Republic of the Philippines

NORTHERN ILOILO POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE

VICTORINO SALCEDO CAMPUS
Sara, Iloilo

Course Code : AdGE 1

Descriptive Title : LOGIC (Deductive & Inductive Reasoning)
Term and Academic Year : 1st Semester, AY 2020-2021
Department and Year Level : BSCRIM 1
Professor : CHARLENE A. BLANCAFLOR

Module I, Lesson 1
Logic and Philosophy
I. Introduction
In this lesson, you shall be introduced to the background philosophy and on logic and to facilitate the study and
understanding of it especially in identifying the various forms of reasoning – the deductive and inductive. It can be used
to appreciate its used as an aide in the attainment of truth. This is a brief but comprehensive exposition on the nature,
goal and fields of study of philosophy.

In order to gain a thorough understanding of this lesson, you have to read the discussion. You are also tasked
to answer the assessment and submit requirements found in the “enrichment activities” section.

Time Frame: 10 hours Date of Submission:

II. Learning Outcomes

At the end of the lesson, you must have
1. described the historical development of philosophy and logic;
2. explained the fundamentals of logic;
3. valued the importance of logic and its practical uses.

III. Learning Contents

The Birth of Philosophy
 The beginning of formal philosophy is traced to Thales of the Greek colony on Miletus in the late sixth century
B.C.
 The development of philosophy started at the time of Socrates where he put much value on the study of man’s
inner life over the external world around him.
 Plato’s as Socrates’ student, took interest too and attempted to show how the individual should develop
himself and how to have a perfect social and political order.
 With the coming of Aristotle which is the pupil of Plato, he blended his philosophy of the external world with
the philosophy that deals with the nature of human being.

Meaning of Philosophy
The word “philosophy” was coined by Phythagoras. It was derived from two Greek words: philein meaning
“love of”, and “sophia” meaning “wisdom”. Literally, then, philosophy means the “love of wisdom” or the “love of
truth”.
Philosophy has been defined as the “science of beings in their ultimate reasons, causes and principles acquired
by the aid of human reason alone.

Philosophy is the systematic and comprehensive study of the truth about life, the universe and everything
therein – beings, events, relationships, experiences and meanings.

Philosophy was considered as a universal science. For the ancient Greeks it was the sum total of human
knowledge because it deals with the deeper reasons and explanations of things.

Types of Philosophy:
1. Pure or speculative
 Metaphysics/Ontology – the study of being as being while talking into consideration that essence and
existence are constitutes of being.
 Cosmology – the philosophical study of the material world with regards to its order in the universe.
 Theodicy – the philosophical study of God with consideration to its nature and existence as absolute.
 Anthropology – the philosophical study of man with regard to the union between body and soul.

Module 1, Lesson 1 Logic (Deductive & Inductive Reasoning) (Logic and Philosophy) Page | 1
 Republic of the Philippines
NORTHERN ILOILO POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
VICTORINO SALCEDO CAMPUS
Sara, Iloilo

 Rational Psychology – philosophical study of the immaterial soul and its faculties with consideration to it as
the life principle of every living.
 Logic – the science and art of correct thinking.
 Epistemology – philosophical study of human knowledge with regards to certainty and truth.
 Ethics – the philosophical study of the mortality of the human act that distinguishes good from evil and
right from wrong.
2. Applied or Practical
 Philosophy of man – inquiry into man as a person
 Social Philosophy – the study of the relationships between man and society.
 Philosophy of Religion – study of man’s relationship with God.
 Axiology – the study of man’s values
 Aesthetics – the study of beauty and perfection.
 Oriental philosophy – the study of oriental ways and mind
 Philosophy of Education – the philosophical approach to teaching and learning process.

The Birth and Development of Logic

The birth of logic is attributed to Aristotle who initiated the formal study of it among the Greeks in the fourth
century B.C., thus, he was generally credited with the title “Father of Logic”. It was him who devised logic as a system
for analyzing and evaluating the correctness of an argument. His logic is known as syllogistic logic the fundamental
elements of which are terms. Arguments are evaluated as good or bad on the basis the arrangement of terms in the
argument.

After Aristotle’s death, Chrysippus (279 – 206 B.C.), developed a logic in which the fundamental elements were
whole propositions. To him, every proposition is either true or false.

During the middle ages, Peter Abelard (1079 – 1142) originated a theory of universal that traced the universal
character of general terms to concepts in the mind rather than to “natures” existing outside the mind, as taught by
Aristotle. In addition, he distinguished arguments that are valid on the basis of form or structure from those that are
valid on the basis of content, but he held that only formal validity is the “perfect” or conclusive type.

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz (1646 – 1716) developed a symbolic logic that could be used to settle all forms of
disputes. He has been credited as the father of symbolic logic.

Meaning of Logic
Logic, its nature:
Zeno, the founder of the Stoic School, introduced the word “logic”. He derived it from the Greek word logilike
which means “systemized and intelligible”. Logilike is closely related to logos, the Greek word for thought, reason and
discourse. It is commonly define as Philosophical science of correct reasoning or inferential thinking.

Logic – is the science and art of correct thinking.

Logic as a Philosophical science has its own rewards, namely:
1. It guides man in his search for truth.
2. It develops and perfects his reasoning power.
3. It assures better relationship among men.
4. It is very helpful in the study of other philosophy subjects.

Logic as a science:
Logic is considered a science for three major reasons:
1) It is a body of certain and proven knowledge
2) This body of knowledge is obtained and arranged in a systematic manner
3) It is objective and possesses “general principles of argumentation and proof.
Logic as an Art:
It usually means the making of a work beauty, which is anything that awakens the feeling of delight. Argument
or reasoning in logic is done beautifully with ease, with correctness, with validity.

Module 1, Lesson 1 Logic (Deductive & Inductive Reasoning) (Logic and Philosophy) Page | 2
 Republic of the Philippines
NORTHERN ILOILO POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
VICTORINO SALCEDO CAMPUS
Sara, Iloilo

Logic as of Correct Thinking:

Normally, we use the word “correct” for anything that conforms to a pattern or to rules. In logic, when the
premises have sufficient grounds for conclusion, we call it “correct”.
Thinking is mental process. Memorizing, simple recall and the like are associated to mental process.

There are two criteria for mental process to be considered:

Thinking
1. When the objective is the truth. Analysis, definition, classification and scientific creativity are examples.
2. When the truth we already have is the nucleus of further knowledge. Criticism, comparison and contrast are
examples.

Therefore, correct thinking is the process of thinking or reasoning that follows the patterns, rules or right
procedure. However, this reasoning may not always be true. Logic does no investigate the truth as the certainty of the
data but rather focuses on the correct operation of thinking. Correct thinking and true knowledge are two different
things. True knowledge deals with knowledge which conforms to reality.

Importance of logic
Regardless of the profession we are in, we always use logic. We are men possessed with reason. We use it
when we make decisions or when we try to influence the decision of others or when we are engaged in argumentation
and debate.
A good automobile mechanic uses logic in diagnosing mechanical or electrical defects of cars. Similarly, a
scientist uses logic when he makes an inference that a particular hypothesis is true on the basis of the results of his
experiments. A public speaker uses logic in trying to persuade his listeners to adopt his idea. A lawyer presents
arguments using the principles of logic to prove the tenability of his position; otherwise, he will send his client to jail.
Even a plain housewife uses logic in planning her day-to-day activities. Every body uses logic since everyone possesses a
reason.

The study of logic has practical uses;

1. Reason out clearly, spontaneously and correctly.
2. Recognize good from bad reasoning; it will enable him to point out the defects of bad reasoning which will
avoid in his own argument.
3. Evaluate persuasions
4. Develop a critical attitude toward his and other’s assumptions and presuppositions.
5. Provide a person a good grasp of logical terminologies
6. Make a person aware of ambiguity of words and of various functions and language.
7. Motivate a person to value the systematic and objective approach in analyzing issues.

Logic as the Study of Arguments

Argument – a set of statements of which one – the one being argued for – is taken to be established as true on the
basis of all others.
Premises – the supporting statements
Conclusion – the statement they are taken to support

As a reasoning process, argument can be categorized by these Two types of the process of thinking:
Deductive– the process whereby a particular idea or premise is established as true based from a general law or
principle that is assumed to be true.
- a system of reasoning whereby a person argues from universal or general truth to the particular.
- The kind in which the premises flow logically into conclusion. This is why it is called as formal deductive
logic.
Example:
All men are mortal;
But Pedro is a man;
Therefore Pedro is mortal.
Inductive – the direct opposite of deductive logic. Here, reasoning starts from sufficiently enumerated individual or
specific cases and moves to the universal or general truth.
- One in which the premises flow from specific to general or particular to universal.

Module 1, Lesson 1 Logic (Deductive & Inductive Reasoning) (Logic and Philosophy) Page | 3
 Republic of the Philippines
NORTHERN ILOILO POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
VICTORINO SALCEDO CAMPUS
Sara, Iloilo

Examples:
Deductive: All nurses are health care providers.
Florence Nightingale is a nurse.
Ergo, Florence Nightingale is a health care provider.

Inductive: Aristotle is a philosopher.

Plato is a philosopher.
Socrates is a philosopher.
But Aristotle, Plato, and Socrates are critical thinkers.
Ergo, philosophers are critical thinkers.

Types of Logic
Logic can be classified based on the approach used in arriving at knowledge, and on the validity of reasoning.

Two fundamental divisions of logic:

Formal – discusses the conceptual patterns or structures needed for correct and valid inference. It concerned with the
aspect of form of thoughts which has to do with correctness or sequence or the following of rules. Man’s
reasoning can be expressed in an argument which constitutes terms, premises and conclusions.
Example:
All men are mortal; All logicians are critical thinkers.
But Pedro is a man; Aristotle is a logician
Therefore Pedro is mortal. Ergo, Aristotle is a critical thinker.

Material – concerned with the aspect of subject matter or content or truth. This is focused on the truth of propositions
in a statement.
In the first example above, all the statements are true. Truth in this sense is not more on our subjective
interpretation but rather objective considering the conformity of such idea to the reality itself.
Another example:
All birds can fly …………… True/False
Ostrich is a birth…………. True/False
Ergo, an ostrich can fly.. True/False

In actual reasoning, both matter and form are involved. They are both intimately intertwined and at times are
seemingly inseparable. Consider the following statements or arguments:
1. All cats are animals.
2. Orchids are plants.
3. Humans are mortal beings
4. Water is a liquid substance
5. Filipinos are orientals.
All the five statements are genuinely valid because in matter and forms, or in content and structure, they are all valid.

Acts of the Mind

1. Simple apprehension – the simple understanding or grasping the meaning of an idea or concept which is then
expressed through the use of term. (perceiving an individual----- Girl)
2. Judgment – the comparison of two ideas whether there is agreement or disagreement which resulted to the
formulation or proposition. For example: all girls are cute (agreement) and All girls are not cute (disagreement).
3. Reasoning – is the process of arriving at the new truth from previously established and known truth. It draws
out new proposition from premises. If given example above is true that all girls are cute and Joana is a girl,
therefore, Joana is cute.

Divisions of logic
The science of logic may be divided into three major parts which are terms, propositions and inference. These
components of logic have counterparts in the thinking activity of man, as indicated below:

Module 1, Lesson 1 Logic (Deductive & Inductive Reasoning) (Logic and Philosophy) Page | 4
 Republic of the Philippines
NORTHERN ILOILO POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
VICTORINO SALCEDO CAMPUS
Sara, Iloilo

Logic Parts Thinking Equivalent

Terms Ideas
Propositions Judgements
Inference Reasoning

The parts of logic are related to each other in this manner: terms compose a proposition, while propositions form an
inference. Inversely, inference is made up of propositions, while a propositions is composed of terms. Analysis of an
argument below, will help clarify this relationship,

Asians are hardworking people,

but Filipinos, are Asians,
therefore. Filipinos are hardworking people.

In logic, the whole reasoning is called an interference. It can be observed that the inference or reasoning, stated above,
is made up of three statements or judgements on Asians and Filipino. In logic there statements which affirm an
attribute of Asians and Filipinos are called propositions. Each propositions is made up of ideas or terms which are the
basic and indivisible elements of an interference. The proposition “Asians are hardworking people,” is made up of two
terms, namely, “Asians,” and “hardworking people”.

IV. Learning Assessment

Answer the following questions in a short-sized bond paper:
1. Make at least two deductive reasoning examples then with those examples, change it into inductive reasoning
(20 pts)

2. Answer briefly the difference between material and formal logic. (20 pts)

(Reminder: Your essay shall be evaluated using this criteria.)

CONTENT Answer is appropriate to the question. Content is factually correct. 5 pts.

Clear sense of order. Begins with a topic sentence.

ORGANIZATION 5 pts.
Supporting points are presented in a logical progression.

DEVELOPMENT Develops each point with may specific details. Answers question completely. 5 pts.

USE OF Uses technical or scientific terminology appropriately and correctly. No major

5 pts.
LANGUAGE grammatical or spelling errors.

TOTAL 20 pts.

3. What uses of logic are very evident in our everyday life? Specify at least three instances. (30 points)

a. (10 pts)

b. (10 pts)

c. (10 pts)

(Reminder: Your essay shall be evaluated using this criterion.)

CONTENT Answer is appropriate to the question. Content is factually correct. 5 pts.

Clear sense of order. Begins with a topic sentence.

ORGANIZATION 3 pts.
Supporting points are presented in a logical progression.

USE OF Uses technical or scientific terminology appropriately and correctly. No major 2 pts.
LANGUAGE grammatical or spelling errors.
Module 1, Lesson 1 Logic (Deductive & Inductive Reasoning) (Logic and Philosophy) Page | 5
 Republic of the Philippines
NORTHERN ILOILO POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
VICTORINO SALCEDO CAMPUS
Sara, Iloilo

TOTAL 10 pts.

V. Enrichment Activities/Outputs

Research and trace further on the history of Logic from the days of Aristotle up to the emergence of symbolic
logic and create a timeline for it. You can follow the format given below to fill in your answers. Use your creativity by
making your style unique and clear. Write it in a short-sized bond paper. (100 pts)

Note: Please indicate your resources.

Name: ________________________ Date: ____________

Course&Year: ____________
History of Logic
Name
Year Description

Name
Description
Year
Name
Year Description

And so on….

(Reminder: Your answer shall be evaluated using this criteria.)

Content …………………. 50%

Organizaton ………….. 20%
Creativity ………………. 10%
Neatness ………………. 10%
Use of Language ……. 10%
= 100%

VI. References

Ardales, V. (1998). Logic made easy. Jaro, Iloilo City. CONCERNS, Inc.

Articulo, A. (2006). Logic: The Practice of Critical Thinking. Quezon City. Great Books Publishing.

Bauzon, P. (2013). LOGIC for FILIPINOS. 3rd ed. Mandaluyong City. Cacho Hermanos, Inc.

Isidoro, M., Alcala, F., & Leuterio, E. (2011).

Workbook in Logic. Retrieved: https://courses.umass.edu/phil110-gmh/text/c01.pdf

----End of Module 1, Lesson 1----

Module 1, Lesson 1 Logic (Deductive & Inductive Reasoning) (Logic and Philosophy) Page | 6