DRIA Competition Brief

Designing Resilience in Asia | International Design Competition | 2020
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 5
Design Competition................................................................................................................. 5
Design Criteria ......................................................................................................................... 6
2. TEAM PARTICIPATION AND SUPPORT .................................................................................. 8
3. SCHEDULE .............................................................................................................................. 9
4. AWARDS ................................................................................................................................. 9
5. NAGA CITY ............................................................................................................................ 10
Naga City, Camarines Sur, Philippines ................................................................................... 10
History ................................................................................................................................... 10
Climate ................................................................................................................................... 11
Geographic location and Topography.....................................................................................15
Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction ...................................................... 22
6. Local Climate Change Scenario ............................................................................................. 22
Hazard Exposure Assessment (HEA)...................................................................................... 24
Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment (CCVA) ................................................................ 28
Greenhous Gas (GHG) emission assessment.......................................................................... 30
Disaster Risk and Reduction Management (DRRM) ............................................................... 30
Population and social Profile ................................................................................................. 32
Economy ............................................................................................................................... 42
Infrastructure......................................................................................................................... 46
Environment...........................................................................................................................51
Heritage ................................................................................................................................ 53
Housing ................................................................................................................................. 54
Resilient Development for Naga ............................................................................................ 61
References............................................................................................................................. 62
7. COMPETITION BRIEF ............................................................................................................ 64
Adaptive Urbanization, Regenerative Landscapes................................................................. 64
Design Objectives and Design Criteria ................................................................................... 65
8. SUBMISSION REQUIREMENTS............................................................................................. 66
9. DIGITAL SUBMISSIONS ........................................................................................................ 68
10. SUBMISSION DEADLINES .................................................................................................... 70
11. INFORMATION FOR VISITING NAGA CITY ............................................................................ 71
ANNEX ......................................................................................................................................... 73
Designing Resilience in Asia (DRIA) 2020 |2

TABLE OF FIGURES
Figure 1 Average Annual Sum of Solar Irradiance (Source: Geo Model Solar / Solar GIS)................. 12
Figure 2 Monthly Outdoor Temperatures in Naga City, July 2018-July 2019.....................................13
Figure 3 Monthly Rain Fall, July 2018-July 2019 ................................................................................13
Figure 4 Cloud Coverage and Relative Humidity, Naga City, July 2018-July 2019 ............................ 14
Figure 5 Historical Typhoon Tracks in Naga City, US Geological Survey (USGS) Data, 2015 ............ 14
Figure 6 Location Map of Naga City. Google Maps with City Boundary............................................15
Figure 7 Topography Map of Naga City, USGS Data, 2015 .............................................................. 16
Figure 8 Naga City and Bicol Watershed, USGS Data, 2015.............................................................. 17
Figure 9 Flow Accumulation and Distance to Rivers in Naga City, USGS Data, 2015 ........................ 17
Figure 10 Soil Map of Naga City, USGS Data, 2015.......................................................................... 19
Figure 11 Land Cover and Use in Naga City, USGS Data, 2015......................................................... 20
Figure 12 Low elevation Coastal Zones in Naga City, USGS Data, 2015........................................... 23
Figure 13 Forecast Sea Level Rise in Naga /Bicol Region, Climate Central Organization.................. 24
Figure 14 Geohazard Map, Naga City, USGS Data, 2015 ................................................................. 25
Figure 15 Barangays Exposed to Various Hazards, Naga City, USGS Data, 2015 ............................. 25
Figure 16 Population Exposed to Various Hazards, Naga City, USGS Data, 2015 ............................ 26
Figure 17 Physical Assets Exposed to Various Hazards, Naga City, USGS Data, 2015 ...................... 27
Figure 18 Carbon Emission of the Different Sectors in Naga City .................................................... 30
Figure 19 Population Growth Prediction in Naga City ..................................................................... 32
Figure 20 Barangay Population and Density of Naga City, USGS Data, 2015....................................33
Figure 21 The OF Sector in Naga City .............................................................................................. 34
Figure 22 Barangay Poverty by Food and Income Threshold, USGS Data, 2015 .............................. 34
Figure 23 Barangay Unemployment and Malnutrition, USGS Data, 2015 ........................................ 35
Figure 24 Access to Improved Water Quality and Toilet Facilities, USGS Data, 2015 ...................... 35
Figure 25 Number of Schools in Naga City ...................................................................................... 36
Figure 26 Naga City Schools, USGS Data, 2015 ................................................................................ 37
Figure 27 Hospitals and Bed Capacity in Naga City ........................................................................... 37
Figure 28 Naga City Hospitals and RHU’s, USGS Data, 2015 ........................................................... 38
Figure 29 Housing Units by Type in Naga City ................................................................................. 39
Figure 30 Structure of Naga's economy. Based on 2000 ADB Cities Data Book. .............................. 42
Figure 31 Agricultural Workers by Type and Sex, Naga City ............................................................ 44
Figure 32 Comparative Tourist Arrivals, 2014 .................................................................................. 45
Figure 33 Public Transport in Naga City, CPDD ............................................................................... 47
Figure 34 Perspective of the MNWD Septage Facility in Barangay Carolina. ................................... 50
Figure 35 Location and layout of the San Isidro SLF-cum-WTE ........................................................51
Figure 36 Air Quality Monitoring in Naga City, 2000-14 .................................................................. 52
Figure 37 Dissolved Oxygen Levels, Naga River, 2014-15 ................................................................ 52
Figure 38 Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions in Naga City................................................................ 53
Figure 39 City Landmarks and proposed Heritage Site of Naga City ............................................... 54
Figure 40 Example of recent low-cost housing development for beneficiaries in Naga City ............ 56
Figure 41 Climate Change Resilient Pilot House at BISCAST, Naga City .......................................... 59
Figure 42 Bamboo Construction Prototype (Hilti Foundation) near Albay, May 2019 ...................... 60
Figure 43 Typhoon Proof Bamboo Houses near Sorsogon, May 2019 ............................................. 60
Figure 44 United Nations Agenda 2030, Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) ............................ 62

Figure 45 Can we question this statement? Can cities and urban environments have a regenerative
and restorative impact on urban and natural systems? ................................................................... 65
Figure 46 Allocation of purchased sites within city boundaries ........................................................ 73
Figure 47 Site A, Concepcion Pequena ............................................................................................ 74
Figure 48 Concepcion Pequena, Pictures of PNR railroad from Almeda Highway leading to Roxas
Avenue............................................................................................................................................ 74
Figure 49 Site B, Cararayan ..............................................................................................................75
Figure 50 B, Cararayan, Access Road and Site ..................................................................................75
Figure 51 Site C & B, Pacol .............................................................................................................. 76
Figure 52 Site C & B, Pacol, Access Road and Site ........................................................................... 76

1. INTRODUCTION
Students of urban design, architecture, urban planning, landscape architecture and building science
are invited to participate in an international design competition that seeks to engender Asian
communities’ resiliency in front of the effects of climate change. The design competition encourages
foresighted urban and architectural design proposals, as well as, promotes innovation in building
technologies to insure climate resilience proposals. The speculative projects should engage with
design, technology, and policies that connect the physical and the social aspects to promote
resilience. The Designing Resilience in Asia (DRIA) International Symposium and Design Competition
is an initiative by the National University of Singapore (NUS) School of Design and Environment
(SDE), its sixth edition is organized by the King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi
(KMUTT) School of Architecture and Design (SoA+D) in Thailand.
The 2020 Designing Resilience in Asia invites its participants to:
› Explore anticipatory and preventive urban design and urban planning solutions to endow the
city and its inhabitants with resiliency in front of the effects of climate change. The
competition invites participants to discover how urban design and planning can adapt,
mitigate and reinstate the effects of climate change within a vulnerable city through the built
environment’s ordonnance.
› Explore the morphology and the program of the built environment to support the resiliency
of a city to anticipate and prevent the effects of climate change, and to recover the previous
status of the urban milieu. The competition invites participants to discover how architecture
can bolster the inhabitants of a vulnerable city and community through the built
environment’s form and function.
› Explore the processes, materials, and systems involved in creating the built environment to
amplify a city’s resiliency in front of the effects of climate change. The competition invites
participants to discover how innovative building technologies and methodologies can
enhance the essential facilities and infrastructure for a vulnerable city and community.
› Explore the social and technical policies needed to maintain a city’s resiliency in front of the
effects of climate change. The competition invites participants to discover how prescient and
innovative planning guidelines and building codes can sustain a vulnerable community’s
physical and social longevity through the built environment’s regulation.
DESIGN COMPETITION
How can we cope with climate change and its consequences proposing resilient and liveable
urban environments? The challenge of the competition is to promote anticipatory and preventive
holistic design paradigms that create the physical, cultural and social resiliencies of Asian cities in
front of the effects of climate change and rapid urbanization. The ideas competition asks for
comprehensive proposals that endorse strategies combining adaptation, mitigation, and
regenerative solutions for specific sites and city-wide urban challenges.
The challenge is to deal with the effects of climate change in urban areas and propose visionary,
speculative, but also applicable, feasible and replicable solutions to improve the current situation of
our urban environments.
All proposals must address the main focus of the competition, which is the utilization of urban and
architectural design, as well as, building technologies to endow, support, amplify, and maintain a
city and community’s resiliency in front of the effects and consequences of climate change, namely

flooding, droughts, subsidence, water logging, storm surges, coastal erosion, salinization, sea water
intrusion, high temperatures, wildfires, urban heat island effect, landslides, strong winds, etc. The
challenge is to match long-term comprehensive and creative urban design and planning proposals
dealing with mitigation and reinstatement, with short term innovative and adaptive architecture,
infrastructure and technologies transformations that can be replicated in other parts of the city.
DESIGN CRITERIA
The competition deals with the effects of climate change in urban areas. Successful design proposals
will not only promote speculative, visionary, provocative, innovative, and resilient physical designs to
improve the current situation of cities and communities but will also propose and be accompanied by
quantitative approaches and measures to demonstrate the impacts resulting from the proposals.
They will also propose holistic assessments of actual and potential social, economic, and technical
challenges associated with insuring resiliency in front of the effects of climate change. That is,
assessments will not solely entail consideration of the practical issues associated with designing for
a specific site. The assessments will need to consider the city and the local community, at large.
An anticipatory and preventive design paradigm for an Asian city and community’s resiliency is an
integrated design approach that equally engages with and addresses innovative urban and
architectural design, as well as, appropriate building technologies.
The issues are in conjunction with evaluating the adequacy of a design proposal in relation to the
environmental and climatic conditions of the locale. In this manner, the design proposals will cater to
the genuine needs, desires, and capabilities of a vulnerable city, as well as, to the community’s
respective architectural uniqueness in form and space.
In other words, successful integrated design proposals will meet the following criteria:
1. UNDERSTANDING OF THE CHALLENGE

› The extent of how well the design proposal shows a comprehensive understanding of the
urgent urban, climate, and environmental challenges and needs in the city.
› The extent of how well the design proposal shows a clear understanding of the complex
planning context in which end results should be embedded.
› The extent of how the design proposal demonstrates a deep understanding of the urban,
climate and environmental vulnerabilities through the proposed solution.
2. QUALITY OF THE APPROACH AND DESIGN SOLUTION TO ADDRESS THE CITY CHALLENGE
› The extent to which the design proposals show an integrated and holistic approach to
address the urban, environmental, and climate change challenges.
› The extent to which the design proposals are innovative and clearly articulate solutions that
address the urgent urban and climate mitigation and adaptation needs of the city.
› The extent to which the proposal is inclusive in impact and demonstrates a participatory
approach with the community.
› The extent to which proposals redefine resilient interdependent systems and
reinstating/regenerative ecosystems.
3. MULTIPLE SCALE APPROACHES

› The competition will evaluate the extent to which design proposals address city and specific
areas challenges from a holistic and systemic perspective in order to propose integrated

solutions keeping in mind that the area is a demonstration site for interventions in other parts
of the city. Therefore, the competition seeks for solutions at different scales:
› CITY SCALE PROPOSALS
› At the city scale and beyond, to which extent specific design proposals and physical
interventions (not only strategic plans, master plans or just schemes), provide a global vision
for a future resilient city in front of the issues and challenges detected and understanding it
as a system.
› To which extent the designed urban models at the city scale deal with the challenges
detected because of climate change and propose carbon negative city-scale measures and
solutions to reduce and revert the current CO2 emissions trend resulting from the
urbanization process.
› The relevance and significance of the anticipatory and preventive urban design and planning
strategies to promote and foster resiliency locally, regionally and globally.
› The relevance and significance of the preventive urban design and urban planning policies in
promoting and fostering resiliency through novel forms of community engagement and
innovative decision and policy making strategies
› SITE SCALE PROPOSALS
› To which extent design proposals for specific sites show integrated and holistic approaches,
understanding the selected sites and development areas as part of a larger urban and
ecological system, or subsystem, and as test-bed sites where to explore replicable and
scalable solutions for the rest of the city.
› To which extent local projects strive to connect with the urban challenges and, by doing so,
will represent an added value for the city on many fronts simultaneously.
› To which extent urban and architecture designs for the selected sites and areas provide
innovative visions for a future resilient, vibrant and inclusive city while adapting, regenerating
and mitigating to the effects of climate change.
› To which extent the proposed urban and architecture typologies and prototypes tackle the
issues and challenges posed by climate change.
› ARCHITECTURE SCALE PROPOSALS
› To which extent cluster, cell or architecture designs achieve carbon or net positive solutions
that contribute to the recovery of the urban and natural environment.
› To which extent proposals dealing with the design of the urban fabric, activities, informal
settlements or slums suggest ideas to transform them and relocate them on-site, minimizing
the social impact while incorporating the existing densities and increasing population
scenarios, and dealing with integrated, inclusive and diverse developments.
› The relevance and significance of the architectural form, structure and constructability
considering the local community’s cultural, social and technical assets, and in order to assure
technical resilience.
› The relevance and significance of the architectural program in promoting everyday
community engagement while also fostering the community’s resiliency.
› The relevance and significance of the technical and social measures for optimizing resource
efficiency (water, energy, food) in context with the city's capacity and capabilities.

4. MEASURES AND PROPOSALS TO ADAPT, MITIGATE AND REINSTATE

› The extent to which the design proposals at the three scales propose measures to adapt to
and mitigate the effects of climate change, but also to reinstate, regenerate and return (give
back, carbon negative or climate positive solutions) the natural and ecological qualities to the
urban milieu.
5. REPLICABILITY AND SCALABILITY

› The extent to which the design proposals for the specific areas can be considered as pilot
projects where to explore specific urban design and architecture solutions that can be
replicated and scaled up in other parts of the city.
6. MEASURING AND QUANTIFYING IMPACT

› The extent to which teams show and demonstrate the impact of the designs proposals,
measuring and quantifying the positive impacts of the designs to address urban and climate
change challenges.
7. IMPLEMENTATION AND TECHNOLOGY

› The relevance and significance of the materials for construction considering the community’s
access to material resources
› The relevance and significance of the construction methods as exemplars of creativity and
innovation, as well as, of the community’s traditions and conditions.
› The relevance and significance of the construction methodology to assuring a building’s
performative resiliency.
› The extent to which technology solutions show capacity for incorporating urban metabolism
and implementing resource efficiency (water, energy, food, waste)
The Jury will judge the submissions along these considerations.
2. TEAM PARTICIPATION AND SUPPORT

Invited Universities are requested to select and convey one student design proposal to take part in
the ‘2019 Designing Resilience in Asia – International Design Competition’ and exhibition, and a
second student design proposal just to take part in the exhibition. The projects can correspond to
undergraduate or graduate levels of study. A single student or multiple students can author the
project(s). A maximum of fourteen design proposals will be reviewed and evaluated by an
international jury at King Mongkut’s University of Tech. Out of the fourteen submitted proposals to
the design competition, four winning schemes and a maximum of four honourable mentions will be
meritoriously recognized.
‘Designing Resilience in Asia 2020 – International Design Competition’ will sponsor the transportation
and accommodation for two student representatives (two students per proposal submitted to the
design competition) and for one faculty advisor. The 2 students are compulsory required to present
their respective team design proposal entry to the international jury panel. There is no fee required
for entry into the design competition. In order to arrange the accommodation for representative
students, tutors and committee members, we will require their specific names and passports by 1st
of June the latest. Further details about transportation and accommodation matters will be
announced later.

3. SCHEDULE
Issuance of Competition Brief January 2020
Submission of Competition Entries 15 June 2020 (6 pm Bangkok Time)
Bangkok Workshop 21 July 2020
Opening of DRIA 2020 22 July 2020
Presentation of Competition Entries 22-23 July 2020
Announcement of Award Honourees 24 July 2020
4. AWARDS
The Jury will select 4 winning schemes. The winners will be awarded according to the following four
categories dealing with adaptive, mitigation and regenerative urban and architecture resilience:
Best Urban and/or Architecture Regenerative and Mitigation Design THB 90,000 and trophy
To the best and most creative regenerative and/or mitigation design proposal, solution and strategy
dealing with an efficient use and production of resources to reduce carbon emissions and revert the
impacts of climate change, regenerating the urban environment, and responding to the sustainable
development goals.
Best Urban and/or Architecture Adaptation Design THB 90,000 and trophy
To the best and most innovative adaptive design proposal, solution and strategy to reduce the
impacts of shocks and stresses resulting from climate change.
Best Community and Socially Resilient Design THB 90,000 and trophy
To the best and most creative social and community design proposal, solution and strategy to cope
with and adjust to social threats derived from the impacts of climate change.
Best Resilient Building Technology Design THB 90,000 and trophy
To the best and most innovative building technology design proposal, solution and strategy
(architecture, infrastructure, etc.) dealing with mitigation and/or adaptation, to reduce the impacts
of climate change.
Bangkok Workshop Award THB 10,000 and trophy
Best Workshop Design Proposal

5. NAGA CITY
Most of the following information has been obtained from sources of the City Government of Naga
City, specifically the “Ecological Profile of the City of Naga” created by the City Planning and
Development Office.
NAGA CITY, CAMARINES SUR, PHILIPPINES

Naga, officially the City of Naga, or simply Naga City, is geographically located, and legislatively
represented within Camarines Sur. Administratively independent of the provincial government, Naga
City is trade, business, religious, cultural, industrial, commercial, medical, educational, and financial
centre of the Bicol Region, it was awarded the title of "Most Competitive Component City in the
Philippines"1.
HISTORY
PRE-COLONIAL ERA
During Pre-colonial area, Bicol region is closely allied with the confederation called the Kedatuan of
Madja-as2 in Panay island. According to the Maragtas3, followers of two Datu4 eventually arrived at
Taal Lake and then split up, one group settling later around Laguna de Bay, and another group
pushing southward into the Bicol Peninsula, making so called ‘Bicolanos’ an intermediate group
between people from Luzon and people from the Visayas. The discovery of an ancient tomb
preserved among the Bicolanos refers to some of the same deities and personages mentioned in the
Maragtas examined by anthropologists during the 1920’s.
SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD.

In 1573, the conqueror Juan de Salcedo landed on his second expedition to this region in a village and
called it "Naga" because of its abundant presence of ‘Narra’5 trees. Captain Pedro de Chávez founded
the city in 1575 on the site of today's central business district (opposite the original Naga) and named
it Ciudad de Nueva Cáceres, in honor of the Captain General of the Philippine, Francisco de Sande’s
hometown.
After Iloilo and Manila, the city was the third Spanish royal city in the East Indies. Over time, the
Merging with surrounding native villages into a community, the Spanish city became known as Nueva
Cáceres. There was a city government under Spanish law with its own tax system. At the beginning
of the 17th century, there were only five other cities in the Philippines. Nueva Cáceres remained the
capital of the surrounding provinces, later to be known as Camarines Sur, until the formal foundation
of the independent charter city Naga under the Philippine Republic.
1 see Wikipedia: Naga City

2 A pre-Hispanic, semi-independent political unit (city-state or principality) in the Philippine Island of Panay
3 Historic Documentation by Pedro Alcantara Monteclaro titled (in English translation) “History of Panay from the first
inhabitants and the Bornean immigrants, from which they descended, to the arrival of the Spaniards”
4 Datu, in Tagalog, denotes as a title of rulers of indigenous peoples throughout the Philippine archipelago
5 "Naga" in Bikol
Designing Resilience in Asia (DRIA) 2020 | 10

AMERICAN COLONIAL PERIOD, WORLD WAR II AND JAPANESE OCCUPATION

Under American rule the city was reduced to a municipality, lost its Spanish name and became
officially known as Naga in 1919.
Naga fell under Japanese occupation on December 18, 1941 following the Japanese invasion of
Legazpi a few days earlier. On April 9, 1945, combined U.S. and Philippine Commonwealth troops
under the United States Army, Philippine Commonwealth Army and the Philippine Constabulary,
aided by Bicolano guerrilla resistance groups, finally liberated Naga and defeated the Imperial
Japanese invaders after more than 3 years of occupation, thus ending the war.
INDEPENDENT PHILIPPINES
After Naga was liberated from the Japanese, Naga was able to rebuild quickly. After several petitions,
Naga became an independent component city of the Philippines on June 18, 1948. The law, promoted
by Rep. Juan Q. Miranda, allowed the city to become among the only few independent component
cities in the country. By acquiring its current city charter, its first city government was inaugurated on
December 15 of the same year under Republic Law No. 305.
CLIMATE
Naga’s climatic type falls under Type II under the Modified Coronas classification. This condition is
characterized by a definite absence of dry season and a very pronounced maximum rain period from
November to January. Under the Köppen climate classification system, the local climate is
understood as tropical savanna climate, characterized by high average outdoor temperature and
continuously high humidity levels throughout the year. The driest month of the year is March, when
the Northeast monsoon prevails in the Eastern parts of the Philippines. October has the highest mean
rainfall; with the Southwest monsoon bringing precipitations through heavy rainfalls, local
thunderstorms, or typhoons. November to February are the coolest months, while April to June are
the hottest months.
SUN EXPOSURE
Located near the equatorial belt, sun radiation is high throughout the year. With a global horizontal
radiation of approximately 1800 KWh/sqm per year, buildings must consider appropriate shading,
especially during midday to afternoon hours. The following figure illustrates the overall high global
horizontal irradiation levels of the Philippines and Naga City respectively.
TEMPERATURE, RAINFALL AND HUMIDITY

Temperature, Rainfall and Humidity Information on the local climate condition has been retrieved
several internet data bases6 7.
TEMPERATURE
The average annual temperature is 27.0 °C in Naga. The weather in the city from March to May is hot
and dry, with temperatures ranging from 24 to 34 °C. Figure 2 illustrates the monthly recorded high,
low and mean temperatures in Naga City between July 2018 to July 2019.
6 World Weather Online (http://worldweatheronline.com)

7 Climate Data Org. (http://en.climate-data.org)

At an average temperature of 28.4 °C, June is the hottest month of the year. The typhoon season is
from June to October, and the weather then is generally rainy. From November to February, the
climate is cooler with temperatures ranging from 22 to 28 °C. January has the lowest average
temperature of the year with 25.3 °C. During the year, the average temperatures vary by 3.1 °C.
FIGURE 1 AVERAGE ANNUAL SUM OF SOLAR IRRADIANCE (SOURCE: GEO MODEL SOLAR / SOLAR GIS)

FIGURE 2 MONTHLY OUTDOOR TEMPERATURES IN NAGA CITY, JULY 2018-JULY 2019
RAINFALL
Naga has a significant amount of rainfall during the year. This is true even for the driest month.
In a year, the average rainfall is 2514 mm. Precipitation is the lowest in March, with an average of 80
mm. With an average of 336 mm, the most precipitation falls in November. Between the driest and
wettest months, the difference in precipitation is 256 mm. (See Figure 3).
FIGURE 3 MONTHLY RAIN FALL, JULY 2018-JULY 2019
HUMIDITY
Figure 4 illustrates the measured results of Cloud coverage and relative humidity over a period from
July 2018 and July 2019. Throughout the year, relative Humidity (RH) remains high with an average
year-round humidity of 77 %. In the monitored period, the lowest measured RH was in April 2019 with
73%, and the highest July - August 2018 and July 2919 with 84%. Low cloud coverage is recorded in
the month February 2019 with 23%, highest cloud coverage was recorded in July 2019 with 63%.

FIGURE 4 CLOUD COVERAGE AND RELATIVE HUMIDITY, NAGA CITY, JULY 2018-JULY 2019
TYPHOONS
Naga, as is the whole of Bicol Region, is susceptible to typhoons, lying in the usual east-to-northwest
path taken by these weather disturbances that regularly visit the Philippines. (See Figure 5).
Typhoons have associated hazards – namely, strong winds, excessive rainfall that can trigger flooding
and landslides, and storm surges. A storm surge is wind-driven though people still liken it to tsunami,
and coastal areas with shallow coastlines – such as Leyte – are prone to higher storm surges than
those with deeper coastlines.
FIGURE 5 HISTORICAL TYPHOON TRACKS IN NAGA CITY, US GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (USGS) DATA, 2015
Between 2005 and 2016, an average of 18 typhoons entered the Philippine area of responsibility –
from a high of 25 in 2013 to a low of 11 in 2010. While most hardly caused material damage to the city,
they remain a threat. From 16 of the strongest typhoons that hit the Philippines from 1947-2016, 13
passed through Bicol. Three of these took place between 2006 and 2016: “Reming” (Durian) on
November 30, 2006, whose winds peaked at 320 kph; “Glenda” (Rammasun) on July 15, 2014, with

maximum winds of 215 kph; and “Nina” (Nock-Ten) on December 25, 2016, with maximum winds of
250 kph.
GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION AND TOPOGRAPHY

Naga City is centrally located in the province of Camarines Sur, about 377 kms south of Manila and
100 kms north of Legazpi City, Albay. Its geographic coordinates are between 13 to 14° North
Latitude and between 123 to 124° East Longitude. Situated at the foot of Mt. Isarog, a potentially
active stratovolcano, the city has a total land area of 8,448 hectares, or 84.48 sq km. It is bounded on
the North by the towns of Canaman, Magarao and Calabanga; on the East by Mt. Isarog; on the
South, by Milaor and the capital town of Pili; and on the West by the town of Camaligan (See Figure
6).
FIGURE 6 LOCATION MAP OF NAGA CITY. GOOGLE MAPS WITH CITY BOUNDARY
TOPOGRAPHY
The city’s terrain generally slopes upward from west to east. Its city centre, trisected by the Bicol and
Naga rivers which are fed by creeks and riverine that crisscross the city, is located near its lowest
point, making it susceptible to flooding when unusually heavy rainfall causes these waterways to
overflow.
The low flatlands from the city centre up to the upper barangays8 of Pacol and San Isidro at foot of
Mt. Isarog have slopes of 0-3% (almost level) to 3-8% (nearly level to slightly sloping). Collectively,
they account for 58% of the total land area. On the other hand, the eastern part covering barangay
Carolina has slopes of 8-18% (see Figure 7). At the boundary of Barangay Pacol and Carolina, the
altitude is approximately 100 meters above sea level and about 350 meters at the boundary of
Barangay Carolina and Panicuason. Within the latter, it rises to approximately 1400 meters, until it
reaches the highest altitude of 1,966 meters above sea level at the peak of Mt. Isarog. Panicuason,
8Barangays are the smallest administrative division in the Philippines and is the native Filipino term for a village or
district.

which includes the Forest and Parks Reserve of Mt. Isarog that forms part of the National Integrated
Protected Areas System (NIPAS), has the steepest slopes from 18-30% and above.
FIGURE 7 TOPOGRAPHY MAP OF NAGA CITY, USGS DATA, 2015
NAGA CITY WATERSHED

With a land area of 8,448 hectares, Naga Cities’ watershed area is estimated at 5,445 hectares, part
of which extends beyond the city’s territorial boundary. The Naga River watershed and the city
boundary appear like an elongated leaf with a pointed tip, lying down along the east-west axis; with
its outlet oriented almost due west and its tip oriented almost due east. Its widest portion is located
approximately one-third of its total length reckoned from its lowest portion. (see Figure 8). The
boundary of watershed extends beyond the administrative jurisdiction of Naga City.

FIGURE 8 NAGA CITY AND BICOL WATERSHED, USGS DATA, 2015
SLOPE
The slope of the watershed varies: It is relatively level from its junction of the Bicol River up to
Barangay Carolina, with very gentle slope below 18%. This starts to rise from Barangay Carolina to
Panicuason to about 18% slope. From the lowest portion of Barangay Panicuason, the slope starts to
rise quickly beyond 18% and up to more than 100% towards the peak to Mt. Isarog.
In terms of land area, it is broken down as follows: 1-18%, 4,996 hectares; 18-38%, 519 hectares; and
above 38%, 28 hectares.
FIGURE 9 FLOW ACCUMULATION AND DISTANCE TO RIVERS IN NAGA CITY, USGS DATA, 2015
With its low and flat topography, the main portion of the city is frequently inundated by floods when
water from the Naga and Bicol rivers overflow their banks. Figure 9 illustrates the flow accumulation
of rivers within Naga City boundaries as well as the proximity of land areas to rivers.

ALTITUDE
The lowest portion of the watershed is the outlet of the Naga River that empties into the Bicol River.
At its junction with the Bicol River, the riverbed is a little lower than sea level inasmuch as it allows
backflow of sea water into the lower portion of its river system (i.e., within the urban area). At the
boundary of Barangay Pacol and Carolina, the altitude is approximately 100 meters above sea level
and about 350 meters at the boundary of Barangay Carolina and Panicuason. Within the latter, it rises
to approximately 1400 meters, until it reaches the highest altitude of 1,966 meters above sea level at
the peak of Mt. Isarog.
The watershed boundary of Naga City River was delineated by tracing the topographic divide/
ridgeline. The lowest portion of the watershed is the outlet of the Naga River that empties into the
Bicol River. At its junction with the Bicol River, the riverbed is a little lower than sea level in as much
as it allows backflow of sea water into the lower portion of its river system (i.e., within the urban area).
SLOPE SUITABILITY
The low flatlands from the city centre up to the upper barangays of Pacol and San Isidro at foot of Mt.
Isarog have slopes of 0-3% (almost level) to 3-8% (nearly level to slightly sloping). Collectively, they
account for 58% of the total land area. On the other hand, the eastern part covering barangay
Carolina has slopes of 8-18% while Panicuason, which includes the Forest and Parks Reserve of Mt.
Isarog that forms part of the National Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS), has the steepest
from 18-30% and above.
SOIL FERTILITY
In Naga City, agricultural adaptability of the soil is well-suited for palay, corn, abaca, coffee, sugar,
fruit, root crops and other vegetable varieties. Soil-fertile areas are generally located in the
agricultural barangays of Cararayan, Pacol, Carolina, Panicuason and San Isidro. Some agricultural
activities can also be seen in some portions of San Felipe, Balatas, Tabuco, Mabolo and Concepcion
Grande. They correspond to the three major soil types found in the city.
› Pili clay loam, part of the Pili Series of Philippine soils, is found in the low elevation areas of
the city. Pili soils are poorly drained and renewed by the Bicol River every year by delivering
and depositing fine volcanic materials and organic matter from highlands through flooding.
› Tigaon clay, found in the city’s midlands (Pacol, Cararayan, San Isidro and lower Carolina) is
part of the Tigaon Series, found in undulating and rolling, or hilly to mountainous (east of Mt.
Iriga and Lake Buhi) areas in Camarines Sur. Tigaon series has good moisture retentivity with
water easily percolating through soil layers.
› Bulusan loam is found in upper Carolina and the whole of Panicuason. These are primary soils
developed from the weathering of massive to fragmented volcanic rocks, mostly basalt and
andesite.
Figure 10 illustrates the allocation of different soils within the Naga City boundaries. In the
Philippines, soil fertility is generally threatened by erosion caused, among other things, by water and
nutrient deficiencies and salinization. Due to soil warming, organic matter decomposes more easily,
reduces soil fertility, releases carbon dioxide and further enhances the warming effect. Especially at

the local and regional level, where farmers are usually too poor to manage the damage, the loss of
soil fertility is more noticeable9.
FIGURE 10 SOIL MAP OF NAGA CITY, USGS DATA, 2015
LAND USE
In 2000, land use was measured as follows: forestry, 547 hectares; agricultural, 3,812 hectares; built-
up area, 958 hectares; water bodies, 55 hectares; and others, 73 hectares for a total of 5,445.
The main portion of the city is in low and flat topography that is frequently inundated by floods when
water from the Naga and Bicol rivers overflow their banks. The watershed boundary of Naga City
River was delineated by tracing the topographic divide/ ridgeline using a NAMRIA topographic map.
The boundary of watershed extends beyond the administrative jurisdiction of Naga City. Specifically,
it includes portion of barangay Tinangis of the Municipality of Pili, and some parts of the Municipality
of Goa in its eastern side. In particular, the watershed is bounded in the north by the Municipality of
Calabanga; in the south by the Municipality of Pili; in the east by the Bicol River; and in the west by
the Municipality of Goa.
LAND USE ACCOUNT

The land cover/land use changes accounting in aggregate values for 2010 for Naga city are shown in
Figure 11.
The land use changes were accounted as follows:
9 Source: Antonio M. Claparols, October 17, 2004 Source: www.philstar.com/business/agriculture

› The total area of annual crop in 2003 decreased by 58.35% in 2010.

› Built-up area increased in 2010 by 80.30%
› Forest park and reserve decreased in 2010 by 9.2%
› Total area of Perennial crop increased in 2010 by 41.44%
› Grasslands/shrubs decreased in2010 by 31.38% reduction in size
FIGURE 11 LAND COVER AND USE IN NAGA CITY, USGS DATA, 2015
SUMMARY OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCE ACCOUNTS

The Environment and Natural Resource Accounts (ENRA) of a given municipality establish the
baseline conditions of its natural capital such as land, water, forest, coastal and marine resources that
will drive its local economy towards green growth. The physical accounts are subjected to economic
valuation to determine the direct and indirect values of the physical and natural assets of a locality.
The specific objectives of ENRA are the following:
› To determine in physical and economic terms the state of environment and natural resources
in the locality
› To analyse the impacts of climate change and natural disasters on environment and natural
resource quality and quantity depreciation
› To recommend strategies and measures to improve the status of environment and natural
resources as a driver of the local economy
The scope of Naga city’s ENRA covered the main economic drivers of the municipality, such as,
agriculture, forestry, water resources and municipal incomes. The other natural resources of Naga
city are equally important but due to lack of data, such natural resources as biodiversity and
renewable energy were not analysed. The main data sources are from secondary sources, namely,
City Land Use Plan (CLUP) and City Development Plan (CDP) of Naga city, the National Mapping and

Resource Information Authority (NAMRIA) for land cover (2003 and 2010) and the Provincial
Development and Physical Framework Plan (PDPFP) of Camarines Sur.
SUMMARY
In the ENRA study, the total area planted rice, corn, sugarcane and abaca all posted a reduction in
size. (See Table 1 for the detailed breakdown.) The summary of findings is as follows:
› The decline in the area of agriculture is attributed mainly to the conversion of agriculture land
to urban uses because Naga city is a growth centre, which is expected to rapidly urbanize.
The value of irrigated rice land production declined by 81% as a result of the decreased in land
area planted and yield.
› On the other hand, the area planted to corn also decreased but its yield per hectare increased
by 58% due to new corn varieties planted and improvement in extension services. Thus, the
value of production of corn increased by 36%.
› Forest cover in the watershed of Naga city declined due to kaingin 10 . However, the
reforestation efforts of the National Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS) increased
forest cover by about 12%, compensating for the loss in forest cover due to kaingin. The
computed net increase in value of the forest cover was P36 million or 14% for the period 2013
as baseline and 2015 as closing stock.
› Water supply connections increased by 32% in 2015 compared to its 2013 figures. The
groundwater of Naga is however over-extracted and is projected to be depleted in the
coming years. It was revealed in a study by LWUA that the annual groundwater recharge was
estimated at only 2.38 M cu. m. per year while current extraction is at 4.79 M cu. m. per year.
TABLE 1 SUMMARY OF PHYSICAL AND ECONOMIC ACCOUNTS OF NAGACITY:2013-2015
10 Kaingin is a technique of clearing land by slashing and burning underbrush and trees, and plowing the ashes under
for fertilization

BIODIVERSITY AREAS
A study on Mt. Isarog Park’s management and effectiveness reported 60.7% in 2010 and 70% in 2013,
indicating an improvement in its management. There is an on-going biodiversity and management
survey for 2015. The status of wildlife in Mt. Isarog based on IUCN11 and Haribon12 categories are as
follows: Isarog shrew rat as vulnerable; whiskered pitta as nearly threatened and Philippine cockatoo
as critically endangered.
The project not only supports forest conservation in 350 hectares but also the expansion of wildlife
habitat through ecological rejuvenation of the riverbanks and easement areas. These actions improve
water holding capacity and regulate water flows and carbon sequestration. The City Environment and
Natural Resources Office (ENRO), and the Mt. Isarog Protected Area Management Board (PAMB),
together with academic partners Ateneo de Naga University (ADENU) and the Central Bicol State
University for Agriculture (CBSUA) continue to monitor the endemic flora, fauna and wildlife species
in the protected landscape. There is an on-going assessment on the current status of Mt. Isarog by
Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR). Environment Protection is the highest
expenditure of the project amounting to 26.42% of the total budget. Mt. Isarog Natural Park is also
being nominated as the 3rd biosphere reserve in the Philippines.
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND DISASTER RISK REDUCTION

In the following, results and findings of conducted assessment studies of Naga City are provided:
- Local climate change projections and potential future impacts

- Hazard Exposure Assessment (HEA),
- Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment (CCVA), and
- Greenhouse gas (GHG) inventory of Naga City
Its focus is on the most critical barangays, population, physical and natural assets exposed to various
hydrometeorological and geological hazards presently and potentially affecting the city.
Equally given emphasis are the impacts of climate change in the six development sectors, namely:
health, water resources, transportation, forestry, coastal and marine resources and agriculture
sector. Assessments on HEA and CCVA were conducted both at the barangay and city level while the
GHG inventory and LGU Capacity assessment were conducted at the city level.
6. LOCAL CLIMATE CHANGE SCENARIO

PRECIPITATION/TEMPERATURE CHANGE
It is projected that the temperature of Camarines Sur, in which Naga City is a part, during the summer
season will increase by 1.1ºC for 2020 and by 2.2ºC by 2050. There shall be longer El Nino spells.
Rainfall is projected to decrease by almost 15% during the summer months of March, April and May
for 2020 and by 25% for 2050. The projected highest rainfall increase is 9.5% during the rainy months
of June, July and August for 2020 and by 16.5% for 2050. This means that Camarines Sur including
11 InternationalUnion for Conservation of Nature’s Red List of Threatened Species (https://www.iucnredlist.org)

12Haribon Foundation for the Conservation of Natural Resources is a nature conservation organization in the
Philippines. (https://haribon.org.ph)

Naga City will suffer more from heat stress and drought during the summer months for the years
2020 and 2050 while the province will experience more rainfall during the months of June, July and
August for the two projected years. (See Table 2).
TABLE 2 FREQUENCY TABLE FOR 1-DAYRAINFALL(MM) BASED ON OBSERVED VALUES (1951-2010) AND
PROJECTED FOR2020(2006-2035): CAMARINES SUR
The frequency of rainfall with greater than 300mm is projected at 4 days by 2020 and 11 days by 2050
which are much higher than the baseline observed value of only 1 day. This simply means more
flooding days by 2020 which will further double by 2050. The number of dry days will decrease to
3,698 by 2020 and by 3,811 by 2050 from the observed baseline of 6,219 days. This means that
Camarines Sur will have longer wet days than dry days in the near and distant future but with extreme
El Nino spells.
SEA RISING LEVEL

The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) stated the Philippines posted the highest average
increase in sea levels, at 60 cm, against the global average of 19 cm since the year 1901. As Naga is in
the mouth of Bicol River basin, the overflow coming from the Bicol River tributaries results to increase
frequency and depth of flooding including the nearby towns downstream of Naga River (see Figure
12).
FIGURE 12 LOW ELEVATION COASTAL ZONES IN NAGA CITY, USGS DATA, 2015
A forecast study of sea levels rising conducted by ‘Climate Central', an independent organization
researching and reporting facts about climate change and its impact, showcases the areas vulnerable

to flooding due to rising sea level when considering continuous increase of global temperate levels.
Like the earlier figure, indicating low level and flooding prone areas of Naga, the Western parts of the
city as well as main parts of city centre face further increase in inundations, or even land loss trough
permanent flooding (seeFigure 13). Any city expansion or relocation, if necessary, is thus only
conceivable by further invading agricultural and forest land areas towards the East.
FIGURE 13 FORECAST SEA LEVEL RISE IN NAGA /BICOL REGION, CLIMATE CENTRAL ORGANIZATION
EXTREME EVENTS
From 1948-2009 or for a total period of 61 years, Camarines Sur recorded a total of 114 tropical
cyclones. Out of the 114 tropical cyclones recorded, 1 is considered as super typhoon, 56 typhoons,
35 tropical storms and 23 tropical depressions. On the average, the province experienced two tropical
cyclones per year or one typhoon every year. The month of October had the greatest number of
tropical cyclones with 26 occurrences and the months of February and April had the least with one
occurrence each. From a range of 1 to 10 – 10 being the most vulnerable– Naga City got a score of
6.10 (WWF and BPI Foundation13). It is second to Tacloban City (6.74) in being the city most vulnerable
to climate change.
HAZARD EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT (HEA)

Existing hazards in the city and their potential future threats are examined considering not only
hydrometeorological but also geological hazards that are of major concern to the local governments
(see Figure 14). The assessment centred on barangays, population, physical and natural assets that
are exposed at varying degrees to different natural hazards.
13 World Wildlife Foundation and Bank of Philippine Islands Foundation

FIGURE 14 GEOHAZARD MAP, NAGA CITY, USGS DATA, 2015
BARANGAYS EXPOSED TO VARIOUS HAZARDS

Figure 15 illustrates potential Hazards of the various barangays of Naga City.
FIGURE 15 BARANGAYS EXPOSED TO VARIOUS HAZARDS, NAGA CITY, USGS DATA, 2015
Accordingly:
› FLOODING: Seventeen of the 27 barangays or 63% of the total number of barangays in

the city have 90-100% of their area exposed to flooding.

› LANDSLIDE: On the other hand, only six out of the 27 barangays are exposed to
landslides. These barangays include: Cararayan, Carolina, Del Rosario, Pacol,
Panicuason, and San Isidro. The total area exposed to landslides comprises 4% of the
total area of the city. Two barangays in the city registered high exposure to erosion,
namely: Panicuason (100% of the barangay’s total area); and Carolina (98%). About 32%
of the city’s total land area is exposed to slight erosion and 7% to moderate erosion.
› LIQUEFACTION: About 11% of the total land area of the city is exposed to liquefaction.
Most of these liquefaction prone areas are located on the western end of the city. Twelve
barangays have their whole land area (100%) exposed to liquefaction (see Figure 15).
POPULATION EXPOSED TO VARIOUS HAZARDS

› FLOODING: About 61% of the total population of the city is affected by flooding of different
depths. Seventeen of the 27 barangays in Naga city have more than 90% of their total
population exposed to floods. These barangays include Abella; Bagumbayan Norte;
Bagumbayan Sur; Calauag; Dayangdang; Dinaga; Igualdad Interior; Lerma; Liboton; Mabulo;
Penafrancia; Sabang; Sta. Cruz; Tabuco; Tinago; Triangulo; and San Francisco.
› LANDSLIDE: Of the total population of the city, less than one percent is exposed to
landslides. Six barangays which were found to be exposed to landslides are: Cararayan;
Carolina; Del Rosario; Pacol; Panicuason; and San Isidro. All these barangays have less than
1% of their total population exposed to landslides except Panicuason, which has 27% of its
population exposed to landslides.
› LIQUEFACTION: Forty-one percent (41%) of the total population of the city is exposed to
liquefaction. The 13 barangays with 90 - 100% of their total area prone to liquefaction include:
Abella (100%); Bagumbayan Sur (100%); Calauag (100%); Dinaga (100%); Igualdad Interior
(100%); Liboton (100%); Sabang (99.97%); Mabulo (99.84%); San Francisco (99.78%); Sta.
Cruz (99.73%); Lerma (97.71%); Bagumbayan Norte (99.70%); and Penafrancia (96.14%).
Population exposed to various hazards such as flood, landslide and erosion is depicted in
Figure 16.
FIGURE 16 POPULATION EXPOSED TO VARIOUS HAZARDS, NAGA CITY, USGS DATA, 2015

PHYSICAL ASSETS OF BARANGAYS EXPOSED TO HAZARDS

Physical facilities exposed to flooding were identified and counted to be 73 in all. These facilities
include food/stores (14); Hospital/Clinic/Pharmacy (9); Government facilities (6); Police station (5);
Motel/Hotel (8); Bank (9); Church (6); Gas Station (6); Tourist Attraction/Recreation (7); Bus
Station/Stop/Repair (2); and Train Station (1). A total of 50 physical assets are also exposed to
liquefaction. Other areas are as follows:
› Four bridges in the city are exposed to flooding. These bridges are in Liboton, San
Francisco, Igualdad Interior, and Tabuco. These bridges are also exposed to liquefaction.
› The city has 46 schools located in 17 barangays that are exposed to flooding. On the other
hand, 24 schools located in 10 barangays are exposed to liquefaction.
Of the total length of roads exposed to all types of hazards (i.e., flood, erosion and landslide), about
27% are exposed to flooding. Roads exposed to landslides are in only two barangays in the city:
Cararayan and Panicuason. In addition, about 21 km or 7% of the roads in the city is exposed to
liquefaction. Figure 17 depicts the physical assets located in different barangays which are exposed
to various hazards.
LAND USES EXPOSED TO HAZARDS

Total built-up areas exposed to various flooding depths comprise about 8% of the total city area. Of
the total built-up areas exposed to flooding, about 8% is susceptible to deep floods of more than 1.5
m depth. Three barangays are considered critical since more than 75% of their total built-up areas
prone to floods are susceptible to deep flooding. These barangays are: Dinaga (82%); Mabulo (79%)
and Tabuco (77%). About 2,252 hectares of agricultural areas in the city that are planted to annual
and perennial crops are exposed to flooding of various depths. Of the total agricultural areas that are
exposed to flooding, 15% is affected by deep floods of more than 1.5m depth. Two barangays
registered the largest proportion of agricultural areas that are exposed to deep flooding: Tabuco with
84% of its agricultural areas affected; and Mabulo with 74% affected.
FIGURE 17 PHYSICAL ASSETS EXPOSED TO VARIOUS HAZARDS, NAGA CITY, USGS DATA, 2015

CLIMATE CHANGE VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT (CCVA)

HEALTH SECTOR DIARRHOEA/DIARRHEAL DISEASES
Twelve of the 27 barangays in Naga City have moderate vulnerability to a diarrhoea outbreak. These
include Mabolo, Tabuco. Triangulo, Abella, Bagumbayan Sur, Dayangdang, Igualdad Interior,
Sabang, Santa Cruz, Tinago, Lerma, and Bagumbayan Norte, with the rest of the barangays having
low vulnerability to a diarrhoea outbreak. All barangays with moderate susceptibility to a diarrhoea
outbreak have the highest proportion of total population residing in flood-susceptible areas at >60%
to 80% Dengue fever/dengue haemorrhagic fever. Twenty-three barangays in Naga City have
moderate vulnerability to an outbreak of dengue fever/dengue haemorrhagic fever while four,
namely Carolina, Dinaga, Panicuason, and Penafrancia have low vulnerability. The observed gradient
in the vulnerability of barangays to a dengue fever outbreak can be explained – in part – by differences
in sensitivity to the given climate change impact. Barangays with low vulnerability to an outbreak of
dengue fever / dengue haemorrhagic fever are among the barangays with the lowest susceptibility
to flooding (< 0.1 meter), and the lowest proportion of total population residing in flood-susceptible
areas. Leptospirosis. Mabulo and Tabuco have moderate vulnerability while the rest of the barangays
having low vulnerability to a leptospirosis outbreak. The observed gradient in the vulnerability of
barangays to a leptospirosis outbreak can be explained – in part – by differences in sensitivity to the
given climate change impact. Mabolo and Tabuco have the highest susceptibility levels to flooding
(>1.5meters) among barangays in Naga City.
WATER RESOURCES / DROUGHT.

Overall, Naga City’s water resources are moderately vulnerable to drought. Forest cover and land use
attributes are factors that increase the drought susceptibility wherein, the built-up area is increasing
in all directions from the centre of the city. On the average, sixteen (16) barangays have built up area
of 11 to 30% of the total land area while 31 to >50% of the total land area is already building up in
eleven barangays. Flood. The water resources of Naga City are moderately vulnerable to flood with
two barangays qualifying under the “high-vulnerable” category: Mabolo and Triangulo. Both were
found to have the largest portion of their total area (more than 90%) under the high inundation zones.
Barangays that belong to higher limit of moderately vulnerability include Dayangdang, Dinaga,
Igualdad Interior, Lerma, Sabang, San Francisco, Tabuco and Tinago. Barangay Penafrancia has no
apparent flooding. However, its settlements and communities are located along or adjacent to the
Bicol and Naga rivers thereby making it moderately vulnerable to floods. Panicuason registered the
lowest vulnerable area to flooding mainly because 89% of its total area is in rolling to hilly terrain. A
review of the flood inundation maps would show that deep flooding would occur in the western
portion of Naga City in the vicinity of Bicol and Naga rivers.
TRANSPORTATION
› FLOODING: All the city’s roads, which include primary roads situated in its western part, are
vulnerable to flooding. Historically, the eastern portion, which part covers Mt. Isarog, is not
prone to flooding. Within the sub-watershed, the city proper is in the downstream area
making it highly sensitive and exposed to inundation as water flows westward from eastern
uplands. Roads in the following 7 barangays have high vulnerability to flooding based on the
flood model results conducted by the Project: Cararayan; Carolina; Mabulo; Pacol; San Isidro;
San Felipe; and Triangulo. The rest of the20 barangays in the city have moderate vulnerability
to floods.
› LANDSLIDE: Generally, the whole city is not susceptible to landslides except for barangays
Carolina and Panicuason. Some road segments in the following five barangays are highly

vulnerable to landslides: Cararayan; Carolina; Pacol; Panicuason; and San Isidro. The other
22 barangays have their road segments moderately vulnerable to landslides.
› LIQUEFACTION: Naga City has low to moderate vulnerability to liquefaction. Except for
strips of land around the town and within Barangay Carolina, the city is less vulnerable to
liquefaction. Historically, only one fifth of the city or the entire town proper, is susceptible to
liquefaction. The land area outside the city proper and going eastward to Mt. Isarog, is not
prone to liquefaction. Seven barangays have road segments with moderate vulnerability to
liquefaction: Balatas; Calauag; Carolina; Concepcion Pequeña; San Felipe; Tabuco; and
Triangulo. The other 20 barangays have low vulnerability to liquefaction. Overall, the road
segment with highest vulnerability to liquefaction belongs to Triangulo, a barangay that is
historically prone to the hazard.
FORESTRY
The barangays that were identified to harbor forests are Carolina, Pacol, Panicuason and San Isidro.
The forestry sector of Naga City is composed of the forestry areas in the Mt. Isarog National Park
(MINP) that are inside the administrative boundaries of the city. This consists of 484.02 hectares of
closed broad-leaved forest and 8.87 hectares of communal forest. The sector also includes the areas
consisting of strips in riverbanks planted to trees and are part of the National Greening Project of the
city. The findings are as follows:
› EROSION: The forests of all the four barangays (Carolina, Pacol, Panicuason and San Isidro)
have moderate level of overall vulnerability to soil erosion. All the forests of the four
barangays were rated to have moderate vulnerability to erosion.
› FLOODING: Except for Barangay Panicuason, which has a low vulnerability to flooding, the
other threeforestedbarangaysaremoderatelyvulnerabletofloodingwhentherivers and
tributaries traversing them swell and overflow.
› LANDSLIDE: The overall vulnerabilities to landslides of the forestry sector of the four
barangays are moderate in Pacol, Panicuason and San Isidro. Carolina forestry sector has a
high vulnerability to land slide.
› DROUGHT: All four barangays (Carolina, Pacol, Panicuason and San Isidro) have high
vulnerability to drought based on projected rainfall volume.
› Wildfire. Barangays Carolina and Pacol have moderate vulnerability to wildfire while Pacol
and Panicuason have low vulnerability to wildfire.
AGRICULTURE
Naga City remains primarily an agricultural community. Of the city’s total land area of 8,448 has,
around 4,550 (54%) is devoted to agriculture and the sector employs 14% of the total households.
Eleven of the city’s 27 barangays are crop production areas. These barangays include Carolina
(Upland/Hilly); San Isidro (Upland/Hilly); Cararayan; Pacol (Upland/Hilly); Panicuason (Upland/Hilly);
San Felipe; Mabolo; Balatas; Concepcion Grande; Del Rosario; and Concepcion Pequeña.
FLOODS, DROUGHT, TYPHOONS, SOIL EROSION AND PESTS AND DISEASES

All the eleven agriculture crop areas, namely: Carolina (Upland/Hilly); San Isidro (Upland/Hilly);
Cararayan; Pacol (Upland/Hilly); Panicuason (Upland/Hilly); San Felipe; Mabolo; Balatas; Concepcion
Grande; Del Rosario; and Concepcion Pequeña are moderately vulnerable to flood, drought,
typhoon, soil erosion and pests and diseases.

GREENHOUS GAS (GHG) EMISSION ASSESSMENT

The rapid urbanization of the city has raised the concern on its GHG Emission. A community based
GHG Assessment conducted in 2015 highlights the following summary of major findings:
› Total emissions of Naga City including the Land Use Change and Forestry (LUCF) sector
amounted to 246,640.13 tons. The Energy and Transportation sectors contributed almost the
same amount in the city’s total emissions.
› About 36% of the total emissions came from the Energy sector while around 35% was
contributed by the Transportation sector. The Energy sector had an emission of 89,760.04
tons while the transportation sector contributed 86,776 tons.
› Ranking third among the sectors was the waste sector with an emission of 46,288tons of
CO2or 19% of the total emissions. Following the Waste sector was the Agriculture sector
which contributed about 21,632.70 tons or 8.77% of the total emissions. Results indicate that
Naga City has small area allotted to crop production and has few livestock. LUCF which
contributed 0.89%of the total emissions of Naga City had a total emission of 2,183 tons CO2.
(See Figure 18).
FIGURE 18 CARBON EMISSION OF THE DIFFERENT SECTORS IN NAGA CITY
NET EMISSION
Considering the amount of carbon absorbed by the LUCF sector of Naga City (9,501.47 tons CO2),
the net carbon emission of Naga City is 237,138.66 tons. Results show that the LUCF sector of Naga
City is not large enough to offset the carbon emission of the City. The estimated per capita emission
of CO2 equivalent for the city is 1.4. This per capita value is almost double than the World Bank
estimated standard value of 0.7 tons CO2 per capita.
DISASTER RISK AND REDUCTION MANAGEMENT (DRRM)

Natural Hazards, such as typhoons, flooding, land instability, earthquakes, urban fires and
conflagration, power failure, have the potential to cause environmental, social economic loss through
damage to habitation, lifeline facilities, and infrastructure. Land uses that fail to recognize the areas
prone to hazard risks are not sustainable and can cause communities and the environment
unnecessary harm or damages especially to the business community. Communities need to be
developed in a sustainable manner by ensuring a close linkage between hazard mitigation,
comprehensive land use planning that focus on future land uses and climate change adaptation.

GUIDE TO ACTION
Although disasters will be basically felt at the barangay level, it is important to build confidence and
self-reliance at the barangay level, which can be best affected through timely, supportive and
planned interventions by the city government. A Counter-Disaster Plan is an understanding of the
causes of disaster, anticipating its effects to constituents and their environment, knowing the counter
measures to prevent or lessen the consequences and applying the appropriate measures effectively.
Only a sustained effort and preparedness can make a disaster management plan effective socially
acceptable. The city’s Risk and Hazard Maps, developed by the EDP-GIS unit, were updated by DRRM
personnel to suit up with the current state of city’s development plan. This includes the study on the
state of the Naga River where barangays are situated that were prone to flooding. Flood hazard maps
were developed as well as the population at risk was determined, hence, infrastructural mitigation
was developed to minimize the effect of the flooding.
INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS
This multi-hazard approach in disaster risk reduction and management, proposes that all agencies
and departments with their disaster specific functions come under a single umbrella of control and
directions to attend to all kinds of disasters, thus understanding and implementing the pre-defined
Incident Command System will be followed all along. The existing arrangements have strengthened
this administrative arrangement, with the City Mayor as ground commander being the LDRRMC
chairman. He is being supported by the Executive Officer of the Local Disaster Emergency Operations
Centre (DEOC) at City Hall.
The objective is to have a simplified and uncluttered system of disaster response. The primary
function of DEOC is to implement the Naga City DRRM Plan, which includes coordination, operations
management, data collection, record keeping, public information, resource management and
proposed project to the chairman of the Public Safety Committee for policy development.
The DEOC, its systems and procedures are designed in such a way that information can be promptly
assessed and relayed to concerned parties. Rapid dissemination contributes to a faster response and
effective decision-making during an emergency. As the master coordination and control point for all
counter-disaster efforts, the DEOC is the centre for decision making under a unified command. In a
disaster situation, the DEOC will come under the direct control of the chief executive. Or any person
designated by him as the chief of operations. The usual activities of the DEOC will be to:
› Ensure that all barangays continue to regularly update the BDRRM Plan and encourage them
to prepare specific plans for areas prone to specific disasters;
› Continue identify and interact with the Government departments/agencies, laboratories,
research institutions and NGO’s to evolve mitigation strategies and set-up study groups and
task forces for specific vulnerability studies.
› Serve as the data bank and ensure that mitigation strategies are planned and implemented;
› Upgrade and update the city DRRM Plan according to the changing situation of the city, and
its development trend;
› Disseminate the information about the city DRRM Plan to other departments of the city
government and barangay level.
› Organize damage assessment and needs assessment and update the city DRRM Plan
accordingly;
› Ensure that the warning and communication systems and instruments in the DEOC are in
working conditions.

› Ensure that all emergency rescue equipment and personnel are all ready for deployment at
any given time and situation.
POPULATION AND SOCIAL PROFILE

This chapter summarizes the demographic and social context of Naga City.
POPULATION COUNT AND TRENDS

The 2015 Census by the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) puts Naga’s population at 196,003. This
is an increase of 21,072 inhabitants over the 2010 total of 174,931, making Naga the fastest growing
city in Bicol in terms of population. This translates to a 2.3% annual population growth rate, lower
than the 2.91% registered between 2007 and 2010. Of the total, 49% are male while 51% are female.
The latter’s share has been steadily growing. In 1995, there were only 95 females for every 100 males
in population; in 2010, there were already 104 females for every 100 males. In 2015, the city’s
household population reached 42,152, higher by 6,223 compared to the 35,929 recorded in 2010,
yielding an average household size of 4.61, lower than the 4.84 recorded five years back. By
comparison, there were 5.20 persons per household in 2000. These mean there are around 5 persons
in the average Nagueño family over the last 15 years. By 2030, the city’s population is projected to
hover between a low of 256,028 to a high of 301,300114. (See Figure 19). If the current 2.3% growth
rate is maintained, Naga’s population will reach 273,715 by 2030 (see Table 3 and Table 4).
FIGURE 19 POPULATION GROWTH PREDICTION IN NAGA CITY
AGE-SEX STRUCTURE
Naga is a city of young people. Children and the youth (those aged 24 and below) comprise more than
half (54%) of the total population. More than a quarter (29%) is of school age, with preschoolers
accounting for 4%, elementary 12% and secondary13% of the total15. While males make up 52% of
the total school-age population in the lower years, the situation is equalized at the secondary level
with males and females each getting 50%. (See Table 5).
14 The low-growth scenario is based on an annual population growth of 1.80% recorded between 19912000. The high-
growth scenario is based on a 2.91% annual growth recorded between 2007-2010.
15 This is further broken down into 9% for junior high school (Grades 7-10) and 4% (Grades 11-12) under the new K-12
curriculum.

POPULATION DENSITY
Based on PSA standards, Naga is 100% urban. At 2,320residents per sq km as of 2015, up from 1,631
per sq. km 15 years ago, it remains the most densely populated city in Bicol using a land area of 84.48
sq. km as base16. Naga has a total of 27 barangays of varying sizes. In terms of population, Dinagais
the smallest with 456 inhabitants as of 2015 while Concepcion Pequeña is the largest with 23,577. In
terms of land area, Lerma is the smallest with 5.1 hectares while Carolina is the biggest with 1,777.
Lerma is also the densest at 461persons per hectare while Panicuason is the least dense at only 2
persons per hectare. (See Figure 20 and Table 6).
FIGURE 20 BARANGAY POPULATION AND DENSITY OF NAGA CITY, USGS DATA, 2015
MIGRATION
In 1990, 39% of the city’s population were considered migrants. In the 2007 Ateneo de Naga
University SSRC survey, 43% of city residents are born in Naga, 38% are from Camarines Sur, 9% are
from other Bicol provinces, and 11% from outside Bicol. Their average length of stay in Naga is 28
years. The pace of migration has remained largely the same between 2000 and 2010. Only 5% (2010)
to 6.7% (2000) of the household population aged five years old and above moved their place of
residence: almost all (between 93.3 to 95%) stayed in Naga. In 2010, 2.8% moved in from other cities
or towns of Camarines Sur, 2% from other provinces, and 0.2% percent from other countries.
According to OWWA data, there were around 2,155 overseas Filipino workers (OFWs) who are from
Naga in 2016; after adjustments, it is estimated that around 8.5% of the city household population
have an OFW member. The city’s CBMS data for 2011 and 2015 place their number between 6.5 to
6.8%. Both are higher than the 2015 PSA data placing the share of Bicolano OFWs to the Philippine
total at only 3.1%.
The OWWA and CBMS figures, however, are closer to results of the 2014ASSRC survey which says
that 16.3% of the city’s household population have a family member abroad (see Figure 21). The same
survey said that 61.8% of these international migrants are female while 38.2% are male. Moreover,
two of every three (67.6%) are Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs) working abroad, while 32.3% have
permanently migrated or Overseas Filipinos (OFs).
16 This
document will use 84.48 sq. kms as Naga’s land area, consistent with the Philippine Geographic Standard Code
(PGSC) reflected in the PSA website.

FIGURE 21 THE OF SECTOR IN NAGA CITY
POVERTY INCIDENCE
According to NSCB estimates, the official figures used by government, poverty incidence in Naga
reached 15.7% in 2012, an improvement over the 16.6% registered in 2006 and the 24.4% in 2009. To
more fully capture the extent of poverty, these official figures are supplemented by two other data
sets. One is the self-rated poverty data generated through the annual Naga City Poverty and
Governance Public Opinion Poll conducted by the Ateneo de Naga Social Science Research Centre.
Over the last few years, there has been a significant downtrend in the number of people saying they
are poor: from a high of 62% in 2007, it went down to 48% in 2013, 42% in 2014 and 43.5% in 2015.
Figure 22, Figure 23, and Figure 24 depict Barangay Poverty by Food, Income Threshold,
Unemployment, Malnutrition and access to quality water and toilet facilities.
The other source are official data generated through the Community Based Monitoring System
(CBMS) a survey conducted by the city government every three years. In 2015, the CBMS identified a
total of 10,872 households (33.4%) as income poor. This means at least 1 in every 3 households has no
significant income to satisfy its basic food and non-food needs. Income poverty is highest in Carolina
(49.4%) and Concepcion Pequeña (1,291 households).
FIGURE 22 BARANGAY POVERTY BY FOOD AND INCOME THRESHOLD, USGS DATA, 2015

FIGURE 23 BARANGAY UNEMPLOYMENT AND MALNUTRITION, USGS DATA, 2015
FIGURE 24 ACCESS TO IMPROVED WATER QUALITY AND TOILET FACILITIES, USGS DATA, 2015
EDUCATION
As a centre of education in Bicol, Naga offers quality education from preschool to graduate courses.
In 2016, its educational institutions, including city and barangay-operated SEED Montessori and
Educare centre s which provide preschool training, totalled 283. Of these, 162 are public and
121private. The figure is 56% higher than the 2009 level, driven by both the private sector which grew
by 75% and the public sector which grew by 45%. (Fig. 3.11.) Preschool. Both government and the
private sector in Naga provide preschool services. Barangay Educare centres (including its flagship
SEED schools) increased to 93from only 27 in 1987. All Educare centres provide Montessori-type
instruction to pre-schoolers as a result of a city government program aimed at strengthening early
child education and development. The city’s Educare centres are mentored by 86 well-trained
teachers. Complementing them are 45 privately-owned schools that provide similar services through
their kindergarten classes. For school year 2016-17, their combined enrolment reached 9,110, which
is 11% higher than the 8,212recorded in 2009. Against the projected preschool age (3-5 years old)
population of 7,884, it also translates to a 116% participation rate, which indicates that 16% of
preschool enrollees are noncity residents. (See Figure 25).
› ELEMENTARY: Elementary education is provided by 29 public and 47 private schools. For

school year 2016-17, public elementary schools recorded a total of 29,546enrollees while
private schools had 6,105for a total of 30,651. Against the projected elementary school age

(6-12 years old) population of22,900, this translates to a 134% participation rate,
substantially higher than the 111% recorded in 2009. This indicates that about one-third of
the enrolments in the local elementary school system are non-city residents.
FIGURE 25 NUMBER OF SCHOOLS IN NAGA CITY
› SECONDARY: Secondary education is provided by 8 public and 12 private schools. For school
year 2016-17, public secondary schools accommodated 16,491 enrolees while private schools
welcomed 8,917for a total of 25,408. The total is 40% higher than the enrolment in2009.
Meanwhile, enrolment in public schools grew by29% while private schools grew by 67%
during the same period. Against the projected high school age (13-16) population of 16,808,
this translates to a 151% participation rate, significantly higher thanthe118% participation
rate recorded in 2009. More importantly, these data include enrolment of non-city residents,
which mask access issues at the secondary school level.
› TERTIARY: Naga City has10 schools at the tertiary level, eight of which are privately-owned
and two – the Bicol State College of Applied Science and Technology (BISCAST) and the City
College of Naga –are state-owned. These institutions offer various courses ranging from 2-
year secretarial course to a 4 to 5-year academic degree course such as nursing, engineering,
law, arts and sciences. They also offer graduate and post-graduate courses. For school year
201617, their combined enrolment reached 27,412, which is 56% higher than the
17,539recorded in 2009. Technical-Vocational. Students who cannot afford formal college
education usually avail of courses offered by 10 technical-oriented vocational schools in the
city, eight of which are privately-owned. Courses offered vary from care giving to basic
computer operations. For school year 2016-17, their combined enrolment reached 1,088.
Figure 26 allocates schools of Naga City within the city’s boundary map. It should be noted that many
schools function as Disaster Evacuation and Evacuation Hubs as the they have been secured to
typhoons and flooding.

FIGURE 26 NAGA CITY SCHOOLS, USGS DATA, 2015
HEALTH
As of 2016, Naga is home to a total of eight hospitals and infirmary, three of which are government-
owned with the rest private. The three government health facilities are the 500-bed Bicol Medical
Centre (BMC) along Panganiban Avenue, the 32-bed Naga City Primary Hospital in Peñafrancia
Avenue, and the 12-bed Our Lady of Lourdes Infirmary in Barangay Carolina, the latter two owned
and operated by the Naga City Government (Figure 27). On the other hand, the five private hospitals
– Mother Seton Hospital, Bicol Access Health Centrum, Naga Imaging Centre Cooperative (NICC), St.
John Hospital and Dr. Nilo Roa Foundation Hospital – have a combined 365 beds. Together with the
government hospitals’ 544, it brings Naga's total number of hospital beds to 909. This translates to a
bed-to population ratio of 1:4,617, lower than to the standard ratio of 1:2,000.
FIGURE 27 HOSPITALS AND BED CAPACITY IN NAGA CITY
With most hospitals located in the City Centre, they may become affected by heavy flooding, as
accessibility of hospitals can become disrupted. (See Figure 28)

FIGURE 28 NAGA CITY HOSPITALS AND RHU’S, USGS DATA, 2015
HOUSING
Based on the 2010 Census, there were 35,210 housing units in the city, 37% higher than the 25,674
recorded in 2000. At an annual average increase of 3.7%, it means that house construction grew at a
faster clip than the city’s population growth. Of these 77% were single houses, 13% were multi-unit
residences (apartments, row houses, condominiums, townhouses), 9% duplex-type, and the
remaining 1% were institutional living quarters, other housing units, and commercial, industrial and
agricultural buildings being used for dwelling (Figure 29). Compared to the previous survey, there was
a marked shift towards multi-unit and duplex-type residences (which increased by 3 percentage
points each) from single houses over the last 10 years. The same survey showed that 88% of the
housing units had outer walls and 87% had roofing made of strong materials – a 5 and 9 percentage-
point improvement over the previous period, respectively. Moreover, 80% of the housing units do not
need repair, or if at all only needs minor repairs (8 percentage points better). More than 4 of every 5
units (86%) were built within the last 30 years (up by 7 percentage points over the previous survey),
with a third (35%) built only in the last 10 years, again indicating a robust pace of house construction
in the city. (See Table 3.9.) The PSA survey results tally with findings of the 2015 CBMS survey
conducted by the city government, which shows that a total of 2,030 out of 32,509 households (6.2%)
were reported to be living in makeshift houses. This is lower compared to the 8.4% recorded in 2011.
In addition, only 830 households out of the same total (2.6%) were considered informal settlers. The
PSA survey places those staying rent-free without consent of owner at 9%. Most of the new housing
stock in the city were built in the 52 subdivisions covering a combined area of 320.39 hectares that
were issued development permits by the City Government since 2000 and completed over the last 14
years (see Table 7).
On the other hand, according to the Naga City Disaster Mitigation Plan, areas that are considered
danger zones for housing are those located along the Naga and Bicol Rivers and those areas that are
perennially flooded during heavy rains and typhoons. Severely flooded areas, which cover
approximately 60 hectares, can be found in low-lying parts of barangays Abella, Calauag,
Dayangdang, Igualdad Interior, Peñafrancia, Sabang, San Francisco, Sta. Cruz, Triangulo and Tinago.
Records of the Housing and Settlements Development Office (HSDO) also indicate that about 55%
of urban poor families covered by its Kaantabay sa Kauswagan (KSK) Program are in these flood-

prone barangays. To address the needs of Naga's urban poor, the city government has been
implementing the Naga Kaantabay sa Kauswagan (KSK) program which focuses on helping urban
poor communities obtain security of tenure either by helping them acquire their home lots on-site or
providing new ones in off-site government-owned relocation sites. Twenty-six years after its
launching in 1989, KSK program beneficiaries have reached 9,191 in 2015 (representing 23% of the
40,535 estimated household population), more than twice the 4,000 households originally targeted
for coverage.
FIGURE 29 HOUSING UNITS BY TYPE IN NAGA CITY
PROTECTIVE SERVICES
The Naga City Police Office (NCPO) handles the daily peace and order situation of the city, with its
manpower complement of 359in 2013 increasing by 65% compared to four years back. Protective
services in Naga is further enhanced by the presence of 50 police aides and 26 volunteers hired by the
city government through the Public Safety Office (PSO), as well as 24 private security agencies. In
keeping the peace, the local police force has finger-printing equipment, intra-station radiocom
systems, police vehicles, motorcycles and assorted PNP-issued firearms at its disposal. These are
complemented by Closed Circuit Television (CCTVs) equipment installed throughout the city which
are being monitored by the PSO. For effective response time in case of emergency, the NCPO has
established three community precincts in Plaza Quezon, Concepcion Pequeña, Peñafrancia Avenue
and Cararayan in addition to its headquarters along Barlin Street. Backing them up is the 185-strong
City Public Safety Company based in Elias Angeles Street, as well as police assistance centre s in
Tabuco and Carolina. On the other hand, fire protection services in Naga are provided mainly by the
local branch of the Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP) which falls under the operational control and
supervision of the BFP Regional Office. As of 2013, the local firefighting force is composed of 86
personnel, 20% smaller than the 108 it had four years back. The BFP unit is nonetheless
complemented by around 100 volunteers from the Progressive Mason Club (Chin Po Tong) Fire
Brigade and Naga White. Firefighting facilities and equipment being used by the local fire bureau
consist of six fire trucks, an ambulance and one rescue truck. These are complemented by Chin Po
Tong and Naga White’s respective fleet of firefighting, fire suppression, rescue and mechanical
extraction equipment. The Naga City District Jail (NCDJ) located in barangay Del Rosario houses all
inmates of MTC and RTC and detainees/prisoners of the third and fourth districts of the province. As
of 2016, there were 493, 87% more than the 263 inmates it housed in 2009. The NDCJ is one of the

facilities in the province being maintained by the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology (BJMP),
an agency under the Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG).
15.02.1960 06.05.1970 01.05.1980 01.05.1990 01.05.2000 01.05.2010 01.05.2015

55,506 79,846 90,712 115,329 137,810 174,931 196,003
TABLE 3 POPULATION OF NAGA CITY, 1960-2015
TABLE 4 PROJECTED POPULATION OF NAGA CITY,2015-50
TABLE 5 HOUSEHOLD POPULATION OF NAGA CITY BY AGE GROUP AND SEX, 2010

TABLE 6 POPULATION OF NAGA CITY BY BARANGAY, 2010

TABLE 7 OCCUPIED HOUSING UNITS BY CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS OF THE OUTER WALLS AND ROOF,
NAGA CITY. 2010
ECONOMY
This short chapter provides an overview on the wealth-creating segment of Naga’s society.
STRUCTURE
According to the 2000 ADB Cities Databook, Naga has a primarily trading and service-driven
economy. “The service sector employs the bulk of the city’s labour force, accounting for 71% of the
total. The secondary and infrastructure sector (manufacturing, utilities and construction at 14%) and
others (agriculture and government at 15%) account for the rest.” The service sector is further broken
down into wholesale and retail trade (32%), consumer services (15%), financial and real estate
services (9%), and social services (15%) (see Figure 30). With the entry of business process outsource
(BPO) companies and the country’s two leading mall operators, especially over the last 10 years, it
stands to reason that the share of the service sector has grown larger, especially at the expense of
agriculture and manufacturing. In fact, using local revenues derived from economic activities as proxy
indicator, the primary sector of the local economy (built around agriculture) accounted for 8% of the
total, the secondary sector (built around manufacturing, utilities and construction) accounts for 3%,
while the tertiary sector (built around services) accounts for 89% of the total in 2016.
FIGURE 30 STRUCTURE OF NAGA'S ECONOMY. BASED ON 2000 ADB CITIES DATA BOOK.
TRADE, COMMERCE AND SERVICES

As of December 2013, Naga City has a total of 7,468 business establishments (1,079 new, 6,389
renewals). This is 37% higher than the 5,459 firms registered in 2011 (1,046 new, 4,413 renewals)
which translates to a 12.2% annual growth of the business sector for the last 3 years. It is also 86%
higher than the 4,025 firms registered in 2000 (889 new, 3,136 renewals). By comparison, the sector
grew by only 4.8% between 2000 and 2010. The business registry of the Metro Naga Chamber of
Commerce and Industry (MNCCI) however shows that the local economy is more robust than what
official figures show. In 2015, the city had a total of 16,202 micro, small and medium enterprises
(MSMEs). Of the total, 8,806 (54%) were registered enterprises while 7,396 (46%) were unregistered
and belonged to the informal sector. This is six percentage points higher than the 40% recorded in
2007, indicating a thriving and growing underground economy. In terms of economic activity, retail
(46%) and services (20%) are the predominant type of businesses, affirming the ADB figure. Others

include real estate and leasing (9%); agribusiness (7%); financial intermediation (4%); transportation,
storage and communications (4%); health and social work (3%); hotels and restaurant (2%); fishing,
construction, manufacturing and education (1% each). (See Table 10).
In 2013, a total of 54 banks were operating in Naga – eight more than the 46 recorded in 2010 and 14
more than the number in 2000 –further reinforcing the city’s standing as the regional financial centre
of Bicol. Of these, 15 are commercial banks, 19 universal, 3 thrift, 13 savings, and four rural banks.
Joining them in the financial services subsector are 60 finance cooperatives, 23 pawnshops, five
remittance centre s and three micro-finance institutions.
AGRICULTURE
In terms of land use, Naga remains an agricultural city. Of the city’s total land area of 8,448 hectares,
4,550 (54%) were allocated to agriculture in 2000. But data from the City Agriculture Office (CAgO)
shows that in 2014, only 3,198 hectares (70% of the total) were being used for agricultural production.
Of these, 1,847 hectares are planted with rice, 1,139 hectares with corn, 15 with vegetables while 198
were used for livestock and poultry. (See Table 11).
Meanwhile, the 2012 Registry System for Basic Sectors in Agriculture (RSBSA) data for Naga showed
that 4,210 are working in the sector, broken down into 2,212farmers (53%), 1,899farm laborers (45%),
and 99 fishermen (2%). In terms of sex, 3,379 (80%) are male while 831 (20%) are female. (See Figure
31).
The total is 5% lower than the CAgO data for 2009. This means that overall, the sector provides
employment for around12% of the city’s household population, two percentage points lower than
three years back. On the other hand, Naga has a thriving livestock and poultry industry where
10commercial farms are the main players, an increase of 25% over the 2009 figure. In 2014, they
raised a total of 1,686 heads of livestock and 290,000 heads of poultry, with an estimated value of
P55 million.

TABLE 8 BUSINESS PERMITS GRANTED BY TYPE OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITY, NAGA CITY. 2016
TABLE 9 EXISTING MAJOR AGRICULTURAL CROPS BY AREA, NAGA CITY. 2016
FIGURE 31 AGRICULTURAL WORKERS BY TYPE AND SEX, NAGA CITY
MANUFACTURING
Naga has a relatively small industrial base. As pointed out above, the city’s manufacturing sub-sector
accounts for only 7.4% of the total economic activity, about five percentage points lower than the
12.5% in 2009 and the 14% in 2000. While a handful of specialized manufacturing activities such as

bottling (Pepsi and Coca Cola), chicken dressing and cooking oil processing exist, most other firms
are engaged in small to cottage-scale food processing, metalworks, furniture manufacturing, jeepney
bodybuilding, auto shops, warehousing and storage that fall under one of 17 key industry
classifications in the city.
PROPERTY DEVELOPMENT
Another key driver of economic growth in the city is its vibrant construction and property
development subsector. Between 2010 and2014, building construction grew by an annual average of
14% in terms of volume (from 95 to 128), and by 8% in terms of project cost (from P 601.7 million to
P 775.9 million). A total of 22 new subdivision permits were also issued during the period, an average
of 4 to 5 new projects with a combined project cost of P283.2 million every year. Combined, the
subsector accounts for 71% of new investments infused into the local economy, down from 79%
during the preceding period.
TABLE 10 NEW INVESTMENTS, NAGA CITY. 2010-14
TOURISM
The local tourism industry in Naga continues to grow, especially with the disaggregation of data
being pushed by the Department of Tourism. For 2014, a total of 976,822 tourists visited the city, 13%
higher than the 859,743 recorded the year before. (See Table 10). The number also represents 50% of
the 1,861,010 tourists that visited Camarines Sur and 26% of the 3,724,073 tourists that went to Bicol
for the year. (See Figure 32)
FIGURE 32 COMPARATIVE TOURIST ARRIVALS, 2014
The city’s accommodation facilities continued to increase substantially over the last 15years, from
only 22 hotels, lodging and pension houses and resorts in 2000to 63 as of 2014, a 186% increase. It is
also higher by 85% compares to the 34recorded in 2010. In terms of combined room capacity, the
expansion is more pronounced, reaching 1,924 in 2014 –an increase of 249% over the 551 rooms in

2000 and of 65% over the1,169 in 2010. Notwithstanding the increased capacity, occupancy rates also
increased by 7.5 percentage points from 49.8% to 57.2% during the same period. (See Table 11). On
top of the 13 socio-cultural and 3 historical tourism assets, including the renowned devotion to the
Lady of Peñafrancia which celebrated its tercentenary in 2010 and continues to draw millions of
pilgrims to Naga every year, another emerging draw is the City Government’s governance
innovations that regularly attract both domestic and foreign visitors. In response, the JMR Centre was
put in charge of organizing seminars that will address their needs.
TABLE 11 TOURIST ARRIVALS, NAGA CITY. 2013-14
INFRASTRUCTURE
ROADS AND BRIDGES
As of December 2015, Naga’s road network has expanded to 195.7kms, 31.4more than the 164.3 kms
recorded in 2000– an increase of 19%. Of these roads, a total of 31.8 kms (16%) were built by the
national government. (See
Table 12). In terms of road type, 145.2kms (or 74% of the total) are concreted; 30.4kms (16%) are
asphalted; 14.1kms (7%) are gravel surfaced; while 6.0kms (3%) are still earth road. Over the last 15
years, the share of asphalt-overlain roads showed the biggest increase, from 10 to 16% of the total,
while concrete roads went down by 6 percentage points from 80 to 74%. The number however does
not include around 50 kms in private subdivision roads still to be turned over the city government.
When these are considered, Naga would have a total road network of around 246 kms as of 2015.
Within the city, there are 13 city bridges, each with a 10-ton capacity, and six national bridges. Most
of these bridges are found in the city centre which is trisected by the Bicol and Naga Rivers. Over the
last 15 years, three new bridges were added, two by the city and one by the national government.
Road gap. According to the DILG Local Road Management Manual as well as relevant HLURB
guidelines, the standard urban road to population ratio is 2.4 kms per 1,000 urban population. On the
other hand, the standard rural road to rural land area ratio is 1.5 kms per 100 hectares of rural area.
Applied to Naga at its 2015 population of 196,003, the city road network would be a maximum of 470
kms if all its 27 barangays were considered urban, and a minimum of 126.6 kms if all its 8,440-hectare
land area were rural. As pointed out in the 2001 Comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLUP), the city has
long exceeded the rural standard decades back. But factoring in its population by 2030, which is
projected to grow between 2.3 to 2.91% annually based on the last three censuses, the situation

becomes more daunting. Going by the DILG and HLURB standard for urban areas, Naga will have to
double and even triple its current road network to attain the ideal of 662-723 kms. Thus, the city needs
to bridge a road gap that stands between 220 kms for 2015 and as much as 477 by 2030.
TABLE 12 INVENTORY OF ROADS, NAGACITY.2015
LAND TRANSPORT
In 2013, Naga’s public transportation system is mainly provided by around 8,587 units, an increase of
71% over the 2010 figure of 5,007. (See Figure 33).
FIGURE 33 PUBLIC TRANSPORT IN NAGA CITY, CPDD
It is broken down into the following:
› 1,304 aircon and non-airconditioned buses that ply inter-provincial routes within Bicol, as well
as trips between Naga and Metro Manila, which account for 15%
› 693 Filcab and UV Express vans cover intra- and inter-provincial routes, mainly to Camarines
Norte, Sorsogon and Albay, which account for 8%
› 2,467 public utility jeepneys (PUJs) cover routes to other towns in Camarines Sur and intracity
routes, which account for 29%
› 554 trucks for hire connecting Naga City to any point in the Philippines, mainly Luzon island,
which account for 6%
› 27 school and 30 tourist transport service vehicles that account for 1%
› 85 taxi units representing another 1%

› 1,500 tri-mobiles serving mainly intra-city routes, whose number is fixed by a city ordinance,
representing 17%, and
› 2 units of calesa and 1,925 units of pedicabs17, which account for 22% of the total. As of 2015,
the total number of registered vehicles in Naga reached 35,044 units, 4% higher than the
33,761 registered in 2010. Of these, 30,856 (88%) are private, 3,729 (11%) are public utility,
and 459 (1%) are government-owned vehicles.
In 2010, the ratio is 93% private, 6% public, and 1% government. In terms of vehicle type, motorcycles
continue to dominate city roads, accounting for 52-59% or almost 3 of every 5 registered in the city.
Utility vehicles, which are mostly jeepneys, comprise the next biggest group at 21-25%, followed by
cars and SUVs at 9-11%, trucks and buses at 4-5%, and tri-mobiles at 6-11%. (See Table 13).
TABLE 13 REGISTERED MOTOR VEHICLE BY KIND/TYPE, NAGA CITY. 2010-15
AIR TRANSPORT
By plane, Naga is about 45-55 minutes away from Metro Manila via Naga Airport which is in the
capital town of Pili, Camarines Sur some12 kilometres from the city proper. PAL Express and Cebu
Pacific field regular morning and afternoon flights to and from the national capital. Every week,
around 35 flights serve the Naga-Manila route which allows greater flexibility to connect with other
national and international destinations. Legazpi Airport, which is about two hours away from Naga,
can also be utilized in going to Manila or Cebu.
RAIL AND WATER TRANSPORT

Operations of the Manila-Bicol run of the Philippine National Railways (PNR) have been on and off.
Efforts to resume operations between Manila and Naga were constrained by accidents, destruction
of key segments in the railroad system during strong typhoons, and pilferage of railroad track
materials. The DOTC has conducted an audit to determine the safety and reliability of the system
before resuming operations. As a result, the Bicol commuter service was launched in 2009, between
Tagkawayan, Sipocot, Naga and Legazpi. But after further service reductions, only the service
between Naga and Sipocot was operational by 2013. In October 2015, service resumed between Naga
and Legazpi, but the devastation of Typhoon ‘Nina’ again cut it short. The advent and popularity of
land transport has eliminated water transport services between Naga and its neighbouring towns,
reaching as far as Libmanan. The establishment of wharves along Naga River is also being pursued
17Popularly known as “padyaks,” which are supposed to cover only barangay and subdivision roads but have
contributed to congestion of a few city and national roads where their services could not be dispensed with.

by the city government to jumpstart water transport services within the urban centre in the context
of its Integrated Naga River Revitalization Project.
COMMUNICATION
Globe telecom and PLDT Inc. are the two major telecommunication companies that provide basic
and advanced fixed-line telecommunication services in the city. In 2011, their combined subscriber
base of almost 11,500 subscribers has pushed the city's fixed line telephone density to one for every
three households. The entry of the wireless telecommunication companies, now reduced to a
duopoly between Smart Communications and Globe telecom, has accelerated growth of the local
telecommunication industry. The 2007 Ateneo SSRC research shows that Nagueños18 have greater
access to cellular service than landline, with every household owning two to three mobile phones on
the average, some even have dual-sim cell phone units. Internet access has also been increasing,
powered by more accessible and affordable broadband services being offered by PLDT-Smart and
Globe-Bayantel, as well as bundled offerings by local cable TV operators Skycable and Caceres Cable.
Recently, new players like Cignal and Dream have joined the fray by offering direct-to-home satellite
TV services. Cybercafes offering cheap internet services and games have also been mushrooming in
the city, further enhancing greater access by residents and visitors alike. Some service and
commercial establishments, particularly hotels and restaurants, offer free wi-fi internet service to
customers as a value-added amenity. The 2010 Census reflects this, showing that around 34% of the
city’s household population have internet access, with 17% accessing it from their home and the other
17% accessing it elsewhere. These are expected to have grown as the city government, in partnership
with PLDT, has offered free wi-fi services in the three plazas at the downtown area as well as the Bicol
Central Station. The broadcast media in Naga has continued to grow over the decade. These are
being provided by around 20 AM and FM radio stations, and five local television stations, ABS-CBN,
GMA, PBN, UNTV and GNN. Also, two local cable TV companies provide up-to-date news, relevant
information and entertainment to Nagueños. National dailies and local weekly newspapers are also
available in the city. Postal services are being provided by the Philippine Postal Corporation (PhilPost)
with 24 staff and personnel for 2013. It also operates a mailing station located at the SM City and
UNC Compound. Complementing it are seven messenger companies (JRS Express, LBC Air Cargo,
DHL, Daily Overland Express, FedEx, OCS and 2Go). However, the advent of internet-based
technologies and social networking sites have affected these traditional communication services.
WATERWORKS
The waterworks system run by the Metro Naga Water District (MNWD) supplies the requirements of
Naga and the four neighbouring towns of Canaman, Camaligan, Gainza and Magarao. Its main water
source comes from three springs located in Pili, Camarines Sur –the Anayan, Kalinisan and
Rumangrap springs– and 18 operational deep well pumping stations located in strategic sites within
its service area. Complementing the MNWD is the city government’s Water Services Division that
installs Levels I and II water systems in key areas of the city, as well as the barangay operated
Panicuason Water Services Association (PAWASA).
18 Naga Citizens

FIGURE 34 PERSPECTIVE OF THE MNWD SEPTAGE FACILITY IN BARANGAY CAROLINA.
As of 2013, the MNWD water system comprises a total of 40,248 active connections, which is
continuously growing at the rate of 157 average new connections per month. It is 23% higher than the
2010 level of 32,769, or an average annual growth of 8%. This is more than three times faster than the
city’s population growth over the same period. Average water consumption of domestic,
commercial, industrial and government users reached 15.4 million cubic meters.
Initially introduced in 2015, the Septage Facility Treatment aims to integrate water quality
management pursuant to the provisions of the Clean Water Act for economic growth in a manner
consistent with the protection, preservation, and revival of fresh, brackish, and marine waters.
Located at Sitio Caromatig, Barangay Carolina, the STF stands in a 6.2-hectare land area downstream
of the Mt. Isarog Natural Park. Current construction of facilities includes the related structures such
as administrative office, Motor pool, and Access Road with the Septage Treatment Plant itself
targeted for completion.
Another key project is the Bicol River Surface Water Treatment Facility that will be situated at Sitio
Pagdaicon, Barangay Mabulo and expected to double the water production capacity. The project will
require the construction of diversion dam, preliminary treatment facilities, water treatment plant,
related structures and appurtenances such as administrative building, supply office to divert or
capture the percentage of the water discharge allowed by the National Water Resources Board
(NWRB) coming from the Bicol River. Reservoirs will be constructed at strategic locations to store
excess water supply coming from the surface water treatment, and transmission lines will be installed
to deliver the additional water supply to consumers.
The facility will ensure that withdrawn water from the Bicol River is purified and undergoes several
filtration, purification, and disinfection procedures before injecting it to the water transmission and
distribution lines19.
POWER
Electric power services in the city is being provided by the Camarines Sur II Electric Cooperative
(CASURECO II), one of the four electric cooperatives engaged in power retail in the province, and the
19Metropolitan Water Naga District (MWND), https://www.mnwd.gov.ph/mnwd-accelerates-flagship-projects-for-

2019/

second biggest in the Bicol region in terms of market size. Power is sourced mainly from newly
privatized generating plants connected to the Luzon Grid being operated by the National Grid
Corporation of the Philippines (NGCP). Data from the National Electrification Administration (NEA)
show that as of December 31, 2016, CASURECO II has achieved 100% energization of all barangays
(259), 83% of all sitios (341 of 409), and 97% of all potential households (117,538 of 120,900) within its
coverage area. In Naga, which accounts for around 65% of its market, it has energized all 27 city
barangays.
ENVIRONMENT
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
In 2016, the city generated 108,019 cu. meters of solid waste. Out of this, 35,641 cu. meters were
diverted, representing a 33% waste diversion effort. Of the waste diverted, 62% takes place at the
community level, with the remaining 38% processed at the Materials Recovery Facility (MRF) of the
Balatas controlled dumpsite. As a result, the facility accepted only 72,378 cu. meters for the year. The
profile of solid waste in the city also shows that food waste account for 30% of the total volume,
followed by plastics at 18%, wood and yard waste at 15%, paper-based materials at 14%; glass,
bottles and metals at 10%; textile at 5%; and miscellaneous waste at 9%. Solid waste is collected via
the city’s government’s fleet of 15 garbage trucks which make 3 to 4 trips daily to cover ten routes
daily. They are supported by 10 fixed barangay MRFs, with 12 more on the pipeline as well as five
mobile MRFs to serve urban barangays with space constraints.
Collected wastes are then delivered, processed and deposited at the 3.6-hectare Balatas dumpsite,
which is programmed for partial closure within 2016. Expected to take the place of the 55-year old
Balatas facility is a 10-hectare sanitary landfill (SLF) in Barangay San Isidro that will double as a waste-
to-energy (WTE) facility. It was opened in 2018 as the Balatas dumpsite has reached its full capacity.
(See Figure 35).
FIGURE 35 LOCATION AND LAYOUT OF THE SAN ISIDRO SLF-CUM-WTE
AIR QUALITY
As a pilot Airshed Area in the Bicol Region, weekly air quality monitoring through Hi volume Sampling
were made at Concepcion Pequeña, Magsaysay, and Panganiban crossing beside PNP Substation-1
to measure particulates that go with the air. Since measurements were first taken in 2000, the city’s
air quality reading has been shifting between Fair and Good rating. In 2014, air quality reading
improved by 40% compared to the last two years, from 120 to 72microgram per cubic meter (μg/m³),
equivalent to a Good mark. This mirrored a similar improvement in 2008 and 2011 which saw the city’s

air quality rating bounce back from a two-year decline from Good to Fair. (See Figure 36 andFigure
37).
FIGURE 36 AIR QUALITY MONITORING IN NAGA CITY, 2000-14
FIGURE 37 DISSOLVED OXYGEN LEVELS, NAGA RIVER, 2014-15
WATER QUALITY.
At present, the current environmental situation of the Naga River remains challenging. Along the
urban centre, it is classified as Class C, based on intended Water Use Stream Classification Scheme
of the Philippine government. The river’s identification as Water Quality Management Area (WQMA)
by the DENR is a good step to address this challenge. According to the 2014-15 water analysis, only
half of the 22 sampling stations met the minimum of 5 for dissolved oxygen. Nonetheless, 18 of the
22 met the 10 mg/L threshold for Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD). More worrisome is that all
stations registered very high levels of coliform bacteria, way above the 5000 most probable number
(MPN)/100 mL threshold (See Figure 36). This qualifies its waters for irrigation of agricultural crops,
the propagation and growth of fish and other aquatic resources; boating for recreation; and industrial
water supply for manufacturing processes after treatment.
GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION

Total emissions of Naga City, including the land use change and forestry (LUCF) sector, amounted to
246,640.13 tons. The Energy and Transportation sectors contributed almost the same amount in the
total emissions at 36% (equivalent to 89,760 tons) and 35%, (86,776 tons) respectively; combined,
they account for 71% of the total GHG emissions. Coming at third was the Waste sector with an

emission of 46,288 tons of CO2 (19%) of the total, and Agriculture sector, which contributed 21,633
tons (9%). Finally, with a comparatively small area allotted to crop production and few livestock, the
LUCF sector contributed only 2,183 tons (1%) of the total. (See Figure 38).
Considering the amount of carbon absorbed by the LUCF sector of Naga City (9,502tons), which is
very small to offset carbon emissions, the city’s net carbon emission stood at 237,137tons. This
translates to a 1.4-ton per capita emission of CO2 equivalent, which is almost double than the World
Bank estimated standard value of 0.7.
FIGURE 38 GREENHOUSE GAS (GHG) EMISSIONS IN NAGA CITY
HERITAGE
The proposed ‘Ciudad de Naga Caceres’ Heritage District seeks to leverage the city’s status as one of
the oldest cities in the Philippines. As pointed out in the history of Naga, the Spaniards built Nueva
Cáceres to distinguish it from its namesake in Spain. It had a city government as prescribed by
Spanish law, with an ‘ayuntamiento and cabildo’ of its own. At the beginning of the 17th century,
there were only five other ‘ciudades’ in the Philippines.
HERITAGE DISTRICT
Building on an earlier city administration thrust to enhance awareness of local cultural heritage as a
means of boosting tourism, the Nueva Caceres Heritage Movement, Inc. (NCHMI) proposed to
establish the Ciudad de Nueva Caceres heritage district in the city centre through a resolution
adopted on February 18, 2016. The NCHMI, a tourism organization that seeks to promote general
heritage consciousness in the city, sought the help of Dr Danilo Gerona, a renowned Bicol historian
and NCHMI member, in drawing up the map of the proposed heritage district. (See Figure 39).

FIGURE 39 CITY LANDMARKS AND PROPOSED HERITAGE SITE OF NAGA CITY
The district largely encompasses the Central Business District I and is bounded by Ateneo Avenue to
the North, Igualdad (now J. Hernandez Avenue) to the west and Naga River to the East and South.
Spread across the district are 27 historical sites, 10 of which are still existing. These are Escuela
Normal (now Universidad de Sta. Isabel), Seminario (Holy Rosario Minor Seminary), Catedral (Naga
City Metropolitan Cathedral), Palacio (Archbishop’s Palace), Administracion del Correo (the
Philamlife property hosting the old Post Office building), Bishop Barlin Monument, Cuartel de la
Guardia Civil (Naga City Police headquarters), Plaza de San Francisco (Plaza Quince Martires), Iglesia
de San Francisco (San Francisco Church), Plaza Alfonso XIII (Plaza Rizal), Abella Building and Fuente
de Claveria (Tabuco Bridge). On the other hand, the 17 historical sites that no longer exist are the
Ruina de la Catedral, the old Episcopal Palace and the old Cemetery (which are located in what is now
the Naga City People’s Mall), Plaza del Fuente (Plaza Oragon), Casa de Clerigos (the original site of
the seminary is what is now the Benito Commercial building), Mercado (Aristocrat Hotel up to Regent
Hotel), Casa del Escribano (where the UCPB, BPI Family Savings Bank and former New England
Restaurant now stand), Tribunal (former Naga City Library building), Casa del Gobernador and Carcel
de la Provincia (LBRDC, BDO and PNB buildings), Casino Español (McDonald’s and Bigg’s Diner, in
front of Quince Martires), Hospital Medalla Milagrosa (Barlin Satellite Market), Escuela Comun
(Grageda Apartment), and Imprenta (current Philamlife Building). The NCHMI also seeks to install
street signs bearing current and Hispanic street names within the district, like Via Gainza (Peñafrancia
Avenue); Calle Magallanes and Calle de Fernando El Catolico (General Luna), Calle El Cano (Barlin),
Calle Real de Naga (Elias Angeles Street), and Calle de Beaterio (Santonja) – a proposal that drew
support from the National Historical Commission of the Philippines.
HOUSING
Naga City is facing a continuous growth in population, partly driven by the steady influx of informal
settlers, and partly by the overall increase in population. Even though the city has been initiating
programs and is continuously providing shelter by utilizing existing national housing programs, there
are still thousands of applicants for the housing schemes hoping to find new places to live.
The increasing demand for housing in Naga City has been recorded over the past two decades.
According to the local shelter plan, it is forecasted a total housing stock of 17,627 for the period
2018-2032. This is subdivided into three planning periods in which 5,876 apartments require

realization every five years. As of today, the city has provided relocation sites and has awarded more
than 9,654 plots of land to qualified beneficiaries. Several relocation projects have been carried out
in cooperation with a non-government organization20. Unsuspectedly, the city came to realize that
the development did not ease the need for housing, instead demand grew steadily.
Many beneficiaries of relocation communities came from different communities. Qualified applicants
were given land and the choice to build their homes. Cases occurred when some recipients, especially
from informal settlements, sold/rented their land and returned to their old home. Causes for the
influx of informal settlers and land migration are mostly poverty, the hope for better living conditions
and improvement of livelihood. In addition, with the constant growth of the city, the city is in need
for resettlements due to infrastructure projects such as road widenings or the closing of the main
cities waste landfill site that was providing livelihoods for many families living in the direct
surrounding areas.
While national housing programs offer financial support for the construction of small housing units
of 24 sqm, often for families sizing 4 -10 members, the provision of land remains in the responsibility
of the city. Aims to allocate suitable land is difficult with private landowners willing to sell their land
only when their plots are otherwise difficult to sell, such as areas that near to the existing landfill in
eastern part the of the city. Acquirable land is thus mostly located in areas lacking infrastructure and
necessary facilities.
Existing examples of housing for informal settlers show that government funding can only provide
for the very basic, which is usually not more than an empty room of 21-24 sqm in a raw constructed
building shell with rudimentary sanitary installation such as a small sink and a squatting toilet
connected via fresh and a waste water pipes. Such units usually cater for families of 4-10 members.
Aware of the need for steady development of housing, Naga City is considering providing for enough
land areas for social housing projects to satisfy the need for shelter. While currently no specific
number on the amounts of planned housing units and types exist, the cities aim is to reduce the
shortage of low-income housing significantly, if not entirely.
20Gawad Kalinga Community Development Foundation, Inc. (GK), a Philippine-based movement that aims to end
poverty and restore dignity of the poor. (http://www.gk1world.com)

FIGURE 40 EXAMPLE OF RECENT LOW-COST HOUSING DEVELOPMENT FOR BENEFICIARIES IN NAGA CITY
PLANNED HOUSING PROJECTS

The city government of Naga City plans to implement a housing project for impoverished families of
Naga City. In 2018, the approval of measures was announced that would allow the city government
to acquire land for the housing project. At the time, citing data from the City Housing Settlements
and Development Office (HSDO), about 6,000 families already submitted application for housing
needs in the city, not including those under special emergency cases such as those affected by
demolition and other government projects (Matining, 2018).
Prioritizing indigent families, the housing project is aimed at providing informal settlers, resident
families such as the ones affected by road widening and infrastructure projects being implemented
by the City Government, and applicants of so-called “double households”, where multiple family
generations live in overcrowded living conditions.
The project approved the acquisition of altogether four land properties to be used for the anticipated
housing projects. The considered land areas are situated at the upland of Naga City, in areas
unaffected by flooding.
With the current model, it is estimated to require about 50 hectares in total. Land will be acquired
partly by phase until all qualified indigent families are covered and given their respective house and
lot property (Gunay, 2018). Aside from housing units and the required infrastructure (roads, water,
electricity), the city government also considers the construction of facilities in the needed area, such
as health centres, educational and administrative institutions, as well as facilities that support the
settlements become self-sufficient. Considering an overall sustainable approach of the planning,
such should consider the development under continuous growth that is not only anticipating its
final state but allowing for adequate living conditions at any stage of the urban development.
While the need for housing programs and projects have been identified by the City Government and
its City Planning and Development Department (CPDD), their considerations still require being
translated into urban and architectural designs, showcasing practically applicable solutions and
holistic understanding. It is yet one elementary task of translating these proposals into plans and
providing the necessary information in terms on urban, architectural and, if necessary, detailed
and/or systemic levels, suitable to describe all project ambitions in a coherent manner.

Concerning the provision of housing solutions for low-income groups and informal settlers, a main
aspect for future development besides the provision of housing is the creation of job opportunities,
concepts for promoting self-initiative behaviour to generate and maintain livelihoods and ensure
steady social development and social equity. This includes the ability to have adequate access to
education and skill development, health institutions and city administration, as well as access to land
areas for self-sustaining agricultural purposes.
URBAN RESILIENCE
Given the unprecedented urbanization in Asia, which holds the promise of economic and social
development to lift hundreds of millions of people out of poverty, current patterns of urban
development are often unsustainable and unjust. With a significant portion of the population living
in the region living in inadequate, disaster-prone shelter, the construction and use of conventional
buildings in urban environments is detrimental to the environment.
In order to bring about change, housing must become more inclusive, sustainable and scalable. Thus,
one goal is to create sustainable livelihoods for the poor, and potentially introduce new sources of
income for organizations and committed individuals in community development, alongside the
introduction of affordable, eco-efficient and disaster-resistant building materials and concepts in
urban contexts.
With these considerations and within the context of Naga City, one concern of the planned
settlements, and their direct surroundings, must be the assurance of enough social and functional
mix in these areas. As many types of social housings are needed, planning issues such as preventing
segregation, or ensuring social inclusion are posing a challenge to the future development of the city.
Eventually, the large number of applicants for housings could easily challenge the consensus of
achieving a self-sufficient community in terms of housing, income generation, livelihood, as well as
education equity and health policy.
› SOCIAL MIX
A ‘social mix’ strategy is often seen as way to ensure a healthy and cohesive community. Social mix
is seen positively in its ability help maintain stable residential areas, increase equality of opportunity,
promote social harmony by reducing social tensions, and `raise the standards of the lower classes' by
nurturing a `spirit of emulation'. While it is difficult to suggest or convince higher or middle-income
housing to settle in such land areas, one long term ambition of the city must be to ensure progressive
development to create such mix by convincing communities to strive for improvement of living
conditions in a self-motivated manner over time. This may be achieved by anticipation and creation
of opportunities for the development of lower income communities and the promotion of self-
initiative behaviour.
The current practise of the city to hand over land ownerships and houses to beneficiaries in exchange
for 500 -1000 hours of construction or community work, or the provision of housings without interior
finishing, can be seen as an effort to promote self-contributing behaviour and to prevent penurious
communities to entirely rely on a welfare-state model of income redistribution. Possible drawbacks
of the current ambition, however, could be the limitation of housing types as result a of limited state
funding, possibly reducing opportunities to initiate independence and self-sufficiency. Another
concern is the lack of necessary knowledge, skill and mindset of indigent groups to evoke a
behavioural change of towards self-initiative and improvement.

› FUNCTIONAL MIX
Considering a peri-urban semi-rural context, a ‘functional mix’ enabling for needed facilities and
working opportunities are another important aspect of a creating meaningful urban design solutions.
Here, a promising method is likely to focus on the interconnections between functions rather than
functions in themselves. Considerations of ensuring a functional mix should include the ability to
reduce the need for travel to city-centre, thus generate a local intensity of a self-sufficient district,
and thus providing the capacity to create opportunities for inhabitants’ livelihoods. Further, to ensure
educational, as well as health care, and to enable food security and chances for self-provision.
The extend to whether and how land areas and constructions for creating such functional mix requires
the contribution from the city government, or whether alternative solutions for initiating such can be
realized, needs to be explored and suggested as part of the competition.
CLIMATE CHANGE, HAZARD AND DISASTER RISK RESILIENCE

Due to its geographical location and physical environment, the Philippines is vulnerable to typhoons,
floods and droughts. On average, the country faces about 20 typhoons annually. These events trigger
landslides, flash floods, mudslides, widespread flooding and together with the associated high winds,
causing destruction and damage to homes, community buildings, communications, infrastructure,
roads, bridges, agricultural crops and fishing farms.
In 2006 in a span of ten weeks from September 25 to December 1, the country was hit by three
extremely destructive typhoons. Typhoon ‘Reming’, which hit on November 30 was the most
destructive, severely affecting all the six provinces of the Bicol Region of which Naga City is part of.
It brought 466 mm of rainfall, causing severe floods and damaging large amounts of farmland.
Considering Disaster Risk Reduction Management (DRRM), Naga City and its province Camarine Sur
are particularly vulnerable to climate-related hazards, such as strong winds, heavy rainfalls, flooding,
and drought. Typically, citizen on lower end of the wealth scale are more affected as their living
conditions do not afford for resilience considerations in their everyday life. To ensure the safety of
citizens in this region, where extreme weather and climate change becomes increasingly
recognizable, future settlements must withstand such severe conditions and offer opportunities to
cope with its challenges.
› CLIMATE CHANGE RESILIENT PILOT HOUSE (CCRPH)
One local example for a local climate change, hazard and disaster risk resilient housing project is the
Climate Change Resilient Pilot House (CCRPH)21. The project is based on the collaboration between
the German Agency for International Cooperation (GIZ) and the Bicol College for Applied Science and
Technology (BISCAST) with the objective to design and built a low-cost and climate change resilient
pilot house22.
The pilot house, located in Naga City on the premises of BISCAST, represents an alternative to
conventional construction of affordable, social housing. With low-cost housing technology including
climate-adapted and energy efficient devices was applied in its construction. This is particularly
relevant in a country like the Philippines, where resilient and cost-efficient housing is in urgent need.
21 See https://biscast.edu.ph/2018/04/08/development-of-the-climate-change-resilient-pilot-house-ccrph/
22 See https://www.urbanet.info/urban-nexus/

The house was built with environmentally friendly construction technologies (prefabricated beams
and hollow blocks) and without wooden formwork. It can be built in a short span of time, hence
further reducing costs.
FIGURE 41 CLIMATE CHANGE RESILIENT PILOT HOUSE AT BISCAST, NAGA CITY
› BAMBOO BASED LOW-COST HOUSING PROJECTS
In the neighbour regions of Naga City, further research projects as well as actual housing
developments for low-cost utilizing bamboo as main building structure can be observed.
Near to the city of Albay, the German Hilti Foundation has supported a research project in 2012 for
the construction of bamboo-built prototype houses in a small village using by a cement filled bamboo
frame building system technique. The structure and its applied techniques are not only using
renewable, locally available construction materials in a cost-effective way, but are also considered
typhoon proof. However, the three prototypes are considered unattractive by the local villagers due
the buildings “primitive, shack-like” appearances.

FIGURE 42 BAMBOO CONSTRUCTION PROTOTYPE (HILTI FOUNDATION) NEAR ALBAY, MAY 2019
In Sorsogon region, a housing development of 50 duplex type housing units, using an improved
typhoon-resistant, cement filled bamboo frame construction technique by covering the structures
with plastered wire-mesh walls. The housing units have recently been completed and are in high
demand by indigent applicants. The development was realized with state funding and by the support
of Base Bahay 23 , a locally based organization aiming to introduce affordable, eco-efficient and
disaster-resilient building materials for housing concepts in urban and peri-urban contexts.
The employed construction technique is currently capable of realizing building structures up to two
floor levels.
FIGURE 43 TYPHOON PROOF BAMBOO HOUSES NEAR SORSOGON, MAY 2019
23 Base Bahay Inc., see https://www.base-builds.com/

RESILIENT DEVELOPMENT FOR NAGA

Over the last years, the city government of Naga has been working with several national and
international agencies to improve their cities sustainable development. Between 2013 and 2019,
Naga City was participating the “Urban Nexus Project” a regional project in South East Asia
implemented by the German Agency for International cooperation (GIZ) in collaboration with the
United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia-Pacific (UN ESCAP) as an outreach to the
Asian Pacific region, and the ICLEI Local Governments for Sustainability24 agency as implementation
partner. GIZ, ESCAP, and ICLEI along with the local and national governments have been promoting
an integrated approach to the critical sectors of water, energy and food/land.
In particular, the program focusses on water supply and sanitation systems, energy security and
efficiency, land use, spatial planning and food security. The Nexus approach aims at utilizing the
synergy of integrated resource management in order to improve the security of supply and efficiency
of urban resource use.
Consequently, Naga City is currently updating its 2011-20 Comprehensive Development Plan (CDP)
and the 2016-30 Comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLUP) of Naga city, based on integrated resource
management principles. It will integrate the nexus principles of cross-sectorial coordination; leverage
synergies across key sectors of water, land and energy; collaborate across administrative domains to
improve institutional functioning; and optimize resource management in its spatial planning25. This
will bring about a more liveable city where communities are resilient, natural resources are protected,
recycled and reused; and land use policies lessen vulnerability of people and property.
The city government has also started developing a 30 Year plan for the cities sustainable urban
development (SUDP). The proposed SUDP aims to define a growth plan to meet the city's current
and future needs focusing on issues such as housing, economy, transportation, education, health, as
well as food security. While in progress, however, there is currently no documentation for the
targeted goals of the 30 Years development plan.
RESOURCE EFFICIENCY WATER, ENERGY, FOOD

The urban nexus concentrates on the sectors of water, energy, waste, and food security, as these are
the sectors that will reach significant scarcity of up to 50% by 2030 at the latest if existing
consumption and production patterns remain predominant26. The Urban Nexus is adhering to the
principle of holistic or integrated urban planning with focus on water, energy, waste, and food
sectors. Its intention is to promote “circular economy” as a method, where water, food, waste, and
energy are used more efficiently and effectively to make optimal use of these scarce natural
resources.
Focusing on two aspects the nexus project is, for one, dealing with the practical aspect of resilience,
introducing innovative and environmentally friendly engineering solutions to improve the physical
infrastructure of cities. On the other hand, it also engages with the social aspect of resilience by
promoting people-centred development. Naga City engaged in collaborations for capacity building
24 ICLEI Local Governments for Sustainability, Southeast and South Asia: http://seas.iclei.org/home.html
25 UNESCAP, see …
26 International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) is estimating an increase of 55% in water, 80% in energy and 60%
in food demand by 2050: https://www.irena.org/

and training programs were studies, activities and projects 27 were focusing on solid waste and
wastewater management, as well as housing.
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS

The United Nation’s 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, adopted in 2015, calls on countries
to achieve its 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) over the next 14 years. In doing so, it
addresses the crucial significance to the inter-linkages and integrated nature of the SDGs. Of these,
the urban-dedicated goal aims to ‘make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and
sustainable.’ All 17 SDGs, as illustrated in Figure 44, are related to local governments and will require
direct involvement of local actors.
FIGURE 44 UNITED NATIONS AGENDA 2030, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS (SDG)
Synergies developed between nexus approaches and integrative solutions such as peri-urban
agriculture, rainwater harvesting, waste management and sustainable land use planning can not only
enhance water, energy and food security but also improve resilience and livelihoods of urban areas.
For example, urban and peri-urban farming is an efficient way to meet the city’s food system, reduce
city’s external water footprint as well as utilizing run-off water, and offer opportunities for resource
recovery, such as the urban wastes to energy target or the treated wastewater for irrigation target,
and climate change adaptation, such as the designating low lying urban areas and flood plains for
agriculture to reduce the impact of floods target.
REFERENCES
CPDO Naga City . (2011). Comprehensive Development Plan, 2011-20 . Naga City: City
Government of Naga.
CPDO Naga CIty. (2016). Ecological Profile of theCity of Naga . Naga City: City of Naga.
CPDO Naga City. (2017). Comprehensive Land Use Plan(CLUP) for the City of Naga 2016-30.
Naga City: City Government of Naga.
27 Reports can be downloaded under: https://www.unescap.org/urban-nexus/naga-philippines

Ahmed, E. K., Hesham, S., & Amira, M. (2016). The Problem of Applying Sustainability Ideas In
Urban Landscape In Developing Countries. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 34, 36 – 48.
Anwar, N. (2015). The Need for Affordable Housing. Technology Asian Outlook on Engineering
and Technology .
Erlbeck, R. (2018, December 18). Technology on climate-change resilient pilot housing transferred
to Bicol region, Philippines. Retrieved from Thai-German-Cooperation Info: https://www.thai-
german-cooperation.info/en_US/technology-on-climate-change-resilient-pilot-housing-
transferred-to-bicol-region-philippines/
Erlbeck, R., & Trosse, R. (2015). Report on Nexus activities in Naga City/Philippines on affordable
housing and waste water management concept. Bangkok: Integrated Resource Management in
Asian Cities: the Urban Nexus, German Organization for International Cooperation (GIZ).
Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development. (2019, August 12). Urban Nexus
Introduction. Retrieved from Water Energy Food Security Resource Platform: https://www.water-
energy-food.org/about/introduction/
Hilti Foundation. (2014). Technical Workshop on Holistic Responses to the Need for Resilient
Low-Cost Housing. Hilti Foundation.
Hilti Foundation. (2018). Base Builds - Constructing with Bamboo. Liechtenstein: Hilti Foundation.
Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board . (2008). Revised Implementing Rules and Regulations for
BP 220. Manila: Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board .
ICLEI Local Governments for Sustainability. (2016, 06 24). BISCAST unveils climate change
resilient pilot housing in Naga City . Retrieved from ICLEI : http://seas.iclei.org/logos/logos-
8/biscast-unveils-climate-change-resilient-pilot-housing-in-naga-city.html
Kathryn Hill, D. D. (2007). Urban Agriculture in Naga City . Naga City: School of Community and
Regional Planning.
Khalil, A., El-Aal, A. A., Quintero, N., Aayash, H., El-Wahad, M. A., Ibrahim, M., & Marei, K. (2016).
Improving Living Conditions in Informal Settlements The Case of El-Arab, Hurghada. Procedia
Environmental Sciences, 34, 13–24.
Matining, D. (2018, April 6). One Time, Big Time! Naga City to build housing project for indigent
families. Retrieved from Politiko - The bible of Philippine Politics:
http://bicol.politics.com.ph/tag/big-time/
Naga City Government. (2001). Naga City Disaster Mitigation Plan. Bangkok: Asian Disaster
Preparedness Centre .
The McKinsey Global Institute. (2014). A Blueprint for Addressing the Global Affordable Housing
Challenge. New York: McKinsey and Company 2014.
WWO. (2019, 9 9). Worldweatheronline / Naga-City. Retrieved from Worldweatheronline:
https://www.worldweatheronline.com/naga-city-weather/naga/ph.aspx
Xavier Ecoville Project of Xavier University. (2016). Xavier Ecoville Year 2. Cagayan de Oro: The
Xavier Ecoville Project.

7. COMPETITION BRIEF
ADAPTIVE URBANIZATION, REGENERATIVE LANDSCAPES
How can Naga City cope with climate change and its consequences proposing a liveable and
regenerative environment? Can cities and urban environments have a regenerative and restorative
impact on urban and natural systems?
In this edition, the DRIA wants to reflect on urbanism and architecture as a form of transformative
change. Teams are requested to investigate and reflect to provide innovative ideas to two
complementary approaches:
On the one side, regenerative and restorative design solutions and actions at the urban and
architectural scales that can have an impact on natural systems and, therefore, contribute to the
mitigation of the effects of climate change. “Regenerative approaches seek not only to reverse the
degeneration of the earth's natural systems, but also to design human systems that can co-evolve
with natural systems—evolve in a way that generates mutual benefits and greater overall expression
of life and resilience.” (Mang, P., Reed, B.)
On the other hand, urban and architecture actions and solutions that deal with the existing
vulnerabilities and anticipate, prevent, and adapt to the effects of the severe extreme weather
(flooding, droughts) that Naga is exposed to because of climate change. Proposed measures are
expected to allow adjusting to those extreme periods where common day-to-day activities become
interrupted. However, it is expected that teams go beyond defensive solutions and reflect about pro-
positive designs that aim to reinstate the urban and ecological systems.
Can we question this statement? Can cities and urban environments have a regenerative and
restorative impact on urban and natural systems?

FIGURE 45 OCBC CARES ENVIRONMENT FUNDS. SOURCE: STRAITS TIMES, 2019
The DRIA design competition challenges participants to imagine the future Naga and suggest global
visions and design proposals to create a climate positive (carbon negative) city.
The design competition requests for integrated and holistic proposals and systemic approaches that
tackle the effects of climate change in the urban area of Naga City. We seek for comprehensive,
visionary, speculative, provocative, innovative, and resilient design proposals, that improve the
present and imagine a better future for Naga.
Proposals are expected to be applicable, feasible and replicable, and should be accompanied by
quantitative evidence to demonstrate the benefits resulting from the designs.
The competition request teams:
› To define a position, statement, plan and a strategy for the future development of Naga
(2050) that meets the future city’s needs and objectives.
› To define and design the urban model, according to the team strategy and future vision for
Naga, including densities, intensities, mixed-use character, mobility, resources, etc.
› To identify and locate the sites within the city where to develop the urban projects that the
future model requires. Sites will have to allocate the forecasted total housing stock of 18,000
for the period 2018-2032. However, the program for the sites will not be limited to housing.
› To design the selected sites at the urban and architecture scales according to the proposed
urban model, incorporating all the needs that the future development of the city will require
such as services, facilities, schools, healthcare, transportation and mobility networks, water
management, energy, waste management, etc.
› To develop integrative and holistic approaches that make an effective use of resources, and
strengthen the city’s environmental, social, and economic resiliency.
Please note that teams are encouraged to reflect their comments, thoughts and vision
regarding four sites currently considered by the City of Naga (see Annex), these sites should
not be understood as the strategic sites that the competition is requesting.
DESIGN OBJECTIVES AND DESIGN CRITERIA

The DRIA design competition seeks for integrated design proposals for the city of Naga that consider
the objectives and criteria described in Chapter 1a and 1b.

8. SUBMISSION REQUIREMENTS
The competition submission requirements will be as follows:
Invited schools select and convey one student design proposals to the ‘2020 Designing Resilience
in Asia – International Design Competition’ held at the King Mongkut’s University of Technology
Thonburi’s School of Architecture and Design (KMUTT, SoA+D) by 15 June 2020. A second student
design proposal will be selected to take part in the exhibition following the same submission
requirements
PANELS
› Each team will be provided with a display area of 1800mm x 1800mm
› As such the drawing requirement is: 1 panel and file of 1800mm x 1800mm
File size to be submitted will be a maximum of two (2) portrait panels (files) 900mm width x
1800mm long
› The following are the requirements for the drawing panels:
- The title of the design proposal
- The name of school and country
- The names of the team members and their faculty supervisor
- The necessary graphic indicators i.e. scale bars and directional markers
WRITTEN REPORT
Each team (project) is required to submit a written report which is a compilation of all the research
material related to the process and the design proposal and comprising the vision and objectives of
the proposal. Each report is of A-4 size (210×297 mm), portrait orientation, with no limit in the
number of pages (double sided printing) and must include the following:
› The name of school and country

› The names of the team members and their faculty supervisor
› An abstract of three hundred (300) words, maximum
› A general description of the project of a minimum of five thousand (5,000) words, including
the explanation of the following aspects:
- The conceptual statement of the idea that guided the design
- A summary of site analysis, context, planning, urban and architectural design and
program - Overview of design strategies
- A statement on the adaptation, mitigation and reinstatement strategies developed
- A statement on the quantitative contributions of the proposal to reduce the effects of
climate change.
- A statement on the innovative technical features and methodologies employed in the
design
- A statement and explanation on how the proposal can be replicated in other cities or
parts of the city. Where, why and how can it be replicated.
› Images, illustrations, tables, schemes and key drawings and other graphic information may
be included in the report
› Compilation of all the research material, process and references
Please note captions and foot notes are not included in word count.
The report will be sent to jury members before the competition day and it will be the base for
them to understand the proposals.

VIDEO AND SCALE MODEL (HIGHLY RECOMMENDED)

› Although optional, scale models are highly recommended for the project’s presentation. If
team wishes to complement their drawings with a model, they are free to do so, however the
model should be the same design as shown in the drawing and not a variation of it. Jury will
disregard the model if it is vastly different from the drawing presentation. Transportation of
scale models will be at the expense of the participants. The model must be submitted at a
stipulated date indicated below.
› Although optional, videos explaining the proposals and their concepts are highly
recommended. If teams wish to complement their presentation with a video, they are fee to
do so, however they should show the same design as shown in the panels with no variation
of it. The Jury will disregard videos if the proposals explained are vastly different from the
ones in the panels. Videos constitute a very powerful tool to explain in a fast and attractive
way the proposals. They can be used as a summary of the proposal, to emphasize parts of it,
or to explain specific issues. Maximum time for videos is 3 minutes. Videos can incorporate
sound or music. Information about projector's output resolution and screen format will be
provided. Videos must be submitted at a stipulated date indicated below. Videos will be sent
to the jury members before the competition day and they will be part of the base for them to
understand the proposals.
PRESENTATION
› Each school’s entry will be accompanied by a PDF and/or PowerPoint presentation to be
presented by the school’s representatives during the competition judging. The content of
slides should support the design shown in the drawings and not depicting another design
variation. The Jury will disregard the slides if they show a vastly different proposal from the
panel presentation.
› Information about projector's output resolution and screen format will be provided in a later
stage and teams will have to follow them.
› Each team will have 12 minutes to present (including video)

9. DIGITAL SUBMISSIONS
› Each team (project) must submit the digital data to facilitate the publication of the
competition entries.
› Submissions will be done through the DRIA competition website or alternative on-line
submission systems, and in hard copy format. The final submission system will be
communicated in a later stage.
› The maximum file size for the website submission will be 15MB (report) and 100MB for each
of the two pdf panels submitted through the competition website or other on-line submission
systems by 1 June 2020, 6 pm (Bangkok time). The final submission system will be
communicated in a later stage.
› Hard copy submissions, e.g. via USB/CD/DVD – will be sent by international courier at the
expense of the participants. Please note, only material arriving before the submission
deadline will be accepted. Hard copies must be sent to:
›
DRIA 2020-Designing Resilience in Asia

School of Architecture and Design
King Mongkut’s University of Technology
49 Soi Thian Thale 25, Bang Khun Thian Chai Thale Road,
Tha Kham Bang Khun Thian,
Bangkok 10150, THAILAND
› The specification of the digital data is provided below. The digital data should include the
following files organized into separate folders and sub-folders:
- Report for competition (only pdf) Report source files, images and fonts
- Panels for competition (only pdf's) Panels source files, images and fonts
- Video
- Presentation
REPORT
› A4 Report portrait oriented in PDF (maximum file size 15MB) format along with report
source files (InDesign, MS Word, etc.). Check submission requirements for contents
› Images included in the report are to be included separately as well for ease of retrieval.
› All images should have captions and sources.
› File Naming Format (Report): *<Name of School - Design Scheme A or B - Report> * *e.g.
NUS - A - Report* Panels
› Drawings are to be in PDF format. Only two (2) files containing the panels of 1800mm long
x900mm width, portrait format (forming one panel of 1800mmx1800mm), 300dpi and
CMYK colour mode will be submitted.
› The PDF copy should be accompanied by source files in minimum 300dpi and CMYK colour
mode.
› All drawings and imagery will be submitted with original source files, e.g. Adobe Photoshop
(.PSD), Adobe Illustrator (.AI), and/or Adobe InDesign (.ID).
› Flattened and lossy formats such as JPEG and GIF will not be accepted.

› Do not 'flatten', 'compress' or save the file in such a manner that the various illustrations
cannot be separated from each other.
› Please practice good layer organization by using the 'layers' feature to organize elements
(e.g. text and illustration) in your panel.
› Maximum file size 100 MB for each of the two (2) pdf files (panels)
› File Naming Format (Drawings): *<Name of School - Design Scheme A or B - Drawings -
Number of max. number>* *e.g. NUS - A - Drawings - 1 of 6*
› Images used in the panel layout need to be submitted as well.
› Images can be in a bitmap (raster) or vector format but must be in CMYK color mode
› Bitmap images should be at least 300dpi.
› All vector-based imagery will be in Adobe Illustrator (.AI), .EPS, or .SVG file formats.
› If fonts other than default PC/Mac fonts have been used, kindly attach them as well.
› If CAD programs have been used to create the images, kindly attached the raster or vector
output from the respective program as deemed fit.
VIDEO
› Video files should be submitted as .avi, mpeg, mp4 or .mov files and they must have high
quality resolution.
› Maximum file size 300 MB per video
PRESENTATION
› Presentations must be submitted in pdf or ppt format. Please take note that ppt fonts,
layouts, animations, etc. might change if the version of PowerPoint or the type of computer
(mac, pc) where they have been created differ from the computer where the presentation
will be presented.
› Any links or videos inserted in the presentation should be provided in the same folder.
› Maximum file size 100 MB

10. SUBMISSION DEADLINES

Panels (PDF’s) 15 June 2020 (website) (6 pm Bangkok Time)
Report (PDF) 15 June 2020 (website) (6 pm Bangkok Time)
Presentation 26 June 2020 (website) (6 pm Bangkok Time)
Source Files, Images and Fonts 26 June 2020 (website) (6 pm Bangkok Time)
Videos 26 June 2020 (website) (6 pm Bangkok Time)
USB/CD/DVD Submissions 21 July 2020 in Bangkok
Models (Optional) 21 July 2020 in Bangkok
The digital copies of the panels, report, video, presentation and source images and fonts will be
submitted through the DRIA website or other on-line systems. This will be communicated to the
teams in a later stage Panel and report printing will be done by SoA+D, KMUTT. Any changes to the
website submitted panels will not be printed. Universities will bear the costs of CDs, pen drives, and
shipments.

11. INFORMATION FOR VISITING NAGA CITY

The Local partners of the 2020 DRIA competition are the City Planning and Development Office
(CPDO) of Naga City and the Bicol State College of Applied Science and Technology (BSICAST). For
inquiries, please contact the following persons:
› Mr. Williy Prilles (CPDO) / cpdo@naga.gov

› Asst. Prof. Jenifer Vibar (BSICAST) / jenvibar.biscast@gmail.com
To support research and information finding in Naga City, BISCAST and CPDO is organizing three 5-
day visiting programs, combining site visits and meetings with local institutions and organizations.
Competition teams, that are interested in participating the scheduled events should contact the local
partners, BISCAST and CPDO upfront to inform their participation. Accommodations,
Transportation and are to be planned and financed independently by each participating university.
Accordingly, the three scheduled site visits for the DRIA Competition participants, comprising a
proposed 5-day activities are listed as follows:
Schedule 1 February 18-22, 2020

Schedule 2 March 3-7, 2020
Schedule 3 March 24-28, 2020
PROPOSED ACTIVITIES FOR SITE VISIT
Time Activity Venue Facilitator/Speaker

Day 0
Varies Arrival & Check-in Respective
accommodation
Day 1 ORIENTATION AND LECTURES

9:00AM- Orientation on the 3-day LRH Mini Theatre, BISCAST & CPDO-
11:00AM activity BISCAST NAGA
Team
Presentation:
1. Naga City Profile CPDO-Mr. Willy
2. Naga City 30-year Prilles
SUDP BISCAST-Ar. J. Vibar
3. Typhoons & Natural CPDO-Mr. Willy
Calamities: Naga City Prilles/
Experience and City DRRMC
Response HSDO-Engr.
4. Resettlement/Housing Campillos
Projects NHA-
5. Open forum
1:00PM-4:00PM 1. CCRPH Walkthrough BISCAST

2. Base Bahay Lecture Base Bahay
Day 2 SITE VISITS

9:00AM- Site Visit of Purchased Land Brgy. Concepcion BISCAST & CPDO-
11:00AM Areas (Site 1) Pequena NAGA Team

1:00PM-4:00PM Visit to Informal Settlement Visit to Informal BISCAST & CPDO-

Communities Brgy Sabang, Naga NAGA Team
City
Brgy. Tiangulo,
Naga City
Settlement
Communities
Homes along PNR
railroad (using
“skates” for
transportation with
consent from the
participants)
Day 3 SITE VISITS

9:00AM- Site Visit of Purchased Land Brgy. Pacol BISCAST & CPDO-
11:00AM Areas (Site 2&3) NAGA
1:00PM-4:00PM Visit to Resettlement/ Housing Gawad Kalinga BISCAST & CPDO-
Projects Villages in Brgy. NAGA Team
Balatas, Del Rosario,
Cararayan, and
Pacol
Urban Poor, Naga
City,
Along Naga River
(Boat ride from
Naga City People’s
Mall to Magsaysay
wharf)
Day 4 SITE VISITS
9:00AM- Site 4 Brgy. Cararayan BISCAST & CPDO-
11:00AM NAGA
1:00PM-4:00PM Naga City at a Glance: Brief BISCAST, CPDO-
City tour NAGA & Naga City
Tourism Office
4:00PM-6:00PM Courtesy call to the City Mayor Naga City Hall LGU Naga
Lunch and farewell
Day 5 Free day or participants can request special assistance for the following:
 Need to revisit any of the sites.
 Revisit any particular place within the city.

ANNEX
The following sites have been purchased by the City of Naga for the purpose of using these land areas
for the anticipated housing project for impoverished families of Naga City. They are situated in the
Barangays Concepcion Pequena, Cararayan, and Pacol. Error! Reference source not found.
The following figure Error! Reference source not found.shows the location in reference to the
Barangay boundaries of Naga City.
FIGURE 46 ALLOCATION OF PURCHASED SITES WITHIN CITY BOUNDARIES
Between 14-20 hectares in size, one land area is within 3 km distance to the city centre and three of
the designated land areas are located within 8-10 km distance to the city business districts. All land
areas are mostly greenfield type land areas are characterized as uncultivated land patches. Rather
isolated, they are not directly allocated along main roads. Besides small sub-roads of 6-8m width, of
which not all have yet concrete paving, they do not yet provide any further infrastructure installations
needed for Housing or Settlements.
The individual sites are described as follows:
SITE A
Location: Concepcion Pequena
Area: 14.34 ha
Land Use: Agricultural
Access: The site can be accessed via PNR railroad tracks along Almeda Highway through
Roxas Avenue, or via makeshift “skates” along the railroad.

FIGURE 47 SITE A, CONCEPCION PEQUENA
FIGURE 48 CONCEPCION PEQUENA, PICTURES OF PNR RAILROAD FROM ALMEDA HIGHWAY LEADING TO
ROXAS AVENUE
Impression:
› Near City Centre (3 km)

› Proximity to residential Subdivisions, Upper middle class (St. Jude Subdivision)
› Near Roxas Avenue (Diversion Road) with several services located, such as
- Commercial / Retail
- Hospitals
- Schools (primary and tertiary level, both private and public
› No existing public transport available along Almeda Highway
› Required for road access

SITE B
Location: Cararayan
Area: 11.66 ha
Land Use: Agricultural
Access: via Cararayan - San Isidro Road
Transport: Public Utility vehicles such as Jeepneys and Tricylces
FIGURE 49 SITE B, CARARAYAN
FIGURE 50 B, CARARAYAN, ACCESS ROAD AND SITE
Impression:
› Agricultural, residential subdivisions, Ateneo de Naga University High school, and Naga
sports complex are near the site (see map).
› This site is also adjacent to an existing resettlement area.

SITE C & D
Location: Pacol
Area: 14.06 ha & 13.60 ha
Access: San Felippe, Pacol Road, Carayan, San Isidro Road
Transport: Public Utility vehicles such as Jeepneys and Tricycles.
FIGURE 51 SITE C & B, PACOL
FIGURE 52 SITE C & B, PACOL, ACCESS ROAD AND SITE
Impression:
› Two land areas are nearby, thus allowing for synergies when development together, such as
accommodation of greater numbers of housing units.
› Adjacency to residential subdivisions, such as ‘Haciendas de Naga’ and ‘Avida’, which a
considered upper and lower middle-class communities.
› Near Naga city sports complex and (private) school
› Distance to City centre 8 – 10 km.
› General Distances to basic services such as retail, commercial, schools, hospitals, etc.

DRIA Competition Brief

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

DRIA Competition Brief

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Designing Resilience in Asia | International Design Competition | 2020

Designing Resilience in Asia (DRIA) 2020 |2

Designing Resilience in Asia (DRIA) 2020 |3

Designing Resilience in Asia (DRIA) 2020 |4

The 2020 Designing Resilience in Asia invites its participants to:

Designing Resilience in Asia (DRIA) 2020 |5

1. UNDERSTANDING OF THE CHALLENGE

3. MULTIPLE SCALE APPROACHES

Designing Resilience in Asia (DRIA) 2020 |6

› CITY SCALE PROPOSALS

› SITE SCALE PROPOSALS

› ARCHITECTURE SCALE PROPOSALS

Designing Resilience in Asia (DRIA) 2020 |7

4. MEASURES AND PROPOSALS TO ADAPT, MITIGATE AND REINSTATE

5. REPLICABILITY AND SCALABILITY

6. MEASURING AND QUANTIFYING IMPACT

7. IMPLEMENTATION AND TECHNOLOGY

The Jury will judge the submissions along these considerations.

2. TEAM PARTICIPATION AND SUPPORT

Designing Resilience in Asia (DRIA) 2020 |8

Best Resilient Building Technology Design THB 90,000 and trophy

Bangkok Workshop Award THB 10,000 and trophy

Best Workshop Design Proposal

Designing Resilience in Asia (DRIA) 2020 |9

NAGA CITY, CAMARINES SUR, PHILIPPINES

SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD.

1 see Wikipedia: Naga City

Designing Resilience in Asia (DRIA) 2020 | 10

AMERICAN COLONIAL PERIOD, WORLD WAR II AND JAPANESE OCCUPATION

TEMPERATURE, RAINFALL AND HUMIDITY

6 World Weather Online (http://worldweatheronline.com)

Designing Resilience in Asia (DRIA) 2020 | 11

Designing Resilience in Asia (DRIA) 2020 | 12

FIGURE 2 MONTHLY OUTDOOR TEMPERATURES IN NAGA CITY, JULY 2018-JULY 2019

FIGURE 3 MONTHLY RAIN FALL, JULY 2018-JULY 2019

Designing Resilience in Asia (DRIA) 2020 | 13

Designing Resilience in Asia (DRIA) 2020 | 14

GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION AND TOPOGRAPHY

Designing Resilience in Asia (DRIA) 2020 | 15

FIGURE 7 TOPOGRAPHY MAP OF NAGA CITY, USGS DATA, 2015

NAGA CITY WATERSHED

Designing Resilience in Asia (DRIA) 2020 | 16

FIGURE 8 NAGA CITY AND BICOL WATERSHED, USGS DATA, 2015

Designing Resilience in Asia (DRIA) 2020 | 17

Designing Resilience in Asia (DRIA) 2020 | 18

FIGURE 10 SOIL MAP OF NAGA CITY, USGS DATA, 2015

LAND USE ACCOUNT

The land use changes were accounted as follows:

9 Source: Antonio M. Claparols, October 17, 2004 Source: www.philstar.com/business/agriculture

Designing Resilience in Asia (DRIA) 2020 | 19

› The total area of annual crop in 2003 decreased by 58.35% in 2010.

SUMMARY OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCE ACCOUNTS

Designing Resilience in Asia (DRIA) 2020 | 20

TABLE 1 SUMMARY OF PHYSICAL AND ECONOMIC ACCOUNTS OF NAGACITY:2013-2015

Designing Resilience in Asia (DRIA) 2020 | 21

CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND DISASTER RISK REDUCTION

- Local climate change projections and potential future impacts

6. LOCAL CLIMATE CHANGE SCENARIO

11 InternationalUnion for Conservation of Nature’s Red List of Threatened Species (https://www.iucnredlist.org)

Designing Resilience in Asia (DRIA) 2020 | 22

SEA RISING LEVEL

Designing Resilience in Asia (DRIA) 2020 | 23

HAZARD EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT (HEA)

13 World Wildlife Foundation and Bank of Philippine Islands Foundation