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The words ‘most probably’, ‘chances’, ‘doubt’ etc., show the probability of
occurrence of an event.
Random Experiment:
Thus, when we throw a coin we know that all possible outcomes are Head
and Tail.
But, if we throw a coin at random, we cannot predict in advance whether
its upper face will show a head or a tail.
Trial:
Sample space:
Out of the total results obtained from a certain experiment, the set of
those results which are in favor of a definite result is called the event and
it is denoted as E.
Exhaustive Events:
Favorable Events:
For example; if two dice are thrown, the number of favorable events of
getting a sum 5 is four,
P(occurrence of an event)
Solution:
= 21/65
Solution:
= 154/200
= 77/100
Events in Probability
The outcomes of a random experiment are called events connected with
the experiment.
Compound Event: If there are more than one element of the sample
space in the set representing an event, then this event is called a
compound event.
For example; if two dice are thrown, the number of favorable events of
getting a sum 5 is four, i.e., (1, 4), (2, 3), (3, 2) and (4, 1).
For example, in connection with throw a die “even face” and “odd face”
are mutually exclusive.
We see that two simple-events are always mutually exclusive while two
compound events may or may not mutually exclusive.
Then entire space S is certain event and empty set ∅ is impossible event.
For example, events in rolling of a die are “even face” and “odd face”
which are known as mutually exclusive events.
We see that two simple-events are always mutually exclusive while two
compound events may or may not mutually exclusive.
= (1 + 1)/13
= 2/13
2. A bag contains 8 black pens and 2 red pens and if a pen is drawn at
random. What is the probability that it is black pen or red pen?
Solution:
= 5/5
=1
It is denoted by P(X/Y).
= N(XY)/N/N(X)/N
= f(XY)/f(X)
Provided P(X) ≠ 0
Similarly if P(Y) ≠ P(X/Y) = P(XY)/P(Y) ------------ (ii)
Provided P(Y) ≠ 0
OR
Solution:
Let X denote the event that red color mobile phone is non defective and
Y denotes the event that black color mobile phone is non defective.
= 91/100 ∙ 95/100
= 8645/10000
= 0.8645
3. In class X, 20% of the students are boys and 80% of them are girls.
The probability that boys passed in mathematics is 0.5 and the probability
that girls passed in mathematics is 0.10. One student is selected at
random. What is the probability that the selected student is passed in
mathematics?
Solution: