses
 Pre-Spanish Filipinos built their houses. Houses were made of light materials
like wood, bamboo and nipa palm.
 A ladder was used to prevent strangers from intruding when the owner was
not around. Strong post at the lower part of the house was enclosed.
 A jar of water is placed in a portion called “batalan".
 Some of them build tree houses to protect themselves against their enemies
or attacked of wild animals.
B. Dress
 Contrary to various legends portrayed that early Filipinos used leaves as their
clothing.
 Male clothing consisted of the upper and lower parts. The upper part was a
jacket with short sleeves called "kangan" while the lower part was a strip of
cloth wrapped around the waist and in between the legs called "bahag".
 Males used a piece of cloth or a headgear called "putong'. Putong symbolized
the number of persons the wearer had killed.
 On the part of females, they wore "baro or camisa", a jacket with sleeves. The
lower part was called "saya'
C. Social Classes
 Like other states, where there was social stratification, pre-Spanish
Filipinos were also divided into social classes. These were the nobles, the
freemen and the slaves.

 The nobles were composed of rulers and their families, who occupied the
highest class. They were usually addressed as Gat; Lakan, Raja or Datu.
 Next to them were the middle class called freemen. Freemen were the
working class.
 The lowest class was the slaves. Slaves were classified into two; these
were aliping namamahay and the aliping sagigilid.
 The aliping namamahay were not full-pledged slaves. They had their own
respective families and their own houses. 'They were required to serve
their masters only during planting and harvesting period.
 The sagigilid were the real slaves, theywere homeless, forbidden to form
their own families, required to stay with their master's dwelling and could
be used as a payment for debt.
D. HOW TO BECOME A SLAVE

 Slaves occupied the lowest status in society during pre-Spanish period. They
were even treated like a commodity, which can be used for paying debt.
 Being a slave arose because of the following reasons: (1) by captivity in war,
(2) by reason of debt, (3) by inheritance, (4) by purchase, and (5) by
committing a crime.
 Slavery was not for a lifetime, a slave could be emancipated through: (1)
forgiveness for an offense or crime, (2) paying debt, (3) condonation, (4)
bravery (where a slave could possibly become a datu) or (5) marriage to a
higher social class.
E. GOVERNMENT
 The unit of government is called "barangay". There was no national
government.
 Before the Spaniards came, barangays were scattered all over the islands,
ruled by their respective chieftain.
 Each barangay consisted of 30 to 100 families. Centuries before the
Spaniards came to the Philippines, the early Filipinos lived in separate and
independent village-states called barangays.
 Each barangay had its own government headed by a ruler called datu or raja.
The early Filipinos were already civilized.
 They had government and laws, education, writing and literature, religion,
customs and traditions, commerce and industries and arts and sciences.
 Each barangay was composed of more or less 100 families.
 Some barangays were big, such as Sugbo (Cebu), Maktan (Mactan), Bigan
(Vigan), and Maynila (Manila). Each of these big barangays had a population
of more than 2,000.
 There was no national government in ancient Philippines. There were many
independent barangays and many datus. But there was no datu strong
enough to unite the archipelago into one nation.
 Some barangays, however, were united to form a confederation. A good
example was the "Confederation of Madya-as" in ancient Panay.
 The existence of many islands affected the life and history of the Filipino
people.
o First of all, these islands and seas served as geographical barriers,
which prevented close contact and communication among the
inhabitants.
o Thus the ancient Filipino who migrated in ancient times from the
mainland of Malaysia and from Java, Sumatra, Borneo and other
southeast Asian islands were not able to unite into a solid nation.

o They were divided into tribes, which developed different dialects and
different customs.
o Aside from fostering ethnic and cultural disunity, the archipelagic
topography prevented the early Filipinos from developing a national
government and a national language.
o As history had shown, the Spanish conquered the country, which was
then divided into many independent barangays ruled by datus or rajas.
F. POWERS AND FUNCTIONS OF DATU

 All functions and powers of government were all vested to the chieftain. His
functions included implementing laws, maintaining peace and order and
giving protection to his subjects.
 He also made the law, with the assistance of group of elders who gave
advice.
 A newly enacted law was made known to the public through a town crier
called '"umalohokan".
 He acted also as a judge during trial. It was easy for the datu to run the
barangay since the population was very small.
G. TAXATION
 Ancient Filipinos started the practice of paying taxes. The purpose of paying
taxes was simple, it was for the protection they received from the datu.
 The collected tax was called buwis. The chieftain's family members are
enjoying exemption from paying taxes. Non-payment of taxes was already
punishable during this period.
H. ALLIANCES
 Like community of nations, alliances among barangays were formed. The
purpose of forming alliances was for trade, peace and
mutual protection.
 An alliance was sealed through blood compact
(sanduguan), to ensure conformity, sincerity and Wait a Minute...
commitment of the chieftains. Early
Filipinos believed that
I. TRIAL AND DETERMINATION OF GUILT the cause of death, not
 Judicial process was influenced by religion. The the way he lived,
determined whether a
manner of determining guilt of the accused showed
man would go to
the religiosity of the natives. heaven or to hell, and
 They waited for the intervention of the deities. Their that he continued to
judicial process was called trial by ordeal. live there as he lived on
 One example of trial by ordéal is holding lighted earth. Thus, he was
buried with his
candles by the suspected offenders. The man possessions, weapons,
whose candle died out first would be declared as
the culprit.
 Another form of this trial was ordering the suspects to plunge into deep
river with their lances. The first to come to the surface first would be
adjudged as the guilty party.
 Datu served as chief judge who was assisted by group of elders in the
barangay who acted as members of the jury.
J. COURTSHIP AND MARRIAGE

 Courtship during the pre-Spanish period took a long period of time and too
difficult. A man must serve for years to the parents of the lady he loved.

 Some services being rendered were. cleaning the house; chopping woods,
running errands and fetching water.
 When the man was finally accepted, marriage was arranged. Prior to the
marriage, the man was required to give a dowry.
 "Bigay-kaya" was the type of dowry consisted of a piece of land or gold. The
groom's parents gave a gift called "panghimuyat".
 "Himaraw" was another payment given to the bride's parents for raising her
from infancy. He was paid by the groom's parents. The bride's wet nurse also
received a share of dowry; it is called "bigay-suso."
 Mixed marriages between couples belonging to different social classes were
not common.
 Early Filipinos practiced divorce. Several grounds of divorce were: (1)
adultery, (2) abandonement on the part of the husband, (3) cruelty, and (4)
insanity.
K. RELIGIOUS BELIEFS
 Before Roman Catholicism and Islam were introduced, natives worshipped
many gods and goddesses.
 They believed in one Supreme Being, which they called Bathala. Aside from
Bathala, they worshipped minor deities who were responsible of the things
that happened to their lives and surroundings.
 Thus, the god of agriculture was called Idiyanale, god of death is called
Sidapa, god of fire, Agni; god of rainbow, Balangaw; god of war,
Mandarangan; god of harvest, Lalahon; and god of hell, Siginarugan.
 They also believed in the immortality of souls and life after death. There were
sacred animals, which they venerated like white monkey (manaul) and
crocodiles.
 There were also sacred places and sacred trees, which nobody was allowed
to cut down. They also worshipped the sun and the moon.
 Regular sacrifices and prayers were offered to placate deities and spirits.
 Reward or punishment after death was dependent upon behavior in this life.
L. SUPERSTITIOUS BELIEFS
 The natives believed in aswang (witch), dwende (tiny creatures like humans),
kapre (tall and ape-like creatures smoking cigarettes usually found on trees),
mangkukulam (an old lady capable of harming others using a doll and a pin),
tikbalang (half-man and half-horse creature) and tiyanak (a baby that sucks
bloods on humans).
 They also believed in magical power of amulets and charms such as anting-
anting, kulalll and the use of gayuma or love potion.
M. ORNAMENTS
 The natives wore ornaments made of gold and precious stones. Women
including men wore armlets, leg lets, bracelets, gold rings and earrings.
Putting tattoos in their body was practiced.
 Males having many tattoos were admired because it signified bravery in war.
They also inserted gold between their teeth as an ornament.
N. EDUCATION
 Knowledge was acquired -through observation, imitation and practice. There

was no formal education during pre-Spanish period.

 Children were taught to read and write by their parents. It was fair to say that
they were literate.
 The purpose of education during their time was for survival. Fathers taught
their male children to hunt, to fish, to plant and other economic activities while
mothers taught their female children to manage the household activities.
O. ECONOMIC LIFE
 Most Filipinos at this period were engaged in agriculture. Rice, corn, banana,
coconut, sugar cane and other kinds of vegetables and fruits were raised.
 Some Filipinos were engaged in hunting especially those residing in high
places.
 Others are engaged in fishing. Domestic and foreign trade existed prior to the
arrival of the Spaniards.
 Domestic trade of different barangays from different regions and islands were
made possible using boats.
 Foreign trade was carried on with countries like Borneo, China, Japan,
Cambodia, Java and Siam (Thailand).
 Other means of livelihood were shipbuilding, weaving, poultry raising, mining,
weaving and lumbering.
IV. ACTIVITY
 Create a bibliographical list of primary sources on the culture and history of
the early Filipinos.


EVALUATION
Name: __________________________________ Year/Sec: _________________

Date: ___________________________________ Score: ____________________
A. Discuss the culture of the Filipinos during the pre-Spanish Period.
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B. What were some beliefs and culture during the pre-Spanish period that are
still observed today?
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LESSON TOPICS
2
 THE PRE-SPANISH CULTURE
 Music and Songs
 Dances
 Language, System of Writing and Literature
I. INTRODUCTION
This topic will discuss on the Pre-Spanish Culture and Society of the early
Filipinos before the onset of the European discovery in the 16 th century. Ages
before the coming of the white men to the Asia world, our Filipino ancestors had
their own culture and life-style, which included their customs, society,
government and laws, writing and language, literature, music, religions,
superstitious beliefs, economy and arts and sciences. All these things, in the
course of time, the Asia heritage of the Filipino people.
II. OBJECTIVES
1. Demonstrate the pre-Spanish culture of the early Filipinos in music, songs

and dances;
2. Explain the language, system of writing and literature of the early Filipinos;
3. Appreciate the pre-Spanish culture of the early Filipinos.
III. DISCUSSION
A. MUSIC
 Natives were without a doubt, music lovers. Each community had its own sets
of musical instruments.
 In the account of Pigafetta, the official historian of Magellan expedition,
women from Cebu were harmoniously playing cymbals, which they called
'plantiles".
 In Northern Luzon they had nose flutes, bamboo mouth organs, harps, which
they call "aphiw", brass gong "gansa", bansic "flute", and long drum "colibao".
 In the Visayas, they had flute "lantoy", bamboo harp "subing", water whistle
"paiyak", and guitar "bugtot".
 In the Mindanao, they have a xylophone "agong”, drum "tugo" and flute
"lantoy".
B. SONGS
 Natives were also song lovers. Their songs were usually
melancholic and the themes are usually arising from love, The Let's drink
women and war. to that...
 They also had festival songs, religious songs, folk songs,
Ea
ballads, heroic songs and different kinds of songs for harvests,
rly Spanish
for building terraces and houses, for catching fishes, animals, chroniclers
and others. noted that
 The "kundiman", the "kumintan” and the "balitao" (a dance) at Filipino
the same time were among the most popular songs Ilokanos males were
heavy
had a ballad-epic song called "dallot", that narrated the life and drinkers.
heroism of Lam-ang, who according to his people conquered Their
the primitive tribes of Luzon.

C. DANCES
 In the account of one member of Villalobos expedition, he had mentioned
about native girls in Samar dancing to the music of a local orchestra.
 The most ancient dances could be traced to the war dance in order to incite
the 'warlike" enthusiasm of the natives.
 They danced primarily to please their gods, anitos and the spirits who, it was
believed, were always jealous of the actions of the natives.
 Their dance can be described as the pantomimes today. They also danced
during festivals and other merry-making occasions.
D. LANGUAGE AND SYSTEM OF WRITING

 There were many languages and dialects in the Philippine. It could be the
result of geography because Philippines is composed of so many islands.
 There are more than one hundred languages and dialects all over the islands.
 Eight are-considered major languages, namely, Tagalog; Ilocos, Pangasinan,
Pampangan, Sugbuhanon, Hiligaynon, Magindanaw and Samarnon.
 It originated from a common linguistic source the Malayo-Polynesian
language.
 On the other hand, they also have their system of writing. The ancient
Philippine alphabet consisted of three vowels and fourteen consönants.
 The natives used many different materials for writing; leaves, palm fronds,
tree bark and fruit rinds, and the most common material, bamboo were used.
 The writing tools or "panulat" were the points of daggers or small pieces of
iron. Once the letters were carved into the bamboo, it was wiped with ash to
make the characters stand out more.
 Sharpened splits of bamboo were used with colored plant saps to write on
more delicate materials such as leaves.
 But since the ancient Filipinos did not keep long- term written records, more
durable materials, such as stone, clay or metal, were not used.
 After the Spaniards arrived, Filipinos adopted the use of paper, pen and ink.
E. LITERATURE
 The early form of literature during pre-Spanish period was classified into
written or oral.
 Examples of oral literature consisted of maxims (sabi), bugtong (riddles), boat
song (talindaw), victory songs (tagumpay), lullabye (uyayi), wedding song'
(ihiman), war song (kumintang) and many others while examples of written
literature are: Biag ni Lam-Ang (Ilocano epic), Indarapatra at Sulayman and
Bidasari (Muslim epics) and Handiongfor the Bicolanos.
IV. ACTIVITY
 Record through a video presentation of either pre-colonial music, song, or

literature of the early Filipinos.
 Submit a sample ancient system of writing of the early Filipinos.

UNIT III:
THE SPANISH COLONIZATION AND
THE BIRTH OF THE FILIPINO NATION
For a very long period of time, the Philippines lying peacefully

in its space in the globe, remained unexploited by the colonizers. The
west, started to sail for Spice Island with Ferdinand Magellan on
March 1521, followed by other Spanish expeditions. They started to
form the first Spanish settlement in Cebu, invading island after island
until eventually the entire archipelago was in the hand of the
Spaniards. After several expeditions, Roman Catholic missionaries
followed, who converted most of the natives to Christianity. The next
300 years saw a series of uprising from the natives but Spain was able
to neutralize them due to lack of unity and sense of nationalism.

LESSON TOPICS
1
 PRERULE TO SPANISH COLONIZATION
 Aims and Goals
 The Voyage of Ferdinand Magellan
 The First Mass in the Philippines
 Magellan’s Death and Return of the Voyage
I. INTRODUCTION
Long before Magellan was born, the Philippines had been populated by our
Filipino ancestors. The coming of Magellan to Philippine shores in 1521 was a
“discovery” to Occidental peoples, but to Filipinos, it was more of a rediscovery.
II. OBJECTIVES
1. Explain the main reasons and objectives of Spain’s colonization;

2. Summarize Magellan’s voyage to the Philippines;
3. Analyze the historical issues and claims of the site of the First Mass;
4. Discuss Magellan’s voyage and the return of the expedition back to Spain.
III. DISCUSSION
A. AIMS OF SPANISH COLONIZATION
 The primary aim of Spanish colonization was to propagate Christianity in the

island. This was supported by the last will and testament of Queen Isabella,
by the Catholic spirit of the Laws of the Indies, by the Apostolic labors, by the
contribution of the missionaries and by the actual result of Spain's more than
three century of colonial work. Another evidence was the different forms of
literature on the propagation of Christianity.
 The second aim of Spanish colonization was economic wealth. After
discovering that the Philippines was rich in marine and especially mineral
resources, they conquered the island. Being an empire, it needed more funds
to finance the operations of its government. This was the reason why they
imposed various taxes, forced the natives towork for the construction of
bridges and galleons, and monopolized some agricultural products.
 The third aim of Spanish colonization was to acquire the island. It is inherent
for every empire to expand their territories. Based on Treaty of Tordesillas,
which draws an imaginary line from north to south at a distance of 370
leagues west of the Cape Verde Islands, lands going west would belong to
Spain.
 Lastly, to acquire spices, used in preserving food which were expensive
during that period.
B. TREATY OF TORDESILLAS
 The Treaty of Tordesillas was signed as an agreement between Spain and

Portugal. The treaty aimed to eliminate confusion between Spain and
Portugal on the claim of the land in the New World. Christopher Columbus, in

his return to Spain in 1493 narrated stories about his voyage to Pope
Alexander VI, a Spanish by birth.
 The pope was convinced that there was a need to divide' the "New World"
lands between Spain and Portugal and so he issued a "Papal Decree or
Papal Bull".
 According to this Bull, the north-south line of demarcation of 100 leagues (1
league = 3 miles) west of Cape Verde Islands was established. The Non-
Christian lands the west of this line came under Spain's possession and the
lands on the east belonged to the Portugal.
 Portugal did not accept this decision. In June 7, 1494, in Tordesillas, a
Spanish town (now in Valladolid Province, Spain), representatives of Portugal
and Spain met to negotiate the Papal Bull.
 As part of the mutual agreement„ the demarcation line was changed to 370
leagues west of Cape Verde Islands, which resulted in Portugal acquiring
control of most of the lands in South America including Brazil and the Indian
Ocean.
 Based on the treaty, Portugal would colonize countries like Macao and India
in Asia while Spain would acquire large portion of the New World Land. Pope
Julius Il officially recognized the Treaty of Tordesillas in 1506.
 The two parties respected the terms and conditions of the Treaty. Initially,
Spain was dissatisfied, as they did not get much monetary benefits from their
discoveries, not until the discovery of the riches in Mexico.
 The treaty was both ratified by Spain and Portugal on July 2, 1494 and
September 5, 1494 respectively. But on April 22, 1529, the other side of the
world would be divided again by Treaty of Zaragoza, which specified the
Antemeridian to the demarcation line specified in the Treaty of Tordesillas.
C. MAGELLANS VOYAGE (1519-1522)
 Magellan's expedition was composed of five ships namely: Trinidad (his

flagship), Concepcion, San Antonio, Santiago and Victoria (the smallest). A
total of 270 strong men joined the voyage.
 Most members of the crew were Spaniards, other members were Portuguese
and the remaining were other nationalities. On August 10, 1519, the ships left
the port of Seville and headed to Guadalquivir River.
 By September 20, 1519 they reached San Lucar de Barrameda of the shores
of Atlantic. That time, crossing the Atlantic was still very dangerous. On
December 13, 1519, the expedition reached Brazil. They spent thirteen days
to replenish their supplies then proceeded south.
 Upon reaching Rio de la Plata, they encountered' cannibals who Pigafetta
described as "giants". They were taller than Europeans. Magellan even
ordered for the capture of two "giants" to be brought back to Spain. Such
conduct created conflict with the "giants' that resulted to its first casualty,
being hit by a poison arrow.
 The expedition continued its southern direction. On March 31, 1520 they
reached Puerto San Julian at latitude of 49 degrees 30'S. He decided to stay
there until August 24, 1520.
 Later, a plot to takeover the voyage was discovered. The captains of four
ships conspired to kill Magellan. They were Juan de Cartagena, captain of
San Antonio, Luis de Mendoza, captain of Victoria and Gaspat Quesada, the
captain of Concepcion. The three were Spaniards, all of them were executed,
and their bodies were cut into four pieces.

 After the mutiny was suppressed, the Santiago was sent to south. On May 22,
1520, the ship was destroyed. Of the 37-crew members of Santiago, one man
was killed during the shipwreck, others were rescued.
 On August 24, 1520, the remaining four ships continued the
voyage southward. On October 21, 1520, they reached
Cabo Virgenes or Cape of the
Eleven Thousand Virgins.
 On the other side of the cape
was the entrance to famous strait
now called Magellan's Strait.
Magellan sent San Antonio and
Concepcion to explore the entrance of the
strait and report their findings.
 A strong typhoon hit the two ships that sent them FERDINAND MAGELLAN (1480 — 1521)
towards the west part of the entrance. Fortunately was a Portuguese maritime explorer who,
for them the entrance opened into the strait they while in the service of the Spanish crown,
entered. tried to find a westward route to the Spice
 Victoria and Trinidad waited for the two ships to Islands of Indonesia. Magellan's parents
deliver their reports. After two days, feeling died when he was 10, and since his
hopeless for their comrades, suddenly the missing parents were of royal nobility, he became
a page to Queen Leonor at the royal
ships appeared and brought good news about the court. Little is knowri about Magellan's
discovery of the strait. background. He was the son of Rui de
 The strait extended into southeast channel and Magalhäes (son of Pedro Afonso de
southwest channel leading to Pacific Ocean. Magalhäes and wife Quinta de Sousa)
Victoria and Trinidad were sent to explore the and wife Alda de Mesquita, and brother of
southwest channel, while San Antonio and Duarte de Sousa, Diogo de Sousa and
Concepcion to the southeast channel. During the Isabel de Magalhäes, but exactly how he
was connected to the respective families
night, another mutiny occurred when some was unknown. He was married to Beatriz
members of the crew of San 'Antonio decided to Barbosa and had two children: Rodrigo
return to Spain without telling the other ships, de Magalhäes and Carlos de Magalhäes,
causing it to be separated from Concepcion. both of whom died at a young age.
 The expedition now was composed of three ships. Magellan made his first
Magellan then discovered the outlet to the new experience during the expedition
on the sea at the age of 25 in
ocean, which later he called Pacific Ocean. On
1505, when he was sent to India
November 28, 1520, the three ships sailed to Pacific to install Francisco de Almeida
Ocean, the most difficult stage of the voyage. They as the Portuguese viceroy. The
needed to cross the largest ocean without enough voyage gave Magellan his first
supply of food. The crossing of the Pacific Ocean experience of battle when a local
lasted for 98 days. king, who had paid tribute to
 On March 6, 1521, they reached Marianas, which Vasco da Gama three years
earlier, refused to pay tribute to
he called "Island of the Thieves". At that time,
Almeida, which resulted in the
Magellan's men were ill, 29 of his men died due to Battle of Diu in 1509. After taking
malnutrition. Their stay at Marianas was not a leave without permission,
pleasant one, Magellan planned to land at Guam Magellan fell out of favor with
but before he could do so, natives of the islands Almeida and was also accused
intruded the three ships. of trading illegally with the
 Many of Trinidad's small boats were stolen there Moors. Several of the
accusations were subsequently
(thus, earning the name "Island of Thieves". proved and there were no further
Magellan had no option but to leave the island. He offers of employment after May
proceeded southwest.
 On March 16, 1521, Magellan reached Homonhon Island in Samar, making
him the first European to reach the Philippines. Magellan named the country "
Archipelago de San Lazaro, but in 1542 the island was renamed as
"Philippines" by Ruy Lopez de Villalobos in honor for the Spanish Crown

Prince Felipe, later Philip Il. Magellan reached the Philippines with 150
remaining crewmembers.
D. FIRST MASS IN THE PHILIPPINES

 In an island named Mazaua, universally accepted today as Limasawa found
in Southern Leyte, the first mass in the Philippines was held.
 It was ordered by Ferdinand Magellan on. March 31, 1521, it was Easter
Sunday. Near the shores, the mass was celebrated by Father Pedro
Valderrama, the only priest that time.
 The first mass marked the birth of Roman Catholicism in the Philippines. The
island was ruled then by Rajah Siagu, Magellan befriended him together with
his brother Raja Kolambu of Butuan.
 On March 29, 1521, the friendship was sealed with a blood compact. It was
before the celebration of the first holy Eucharist that the first recorded blood
compact between Filipinos and Spaniards took place. Gifts were exchanged
by the two parties after the blood compact. On the same day, Magellan
ordered his troops to plant a cross on the top of the hill overlooking the sea,
southwest of the island. They stayed in the island for just seven days.
D. MAGELLAN'S DEATH
 On the morning of April 27, 1521, Lapu-Lapu, the King of Mactan, together
with hundreds of his subjects, armed with spears, faced the Spanish soldiers
led by Ferdinand Magellan. This battle would later be known as the Battle of
Mactan, where Magellan and some of his men were killed.
 Pigafetta and Ginés de Mafra provided the only extant eyewitness accounts of
the events culminating in Magellan's death:
“When morning came; forty-nine of us leaped into the water up to our thighs, and
walked through water for more than two cross-bow flights before' we could reach the shore. The
boats could not approach nearer because of certain rocks in the water. The other eleven men
remained behind to guard the boats. When we reached land, [the natives] had formed in three
divisions to the number of more than one thousand five hundred people. When they saw us,
they charged down upon us with exceeding loud cries... The musketeers and crossbow-men
shot from a distance for about a half-hour, but uselessly... Recognizing the captain, so many
turned upon him that they knocked his helmet off his head twice... A native hurled a bamboo
spear into the captain's face, but the latter immediately killed him with his lance, which he left in
the native's body. Then, trying to lay hand on sword, he could draw it out but halfway, because
he had been wounded in the arm with a bamboo spear. When fthe natives saw that, they all
hurled themselves upon him. One of them wounded him on the left leg with a large cutlass,
which resembles a scimitar, only being larger. That caused the captain to fall face downward,
when immediately they rushed upon him with iron and bamboo spears and with their cutlasses,
until they killed our mirror, our light, our comfort, and our true guide. When they wounded him,
he turned back many times to see whether we were all in the boats. Thereupon, beholding him
dead, we, wounded, retreated, as best we could, to the boats, which were already pulling off"
 Magellan provided in his will that Enrique, his interpreter, was to be freed
upon his death. However, after Mactan, the remaining ships' masters refused
to free Enrique.
 Enrique escaped his indenture on May 1, with the aid of Rajah Humabon,
amid the deaths of almost 30 crewmen.
 However, Pigafetta had been jotting down words in the Visayan language,
both Butuanon and Cebuano, which he started at Limasawa on Friday, March
29 and grew to a total of 145 words and was apparently able to continue
communications during the rest of the voyage.

 The Spaniards offered the natives with merchandises in exchange for
Magellan's body, but they were declined and his body was never recovered.
Lapu-Lapu was known as the first native of the archipelago to have resisted
Spanish rule.
E. CIRCUMNAVIGATION CONTINUES
 The casualties suffered in Mactan and other territories left the Magellan's
expedition with too few men to sail the three remaining ships. On May 2,
1521, they abandoned Concepcion and burned it to ensure that it could not be
used against them. The fleet was reduced to Trinidad and Victoria went to
Palawan.
 In June 21, 1521, they left the Philippines and proceeded to Borneo, guided
by Moro pilots who could sail the shallow seas. They sailed off Borneo
breakwater for 35 days, where Pigafetta recorded the splendor of Raja
Siripada's court (gold, two pearls the size of hen's egg, cloves, cinnamon,
etc.).
 The remaining ships, Victoria and Trinidad, laden with expensive spices,
attempted to sail back to Spain. However, as they left the Spice Islands,
Trinidad started to absorb water. The crew tried to discover and repair the
leak but failed.
 Trinidad would need more time to repair and Victoria was small to
accomodate all the surviving crew, as a result Victoria and some of the crew
sailed to the west for Spain. Several weeks later, Trinidad departed and
attempted to return to Spain via the Pacific route. This attempt failed.
 Trinidad was captured by the Portuguese, and was eventually wrecked in a
storm while at anchor under Portuguese control.
 December 21, 1521, Victoria set sail via the Indian Ocean route home
commanded by Juan Sebastian Elcano. By May 6, 1522, Victoria rounded the
Cape of Good Hope, with only rice for rations.
 Twenty crewmen died due to hunger before Elcano put into Cape Verde, a
Portuguese holding, where he abandoned thirteen more crew on July 9 in fear
of losing his cargo of 26 tons of spices, mostly cloves and cinnamon.
 On September 6, 1522, Elcano and the remaining crew arrived in Spain,
Victoria, almost exactly three years after they departed. Magellan had no
intention to circle the globe, only to find a safe way through which the Spanish
ships could navigate to the Spice Islands; it was Elcano who, after Magellan's
death, decided to push westward, thereby completing the first voyage around
the entire Earth.
 Of the 270-crew members of the Magellan's expedition, only 18 completed the
circumnavigation of the globe and managed to return to Spain.
IV. ACTIVITY
 Trace using a world map of the voyage of Ferdinand Magellan and provide
brief explanation of each places that the voyage has landed.

LESSON
TOPICS
2  CONTRIBUTIONS OF MAGELLAN’S VOYAGE
 OTHER SPANISH EXPEDITIONS
I. INTRODUCTION
After Magellan, there were five other voyages financed by Spain for the
seemingly possible mission of finding and holding the new islands in the East for
a colony. Lured by the thrill of adventure and the reward of gold and spiritual
dispensation, Western conquistadores took the risks of the journey to the
unknown Eastern seas. This topic will examine on the contributions of
Magellan’s voyage and will review also of the following Post-Magellanic voyages
before Philippines would be colonized permanently in 1565.
II. OBJECTIVES
1. Identify the contributions of the Magellan expedition;

2. Discuss the succeeding expeditions sent by Spain in search of the
Philippines.
III. DISCUSSION
A. CONTRIBUTIONS OF MAGELLAN'S VOYAGE
 Magellan's voyage is very beneficial not only to Spain but to other nations.
First, it provided new knowledge for sea route to Asia by
crossing the Pacific. Second, it also proved the vastness of Wait a Minute...
Pacific Ocean. Third, through his voyage, it was found out that It was Juan
the earth is round, when they crossed all meridians of the globe. Sebastian Elcano
 The full extent of the earth was also realized, since their voyage who should be
was 14,460 leagues (69,800 km or 43,400 mi). Finally, through recognized as the
"first European to
Magellan's voyage, International Date Line was established. circle the globe"
Upon returning they found their calendars were a day behind, and not Ferdinand
even though they had faithfully maintained the ship's log. Magellan.
B. OTHER SPANISH EXPEDITIONS
1. Loaisa Expedition
 Immediately after the return of Victoria to Spain, the King of Spain ordered
another expedition. Garcia Jofre de Loaisa consisting of seven ships and 450
strong men, including Sebastian Del Cano and Father Andres de Urdaneta,
commanded it.
 The expedition left Spain on July 24, 1525. They stopped at Gomera Islands
in the Canary Islands and stayed there for couple of days to load some of its
cargo. They left the island on August 14 and travelled to Atlantic Ocean and
reached the coast of Brazil, that time, the fleet already lost its two ships.
When it crossed the Strait of Magellan, another ship was deserted, while

another ship was forced to stop the voyage for insufficiency of supplies after
entering the Pacific Ocean.
 On July 30, 1526, Loaisa died while crossing the Pacific Ocean. Sebastian
Del Cano then took over the command, but he too died on August 4 and
Toribio Alonzo de Salazar succeeded him.
 Continuing their voyage, the crew 800n came upon an island, which they
called San Bartolome. After twelve long days, they arrived at Marianas
Islands and rested. In one of the islands, they found Gonzalo de Vigo, a lone
survivor of Magellan's expedition.
 On September 9, another casualty was added, Alonzo de Salazar died and
Martin Efiiguez de Zarquizano took over the command. The expedition
reached Mindanao, and anchored at a port called Visayas on the eastern
coast.
 Moving towards south, they reached the island of Talao, and then they sailed
to Moluccas. The Portuguese prohibited them from entering the port, saying
that the Moluccas belonged to them in accordance with the treaty signed by
Portugal and Spain.
 The Spaniards, however, insisted that the Moluccas were on the Spanish side
of the demarcation line set by the Treaty of Tordesillas. Instead of leaving
they anchored at the port of Tidore on New Year's Day in 1527.
 Here Zarquizano died and Hernando de la Torre succeeded him as the last
commander of the expedition. The expedition stayed there to await help from
Spain.
2. Cabot Expedition
 In 1512, Sebastian Cabot settled in Spain after serving the crown of England
where he was appointed by the pilot major to King Philip I, succeeding Juan
Diaz de Solis who sailed to Central and South America.
 Being a pilot major, he had the control of all Spanish voyages and at the
same time examiner of pilots. He designed a plan of reaching the New World
in 1516 and 1521 but none of these happened.
 But in 1524, Cabot and a group of merchants obtained the approval of King
Philip I in testing the theory that there was a shorter way to the Pacific Ocean
than the Strait of Magellan.
 The passage was difficult and dangerous waterway around the Southern tip of
South America, where many Spanish ships had been lost. Cabot's mission
was to look for a new way to reach the Moluccas or Spice Islands.
 Spices were almost priceless in the sixteen century and the country that found
it would mean treasure. On April 3, 1526, Cabot with three ships and more
than 200 strong men sailed to Spice Islands.
 They reached Cape Verde Islands and Recife, Brazil on June 3, 1526. At
Recife, the voyage took different turn upon the orders of Cabot, to fetch the
abandoned sailors of previous Spanish expedition to the interior of South
America.
 It had returned carrying a large quantity of silver, most of which was lost
when their ships were destroyed. Several of the sailors' companions were
also saved from far south, and they supported the story of "a mountain two
hundred leagues inland containing many mines of gold and silver and other
metals."
 These stories gave idea to Spain of the amazing wealth of the Inca Empire.
Tempted by these reports, he took advantage of this golden opportunity;
Cabot proceeded to Argentina to begin his quest.

 Cabot reached the great river that Magellan had reported seeing in 1519 and
named it the Rio de la Plata, or "Silver River." He then traveled along two
large tributaries of the Rio de la Plata, the Uruguay and the Paranå rivers. In
1527, Cabot constructed a small fort, called the Sancti Spiritus, near Rosario,
Argentina.
 From there they traveled up the Paranå as far as the foothills of the Andes;
however, they failed to find any precious metals. To make matters worse,
natives, who were provoked by their actions, destroyed the fort during Cabot's
absence.
 After three years of fruitless searching, Cabot's party set out for Spain on
October 6, 1529. Cabot returned to Spain empty-handed on July 22, 1530
with only one ship and 24 men left.
 He was prosecuted and punished for two years in exile to Oran in Africa for
diverting from the original plan in the expedition.
3. Saavedra Expedition
 The fourth Spanish expedition to the Philippines was under the command of
Alvaro (Alfonso) de Saavedra. It was the first Spanish expedition starting from
Mexico.
 It consisted of three ships namely: Florida, Santiago and the Espiritu Santo
with 120 men with four goals, these are: (1) to see what might have happened
to the survivors of the Magellan expedition; (2) to look for Trinidad which had
not been heard from; (3) to inquire about what became of the Cabot
expedition; and (4) to see what happened to the Loaisa expedition.
 On November 1, 1527, Saavedra and his men left the port of Zaguatanejo,
Mexico carrying a letter addressed to the King of Cebu. The letter was
seeking friendship from the natives of Cebu, asking for trade and offering a
bribe for any possible Spaniard who might be a prisoner in Cebu.
 However, on their way to the Philippines, a violent storm destroyed two of the
ships. With only one ship, they reached Guam on December 29, 1527 and
took immediate control of Yap Island in the name of King of Spain.
 When they reached Mindanao in the early 1528, they found two survivors of
the Magellan expedition. Saavedra paid $70 in Mexican gold as ransom.
 From Mindanao they proceeded to Cebu, but strong winds drove their ship to
Tidore, present day Indonesia, where they found the survivors of the Loaisa
expedition.
 Saavedra attempted twice to return to Mexico but failed. He died at sea on
October 9, 1529. Prior to his death, he commanded his men to go back to
Tidore in case of bad weather to sail for Mexico.
 The remaining men of the expedition together with those rescued from
previous expeditions reached Tidore but were captured by the Portuguese.
Few escaped while the others returned to Europe.
4. Villalobos Expedition
 Ruy Lopez de Villalobos was commissioned in 1541 to send an expedition to

the Philippines by the viceroy of Spain, Antonio de Mendoza. His expedition
consisted of six ships namely: Santiago (the flagship), Jorge, San Antonio,
San Cristobal, San Martin and San Juan de Letran.
 They left Barra de Navidad, Spain on October 25, 1542 with almost 400 men.
On February 29, 1543, they reached Baganga Bay on East Mindanao.
Villalobos named the island Mindanao (Caesaria Karoli) after the Holy Roman
Emperor, Charles V of Spain because it looked so majestic.

 They stayed there for more than 30 days where most of crewmembers
experienced starvation. On March 31, they proceeded to Mazaua (Limasawa)
— having knowledge about the hospitality and friendliness of the people
based on what they learned from Magellan expedition.
 On August 4, San Juan and San Cristobal left for Leyte. A letter from Jorge de
Castro, governor of Moluccas asking for explanation for the presence of
Spanish fleet on Portuguese territory was brought by a Portuguese
contingent. Villalobos responded in a letter, that they were not trespassing
and they were within the demarcation line.
 On August 27, San Juan left for Mexico commanded by Bernardo dela Torre.
They received another protest letter. Villalobos replied similar to the first
message.
 They left Sarangani for Abuyog, Leyte with two ships, San Juan and San
Cristobal. The fleet could not make headway due to the strong typhoon. In
April 1544, Villalobos left for Amboyna in Moluccas.
 When Villalobos arrived in the islands of Samar and Leyte, he renamed the
country Las Islas Felipinas in honor of King Philip Il. Later, they were driven
away by hostility, hunger and a wrecked ship.
 Villalobos was compelled to abandon the island. They sought refuge in
Moluccas where they fought against the Portuguese, who detained them. On
April 4, Ruy Lopez de Villalobos died while being detained in the island of
Ambon Island or Amboyna.
 The remaining crewmembers survived, among them were Gines de Mafra
and Guido de Lavezaris.
5. Legazpi Expedition
 Because of the failure of several Spanish expeditions to the Philippines after

Magellan, King Charles I 'topped the voyage to the Philippines. But when King
Phillip Il succeeded in 1556, he ordered Luis de Velasco, the viceroy of
Mexico, to organize another expedition to the Philippines commanded by
Miguel Lopez de Legazpi together with Father Andres de Urdaneta as pilot.
 Legazpi gathered a total crew of 358 men, 200 were soldiers, 150 were
seamen, 6 Augustinian missionaries and 2 interpreters to be carried by four
ships.
 The ships were named; (1) San Pedro, (2) San Pablo, (3) San Lucas, and (4)
San Juan de Letran. The voyage sailed from the port of Navidad, Mexico on
November 21, 1564.
 On February 13, 1565, the expedition arrived in the island of Cebu. He sent
an advance party under the command of Captain Juan dela Isla to look for a
good place to disembark. However, the hungry natives attacked them.
 They finally landed in Leyte, and took possession of it in the name of the
Spanish king. After Leyte, he proceeded to Camiguin then to Bohol.
 On March 16, 1565, in Bohol, Legazpi entered in a blood compact with their
chieftain, Datu Sikatuna. Sikatuna gave them spices and gold as a sign of
friendship. From Bohol, Legaspi sent advance party to Mindanao and Cebu to
look for a good base for colonization.
 The party that went to Mindanao reached Butuan and found two vessels from
Luzon trading gold, wax, and slaves. The party, which he sent to Cebu,
reported an abundant supply of food. Legaspi, after consulting with his men,
decided to settle in Cebu and sent San Pedro to sail back to Mexico and
announced to the viceroy the success of the expedition.
C. SPANISH SETTLEMENT IN THE PHILIPPINES

 It was in Cebu that Miguel Lopez de Legazpi decided to establish a Spanish
settlement. Adhering to the orders given to him in Mexico to win the friendship
of the natives, he sought to befriend the Cebuanos.
 Instead of punishing the natives, he advised them to go back to their homes
and live peacefully with the Spaniards. Through his sincerity, his efforts
succeeded. He and Tupas, a Cebuano chieftain entered in a blood compact.
 Through this, the natives agreed to pay taxes to the King of Spain. In return,
Legazpi assured them that Spain would give protection to the natives.
 In the land given by Raja Tupas, Legazpi established the permanent Spanish
settlement which he named the "City of the Most Holy Name of Jesus". Thus,
Cebu was recognized as the oldest city in the entire archipelago.
 But due to scarcity of food, he proceeded to Panay and established the
second Spanish settlement in 1569. In his stay in Panay, he heard about the
existence of a rich Muslim kingdom in the North named Manila.
 The popularity of Manila being the center of trade motivated Legazpi to
capture it. In May 1570, Legazpi ordered an expedition to Manila with 120
Spanish soldiers and 300 natives under the command of Captain Martin De
Goiti together with his youngest grandson, Captain Juan de Salcedo.
 On that particular period, Manila was ruled by Raja Sulayman. Goiti attempted
to befriend Sulayman, but the latter did not accept the idea of recognizing the
sovereignty of Spain over the island and the paying of tribute.
 This led to the battle between the Spaniards and the natives. Goiti, uncertain
of the ability of his warriors to defeat the natives, decided to retreat and went
back to Panay.
 In May 1571, another attempt to capture Manila was made, this time under
the command of Legazpi himself. Raja Sulayman and Lakan Dula, convinced
with the sincerity of Legazpi, agreed to have peace and friendship with the
Spaniards.
 The natives finally recognized sovereignty of Spain and paid taxes. By June
24, 1571, Manila was declared as the capital of the country. Delighted with
the conquest, the king of Spain awarded the city a coat of arms and the
grandiose title: "Noble and Ever Loyal City".
 From Manila, several military expeditions to different parts of the island were
sent to bring these areas under authority of Spain and to collect taxes. In
southern Luzon, Juan de Salcedo successfully conquered Laguna, Quezon
and Camarines while Martin de Goiti experienced little resistance in Central
Luzon.
 Later, Salcedo was sent to Northern Luzon where he again successfully
imposed Spanish sovereignty in Zambales, Cagayan, Pangasinan up to the
northernmost part of the island. After his successful conquest, he was ordered
to return to Manila.
 In July 1573, Salcedo was given another mission to invade other parts of the
Bicol region. Again, Salcedo emerged victorious. With this successful
conquest, almost the entire archipelago was now under Spanish rule.
I. ACTIVITY
 Create a list of various contributions of the Magellan voyage.

LESSON
TOPICS
1  THE COLONIZATION AND EVANGELIZATION
OF THE PHILIPPINES
I. INTRODUCTION
This topic will deal on the colonization and evangelization of the Philippines.
According to the Filipino historian Gregorio Zaide, Spain was the first European
country to rise as a great colonizing power in modern times. At the zenith of her
glory and grandeur during the 16th century, her siglo de oro (golden century), she
had far-flung colonies in Africa, the New World (Latin America and Asia) – the
first global empire in history – so that King Philip II was the first monarch to justly
boast the sun never set on his realm.
After the successful conquest led by Miguel Lopez de Legazpi in 1565, the
Spanish colonization permanently settled along with the coming of various
religious orders and missionaries who helped the Conquistadores in their quest
in colonizing the islands and converting the natives from their old paganism to
civilized Christianity.
II. OBJECTIVES
1. Discuss the colonization and evangelization of the Philippines;

2. Explain the political system under the Spanish rule;
3. Describe the introduction of Spanish re-settlement process.
III. DISCUSSION
A. DEVELOPMENTS UNDER SPANISH OCCUPATION
 Political System during the Spanish Rule Spaniards, upon their arrival
relocated the natives to speed up the spread of Christianity and to collect
taxes easily.
 Those who refused were branded as "tulisanes" or bandits. After these, a civil
government was _established. However, the church had influenced over state
affairs.
a. Central Government
 On the national level, the King through his Council of the Indies (Consejo
delas Islas), governed through his sole representative in the Island, the
Governor General.
 The powers of governor general include: he headed the Real Audiencia
(Supreme Court), he was the Commander-in-Chief of the Army and Navy, the
economic planner of the country, and he supervised missionary works and
oversees ecclesiastical appointments.
 Only a Spaniard could be a governor-general. The official residence of the
governor was in Intramuros.

b. Laws
 Spain, America and Mexico, the Laws of the Indies were applied in the
Philippines. Some laws of Spain were intended to be promulgated also in the
-Philippines. These laws included: La Novisima, Recopilacion, Leyes de Toro,
and the Siete Partidas.
c. Real Audiencia
 Real Audiencia was the highest court during Spanish period. Judicial power
was vested to Real Audiencia and to other lower courts. It was established in
the Philippines. Besides handling civil and criminal cases, it also audited the
finances of the government.
d. Visita and Residencia
 Setting aside the Real Audiencia that was tasked to check the conduct of
governor-general, Visita secretly inquired into the actuations of top colonial
officials as ordered by the Spanish king. Another check was the Residencia,
which was an investigation the actuations of an outgoing governor-general
conducted by his, successor. The governor-general had to defend himself
against allegations and charges filed against him. If his guilt was proven, he
would be punished.
e. Provincial Government
 On the provincial level, heading the pacified provinces (alcaldia), was the
provincial governor (alcalde mayor). The unpacified military zones
(corregidor) were governed the corregidores. Alcalde mayor governed the city
governments (ayuntamientos). Alcalde mayors and corregidores exercised
multiple prerogatives such as judge, inspector of encomiendas, chief of
police, tax collector, capitan-general of the province and even vice-regal
patron. Their salaries ranged from P300 to P2,000 before 1847 and P1,500 to
P 1,600 after it. But this could be augmented through the special privilege of
“indulto de commercio" where all people were forced to do business with him.
Like the governor-general, only Spaniards could be an alcalde-mayor.
f. Municipal Government
 The gobernadorcilo or little governor headed the pueblo or town. His functions
include the preparation of the taxpayers list (padron), recruitment and
distribution of men for polo y servicio (forced labor), communal public work
and military conscription (quinto), postal clerk and judge in less grave
offenses. He intervened in all administrative cases pertaining to his town
regarding lands, justice, finance and local police. The salary of
gobernadorcillo was only 24 pesos but he enjoyed exemption from paying
taxes. The qualifications of gobernadorcillo were: any Filipino or Chinese
mestizo, at least 25 sears of age, literate in oral or written Spanish and had
been a cabeza de barangay for 4 vears.
g. "Barangay" Government

 The barangay government was headed by cabeza de barangay. He was
responsible for maintaining peace and order and the recruitment for
community public works. The qualifications of cabeza de barangay included:
literacy in Spanish, good moral character and owner of a property. Cabezas
who served for 25 years were exempted from forced labor.
B. THE COMING OF THE MISSIONARIES OF DIFFERENT RELIGIOUS

ORDERS
 The missionaries played a significant role in the colonization of the

Philippines. They came with the conquistadores. They bravely penetrated the
uncharted mountains and unexplored jungles, enduring great hardships and
not infrequently suffering a martyr’s death in the course of their evangelical
labors. Their only arms were the crucifix, the rosary and their virtues. By the
sign of the Cross, they conquered, winning the Filipinos to accept Christianity
and Spanish rule.
 The first missionaries to reach the Philippines were the Augustinians under
Father Urdaneta. They came with Legazpi in 1565. In subsequent times more
and more missionaries arrived such as the Franciscans in 1577, the Jesuits in
1581, the Dominicans in 1587, the Recollects in 1606 and the Benedictines in
1895.
IV. ACTIVITY
 Construct using a graphic organizer the political and ecclesiastical structure of

the Church and State of the Spanish Colonial in the Philippines.

LESSON
TOPICS
2  AMALGAMATION OF CHURCH AND STATE
 ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS IMPOSED BY SPAIN
I. INTRODUCTION
Spain stressed the religious aspects of colonization and neglected to promote

the economic development of the Philippines. Despite many good laws and
policies on the economic welfare of the colony, the country languished miserably
due to the corruption, ignorance and indolence of Spanish officials and friars. In
the end, Spain could only give what she herself possessed: when the Spanish
empire declined, so did the colonies of Spain suffer. Ironically, the period of rapid
economic growth in the 19th century also brought about the political
enlightenment of the Filipinos who became eager to ensure their share of
material progress and to assert their equality with the Spaniards.
II. OBJECTIVES
1. Explain the relationship of the Church and State during the Spanish Era
Philippines;
2. Describe the economic conditions of the colonial Philippines;
3. Discuss forced labor, land grants and taxation during the Spanish Era.
III. DISCUSSION
A. AMALGAMATION OF CHURCH AND STATE
 The system of government was theocratic. There was what we call

amalgamation of church and state. There was no wall that divided the
activities between the church and the state.
 The church participated in several activities of the government like tax
collection and in the absence of Spanish officials in certain territory, friars
would rule. Public funds are used in religious activities.
 There was official religion and that was the Roman Catholic Church. In more
than three decades of Spanish occupation, the friars wanted the Philippines to
become "arsenal of faith" in Asia.
 The friars contributed not only in the propagation of Roman Catholicism but
also in maintenance of peace and order, and they were very instrumental in
keeping the Philippines under Spanish possession by divulging information
solicited coming from the sacrament of penance.
B. ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS IMPOSED BY SPAIN
a. Taxation
 To raise funds to finance the various programs and projects of the

government, the Spaniards imposed several forms of taxes. Taxes were paid
in cash or in kind. It was fixed at 8 reales and later, increased to 15. Ten

reales went to the government, 1 to the town community chest and 3 to the
Church.
 Another one real was for tithes (diezmo prediales). Custom duties and income
tax were also collected. Later, they imposed cedula personal (now community
tax certificate) wherein all indios were required to pay for personal
identification.
b. Forced Labor (Polo y Servicio)
 Polo y servicio or simply called polo was forced labor for 40 days for males
ranging from 18 to 40 years of age. They were obligated to render personal
service to different community projects, especially in constructing galleons.
One could be exempted from polo by paying the falla, a daily fine of one and
a half real. In 1884, it was reduced to 15 days.
c. Encomienda System and Bandala
 Encomienda system was a land management system similar to the feudal

system in Europe. It was not a land grant. Here, a meritorious Spaniard
(called an encomendero) was given control over a certain territory and all its
inhabitants. The encomendero was tasked to protect his encomienda and
keep peace and order. In return, he was granted the right to collect taxes but
subject to limitations. Part of this tribute went to the encomendero and the rest
to the church and government. Bandala was an annual enforced sale and
requisitioning of goods such as rice, tobacco, and sugar cane to the
government. Farmers have no authority to their harvests, they were required
to sell it government.
d. Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade

For a While...
 The Manila-Acapulco Trade is a trade between the Chinese and
Spaniards in Manila the Spaniards in Mexico. It resulted into Do you know that
economic progress. But the negative effects of it far outbalanced some of the Manila
the advantages. Some income-producing economies were Galleons were not
made in the
completely neglected and too much burden were given to Philippines? At
Filipinos during their annual polo y servicio, by leaving their least two of the
respective families and their farms. However, this resulted into galleons were
Amerasian cultural exchanges that led to the arrival of new made in Siam
crops and animals to the Philippines. The trade started as early (Thailand) and
another in Japan.
as 1565 and died on 1815.
e. Royal Society of Friends of the Country
 Jose de Basco y Vargas, following a royal order to establish a society of

intellectuals who could produce new, useful ideas, formally established the
Real Sociedad Economica de Amigos del Pais. The leading men in business,
industry, and profession, the society were tasked to explore and exploit the
island's natural wealth. The society to the creation of Plan General
Economico of Basco, which implemented the monopolies on the areca nut,
tobacco, liquors and explosives. It provided local and foreign scholarships and
training grants in agriculture and established an academy of design. It was
also credited to the carabao ban of 1782, the formation of the silversmiths and
gold beaters guild and the construction of the first papermill in the Philippines

in 1825. It was introduced on 1780, vanished temporarily on 1787-1819,
1820-1822 and 1875-1822 and ceased to exist in the middle of the 1890s.
f. Royal Company of the Philippines
 On March 10, 1875, Charles 111 created the Royal Philippine Company with
a 25- year charter. It was granted exclusive monopoly of bringing to the
Philippines; Chinese and Indian goods and transporting them directly to Spain
via the Cape of Good Hope. The Dutch and English who saw it as a direct
attack on their trade of Asian goods stiffly objected it. The traders of the
Galleon trade who saw it as competition also vehemently opposed it.
g. Agriculture
 Spain brought Filipinos new techniques and procedures involving the

cultivation of crops: For example, before the imposition of Spanish rule, the
Filipinos practiced swiddening or slash-and-burn agriculture. This farming
technique involved clearing a hillside or a patch of land, cutting down the
trees, burning the trunks, the branches and the leaves, removing the rocks,
and then planting through the use of a pointed stick to create a hole on the
ground into which seeds were thrown.
 Then the farmers simply waited for the harvest time to arrive. This condition
changed when religious orders taught the natives horticultural techniques
requiring intensive cultivation of land through better irrigation to lessen their
dependency on rainfall.
 In addition to teaching the Filipinos new methods of farming and introducing
new crops such as maize, avocado, tomato, and cacao, from which the
nutritious drink of chocolate was derived, the Spanish friars taught the
rudiments of reading and writing to the natives, not to mention useful trades
such as painting, baking and locksmithing.
IV. ACTIVITY
 Using a concept map, summarize the economic and trade concepts

implemented by the Spanish colonial government to the native Filipinos.

LESSON TOPICS
3
 SOCIO-CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT UNDER
SPAIN
 OUR SPANISH HERITAGE
I. INTRODUCTION
Of more than three centuries of Spanish occupation, it definitely affected the

Philippine society. The Filipinos adapted the Spanish menu, stone houses and
manner of dressing. They used the Gregorian calendar, the Latin script and used
their theocentric art, music, and literature. Filipinos had not been entirely
Hispanized during this amount of time and although there were large
modifications, their culture remained essentially Malay.
By right of conquest, Spain ruled the Philippines for three centuries (1565-
1898). During this long period, Spain imposed her religion, language, customs,
arts and sciences on the Filipinos. There was hardly any phase of Filipino life
which did not feel the impact of Spanish influence. It is fair to say that Spain’s
cultural legacy was more beneficial and comprehensive than her political and
economic endowments.
II. OBJECTIVES
1. Identify the contributions of the Spanish colonization in terms of socio-cultural

aspect;
2. Trace Spanish cultural traditions that are still evident in the present
generations of Filipinos.
III. DISCUSSION
A. SOCIO-CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT UNDER SPAIN
 Filipinos, the 'term by which people of the Philippines are generally known,
descended from the various Austronesian-speaking migrants who came in
droves over a thousand years ago from South East Asia. There were various
ethno-linguistic groups these Filipinos were divided into. These Filipinos were
divided into three major groups: the Visayans, the Tagalogs, and the Ilocanos.
They were genetically close to the Taiwanese aborigines, Malays of Indonesia
and Malaysia, and the Polynesians. Then there were Filipino mestizos, a term
employed to refer to those who were of mixed indigenous heritage and
Spanish or other foreign ancestry form. They were the minority but form an
economically and politically important minority. Linguistically speaking, the
nation is diversed with more than 170 dialects. Nearly all of these languages
belong to the Western Malayo-Polynesian language group of the
Austronesian language family.
1. Religion
 The greatest legacy of Spain to the Philippines was religion or Roman

Catholicism. Around 92 percent of the Filipinos are Christians making it the
world's third-largest Christian nation.

 Among the Christians, 83 percent belong to the Roman Catholic Church, 2
percent to the Philippine Independent Church, and 10 percent to various
Protestant denominations.
 Some 5 percent of the Filipinos are Muslim and live primarily in parts of
Mindanao.
2. Foods
 Around 80 percent of Philippine dishes are of Spanish origin, food historians

claim. Because the Spaniards formed the elite, dishes adapted by upper class
Filipinos were also Spanish-inspired.
 Thus many of the party and fiesta dishes and those served for special
occasions bear names like relleno, morcon, paella, callos, embutido, adobo,
lechon, longaniza, tocino, hamon, afritada, etc.
 Desserts or merienda like empanada, lecheflan, chicharon, galletas,
pandesal, and natilla also originated Spain.
3. Holy Days and Festivities

For a While...
 All major Roman Catholic holy days are observed as Some Holy Week superstitious
official national holidays. Religious Holidays includes: beliefs of Filipinos include:
Semana Santa (Holy Week) during Easter, October
31 to November 2 celebrate Day of the Dead (All l. The prohibition to lake a bath
Souls Day and All Saints Day) which Filipino spend (after 3 0'clock in the afternoon
much of the 3 days and 3 evenings, visiting their of Good Friday.
2. The prohibition to make
ancestral graves, showing respect and honoring to noise,' like playing radio and
their departed relatives by feasting, decorating, other noise producing
offering flowers and prayers. appliances.
 Christmas Day is celebrated every December 25 and 3. The belief that injuries
New Years Day on January 1, Immaculate incurred during Holy Week
takes a long period of time to be
Conception on December 8. There are festivities healed.
known as barrio fiestas to commemorate their patron
saints.
4. Architecture
 For more than three centuries of Spanish occupation, the friars

constructed opulent Baroque-style church edifices. These structures are
still found today everywhere across the country and they symbolize the
cultural influence of Spain in Filipino life.
 The opulence of these edifices was clearly visible in the ornate facades,
paintings, and sculpture, as well as in the behavioral patterns of the people
and in the intricate rituals associated with Roman Catholic churches.
 While it is true that the Spaniards exploited in the construction of the
imposing Baroque-style sanctuaries for Roman Catholic worship, it is also
true that these same edifices became the means by which Filipino talents
and inclinations were expressed.
 The carpenters, masons, craftsmen, artisans were mainly Filipinos. In this
way, the Roman Catholic Church and religion influenced Filipino
architectural and building style, even as the rituals and festivities of the
Church influenced Filipino dances, songs, paintings, sculpture and literary
writings.

5. Spanish Language
 The country's name itself comes from the name of the King of Spain, Philip
II. There are many provinces with Spanish names such as Antique,
Negros Oriental, Negros Occidental, Compostela Valley, Marinduque, La
Union, Aurora, Quirino, Quezon, Isabela, Laguna, Nueva Vizcaya, Nueva
Ecija, and Laguna.
 Many cities and municipalities are also named in Spanish, such as
Angeles, La Paz, La Trinidad, Trece Martires, Los Baños, Pilar, San
Fernando, Santa Rita, San Jose, San Pablo,
Santa Rosa, San Marcelino, and many more.
For a While...
 Filipinos learned to read, write and speak using
Spanish language. Most of the reading materials The first Philippine daily
were written in Spanish especially religious newspaper to be sold in the streets
was La Corespondencia de Manila
articles. (1889), and it costs 2 centavos a
 By Communicating with them (Spaniards), the copy...
natives consciously or unconsciously learned their
language.
 Some of the words that are used today are borrowed or derived from their
language like; nanay, tatay, bayabas, abokado, papaya, zapote, silya,
libro, mesa, kutsilyo, kubyertos, bisita, cajon, etc.
6. Surnames
 On November 21, 1863 Governor General Narciso Claveria [y Zaldua]

ordered a systematic distribution of family names for the natives to use. The
"Catalogo Alfabetico de Apellidos" was produced and approved names were
assigned to families in all towns.
 Spanish surnames like Fernandez, Perez, Guerero, Lopez, Claveria, Legaspi,
Salcedo, Sanchez and a lot more were adopted.
7. Educational Development Under Spain
 During the entire period of Spanish occupation, the Roman Catholic Church
controlled the entire educational system of the archipelago. Missionaries and
friars were first to act as teachers who educated the natives using religion.
 The first schools established by friars and missionaries were the parochial
schools. They were opened in different parishes.
 The Augustinian missionaries established the first parochial school in Cebu in
1565. In subsequent years, colleges were opened.
 These colleges were equivalent to our high schools today. Boys and girls
went to separate schools.
 The first college for boys to be established in the island was Colegio of
Manila, later renamed as Colegio of San Ignacio, opened by the Jesuit
missionaries in 1589.
 While for the females, Colegio of Santa Potenciana was opened in Manila in
1589, later it was merged with Colegio of Santa Isabel.
 Education during Spanish period was for the wealthy class; few could afford
to send their children for formal education.
 Major development in education took place in the passage of Education
Decree on 1863 which called for the establishment of at least primary
schools, one for boys and another for girls, in each town under the control of
the municipal government and the creation of normal schools to train men as

teachers, supervised by the Jesuits. Under the said decree, primary education
was compulsory.
 The subjects taken in boy's school were grouped under arts and grammar,
Grammar included Christian doctrine, Spanish, Latin, literature and rhetoric,
good manners and personal hygiene, arithmetic and music. The girls had
fewer subjects.
 These focused on reading, writing, arithmetic and religion (called the 4 R's),
morals and good manners, music sewing and embroidery and some home
crafts. Spanish was used as the language of instruction.
B. OUR SPANISH HERITAGE (Zaide 1999)
1. Introduction of the Gregorian Calendar
 Until the year 1845, the Philippine calendar was one day behind. that of
European time. It was Governor General Narciso Claveria who corrected the
Philippine calendar.
 On August 16, 1844, he issued an order proclaiming Tuesday, December 31,
1844, to be Wednesday, January 1, 1845. In other words, he advanced the
calendar by one day, so that it would be in accord with world standard time.
2. Spanish Surnames for Filipinos
 During the early years of Spanish colonization the Filipinos, upon their
conversion were given the names of the saints as their first names, such as
Juan, after Juan, Pedro after San Pedro, Maria after Santa Maria, and Cecilia
after Santa Cecilia.
 The native surnames proved to be confusing to the Spanish authorities who
wen unfamiliar with the Philippine dialects. Consequently, Governor General
Claveria issued an order on November 1, 1849, giving Spanish surnames to
Filipino families.
 He sent lists of Spanish family names to the authorities in the provinces and
towns. His order. was carried out, so that today Filipino families came to
acquire Spanish surnames, such as Gomez, Reyes, and Santos.
 Many Filipino families who remained loyal to their ancestors refused to adopt
the Spanish surnames. Their descendants still use their Malayan surnames,
such as Batungbakal, Kalaw, Makapagal, Mag-saysay, Magbanua, Sumulong
and Tonogbanua.
3. Latin Alphabet and Spanish Language
 Among the lasting legacies of Spain to the Filipino people are the Latin
alphabet and the Spanish language. Being intelligent with a God-given talent
for languages the people easily assimilated the Latin alphabet and the
Spanish language.
 As Father Pedro Chirino, Jesuit missionary and historian wrote in 1604: "They
have learned our language and its pronunciation, and write it even better than
we do, for they are so clever and they learn anything with great ease".
 Although Spanish did not become a national language in the country, as it is
in Mexico and other countries in Latin America, it has enriched the national
language called Pilipino.
 According to linguistical authorities, there are about 5,000 Spanish loan-words
in our national language.

 The Filipinos are the only Spanish-speaking nation in Asia. With their
knowledge of the Latin alphabet and the Spanish language (plus the English
language), the people have been linked closer to the Western world. Through
these linguistical media, they have been able to imbibe the wisdom of the
West and to learn the ideas of Western philosophers and teachers.
4. Preservation of Philippine Languages
 The Spanish friars, instead of preaching Christianity in Spanish, studied the

native languages and used these languages to propagate the faith. By
studying the native languages and using them in their missionary activities,
the Spanish friars, incidentally, preserved the Philippine native languages.
 The case was different in the Spanish colonies in Latin America. In those
colonies the missionaries forced the people to learn Spanish. Thus the
Mexicans, Cubans, Chileans, Peruvians, Argentines, Puerto Ricans, and
other Latin Americans lost their native languages.
 The early Spanish missionaries were the first to write the gram- mars and of
the Filipino languages. The first published Tagalog grammar, entitled Arte y
reglas de la lengua.tagala (1610), was written by Fr. Blancas de San Jose, a
Spanish Dominican missionary. He was known as the "Demosthenes of the
Tagalog Language," because of his eloquence in Tagalog.
5. Printing
 The first Filipino press in the Philippines was established by the Dominicans
in Manila in the year 1593. That was 47 years before the appearance of the
first printing press in the United States. The first printing press in Manila
printed books by means of the old xylograhic method, that is, printing by using
engraved wood blocks. It is still existing at the University of Santo Tomas
Press and is one of the oldest printing establishments in the world.
6. Early Filipino Printers
 The first Filipino printer was Tomas Pinpin, the "Prince of Filipino Printers". He
was also the first Tagalog author, for he wrote the first Tagalog book ever
published.
 This book, entitled Librong pag-aaralan nang manga Tagalog nang uigang
Castila (Book that the Tagalogs Should Study to Learn Spanish), was printed
in Bataan in 1610. Tomas Pinpin had a worthy son, Simon, who was also a
good printer.
 Other pioneer Filipino printers were Diego Talaghay, Nicolas de la Cruz
Bagay, Laureano Atlas, Domingo I-nag and Cipriano Bagay.
7. First Books Printed in the Philippines.
 All the early Filipino printers were trained by the Spanish missionaries in the
art of printing. They were master craftsmen. They were not only good printers,
but also fine engravers.
 As early as in 1593, books were being printed in the Philippine by xylogaphic
method. Three of these early books have been discovered in the archives and
libraries of Europe in recent years, namely: (1) Doctrina Christiana en lengua
spiola y tagala, Manila, 1593; (2) Doctrina Christiana en tetra y lengua China,
printed by Keng Yong (Chinese), in the Parian, Manila; and (3) Tratado de

Doctrina de la Santa Iglesia y de Ciencias naturales, written by Fr. Juan de
Cobo, O.P., printed in Manila, 1593.
8. Education.
 Spain introduced the European system of education in the Philippines. The

first schools to be established were parochial schools, with the Spanish
missionaries as teachers.
 Filipino children were taught the Catholic doctrine, the three R’s (reading.
writing and arithmetic), music, and various arts and trades.
 The first college for boys was founded by the Jesuits in Manila in 1589.
Originally called the Colegio de Manila, its name was later changed to Colegio
de San Ignacio. The Jesuits also founded the Colegio de San ildefonso
(1595) in Cebu and the Colegio de San Jose (1601) in Manila.
 Later, in 1859, they took charge of the Escuela Pia, a public school for boys in
Manila, and transformed it into the Ateneo de Manila; now one of the
prestigious universities in the country.
 Not to be outdone by their Jesuit rivals, the Dominicans who were equally
educators founded in Manila the College of Our Lady of the Rosary name was
later changed to College of Santo Tomas and still later to the University of
Santo Tomas.
 In 1630 they founded another college in Manila, called the College of San
Juan de Letran. It is the oldest existing college for boys in the Philippines. The
curriculum for the boys colleges was. patterned after that of the colleges in
Europe.
 It consisted of Greek, Latin, Spanish, philosophy, rhetoric, natural sciences,
and humanities. The couræ lasted five years, after which the graduates were
conferred the degree of A.B. (Bachelor of Arts).
 After having completed the college course, the boys were ready to enter the
universities. University education in the Philippines is much older than that of
the United States.
 The first university in the Philippines was the University of San Ignacio.
Originally founded as a college in 1589, it was elevated to the rank of a
university in 1621 by Pope Gregory XV. It was closed in 1768 when the
Jesuits were expelled from the Philippines.
 The College of San Ildefonso, founded in Cebu in 1595, was also closed. But
it was reopened in 1783 as the Colegio-Seminario de San Carlos (which
became the University of San Carlos in 1948).
 The second university was the University of Santo Tomas, which was
originally founded as a college in 1611 by the Dominican prelate, Miguel de
Buenavides, third Archbishop of Manila. Upon the request of King Philip IV of
Spain, Pope Innocent X raised it to the rank of a university in 1645, thereby
becoming the only Royal and Pontifical University in all Asia. Still existing in
Manila, it is 25 years older than Harvard University, the oldest university in the
United States.
 The third university was the University of San Felipe, a govern- mcnt-
sponsored university, which was established in Manila by a royal decree of
King Philip V of Spain. It never gained popularity and was closed in 1726.
 The universities, particularly the University of Tomas, offered the same
courses as those given in the universities of Europe, such as law, medicine,
pharmacy, philosophy, and humanities.
 All universities during the Spanish times were exclusively for men. The girls
were given a special education during the Spanish regime.

 Two kinds of schools for girls were established, namely; the colegio, a regular
school for girls, and the beaterio, a combined school and nunnery.
 The schools for girls in Manila during the Spanish period were the College of
Santa Potenciana (1594), the College of. Santa Isabel (1632), the Beaterio de
la Compañia de Jesus (1694), the Beaterio de Santa Catalina (1696), the
Beaterio de Sebastian (1719), the College of Santa Rosa (1750), the College
of La Concordia (1869), and the Assumption Convent School (1892).
 The College of Santa Isabel, which absorbed the College of Santa
Potenciana, is the oldest existing college for girls in the Philippines.
 The Beaterio de la Compañia de Jesus, founded by a Filipino nun, Ignacia del
Espiritu Santo, was the only college exclusively for Filipino girls. It is now St.
Mary's College in Quezon City.
 The first public system in the country was established by Spain in accordance
with the Educational Decree of 1863. This law provided for the establishment
of a public elementary school for boys and another for girls in every town.
Boys and girls, therefore, attended separate schools. There was no co-
education in the Philippines during the Spanish regime.
9. Vocational Education
 It should be noted that vocational education was also promoted by the

Spanish authorities.
 The seeds of Philippine vocational education were sown by the missionaries
who taught the people not only religion, but also better methods of farming,
the cultivation of foreign plants (indigo, corn, cotton, wheat, etc.) and various
crafts (printing, carpentry, masonry, and dyeing).
 In the 19th century various- vocational and technical schools were established
by the Spanish government. Among them were the Nautical Academy (1820),
the School of Commerce (1840)) the Academy of Fine Arts (1849), the School
of Agriculture (1889), and the School of Arts and Trades (1890).
 All these schools were in Manila. On March 16, 1861, a private school of arts
and trades was founded by Filipinos, Father Juan P. Zita and Felino Gil, in
Bacolor, Pampanga. It is now the Pampanga School of Arts and Trades, a
public school.
10.Educational Progress under Spain
 The schools established by Spain contributed to the intellectual growth of the

Filipino people. In 1843 the percentage of literacy in the Philippines was
relatively high.
 As Sinibaldo de Mas commented: "In proportion, there are more persons who
can read and write in these islands than in Spain and in some other civilized
countries".6 In 1867 there were in the Philippines 593 elementary schools,
with an enrolment of 133,990 children.
 At the end of the Spanish rule in 1898, the schools. numbered 2,150, with a
total enrolment of more than 200,000. Judged by contemporary Western
educational standards, the schools founded by Spain in the Philippines were
highly defective, as satirized in the witty chapter, "The Class in Physics," in
Dr. Rizal's El Filibusterismo.
 But according to Dr. Laubach, the Spanish schools, though inadequate, were
better than in other Spanish colonies and compared favorably with the
schools in Spain in the same period.

11.Journalism
 The first newspaper in the Philippines was Del Superior Govierno (Of the
Superior Government), with Governor General Manuel Gonzales de Aguilar
(1810-13) as editor.
 It appeared for the first time in Manila on August 8, 1811. Its last issue came
out on July 4, 1813. More newspapers appeared locally during later years.
 Among them were La Esperanza (1846), the first daily newspaper in the
Philip- pines; La Illustracion Filipina (1859), the first illustrated periodical; El
Catolico Filipino (1862), the first religious newspaper; La Opinion (1887), the
first political El Ilokano (1889), the first vernacular newspaper, founded and
edited by Isabelo de los Reyes; and El Hogar (1893), the first women's
magazine.
12.Literature
 Philippine literature during the early years of the Spanish regime was mostly
religious in character. It consisted of prayer books, doctrinas, novenas,
biographies of saints, and other religious matters. These reading materials
were popularized by the missionaries in order to propagate Christianity.
 Another type of literature which popular among the masses consisted of the
awits (chivalric-heroic poems) and corridos (legendary-religious poems).
 Examples of this folk literature were Siete Infantes de Lara, Ibong Adarna,
and Bernardo Carpio. They were Filipinized versions of Spanish and French
medieval romances.
 The favorite reading matter of the people during the Lent season was the
pasion, the story in verse of the life, suffering and crucifixion of Christ. The
first Tagalog pasion was written by Gaspar Aquino de Belen and published in
1704.
 Other well-known versions of the were those of Luis Gian (1750), Father
Mariano Pilapil (1814), and Father Aniceto de la Merced (1856),
 The most popular epic of Tagalog literature was produced during the Spanish
times. It was Florante at Laura, the poetical masterpiece of the "Prince of
Tagalog Poets". The real name of Balagtas was Francisco Baltazar (1789-
1862). In his honor was named the modern Tagalog poetical joust.
 Another gem of Tagalog prose was Urbana at Feliza, a book on proper
behavior for women, written by a Tagalog priest, Father Modesto de Castro.
 Famous in Ilocos literature was the popular Ilocano epic, Lam-ang which
recounts the fabulous deeds of the Ilocano legendary hero. It was popularized
by Pedro Bukaneg, a blind poet, who was hailed as the "Father of Ilocos
Literature".
 In Pampango literature, Gonzalo de Cordotu, a stirring metrical romance,
gained popular celebrity. It was written by Father Anselmo Fajardo, a
Pampango priest-writer. Filipino-Spanish literature flowered during the last
century of Spanish rule.
 Talented Filipinos, who acquired Spanish wrote novels, essays, poems, and
plays in sonorous Spanish. Dr. Jose Rizal, greatest Filipino genius, excelled
in both prose and poetry. Dr. Pedro A. Paterno wrote the first Filipino novel,
Ninay (1885).
 The trinity of Filipino poets, Cecilio Apostol, Fernando Ma. Guerrero, and Jose
Palma, won enduring fame in Spanish poetry. The Spanish poem of Joe
Palma entitled Filipinas became the lyrics of the Philippine National Anthem.

13.The Theatre
 The early forms of the Philippine drama were the duplo and the karagatan.
The duplo was a poetical debate held by trained men and women on the ninth
night or last night of the mourning period for the dead. The male participants
were called bellocos, the female participants, bellacas.
 The karagatan was also a poetical debate, like the duplo; but its partakers
were amateurs. The first recorded drama was staged in Cebu in 1598. It was
a comedia written by Vicente Puche and was performed in honor of Msgr.
Pedro de Agurto, Cebu's first bishop. Eleven years later, in 10, another play
portraying the life of Santa Barbara was staged in Bohol.
 Three kinds of plays became popular among the masses during the Spanish
era. They were the cenaculo, the moro-moro, and the zarzuela.
 The cenaculo was a religious play depicting the life and sufferings of Christ. It
was performed during the Lent season.
 The moro-moro was a cloak-and-dagger play depicting the wars between the
Christians and the Muslims, with the Christians always on the winning side.
The first moro-moro was written by Fr. Teronimo Perez and was staged in
Manila in 1637, to commemorate Governor General Corcuera's victory
against. the Moros of Mindanao. It became the favorite play of the people,
especially during town fiestas.
 The zarzuela was a musical comedy. Rizal wrote a zarzuela entitled Junto al
Pasig (Beside the P.asig). It was not until the end of the 17th century that the
first theatre was established in Intramuros, Manila. It was called Teatro
Comico.
 Other theaters arose in. Manila in later times, such as the Primitivo Teatro de
Tondo, Primitivo Tutro de Arroceros, Tutro de Binondo, Tutro de Principe
Alfonso, Teatro de Variedades, and Teatro Zorilla.
14.Music
 The music of the Filipinos was enriched by Spanish and Mexican influences.
Their popular folk dances, such as the polka, the lanceros, the rigodon, the
cariiosa, and the surtido, came from Spain.
 The Filipino pandango, jarabe, kuratsa, were of Mexican origin. The Filipino
songs were also Hispanized, as evidenced by the Sampaguita (composed by
Dolores Paterno) and Bella Filipina (composed by T. Masaguer).
 The Philippine National Anthem which was composed by Julian Felipe shows
remarkable similarity to the Spanish National Anthem.
 From Mexico and Europe came the violin, the flute, the piano, the harp, the
guitar, and other musical instruments.
 From bamboo, the Filipinos made musical instruments resembling those
which came from foreign countries. In many of the towns and villages during
the Spanish times there were many bands, called musikong buho (bamboo
musicians).
 These musicians could not read musical notes, for they had never studied in
any conservatory; yet they could play European music on their bamboo
musical instruments. They learned practically any kind of music by ear.
 The Spanish missionaries contributed greatly to the development of Philippine
music. The first music teacher to win distinction in Philippine history was the

Franciscan missionary, Fr. Geronimo de Aguilar, who arrived in Manila in
1582. He founded a music school in the Franciscan Convent of Manila and
was the first to teach music to the Filipinos of Bicolandia.
 In 1742 a music conservatory, called Colegio de Niños Triples was
established in the Manila Cathedral by Archbishop Juan Angel Rodriguez.
Many poor and gifted boys who studied in this conservatory became famous
musicians.
 One of the them was Marcelo Adonay (1848-1928) from Pakil, Laguna, the
foremost Filipino compose of church music and a splendid organist. He was
hailed as the "Palestrina of the Philippines".
 In the old Catholic church of Las Piñas, a few miles south of Manila, is a
unique old bamboo organ, the only organ of its kind in world. It was built in
1818 by Fr. Diego Cerra, a Recollect priest- musician. The Organ of Las
Piñas is more than a historical relic of the vanished Spanish past; it is also
one of the living glories of Philippine musical art.
 For over 100 years, it has remained intact having survived the violent
earthquakes, typhoons, revolutions, and wars which have swept the land. If is
still in good condition and is one of the greatest tourist attractions of the
Philippines.
15.Architecture
 In Manila and other populous cities and towns, the stone houses of the well-
to-do families were constructed in Spanish architectural style, with the
characteristic azotea and Andalucian court yard.
 Other types of architecture were introduced by Spain found expression in the
churches, many of which are still existing. These churches are of Doric,
Ionian, Corinthian, Graeco-Roman, Gothic, Byzantine, and Baroque
architectural designs.
16.Painting
 European painting was introduced in the Philippines by the early Spanish

missionaries. The first Filipino painter to win was Damian Domingo, the
"Father of Filipino Painting". About 1820 he founded the first school of
painting in Manila, which subsequenty became the Academy of Fine Arts.
 The two greatest Filipino painters, Juan Luna and Felix Resurrecion Hidalgo,
obtained their art education from Spanish masters of the brush. Their
paintings were acclaimed not only in the Philippines, but also in Europe.
 Other prominent Filipino painters during the Spanish times were Antonio
Malantic, Rafael Enriquez, Lorenzo Guerrero, and Miguel Zaragoza.
17.Sculpture
 From the early Spanish missionaries, the Filipinos learned the elements of
Western sculpture. In due time many Filipino sculptors attained distinction.
 Isabelo Tampingco was celebrated for his exquisite wood carvings in the
Jesuit Church of St. Ignatius.
 Manuel Asuncion, Jose Arevalo, Romualdo de Jesus, and others became
famous as carvers of beautiful figures of saints.
 Dr. Jose Rizal was talented sculptor. One Filipino sculptor, Mariano Madriöan
(1858-1939) of Paete, Laguna won high honors in the Amsterdam Exposition
of 1883. His sculptural masterpiece, Mater Dolorosa, was awarded a diploma
of honor and a gold medal.

18.Sciences
 The first scientists in the Philippines were the Spanish friars. Father Blas de la
Madre de Dios (Franciscan) wrote in 1611 the first work on Philippine flora.
 Most famous of the friar-botanists was Father 'Manuel Blanco, whose
botanical work, Flora de Filipinas, was published for the first time in 1837. He
was called the "Prince of Botanists".
 During the closing decades of the Spanish regime several Filipino scientists
distinguished themselves in botanical research. Among them were Dr. Jose
Rizal, Dr. T.H. Pardo de Tavera, and Dr. Leon Ma. Guerrero.
 Father Castro de Elera (Dominican) wrote the first work on Philippine zoology
which was highly commended in the scientific circles of the world. He was a
zoology professor at the University of Santo Tomas.
 Three Filipino scientists acquired fame in chemistry, namely: Anacleto del
Rosario, Antonio Luna, and Mariano V. del Rosario. In 1888 Anacleto del
Rosario became the first Filipino director of the Manila Laboratory. He was
called the "Prince of Filipino Chemists".
 The establishment of the courses in medicine and pharmacy in the University
of Santo Tomas fostered knowledge. the first Filipino physicians, pharmacists,
chemists, botanists, and zoologists were graduates of this university.
 The first sundials in the Philippines were built in 1871 at Tagudin, Ilocos Sur,
by Father Juan Sorolla, Spanish Augustinian.
 The crowning glory of the Philippine sciences during the Spanish times was
the Observatory of Manila, a Jesuit legacy to the Filipino people. It was
founded by the Jesuits in 186. Under the guidance of Fr. Federico Faura, its
first director, it attracted world attention because of its accurate forecasts of
typhoons and its scientific recordings of earthquakes.
 The fame of the Observatory was, enhanced by the achievements of the
Jesuit scientists, notably Fr. Faura (1840-97), inventor of the “Faura
Barometer”; Fr. Jose Algue (1856-1930), inventor of the "Barocyclometer"; Fr.
Ricardo Cirera (1864-1932), authority on Philippine terrestrial magnetism; Fr.
Jose Corona (1871-1937), authority on Philippine typhoons; and their worthy
brethren — Fathers Juan Doyle, Miguel Saderra Maso, Miguel Selga, and
George M. Zwack. The Observatory of Manila, still existing, is the oldest
observatory in Asia.
19.Hospitals and Orphanages
 Owing to the humanitarian influence of Christianity, social welfare was

promoted in the Philippines. As early as the 16th century, the sick and the
needy were given great care.
 In 1578 a Franciscan lay brother named Juan Clemente, founded the first
hospital in Manila. Out of this hospital originated the present Hospital de San
Juan de Dios and San Lazaro Hospital, two of the oldest existing hospitals in
Southeast Asia.
 Other hospitals which rose in Manila were the Hospital de San Gabriel (1588)
and the Hospital Real (1612). Hospitals were also established in the
provinces, such as the Hospital de Agua Santas in Los Baños (1602), the
Hospital de San Jose in Cavite (1641), the Leper Hospital in Laoag (1814),
and the Leper Hospital in Cebu (1850).

 At the beginning of the 17th century, the Philippines surpassed many civilized
countries of the world, including the United States, in the care of the sick. The
first hospital in the United States was the Pennsylvania Hospital, which was
founded in 1751, one hundred seventy-three years after the establishment of
the first hospital in the Philippines.
 In the early years of Spanish rule, the orphaned and homeless children were
cared for in the colleges and monasteries.
 In 1810 the first regular orphanage, called Real Hospicio de San Jose, was
established in Manila. It is still existing today.
 Other orphanages founded during the Spanish period were the Asylum of St.
Vincent de Paul (1885) in Manila (still existing), the Asylum for Girls (1882) in
Mandaluyong, and the Asylum for Boys (1883) in Malabon.
20.Fiestas
 Numerous fiestas and holidays were introduced by Spain in the Philippines.

Every town or barrio had its own patron saint. Each year the feast day of the
patron saint was celebrated with a fiesta.
 This fiesta was celebrated with gay music, feasting and dancing, thrilling
display of fireworks, religious processions, and the traditional moro-moro
(stage show depicting the war between Christians and Moros) or zarzuela
(musical comedy).
 The official holidays during the Spanish times were January 1, New Year;
January 6, Epiphany; Holy Week (Semana Santa); All Saints' Day (Todos los
Santos); November 30, St. Andrew's Day (commemorating Spanish victory
over Lim-Ah-Hong); December 8, feast Day of the Immaculate Conception;
December 25, Christmas Day; and the birthdays of the popes, Spanish
monarchs, and governors general.
 The Lent season, beginning with Ash Wednesday and ending on Easter
Sunday, was a solemn period of the year. During this period all joyous
festivities were suspended. People chanted the pasion or attended the
cenaculo (religious play portraying the life, sufferings and crucifixion of Christ.
 The happiest period of' the year was the Christmas season. The Philippine
Christmas until the present day is the longest in the world, for it begins on
December 16, the first Misa de Gallo (Morning Mass), and ends on January 6,
Epiphany or Feast Day of the Three Kings.
21.Cockfighting
 Cockfighting existed in the archipelago before the coming of Magellan.

Antonio Pigafetta, chronicler of the expedition, saw it in Palawan.
 But it was Spain who introduced cockfighting as legalized gambling. As such,
it became popular and has continued to be so until the present time.
22.Horse Races
 Horse racing, popularly known as "the sport of kings", was introduced in 1868
when the Manila Jockey Club was founded.
 It was the popular pastime of the elite governors general and other high
officials, military and naval officers, ladies, businessmen, landlords, and
foreign merchants.
 The hippodrome (race track) was located at the suburb of Santa Ana, Manila.
The horse racing season lasted three days, during which business in Manila
was suspended, all shops and government offices were closed, and the

walled city (Intramuros) was practically deserted because its residents in their
best holiday dresses were at the horse races.
23.The Manila Lottery
 Spain also introduced the lottery as legalized gambling for purposes of

government revenues. It was established by the Royal Decree of January 29,
1850, and was under the supervision and management of a government
office called the Loteria Nacional (National Lottery).
 The lottery draws were held monthly at the Lottery Building in Intramuros.
Every ticket holder was free to see the numbered prize balls revolving inside a
huge cylinder.
 Lottery tickets were sold in Manila and the provinces, in Hong Kong, Amoy,
Shanghai, Singapore, and Calcutta. It is said that the government derived an
annual profit of one half million pesos.
 It should be recalled that Dr. Rizal was an avid patron of the Manila Lottery.
He also purchased a lottery ticket. While living in exile at Dapitan in
September, 1892, his lottery ticket No. 9736 which be bought in partnership
with Captain Ricardo Carnicero (his sailor in Dapitan), and Senor Francisco
Equilor (Spanish resident in Dipolog) won the second prize. His share of the
winning ticket was a huge sum in those days.
24.The Carillo
 A unique cardboard puppet show, called the carillo, became popular during
Spanish times in Manila. It first appeared in 1879 at Magdalena Street. Within
a short time, other carillo shows mushroomed in other places, including San
Sebastian (near Bilibid Viejo), Castillejos Street, and Crespo Street.
25.Other Amusements during the Spanish Regime
 Aside from the religious fiestas and official holidays and the cockfights, horse
races, and bullfights, Filipinos under Spanish rule had other amusements.
 Many parties were frequent held in the homes of rich and poor families to
celebrate birthday anniversaries, baptisms, weddings, and the siyaman (9th
day after the burial of a family member). During summertime (March to May)
there were picnics at the rivers or sea- shores; excursions to scenic spots;
pilgrimages to Antipolo, Pakil, and other holy shrines; and moonlight haranas
(serenades) at the homes of the pretty maidens.
 During the romantic month of May, the month of flowers, numerous towns in
the provinces held the traditional Flores de Mayo and Santacruzan festivals.
 Filipinos had their indoor and outdoor games which they played with joyful
delight. The popular indoor games during the Spanish times were the duplo
and karagatan, dramatic debates in vernacular verse; storytelling of legends
and ghost stories; and card games, such as juego de prenda, pangguingi,
manilla, and tres siete.
 The outdoor games were swimming, boat racing, patintero, juego de anillo
(game of the rings), sipa (native football using a small rattan ball), and
kiteflying.
C. SPAIN'S CONTRIBUTION TO FILIPINO NATIONALISM
 To Spain, Filipinos are eternally indebted for having given them their identity
as a nation. Because of her three centuries of colonization, the country came

to be known to the world as the Philippines (Filipinas) and the people, the
Filipinos.
 Prior to her coming to the Orient, the country was a mere geographical.
expression, a nameless archipelago of many islands, and the people, an
unknown people of many diverse tribes.
 Throughout a 300-year colonial period, Spain unwittingly caused the diverse
native (Tagalog, Visayans, Bicolanos, Pampangueños, etc.) to unite into one
people the Filipino nation.
IV. ACTIVITY
 Publish a digital gallery on the different contributions of the Spanish
colonization to the culture and heritage of the Filipinos.

EVALUATION
Name: __________________________________ Year/Sec: _________________
Date: ___________________________________ Score: ____________________
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Read the questions carefully. Encircle the letter of the best
answer.
1. Among the five ships that sailed during the voyage of Ferdinand Magellan in
search of the Moluccas, what vessel did successfully return back to Spain in
1522?
a. Trinidad c. San Antonio
b. Concepcion d. Victoria
2. When was the Magellan fleet landed on the uninhabited island of Homonhon?
a. March 15, 1521 c. March 17, 1521
b. March 16, 1521 d. March 18, 1521
3. After four failed and voyages sent by Spain to the Philippines after Magellan, who
led the most successful colonization of the islands in 1565?
a. Fr. Andres de Urdaneta c. Martin de Goite
b. Adelantado Miguel Lopez de Legazpi d. Ruy Lopez de Villalobos
4. Who was the Spanish explorer who renamed Islas de San Lazaro to Las Islas
Felipinas in honor of King Philip II?
a. Saavedra c. Cabot
b. Villalobos d. Loaisa
5. It was the first permanent city in the Philippines named as Ciudad del Santisimo
Nombre de Jesus.
a. Cebu c. Manila
b. Samar d. Negros
6. During the Spanish Regime, the central government was headed indirectly by the
King through his representative.
a. Consejo de las Indias c. Real Audiencia
b. Governador-General d. Azorbispado de Manila
7. In all Spanish colonies, there was only one standard law being followed and
obeyed called as:
a. Laws of Indies c. Laws of Kings
b. Laws of Colonies d. Laws of Monarchy
8. It is the highest court during the Spanish period and holds the power of the
judiciary both the high and lower courts.
a. Ayuntamiento c. Real Audiencia
b. Palacio del Gobernador d. Juez de Paz
9. Two methods to check the conduct of the governor-general during the Spanish
period.
a. Visita and Residencia c. Works and Prayers
b. Poll and Service d. Cumplase & Indulto

10. It was the highest position that can only be attained by a native Filipino during the
Spanish regime and when he elected, he has the authority to govern a pueblo or
town.
a. Alcalde Mayor c. Teniente-del-Pueblo
b. Gobernadorcillo d. Corregidor
11. In the Spanish times, the head of small communities under the jurisdiction of the
pueblos were called as:
a. Cabeza de Barangay c. Juez de Paz
b. Teniente de Infanteria d. Juez y Sementerias
12. The economic privilege given to an Alcalde Mayor where all people forced to do
business with him.
a. Bandala c. Cedula
b. Obras Pias d. Indulto de Comercio
13. To raise funds to finance various programs and projects of the government, the
Spaniards imposed taxation called as?
a. Cedula personal c. Bandala
b. Tributo d. Sanctorum
14. It was a forced labor for 40-days for males ranging from 18 to 40 years of age.
a. Polo y servicio c. Tributo
b. Falla d. Bandala
15. It is a trade between the Chinese and Spaniards in Manila and the Spaniards in
Mexico that resulted into economic and cultural progress.
a. Canton Trade c. Silk Trade
b. Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade d. Siam-Manila Trade
IDENTIFICATION. Read the questions carefully. Identify the correct word that
correspond to the question. Write your answer on the space provided.
___________________ 1. The first book printed in the Philippines.

___________________ 2. He was called as the ‘” Prince of Filipino Printers”
___________________ 3. Dubbed as ‘Father of the Filipino Painting’
___________________ 4. The governor-general who issued an order on Spanish
surnames for the Filipinos.
___________________ 5. During the Lenten Season, this book is chanted by the
Filipinos to remember the life and sufferings of Jesus Christ.
___________________ 6. The first and the oldest Catholic university in Asia.
___________________ 7. The first and oldest university in the Philippines.
___________________ 8. The oldest school for girls in the Philippines.
___________________ 9. They were the first and pioneer religious missionaries in the
Philippines.
___________________ 10. The renown work by Fray Manuel Blanco, OSA.
___________________ 11. A cloak-and-dagger play depicting the wars between the
Christians and the Muslims, with the Christians always on the winning side.
___________________ 12. He was called the "Prince of Filipino Chemists"
___________________ 13. He was celebrated sculptor known for his exquisite wood
carvings in the Jesuit Church of St. Ignatius.
___________________ 14. The first newspaper in the Philippines.
___________________ 15. He is the author and compiler of the first Tagalog grammar.
___________________ 16. They were the two greatest Filipino painters.
___________________ 17. A unique cardboard puppet show.
___________________ 18 The year when Rizal won a lottery ticket.

___________________ 19. Composer of the Filipino National Anthem.
___________________ 20. The foundress of the Filipino Beateria.

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Republic of he Philippines

SAMAR COLLEGES, INC.

PHILIPPINE POLITICS AND CULTURAL HISTORY

The history of the Philippines dates back to some

PHILIPPINE POLITICS AND CULTURAL HISTORY

1. Describe the geographical setting of the Philippines;

A. LOCATION AND LAND AREA

 The Philippine archipelago is geographically located between latitude

PHILIPPINE POLITICS AND CULTURAL HISTORY

D. TERRITORIAL AND POLITICAL SUBDIVISION

 Earthquakes in the Philippines are frequent and sometimes violent. This is

PHILIPPINE POLITICS AND CULTURAL HISTORY

H. PLANTS AND FLOWERS (FLORA)

 About 37 percent of the Philippines is covered by forest or woodland. An

PHILIPPINE POLITICS AND CULTURAL HISTORY

 The country is endowed with numerous species of animals. The most

 Since the Philippines is surrounded by waters, about 500 species of fishes

PHILIPPINE POLITICS AND CULTURAL HISTORY

 Create a pictorial documentation using MS Powerpoint showing the different

PHILIPPINE POLITICS AND CULTURAL HISTORY

Name: __________________________________ Year/Sec: _________________

A. Describe the physical characteristics of Aetas, Indonesians and Malays.

B. Discuss the economic activities of Aetas, Indonesians and Malays

C. Do you believe in the theory of land bridges? Defend your answer.

PHILIPPINE POLITICS AND CULTURAL HISTORY

1. Identify the positive and negative Filipino Values;

 Filipino values may be attributed from many influences, they could be

Positive Filipino Values

1. Bayanihan system or spirit of kinship and camaraderie. A Filipino

PHILIPPINE POLITICS AND CULTURAL HISTORY

Negative Filipino Values

1. Bahala na Attitude. A Filipino trait which is characterized by retreating or

PHILIPPINE POLITICS AND CULTURAL HISTORY

The oldest human fossil

PHILIPPINE POLITICS AND CULTURAL HISTORY

C. FORMATION OF BARANGAY (500AD-800AD)

PHILIPPINE POLITICS AND CULTURAL HISTORY

D. GROWTH OF ISLAMIC SULTANATES

 Tuan Mashaika, an Arab, founded the first Muslim community in Sulu. He

PHILIPPINE POLITICS AND CULTURAL HISTORY

Long before the arrival of the Spaniards, ancient

PHILIPPINE POLITICS AND CULTURAL HISTORY

1. Describe the customs and traditions of the pre-Spanish Filipinos;

FILIPINO CULTURE DURING PRE-SPANISH PERIOD

PHILIPPINE POLITICS AND CULTURAL HISTORY

D. HOW TO BECOME A SLAVE

PHILIPPINE POLITICS AND CULTURAL HISTORY

F. POWERS AND FUNCTIONS OF DATU

J. COURTSHIP AND MARRIAGE

PHILIPPINE POLITICS AND CULTURAL HISTORY

 Knowledge was acquired -through observation, imitation and practice. There

PHILIPPINE POLITICS AND CULTURAL HISTORY

PHILIPPINE POLITICS AND CULTURAL HISTORY

Name: __________________________________ Year/Sec: _________________

A. Discuss the culture of the Filipinos during the pre-Spanish Period.

PHILIPPINE POLITICS AND CULTURAL HISTORY

1. Demonstrate the pre-Spanish culture of the early Filipinos in music, songs

PHILIPPINE POLITICS AND CULTURAL HISTORY

D. LANGUAGE AND SYSTEM OF WRITING

 Record through a video presentation of either pre-colonial music, song, or

PHILIPPINE POLITICS AND CULTURAL HISTORY

For a very long period of time, the Philippines lying peacefully

PHILIPPINE POLITICS AND CULTURAL HISTORY

Name: __________________ Year/Sec: _

Name: __________________ Year/Sec: _