200 Soils, Foundations and Concrete Civil and Structural Manual

Case I
Footing thickness known, amount of reinforcing steel to be determined.
Use minimum footing, d, required for punching shear or beam shear, which-
ever is greater. Footing thickness may also be limited by underground obstruc-
tions or other considerations.

f′ c  f′ c 2 f′ c M u
ρ = 0.85 ------ –  0.85 ------ – 1.7 ----------------------
fy  fy  ∅f y 2 bd 2
(Eq. 200-19)
where:
ρ = ratio of tension reinforcement =As/bd
As = area of tension reinforcement, in.2
b = width of footing at critical section for moment, in.
fy = yield strength of reinforcing steel, ≤ 60,000 psi
Mu = moment due to soil pressure resulting from factored loads, lb-in.
∅ = strength reduction factor for flexure (0.9)
ρmin = 200/fy
ρoptimum ≈ 0.015

Fig. 200-13 Properties of Steel Reinforcing Bars

Bar Size Nominal Diameter, in Weight lb/ft Cross-Sectional Area, in2
#3 0.375 0.376 0.11
#4 0.500 0.668 0.20
#5 0.625 1.043 0.31
#6 0.75 1.502 0.44
#7 0.875 2.044 0.60
#8 1.000 2.670 0.79
#9 1.128 3.400 1.00
#10 1.270 4.303 1.27
#11 1.410 5.313 1.56
#14(1) 1.693 7.65 2.25
#18(1) 2.257 13.60 4.00
(1) #14 and #18 bars are used primarily as column reinforcement and are rarely used in beams.

June 1997 200-28 Chevron Corporation

Civil and Structural Manual 200 Soils, Foundations and Concrete

Case II
Amount of reinforcing steel is given or assumed; footing thickness to be deter-
mined.
This situation may occur where footing thickness is not restricted but it is desir-
able to limit the amount of reinforcing steel by limiting the reinforcement ratio
r to a value near the minimum. The minimum footing thickness should be 10
inches.

Mu  f 
d = -------- bρ fy  1 – 0.59ρ -----y-
∅  f′ c
(Eq. 200-20)
6. Provide shrinkage and temperature reinforcement A ts,
normal to flexural rein-
forcement on top and bottom footing faces in both directions equal to 0.0014
times gross cross-sectional concrete area. The amount of shrinkage and temper-
ature reinforcement need not be more than 0.4 in2/ft.

Example Problem, Spread Footing Design

Footing Size
1. Calculate applied loads.
Given:
a. Loads at top of pedestal
Vertical, P
Dead 50 k
Operating 75 k
Seismic 5k

Horizontal (shear), V
Dead 3k
Operating 2k
Seismic 25 k

Moment, M
Dead 15 k-ft
Operating 10 k-ft
Seismic 250 k-ft

Chevron Corporation 200-29 June 1997