Physical

Education

Project
Personal Profile
Name : Priyamvada Ranjan

Class : XII Section : A

Topic : Cricket And Football

Internal Examiner :

External Examiner :
 Acknowledgement
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to
our PTI teacher, Mr, Vijay Kumar, as well as our principle
Ms. Raka Dixit for giving us the opportunity to know
about our health and fitness facilities in detail. It has
helped us in becoming conscious about our health
problems and all the possible ways of training our body to
be healthy and fit.

Secondly, I would like to thank to my parents and friends

for always being supportive enough to help us grow
healthy and fit. With the growing indulgence into fast
food and destructive lifestyle, one must understand the
need and urge to focus on health issues.
Cricket
 Index
S.No. Title Page
No.
1. Introduction 8.

2. History 9 - 10

3. Growth of amateurish and 11 – 13

professional cricket in England
4. English Cricket in the 18th & 14 – 16
19th century
5. Cricket – An International 17 – 18
Sport
6. World cricket in the 20th 19 - 20
century
7. Laws And Game-play 21 - 23

8. Match Structure and Closure 24 - 25

10. Basic Game-play : Bowler to 26 – 27

Batsman
11. Fielding 28 – 29
12. Specialist Roles 30

15. Overs 31

16. Umpires And Scorers 32 - 34

 Introduction
Cricket is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of
eleven players on a field at the centre of which is a 22-yard
(20-metre) pitch with a wicket at each end, each comprising
two bails balanced on three stumps. The batting side scores
runs by striking the ball bowled at the wicket with the bat
(and running between the wickets), while the bowling and
fielding side tries to prevent this (by getting the ball to either
wicket) and dismiss each batter (so they are "out").

Means of dismissal include being bowled, when the ball hits

the stumps and dislodges the bails, and by the fielding side
catching the ball after it is hit by the bat, but before it hits the
ground. When ten batters have been dismissed, the innings
ends and the teams swap roles. The game is adjudicated by
two umpires, aided by a third umpire and match referee in
international matches. They communicate with two off-field
scorers who record the match's statistical information.
 History
Cricket is one of many games in the "club ball" sphere that
basically involve hitting a ball with a hand-held implement;
others include baseball, golf, hockey, tennis, squash,
badminton and table tennis.[2] In cricket's case, a key
difference is the existence of a solid target structure, the
wicket (originally, it is thought, a "wicket gate" through which
sheep were herded), that the batsman must defend.[3] The
cricket historian Harry Altham identified three "groups" of
"club ball" games: the "hockey group", in which the ball is
driven to and fro between two targets (the goals); the "golf
group", in which the ball is driven towards an undefended
target (the hole); and the "cricket group", in which "the ball is
aimed at a mark (the wicket) and driven away from it".
It is generally believed that cricket originated as a children's
game in the south-eastern counties of England, sometime
during the medieval period. Although there are claims for
prior dates, the earliest definite reference to cricket being
played comes from evidence given at a court.
One possible source for the sport's name is the Old
English word "cryce" (or "cricc") meaning a crutch or staff. In
Samuel Johnson's Dictionary, he derived cricket from "cryce,
Saxon, a stick". In Old French, the word "criquet" seems to
have meant a kind of club or stick. Given the strong medieval
trade connections between south-east England and the County
of Flanders when the latter belonged to the Duchy of
Burgundy, the name may have been derived from the Middle
Dutch (in use in Flanders at the time) "krick"(-e), meaning a
stick (crook).
Another possible source is the Middle Dutch word "krickstoel",
meaning a long low stool used for kneeling in church and
which resembled the long low wicket with two stumps used in
early cricket. According to Heiner Gillmeister, a European
language expert of Bonn University, "cricket" derives from the
Middle Dutch phrase for hockey, met de (krik ket)sen (i.e.,
"with the stick chase"). Gillmeister has suggested that not only
the name but also the sport itself may be of Flemish origin.
Growth of amateurish and
professional cricket in
England
Although the main object of the game has always been to
score the most runs, the early form of cricket differed from the
modern game in certain key technical aspects. The ball was
bowled underarm by the bowler and along the ground
towards a batsman armed with a bat that, in shape, resembled
a hockey stick; the batsman defended a low, two-stump
wicket; and runs were called notches because the scorers
recorded them by notching tally sticks.
In 1611, the year Cotgrave's dictionary was published,
ecclesiastical court records at Sidlesham in Sussex state that
two parishioners, Bartholomew Wyatt and Richard Latter,
failed to attend church on Easter Sunday because they were
playing cricket. They were fined 12d each and ordered to do
penance. This is the earliest mention of adult participation in
cricket and it was around the same time that the earliest
known organised inter-parish.
Cricket remained a low-key local pursuit for much of the 17th
century. It is known, through numerous references found in
the records of ecclesiastical court cases, to have been
proscribed at times by the Puritans before and during the
Commonwealth. The problem was nearly always the issue of
Sunday play as the Puritans considered cricket to be "profane"
if played on the Sabbath, especially if large crowds or
gambling were involved.
According to the social historian Derek Birley, there was a
"great upsurge of sport after the Restoration" in 1660.
Gambling on sport became a problem significant enough for
Parliament to pass the 1664 Gambling Act, limiting stakes to
£100 which was, in any case, a colossal sum exceeding the
annual income of 99% of the population. Along with
prizefighting, horse racing and blood sports, cricket was
perceived to be a gambling sport. Rich patrons made matches
for high stakes, forming teams in which they engaged the first
professional players.
English cricket in the 18th
and 19th century
The game underwent major development in the 18th century
to become England's national sport.[citation needed] Its
success was underwritten by the twin necessities of patronage
and betting. Cricket was prominent in London as early as 1707
and, in the middle years of the century, large crowds flocked to
matches on the Artillery Ground in Finsbury. The single wicket
form of the sport attracted huge crowds and wagers to match,
its popularity peaking in the 1748 season. Bowling underwent
an evolution around 1760 when bowlers began to pitch the
ball instead of rolling or skimming it towards the batsman.
This caused a revolution in bat design because, to deal with
the bouncing ball, it was necessary to introduce the modern
straight bat in place of the old "hockey stick" shape.

The Hambledon Club was founded in the 1760s and, for the
next twenty years until the formation of Marylebone Cricket
Club (MCC) and the opening of Lord's Old Ground in 1787,
Hambledon was both the game's greatest club and its focal
point. MCC quickly became the sport's premier.
The 19th century saw underarm bowling superseded by first
roundarm and then overarm bowling. Both developments
were controversial. Organisation of the game at county level
led to the creation of the county clubs, starting with Sussex in
1839. In December 1889, the eight leading county clubs
formed the official County Championship, which began in
1890.

The most famous player of the 19th century was W. G. Grace,

who started his long and influential career in 1865. It was
especially during the career of Grace that the distinction
between amateurs and professionals became blurred by the
existence of players like him who were nominally amateur but,
in terms of their financial gain, de facto professional. Grace
himself was said to have been paid more money for playing
cricket than any professional.

The last two decades before the First World War have been
called the "Golden Age of cricket". It is a nostalgic name
prompted by the collective sense of loss resulting from the war,
but the period did produce some great players.
Cricket- An international
sport
Meanwhile, the British Empire had been instrumental in
spreading the game overseas and by the middle of the 19th
century it had become well established in Australia, the
Caribbean, India, New Zealand, North America and South
Africa. In 1844, the first-ever international match took place
between the United States and Canada. In 1859, a team of
English players went to North America on the first overseas
tour.
In 1862, an English team made the first tour of Australia. The
first Australian team to travel overseas consisted of Aboriginal
stockmen who toured England in 1868.
In 1876–77, an England team took part in what was
retrospectively recognised as the first-ever Test match at the
Melbourne Cricket Ground against Australia. The rivalry
between England and Australia gave birth to The Ashes in
1882, and this has remained Test cricket's most famous
contest. Test cricket began to expand in 1888–89 when South
Africa played England.
World cricket in the 20th
century
The inter-war years were dominated by Australia's Don
Bradman, statistically the greatest Test batsman of all time.
Test cricket continued to expand during the 20th century with
the addition of the West Indies (1928), New Zealand (1930)
and India (1932) before the Second World War and then
Pakistan (1952), Sri Lanka (1982), Zimbabwe (1992),
Bangladesh (2000), Ireland and Afghanistan (both 2018) in
the post-war period.[49][50] South Africa was banned from
international cricket from 1970 to 1992 as part of the
apartheid boycott.

The rise of limited overs cricket

Cricket entered a new era in 1963 when English counties
introduced the limited overs variant. As it was sure to produce
a result, limited overs cricket was lucrative and the number of
matches increased. The first Limited Overs International was
played in 1971 and the governing International Cricket
Council (ICC), seeing its potential, staged the first limited overs
Cricket World Cup in 1975.
Laws and Game-play
In cricket, the rules of the game are specified in a code called
The Laws of Cricket (hereinafter called "the Laws") which has
a global remit. There are 42 Laws (always written with a
capital "L"). The earliest known version of the code was
drafted in 1744 and, since 1788, it has been owned and
maintained by its custodian, the Marylebone Cricket Club
(MCC) in London.

Playing area
Main articles: Cricket field, Cricket pitch, Crease (cricket), and
Wicket
Cricket is a bat-and-ball game played on a cricket field (see
image, right) between two teams of eleven players each. The
field is usually circular or oval in shape and the edge of the
playing area is marked by a boundary, which may be a fence,
part of the stands, a rope, a painted line or a combination of
these; the boundary must if possible be marked along its entire
length.

In the approximate centre of the field is a rectangular pitch

(see image, below) on which a wooden target called a wicket
is sited at each end; the wickets are placed 22 yards (20 m)
apart.[60] The pitch is a flat surface 10 feet (3.0 m) wide, with
very short grass that tends to be worn away as the game
progresses (cricket can also be played on artificial surfaces,
notably matting). Each wicket is made of three wooden
stumps topped by two bails.
Cricket pitch and creases
The pitch is marked at each end with four white painted lines:
a bowling crease, a popping crease and two return creases.
The three stumps are aligned centrally on the bowling crease,
which is eight feet eight inches long. The popping crease is
drawn four feet in front of the bowling crease and parallel to
it; although it is drawn as a twelve-foot line (six feet either
side of the wicket), it is, in fact, unlimited in length. The return
creases are drawn at right angles to the popping crease so
that they intersect the ends of the bowling crease; each return
crease is drawn as an eight-foot line, so that it extends four
feet behind the bowling crease, but is also, in fact, unlimited in
length.
Match structure and closure
Before a match begins, the team captains (who are also
players) toss a coin to decide which team will bat first and so
take the first innings. Innings is the term used for each phase
of play in the match. In each innings, one team bats,
attempting to score runs, while the other team bowls and
fields the ball, attempting to restrict the scoring and dismiss
the batsmen. When the first innings ends, the teams change
roles; there can be two to four innings depending upon the
type of match. A match with four scheduled innings is played
over three to five days; a match with two scheduled innings is
usually completed in a single day. During an innings, all eleven
members of the fielding team take the field, but usually only
two members of the batting team are on the field at any given
time. The exception to this is if a batsman has any type of
illness or injury restricting his or her ability to run, in this case
the batsman is allowed a runner who can run between the
wickets when the batsman hits a scoring run or runs, though
this does not apply in international cricket. The order of
batsmen is usually announced just before the match, but it can
be varied.
Basic game-play: bowler to
batsman
While the umpire (1) in shot stands at the bowler's end of the
pitch, his colleague stands in the outfield, usually in or near
the fielding position called "square leg", so that he is in line
with the popping crease (7) at the striker's end of the pitch.
The bowling crease (not numbered) is the one on which the
wicket is located between the return creases (12).
The bowler (4) intends to hit the wicket (9) with the ball (5)
or, at least, to prevent the striker (8) from scoring runs. The
striker (8) intends, by using his bat, to defend his wicket and, if
possible, to hit the ball away from the pitch in order to score
runs.

Some players are skilled in both batting and bowling, or as

either or these as well as wicket-keeping, so are termed all-
rounders. Bowlers are classified according to their style,
generally as fast bowlers, seam bowlers or spinners. Batsmen
are classified according to whether they are right-handed or
left-handed.
Fielding
Of the eleven fielders, three are in shot in the image above. The
other eight are elsewhere on the field, their positions
determined on a tactical basis by the captain or the bowler.
Fielders often change position between deliveries, again as
directed by the captain or bowler.
If a fielder is injured or becomes ill during a match, a
substitute is allowed to field instead of him, but the substitute
cannot bowl or act as a captain, except in the case of
concussion substitutes in international cricket. The substitute
leaves the field when the injured player is fit to return. The
Laws of Cricket were updated in 2017 to allow substitutes to
act as wicket-keepers.
Specialist Roles
The captain is often the most experienced player in the team,
certainly the most tactically astute, and can possess any of the
main skillsets as a batsman, a bowler or a wicket-keeper.
Within the Laws, the captain has certain responsibilities in
terms of nominating his players to the umpires before the
match and ensuring that his players conduct themselves
"within the spirit and traditions of the game as well as within
the Laws".

The wicket-keeper (sometimes called simply the "keeper") is a

specialist fielder subject to various rules within the Laws
about his equipment and demeanour. He is the only member of
the fielding side who can effect a stumping and is the only one
permitted to wear gloves and external leg guards. Depending
on their primary skills, the other ten players in the team tend
to be classified as specialist batsmen or specialist bowlers.

).
Umpires and scorers
The game on the field is regulated by the two umpires, one of
whom stands behind the wicket at the bowler's end, the other
in a position called "square leg" which is about 15–20 metres
away from the batsman on strike and in line with the popping
crease on which he is taking guard. The umpires have several
responsibilities including adjudication on whether a ball has
been correctly bowled (i.e., not a no-ball or a wide); when a
run is scored; whether a batsman is out (the fielding side must
first appeal to the umpire, usually with the phrase "How's
that?" or "Owzat?"); when intervals start and end; and the
suitability of the pitch, field and weather for playing the game.
The umpires are authorised to interrupt or even abandon a
match due to circumstances likely to endanger the players,
such as a damp pitch or deterioration of the light.

Off the field in televised matches, there is usually a third

umpire who can make decisions on certain incidents with the
aid of video evidence.
The third umpire is mandatory under the playing conditions
for Test and Limited Overs International matches played
between two ICC full member countries. These matches also
have a match referee whose job is to ensure that play is within
the Laws and the spirit of the game.
The match details, including runs and dismissals, are recorded
by two official scorers, one representing each team. The
scorers are directed by the hand signals of an umpire (see
image, right).
For example, the umpire raises a forefinger to signal that the
batsman is out (has been dismissed); he raises both arms
above his head if the batsman has hit the ball for six runs. The
scorers are required by the Laws to record all runs scored,
wickets taken and overs bowled; in practice, they also note
significant amounts of additional data relating to the game.
Football
 Index
S.No. Title Page
No.
1. Introduction 39

2. Common Elements 40 – 41

3. Early History 42 – 46

4. Establishment of Modern 47 – 49
Codes
5. Competitions 50 – 51
6. Modern Balls Passing Tactics 52 -54

7. Football Associations 55 – 56

8. North American Football Codes 57 - 58

9. Dimensions 59 – 62

10. Conclusion 63

11. Bibliography 64
 Introduction
Football is a family of team sports that involve, to varying
degrees, kicking a ball to score a goal. Unqualified, the word
football normally means the form of football that is the most
popular where the word is used. Sports commonly called
football include association football (known as soccer in some
countries); gridiron football (specifically American football or
Canadian football); Australian rules football; rugby football
(either rugby union or rugby league); and Gaelic football.
These various forms of football share to varying extent
common origins and are known as football codes

There are a number of references to traditional, ancient, or

prehistoric ball games played in many different parts of the
world. Contemporary codes of football can be traced back to
the codification of these games at English public schools
during the 19th century. The expansion and cultural influence
of the British Empire allowed these rules of football to spread
to areas of British influence outside the directly controlled
Empire. By the end of the 19th century, distinct regional codes
were already developing: Gaelic football, for example,
deliberately incorporated the rules of local traditional football
games in order to maintain their heritage. In 1888, The
Common elements
The various codes of football share certain common elements
and can be grouped into two main classes of football: carrying
codes like American football, Canadian football, Australian
football, rugby union and rugby league, where the ball is
moved about the field while being held in the hands or thrown,
and kicking codes such as Association football and Gaelic
football, where the ball is moved primarily with the feet, and
where handling is strictly limited.

Common rules among the sports include:

Two teams of usually between 11 and 18 players; some

variations that have fewer players (five or more per team) are
also popular.
A clearly defined area in which to play the game.
Scoring goals or points by moving the ball to an opposing
team's end of the field and either into a goal area, or over a
line.
Goals or points resulting from players putting the ball
between two goalposts.
The goal or line being defended by the opposing team.
Players using only their body to move the ball.
In all codes, common skills include passing, tackling, evasion of
tackles, catching and kicking.[11] In most codes, there are
rules restricting the movement of players offside, and players
scoring a goal must put the ball either under or over a
crossbar between the goalposts.
Early history
Ancient Greece and Romans
The Ancient Greeks and Romans are known to have played
many ball games, some of which involved the use of the feet.
The Roman game harpastum is believed to have been adapted
from a Greek team game known as "ἐπίσκυρος" (Episkyros) or
"φαινίνδα" (phaininda),[19] which is mentioned by a Greek
playwright, Antiphanes (388–311 BC) and later referred to by
the Christian theologian Clement of Alexandria (c. 150 – c. 215
AD). These games appear to have resembled rugby football.
The Roman politician Cicero (106–43 BC) describes the case of
a man who was killed whilst having a shave when a ball was
kicked into a barber's shop. Roman ball games already knew
the air-filled ball, the follis. Episkyros is recognised as an early
form of football by FIFA.
Native Americans
There are a number of references to traditional, ancient, or
prehistoric ball games, played by indigenous peoples in many
different parts of the world. For example, in 1586, men from a
ship commanded by an English explorer named John Davis,
went ashore to play a form of football with Inuit (Eskimo)
people in Greenland.[28] There are later accounts of an Inuit
game played on ice, called Aqsaqtuk. Each match began with
two teams facing each other in parallel lines, before
attempting to kick the ball through each other team's line and
then at a goal.
In 1610, William Strachey, a colonist at Jamestown, Virginia
recorded a game played by Native Americans, called
Pahsaheman.[citation needed] On the Australian continent
several tribes of indigenous people played kicking and
catching games with stuffed balls which have been generalised
by historians as Marn Grook (Djab Wurrung for "game ball").

The earliest historical account is an anecdote from the 1878

book by Robert Brough-Smyth, The Aborigines of Victoria, in
which a man called Richard Thomas is quoted as saying, in
about 1841 in Victoria, Australia, that he had witnessed
Aboriginal people playing the game: "Mr Thomas describes
how the foremost player will drop kick a ball made from the
skin of a possum and how other players leap into the air in
order to catch it.

" Some historians have theorised that Marn Grook was one of
the origins of Australian rules football.

The Māori in New Zealand played a game called Ki-o-rahi

consisting of teams of seven players play on a circular field
divided into zones, and score points by touching the 'pou'
(boundary markers) and hitting a central 'tupu' or target.
Games played in Mesoamerica with rubber balls by indigenous
peoples are also well-documented as existing since before this
time, but these had more similarities to basketball or
volleyball, and no links have been found between such games
and modern football sports. Northeastern American Indians,
especially the Iroquois Confederation, played a game which
made use of net racquets to throw and catch a small ball;
however, although it is a ball-goal foot game, lacrosse (as its
modern descendant is called) is likewise not usually classed as
a form of "football.”
These games and others may well go far back into antiquity.
However, the main sources of modern football codes appear to
lie in western Europe, especially England.
Establishment of modern
codes
While football continued to be played in various forms
throughout Britain, its public schools (equivalent to private
schools in other countries) are widely credited with four key
achievements in the creation of modern football codes. First of
all, the evidence suggests that they were important in taking
football away from its "mob" form and turning it into an
organised team sport. Second, many early descriptions of
football and references to it were recorded by people who had
studied at these schools. Third, it was teachers, students and
former students from these schools who first codified football
games, to enable matches to be played between schools.
Finally, it was at English public schools that the division
between "kicking" and "running" (or "carrying") games first
became clear.

The earliest evidence that games resembling football were

being played at English public schools – mainly attended by
boys from the upper, upper-middle and professional classes –
comes from the Vulgaria by William Herman in 1519. Herman
had been headmaster at Eton and Winchester colleges and his
Latin textbook includes a translation exercise with the phrase
"We wyll playe with a ball full of wynde".

Richard Mulcaster, a student at Eton College in the early 16th

century and later headmaster at other English schools, has
been described as "the greatest sixteenth Century advocate of
football".[48] Among his contributions are the earliest
evidence of organised team football. Mulcaster's writings refer
to teams ("sides" and "parties"), positions ("standings"), a
referee ("judge over the parties") and a coach "(trayning
maister)". Mulcaster's "footeball" had evolved from the
disordered and violent forms of traditional football:

[s]ome smaller number with such overlooking, sorted into

sides and standings, not meeting with their bodies so
boisterously to trie their strength: nor shouldring or shuffing
one an other so barbarously ... may use footeball for as much
good to the body, by the chiefe use of the legges.

In 1633, David Wedderburn, a teacher from Aberdeen,

mentioned elements of modern football games in a short Latin
textbook called Vocabula. Wedderburn refers to what has
been translated into modern English as "keeping goal" and
makes an allusion to passing the ball ("strike it here"). There is
a reference to "get hold of the ball", suggesting that some
handling was allowed. It is clear that the tackles allowed
included the charging and holding of opposing players ("drive
that man back").

A more detailed description of football is given in Francis

Willughby's Book of Games, written in about 1660. Willughby,
who had studied at Bishop Vesey's Grammar School, Sutton
Coldfield, is the first to describe goals and a distinct playing
field: "a close that has a gate at either end. The gates are
called Goals." His book includes a diagram illustrating a
football field. He also mentions tactics ("leaving some of their
best players to guard the goal"); scoring ("they that can strike
the ball through their opponents' goal first win") and the way
teams were selected ("the players being equally divided
according to their strength and nimbleness"). He is the first to
describe a "law" of football: "they must not strike [an
opponent's leg] higher than the ball".
Competitions
One of the longest running football fixture is the Cordner-
Eggleston Cup, contested between Melbourne Grammar School
and Scotch College, Melbourne every year since 1858. It is
believed by many to also be the first match of Australian rules
football, although it was played under experimental rules in its
first year. The first football trophy tournament was the
Caledonian Challenge Cup, donated by the Royal Caledonian
Society of Melbourne, played in 1861 under the Melbourne
Rules.
The oldest football league is a rugby football competition, the
United Hospitals Challenge Cup (1874), while the oldest rugby
trophy is the Yorkshire Cup, contested since 1878. The South
Australian Football Association (30 April 1877) is the oldest
surviving Australian rules football competition. The oldest
surviving soccer trophy is the Youdan Cup (1867) and the
oldest national football competition is the English FA Cup
(1871).
The Football League (1888) is recognised as the longest
running Association Football league. The first ever
international football match took place between sides
representing England and Scotland on 5 March 1870 at the
Oval under the authority of the FA. The first Rugby
international took place in 1871.
Modern ball passing tactics
The earliest reference to a game of football involving players
passing the ball and attempting to score past a goalkeeper
was written in 1633 by David Wedderburn, a poet and teacher
in Aberdeen, Scotland.[80] Nevertheless, the original text does
not state whether the allusion to passing as 'kick the ball back'
('Repercute pilam') was in a forward or backward direction or
between members of the same opposing teams (as was usual
at this time).

"Scientific" football is first recorded in 1839 from Lancashire

and in the modern game in Rugby football from 1862 and
from Sheffield FC as early as 1865. The first side to play a
passing combination game was the Royal Engineers AFC in
1869/70. By 1869 they were "work[ing] well together",
"backing up" and benefiting from "cooperation". By 1870 the
Engineers were passing the ball: "Lieut. Creswell, who having
brought the ball up the side then kicked it into the middle to
another of his side, who kicked it through the posts the minute
before time was called".
Football association
During the early 1860s, there were increasing attempts in
England to unify and reconcile the various public school
games. In 1862, J. C. Thring, who had been one of the driving
forces behind the original Cambridge Rules, was a master at
Uppingham School and he issued his own rules of what he
called "The Simplest Game" (these are also known as the
Uppingham Rules). In early October 1863 another new revised
version of the Cambridge Rules was drawn up by a seven
member committee representing former pupils from Harrow,
Shrewsbury, Eton, Rugby, Marlborough and Westminster.

At the Freemasons' Tavern, Great Queen Street, London on the

evening of 26 October 1863, representatives of several football
clubs in the London Metropolitan area met for the inaugural
meeting of The Football Association (FA). The aim of the
Association was to establish a single unifying code and
regulate the playing of the game among its members.
Following the first meeting, the public schools were invited to
join the association.
All of them declined, except Charterhouse and Uppingham. In
total, six meetings of the FA were held between October and
December 1863. After the third meeting, a draft set of rules
were published. However, at the beginning of the fourth
meeting, attention was drawn to the recently published
Cambridge Rules of 1863. The Cambridge rules differed from
the draft FA rules in two significant areas; namely running
with (carrying) the ball and hacking (kicking opposing players
in the shins).
North American Football
Code
As was the case in Britain, by the early 19th century, North
American schools and universities played their own local
games, between sides made up of students. For example,
students at Dartmouth College in New Hampshire played a
game called Old division football, a variant of the association
football codes, as early as the 1820s. They remained largely
"mob football" style games, with huge numbers of players
attempting to advance the ball into a goal area, often by any
means necessary. Rules were simple, violence and injury were
common.

The violence of these mob-style games led to widespread

protests and a decision to abandon them. Yale University,
under pressure from the city of New Haven, banned the play of
all forms of football in 1860, while Harvard University
followed suit in 1861. In its place, two general types of football
evolved: "kicking" games and "running" (or "carrying")
games.
A hybrid of the two, known as the "Boston game", was played
by a group known as the Oneida Football Club. The club,
considered by some historians as the first formal football club
in the United States, was formed in 1862 by schoolboys who
played the "Boston game" on Boston Common.
The game began to return to American college campuses by
the late 1860s. The universities of Yale, Princeton (then known
as the College of New Jersey), Rutgers, and Brown all began
playing "kicking" games during this time. In 1867, Princeton
used rules based on those of the English Football Association.
 Dimensions
The size of an 11-a-side football pitch is not a
straightforward answer. Measurements can change
considerably – more so than any other type of football pitch –
depending on a range of different factors.
According to FA regulations, the dimensions must fall between
being 100-130 yards (90-120m) long and 50-100 yards (45-
90m) wide. This gives users the flexibility to choose a specific
size that suits them which is more commonly the case in the
professional tiers of the game.
Here are the FA suggested pitch sizes for specific age groups
using an 11-a-side football pitch:

 U-13 & U-14 – 90 yards (82.2m) x 55 yards (50.2m)

 U-15 & U-16 – 100 yards (91.4m) x 60 yards (54.8m)

 18+, Adult Football & Clubs Playing in the National League

System – 110 yards (100.5m) x 70 yards (64m)

The penalty area should measure 18 yards (16.45m) away
from the centre of the goal line, while the penalty spot should
be 12 yards (10.9m) from goal, regardless of the overall pitch
size.
All other markings, including the centre circle, penalty arcs
and corner arcs are to be the same size as a 9-a-side field.
Goalposts must measure 8 feet high (2.44m) and 8 yards wide
(7.32m) at this level.
 What is the Size of an 11-A-Side Pitch
A good example is Wembley Stadium’s pitch dimensions which
are 115 yards (105m) long by 75 yards (69m) wide, making it
slightly narrower than the old Wembley’s measurements.
 These figures are adhering to the requirements set by the
UEFA stadium categories for the top category: a Category
Four stadium.
Roughly, a standard sized football pitch is around 2 acres in
size which equals around 64,000 sq. ft which again, changes
depending on the exact size being used.
Some other popular stadium pitch sizes are as follows:

 Anfield – 100 yards by 74 yards (101m x 68m)

 Camp Nou – 114 yards by 74 yards (105m x 68m)

 Emirates Stadium –115 yards by 74 yards (105m x 68m)

 Etihad Stadium – 115 yards by 74 yards (105m x 68m)

 Old Trafford – 116 yards by 76 yards (106m x 69m)

 Stamford Bridge – 112 yards by 73 yards (103m x 67m)

 White Hart Lane – 109 yards by 73 yards (100m x 67m)

FIFA has their own pitch dimensions which differ slightly from
those of the FA’s recommendations. For example, a 4-a-side
pitch is said to have a minimum length of 13 yards (12m) by
21 yards wide (19.2m) and a maximum of 16 yards (14.63m)
long by 27 yards (24.6m) wide.
For 5-a-side, the minimum requirements are 20m (21.87
yards) long by 30m (32.80 yards) wide. The maximum is 25m
(27.34 yards) long by 35m (38.27 yards) wide.
7 vs. 7 has a minimum pitch length of 30m (32.80 yards) by
45m (49.21 yards) wide. The maximum a pitch can be at this
level is 35m (38.27 yards) long by 50m (54.68 yards) wide.
A pitch suitable for 9 vs. 9 requires a minimum length of 45m
(49.21 yards) and a width of 60m (65.61 yards). The
maximum pitch size for a 9-a-side game is 50m (54.68 yards)
long and 67m (73.27 yards) wide.
FIFA’s measurements for an 11-a-side pitch are the exact same
as the FA’s with those numbers being the standard across the
professional tiers of world football. The dimensions must fall
between being 100-130 yards (90-120m) long and 50-100
yards (45-90m) wide.
Size 5 footballs are the standard sized match football used
across the game at both amateur and professional levels of the
game from the age of 14 and upwards.
Browse our full range of footballs – with the ability to filter
which size, type, brand, colour and even whether the football is
FIFA accredited or not – here!
 Conclusion
In conclusion, children are becoming overweight due to
the fact that they do not participate in physical activity or
know the importance of physical education. Since,
children are becoming overweight parents need to have
their children participating in physical activity from birth
because physical education will be taught to their
children when they start attending school. Teachers that
teach physical education will teach students how to take
care of themselves properly. This is important because
when someone is educated about the importance of their
health then it will cause them to live a healthy lifestyle.
With that being said, parents, teachers, and other adults
need to emphasize the importance of education in schools.
 Bibliography
The matter for this project is taken from the following sources
:
1) www.cricketwikipedia.com

2) www.footballwikipedia.com

3) Saraswati publication

4) Physical education class 11th

5) Physical education class 12th

6) www.askme.com

7) www.games.org