Physically Distanced But Academically Engaged: Self-Instructional Manual (SIM) For Self-Directed Learning (SDL)

UNIVERSITY OF MINDANAO
College of Arts and Sciences Education

Social Science Disciplines
Physically Distanced but Academically Engaged
Self-Instructional Manual (SIM) for Self-Directed Learning

(SDL)
Course/Subject: GE1 – Understanding the Self
Name of Teacher: Leah S. Baclaan
THIS SIM/SDL MANUAL IS A DRAFT VERSION ONLY.

STRICTLY NOT FOR SALE, REPRODUCTION, AND
DISTRIBUTION OUTSIDE OF ITS INTENDED USE. ONLY
STUDENTS OFFICIALLY ENROLLED IN THE COURSE CAN
USE THIS MANUAL. EXPECT REVISIONS OF THE MANUAL.
General Education – Social Sciences
2nd Floor, DPT Building, Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone No.: (082) 300 – 5456 / 305 – 0647 local 134
TABLE OF CONTENTS
COURSE OUTLINE 4
COURSE OUTLINE POLICY 4
COURSE INFORMATION 7
WEEK 1-3
THE SELF FROM THE VARIOUS PERSPECTIVES
Unit Learning Outcome (Ulo) 8
Big Picture 8
Metalanguage 8
ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE
1. Multi-disciplinal approach 9
2. Integral parts of the self 9
SELF-HELP 11
LET’S CHECK 13
LET’S ANALYZE 14
IN A NUTSHELL 14
KEYWORD INDEX 15
3. Philosophical Views of Self 16
a. Socrates 16
b. Plato 16
c. St. Augustine of Hippo 17
d. Rene Descartes 17
e. John Locke 18
f. David Hume 20
g. Immanuel Kant 20
h. Sigmund Freud 21
i. Gilbert Ryle 22
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j. Paul Churchland 22
k. Maurice Merleau Ponty 23
KEYWORD INDEX 23
SELF-HELP 23
LET’S CHECK 24
LET’S ANALYZE 25
IN A NUTSHELL 25
EASTERN AND WESTERN PHILOSOPHY (The self in the Western and

Oriental/Eastern Thought)
ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE 26
 Western Orientation 26
 Eastern Orientation 26
LET’S CHECK 32
LET’S ANALYZE 33
IN A NUTSHELL 33
REFERENCES 34
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Course Outline: GE 1 – Understanding the Self
Course Coordinator: • Leah S. Baclaan

Email: • lbaclaan@umindanao.edu.ph
Student Consultation: • Thru LMS, text messaging, or email
Mobile: • 09104117160
Phone: • (082) 300-5456 or 305-0647 loc. 118
Effective Date: • June 2020
Mode of Delivery: • Blended (On-Line with face to face or virtual
sessions)
Time Frame: • 54 Hours
Student Workload: • Expected Self-Directed Learning
Requisites: • None
Credit: • 3
Attendance Requirements: • A minimum of 95% attendance is required at all
scheduled
• Virtual or face to face sessions.
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Course Outline Policy
Areas of Concern Details

Contact and Non-contact This 3-unit course self-instructional manual is designed for
Hours blended learning mode of instructional delivery with scheduled
face to face or virtual sessions. The expected number of hours
will be 54 including the face to face or virtual sessions. The
face to face sessions shall include the summative assessment
tasks (exams) if warranted.
Assessment Task Submission Submission of assessment tasks shall be on 3rd, 5th, 7th and 9th
week of the term. The assessment paper shall be attached
with a cover page indicating the title of the assessment task (if
the task is performance), the name of the course
coordinator, date of submission and name of the student. The
document should be emailed to the course coordinator. It is
also expected that you already paid your tuition and other fees
before the submission of the assessment task.
If the assessment task is done in real time through the

features in the Blackboard Learning Management System, the
schedule shall be arranged ahead of time by the course
coordinator.
Turnitin Submission (if To ensure honesty and authenticity, all assessment tasks are
necessary) required to be submitted through Turnitin with a maximum
similarity index of 30% allowed. This means that if your paper
goes beyond 30%, the students will either opt to redo her/his
paper or explain in writing addressed to the course
coordinator the reasons for the similarity. In addition, if the
paper has reached more than 30% similarity index, the
student may be called for a disciplinary action in accordance
with the University‟s OPM on Intellectual and Academic
Honesty.
Please note that academic dishonesty such as cheating and

commissioning other students or people to complete the task
for you have severe punishments (reprimand, warning,
expulsion).
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Penalties for Late The score for an assessment item submitted after the
Assignments/Assessments designated time on the due date, without an approved
extension of time, will be reduced by 5% of the possible
maximum score for that assessment item for each day or part
day that the assessment item is late.
However, if the late submission of assessment paper has a

valid reason, a letter of explanation should be submitted and
approved by the course coordinator. If necessary, you will
also be required to present/attach evidences.
Return of Assignments/ Assessment tasks will be returned to you two (2) weeks after
Assessments the submission. This will be returned by email or via
Blackboard portal.
For group assessment tasks, the course coordinator will

require some or few of the students for online or virtual
sessions to ask clarificatory questions to validate the originality
of the assessment task submitted and to ensure that all the
group members are involved.
Assignment Resubmission You should request in writing addressed to the course
coordinator his/her intention to resubmit an assessment task.
The resubmission is premised on the student‟s failure to
comply with the similarity index and other reasonable grounds
such as academic literacy standards or other reasonable
circumstances e.g. illness, accidents financial constraints.
Re-marking of Assessment You should request in writing addressed to the program
Papers and Appeal coordinator your intention to appeal or contest the score given
to an assessment task. The letter should explicitly explain the
reasons/points to contest the grade. The program coordinator
shall communicate with the students on the approval and
disapproval of the request.
If disapproved by the course coordinator, you can elevate your

case to the program head or the dean with the original letter of
request. The final decision will come from the dean of the
college.
Grading System All culled from BlackBoard sessions and traditional contact
Course discussions/exercises – 30%
1st formative assessment – 10%
2nd formative assessment – 10%
3rd formative assessment – 10%
All culled from on-campus/onsite sessions (TBA):

Final exam – 40%
Submission of the final grades shall follow the usual University
system and procedures.
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Preferred Referencing Style Depends on the discipline; if uncertain or inadequate, use the
general practice of the APA 6th Edition.
Student Communication You are required to create a umindanao email account which
is a requirement to access the BlackBoard portal. Then, the
course coordinator shall enroll the students to have access to
the materials and resources of the course. All communication
formats: chat, submission of assessment tasks, requests etc.
shall be through the portal and other university recognized
platforms.
You can also meet the course coordinator in person through

the scheduled face to face sessions to raise your issues and
concerns.
For students who have not created their student email, please
contact the course coordinator or program head.
Contact Details of the Dean Khristine Marie D. Concepcion, Ph.D.
Email: khristinemarie_concepcion@umindanao.edu.ph
Phone: 082-305-0647 loc. 118
Contact Details of the Victoria O. Ligan, DPA
Discipline Chair Email: victoria_ligan@umindanao.edu.ph
Phone: 082-305-0647 loc. 118
Students with Special Needs Students with special needs shall communicate with the
course coordinator about the nature of his or her special
needs. Depending on the nature of the need, the course
coordinator with the approval of the program coordinator
may provide alternative assessment tasks or extension of
the deadline of submission of assessment tasks.
However, the alternative assessment tasks should still be
in the service of achieving the desired course learning
outcomes.
Instructional Help Desk Dr. Khristine Marie D. Concepcion - Dean
Contact Details Email: khristinemarie_concepcion@umindanao.edu.ph
Phone: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
Rosyl S. Matin-ao – College LMS Facilitator
Email: rosyl_matinao@umindanao.edu.ph
Phone: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 149
Library Contact Brigida E. Bacani
Email: library@umindanao.edu.ph
Phone: 09513766681
Well-being Welfare Support Ronadora Diala – GSTC Head
Held Desk Contact Details Email: artsciences@umindanao.edu.ph
Phone: (082) 300-5456
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Course Information – see/download course syllabus in the Black

Board LMS
CC’s Voice: Hello! Welcome to the GE 1 – Understanding the Self

course!
Upon completion of the course, the students are
expected to classify how the self has been
represented across disciplines and perspectives;
identify the different aspects of self and identity;
distinguish forces and institutions that impact the
development of various aspects of self and identity;
and construct schemes that would help in the better
management of one’s self and behaviors.
Let’s Begin!
Week 1-3: Unit Learning Outcome (ULO)

At the end of the unit you are expected to:
A. Define multi-disciplinal approach and perspectives.
B. Classify how the self has been represented across disciplines and perspectives.
C. Examine the different influences, factors and forces that shape the self.
D. Compare how the self has been represented across disciplines and perspectives.
E. Demonstrate critical and reflective thought in analyzing the development of one‟s
self and identity by developing a theory of the self.
F. Identify western and eastern orientation and be familiarized with its differences.
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BIG PICTURE IN FOCUS!

A. Define multi-disciplinal approach and perspectives.
B. Classify how the self has been represented across disciplines and perspectives.
Metalanguage
Self-awareness is the ability to see yourself clearly and objectively through reflection
and introspection.
Self-Knowledge - as defined as understanding one‟s own motives, character, beliefs

grants one the freedom to live their life without regrets. Additionally, it gives one a sense
of direction and makes it extremely difficult to be manipulated.
Self-concept is a general term used to refer to how someone thinks about, evaluates or
perceives themselves. To be aware of oneself is to have a concept of oneself.
Self-esteem (also known as self-worth) refers to the extent to which we like, accept or
approve of ourselves, or how much we value ourselves. Self-esteem always involves a
degree of evaluation and we may have either a positive or a negative view of ourselves.
Essential Knowledge
A. Multi-disciplinal approach
So why is a multidisciplinary approach to education so important?
Because it gives you a more deep and wide reference framework for considering the
causes and effects of problems, and thus find alignments between these points to
articulate solutions. It improves your ability to consider things from multiple perspectives
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at the same time, as well as measure various ripple effects, as you can consider how
those manifests through different domains and collective relationships.
It also makes you more able to consider seemingly diametrically opposite views in
terms of similarities. Because as a multi-disciplinarian, you will recognize how two
opposite views can be accurate at the same time, from different perspectives
(something that might illuminate the political debate?). You learn to think more
holistically around problems and solutions. You become someone that can integrate
things, which means you will make sense out of things. And this is something that will
always be in demand. Especially in a highly complex and interconnected world that in
many cases - does not make sense. (Markus Modin, 2018).
As Mike Colagrossi 2019 detailed, Alan Wats believed that we can comprehend a
greater sense of the self. The self is not alienated from the universe, but a part of the
whole process. Watts believed that we could shed the illusion of self and the other
through simple comprehension. No need for any difficult yoga meditations or even mind-
shattering psychedelics.
What is self?
The “self” has many aspects. These aspects make up the “self‟s” integral parts, such as
self-awareness, self-esteem, self-knowledge, and self-perception. With these aspects,
the person can alter, change, add, and/ or modify himself or herself for the purpose of
gaining social acceptance.
The “self” is an important study in psychology. It holds that the “self” is either the
cognitive or the affective representation of the individual. Cognitive is relating to or
involving conscious intellectual activity while affective is relating to or arising from
feelings influenced by emotions (Merriam-Webster, 2017).
B. Integral Parts of the Self
Self-awareness is the ability to see yourself clearly and objectively through reflection
and introspection.
While it may not be possible to attain total objectivity about oneself (that is a
debate that continues to rage throughout the history of philosophy), there are certainly
degrees of self-awareness. It exists on a spectrum.
Although everyone has a fundamental idea of what self-awareness is, we do not know
exactly where it comes from, what its precursors are, or why some of us seem to have
more or less than others.
Self-Knowledge - as defined as understanding one‟s own motives, character, beliefs

grants one the freedom to live their life without regrets. Additionally, it gives one a sense
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of direction and makes it extremely difficult to be manipulated. The more self-knowledge

one obtains the smoother they can transition through difficult times. This is because one
can naturally TRUST, understand, and comprehend the best course of action for THEIR
best benefit. Self-knowledge is considered one of the few ways to break through
societal conditioning and achieve higher levels of happiness/consciousness. (Which are
not necessarily the same thing.)
Self-concept is a general term used to refer to how someone thinks about, evaluates or
perceives themselves. To be aware of oneself is to have a concept of oneself.
(1) The Existential Self

This is 'the most basic part of the self-scheme or self-concept; the sense of being
separate and distinct from others and the awareness of the constancy of the self' (Bee,
1992).
(2) The Categorical Self
Having realized that he or she exists as a separate experiencing being, the child next
becomes aware that he or she is also an object in the world.
Just as other objects including people have properties that can be experienced (big,
small, red, smooth and so on) so the child is becoming aware of himself or herself as an
object which can be experienced, and which has properties.
Self-image (how you see yourself)
This does not necessarily have to reflect reality. Indeed, a person with anorexia
who is thin may have a self-image in which the person believes they are fat. A person's
self-image is affected by many factors, such as parental influences, friends, the media
etc.
1) Physical Description: I‟m tall, have blue eyes...etc.
2) Social Roles: We are all social beings whose behavior is shaped to some extent by
the roles we play. Such roles as student, housewife, or member of the football team not
only help others to recognize us but also help us to know what is expected of us in
various situations.
3) Personal Traits: These are the third dimension of our self-descriptions. “I‟m
impulsive...I‟m generous...I tend to worry a lot” ...etc.
4) Existential Statements (abstract ones): These can range from "I‟m a child of the
universe" to "I‟m a human being" to "I‟m a spiritual being"...etc.
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Self-esteem (the extent to which you value yourself)

Self-esteem (also known as self-worth) refers to the extent to which we like, accept or
approve of ourselves, or how much we value ourselves. Self-esteem always involves a
degree of evaluation and we may have either a positive or a negative view of ourselves.
High self-esteem (we have a positive view of ourselves)
This tends to lead to
 Confidence in our own abilities

 Self-acceptance
 Not worrying about what others think
 Optimism
Low self-esteem (we have a negative view of ourselves)

This tends to lead to
 Lack of confidence
 Want to be/look like someone else
 Always worrying what others might think
 Pessimism
How well do you know yourself? Are you aware of your talents? Skills? Weakness?
Strengths?
The persistent question, “Who am I?” is rooted in the human need to understand the
basis of the experiences of the “self.” When people are asked to explain their
understanding of the word, the usual answers are: “It‟s who I am.” “It‟s me, my
essence.”
“It‟s what makes me unique and different from everyone else.”
For a more meaningful understanding of the “self,” numerous studies have been
conducted and various approaches have been developed from concepts about it.
Important philosophers from ancient to contemporary times sought to describe the
essential qualities that compose a person‟s uniqueness. On the other hand, sociology
sees the “self” as a product of social interactions, developed over time through social
activities and experiences.
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Anthropology views the “self” as a culturally shaped construct or idea.

Anthropologists assert that it is an autonomous participant in the society as much as it is
submerged in the community. Meanwhile, rather than giving a definition, psychology
sees the “self” as having characteristics or properties that can be used to describe it.
Pioneers in the study pointed out that the “self” is related to its physical and social
environment, it is unique, and it is necessary to its experience.
Self-Help
You can also refer to the sources below to help your further understand
the lesson:
Otig, et al (2018). A Holistic Approach in Understanding the Self. Mutya Publishing

House.
https://www.education.com/download/worksheet/106788/adjectives-to-
describeyourself.pd
https://learningandteaching-navitas.com/multidisciplinary-teaching-approach-active-
learning/.
Let’s Check!
1. Instruction: Read the Story of the Wemmicks and write a summary of the Story of
the Wemmicks? (Include all the characters and their role in the life of Punichello)
with a minimum of 5 sentences each. (20 points).
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Guided Questions:
a. Who are these characters in my real-life situation? (Each of them)
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b. How do I relate myself in the situation of Punichello? (Personal reflection)
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Let’s Analyze! ______________________
Who Am I?
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Briefly describe yourself using the table presented below. Fill each table
with your experiences that reflex each character.
As a human As a child in the As a child of God As a Student

Person Family
In a Nutshell
Wow’s and Wishes
A class will be divided into groups for this activity. Each group will be asked to
do the following:
1. Create a group chat through a messenger with your assigned group
members. Everyone must be included in the group chat.
2. Create your own kind of introduction of your unique skills and specialties.
Only include those essential qualities that can describe yourself.
3. Compile all information and articulate a brief group introduction that
describe each members of the group.
4. Provide a screenshot of the group conversation.
5. Include the screenshot as your evidence in submitting your output.
6. Deliver your output in a short bond paper to be submitted through LMS or
during video conference.
Keywords:
Self-awareness Existential Self

Self-Knowledge Categorical Self
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Self-concept Social Roles

Self-esteem Personal Trait

C. Examine the different influences, factors and forces that shape the self.
D. Compare how the self has been represented across disciplines and perspectives.
Metalanguage
Theory of forms -Asserted that the physical world is not really the “real” world because
the ultimate reality exists beyond the physical world.
The appetitive (sensual) – the element that enjoys sensual experiences, such as food,
drink, and sex.
The rational- the element that forbids the person to enjoy the sensual experiences; the
part that loves truth, hence should rule over the other parts of the soul using reason.
The spirited (feeling) – the element that is inclined toward reason but understands the
demands of passion; the part that loves honor and victory.
Methodological Skepticism- It is one‟s beliefs in order to determine which beliefs

could be ascertained as true.
Empiricism- the idea that the origin of all knowledge is sense experience. It
emphasized the role of experience and evidence (especially sensory perception) in
forming concepts, while discounting the notion of innate ideas.
Apperception- the mental process by which a person makes sense of an idea by

assimilating it to the body of ideas he or she
already possesses. Essential Knowledge
Philosophical View of Self

Philosophy makes a central contribution to the educational enterprise through its
demands upon intellectual activity. Education in philosophy involves becoming aware of
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major figures and developments in the history of philosophy, learning up-to-date

techniques and accepted answers to philosophical questions, and learning critical,
interpretive, and evaluative skills that, in the overall scheme of things, may be of
greatest value.
A. Socrates “the unexamined life is not worth living”
Some of Socrates ideas
1. The soul is immortal
2. The care of the soul is the task of philosophy
3. Virtue is necessary to attain happiness
The state of your inner being (soul/self) determines the quality of your life
Two kinds of existence
• Visible
• invisible
The goal of life is to be happy
The virtuous man is a happy man
B. Plato “good actions give strength to us and inspire good actions in others”
Collection and division
The philosopher would collect all the generic ideas that seemed to have common
characteristics and then divided them into different kinds until the subdivision of
ideas became specific
Theory of forms
Asserted that the physical world is not really the “real” world because the ultimate
reality exists beyond the physical world.
The soul is indeed the most divine aspect of the human being
The self/soul/mind according to Plato is the aspect of the human beings by which the
forms (ideas) are known
The three parts of the soul according to Plato are:
• The appetitive (sensual) – the element that enjoys sensual experiences, such as
food, drink and sex.
• The rational- the element that forbids the person to enjoy the sensual
experiences; the part that loves truth, hence should rule over the other parts of
the soul through the use of reason
• The spirited (feeling) – the element that is inclined toward reason but
understands the demands of passion; the part that loves honor and victory
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C. St. Augustine of Hippo all knowledge leads to God”

He adopted Plato‟s view that the self is an immaterial (but rational) soul
Theory of forms- saint Augustine asserted that these forms were concepts
existing within the perfect and eternal god where the soul belonged.
The soul held the truth and was capable of scientific thinking.
Saint Augustine‟s concept of the “self” was an inner immaterial “i” that had self-
knowledge and self-awareness.”
Human beings through the senses could sense the material and temporal objects
as we interacted with the material world; the immaterial but intelligible God would only
be clear and obvious to the mind if one tune into his / her immaterial self/soul.
Aspects of the soul according to saint Augustine are:

• It can be aware of itself
• It recognizes itself as a holistic one
• It is aware of its unity
• Saint Augustine pointed out that a person is similar to god as regards to the mind
and its ability; that by ignoring to use his/her mind (or the incorrect use of the
mind) he/she would lose his/her possibility to reach real and lasting happiness.
C. Renee’ Descartes “cogito ergo sum”
Often regarded as the first thinker to emphasize the use of reason to describe, predict
and understand natural phenomena based on observational ad empirical evidence.
Hyperbolical/metaphysical doubt or methodological skepticism- it is a systematic
process of being skeptical about the truth of one‟s belief to determine which belief could
be ascertained as true.
He asserted that everything perceived by the senses could not be used as proof of
existence because human senses could be fooled.
There was only one thing we could be sure of in this world, and that was everything
could be doubted.
The soul The body
It is a conscious, thinking substance It is a material substance that changes

that is unaffected by time. through time.
It is only to itself (only you know your It can be doubted; the public can
own mental event and others cannot correct the claims about the body.
correct your own mental states.
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It is not made up or parts, it vies It is made up of physical, quantifiable,

entirely itself with no hidden or divisible facts.
separate compartments. It is both
conscious and aware of itself at the
same time.
D. John Locke “no man’s knowledge can go beyond his experience”
Locke believed that the self is identified with consciousness and this self consists
of sameness of consciousness. This is usually interpreted to mean that the self consists
of memory; that the person existing now is the same person yesterday because he/she
remembers the thoughts, experiences or actions of the earlier self.
For Locke, a person‟s memories provide a continuity of experience that allows
him / her to identify himself/herself as the same person over time.
According to Locke since you are the same “self” in the passing of time, you can be held
accountable for past behavior. However, Locke insisted that a person could only be held
accountable for behaviors he/she can remember.
Self-Help
the lesson:

House.
https://www.education.com/d ownload/worksheet/106788/a djectives-to-

describeyourself.pd
Let’s Check! Identify the philosopher being asked in each statement

below. Write your answers before each number.
___________1. The state of your inner being (soul/self) determines the quality of your
life.
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___________2. He held that the soul held the Truth and was capable of scientific
thinking.
___________3. He believed that the “self” is identified with consciousness and this
“self” consists of sameness of consciousness.
___________4. He emphasized the use of reason to describe, predict, and understand

natural phenomena based on observational and empirical evidence.
___________5. The “soul” is indeed the most divine aspect of the humans being.
___________6. He is known for his method of inquiry.
___________7. His goal is the fulfillment of happiness.
___________8. He reasoned that human beings through the senses could sense the
material, temporal objects as we interacted with the material world.
___________9. He added that there is only one thing we could be sure in this world,
and that was everything could be doubted.
__________10. He insisted that a person could only be held accountable for behaviors
he/she can remember.
Let’s Analyze! Discuss each philosopher’s view with your group and
supply the necessary information from the table below.
The group must submit their output through LMS.
PHILOSOPHERS/ BODY SOUL SELF PHILOSOPHICAL GOAL
THINKERS IDEA
Socrates
Plato
St. Augustine
Renee‟ Descartes
John Locke
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E. Demonstrate critical and reflective thought in analyzing the development of one’s
self and identity by developing a theory of the self.
Metalanguage
Rationalism - is the theory that reason, rather than experience, is the foundation of all
knowledge
Bundle theory - as a bundle or a collection of different perceptions that are moving in a

very fast and successive manner.
Impressions– These are perceptions which are the strongest. It enters the senses with
most force
Ideas – The less forcible and less lively counterpart of impressions
Inner self - The “self” by which you are aware of alterations in your own state
Outer self - includes your senses and the physical world
Id- pleasure/ desire
Ego -reality principle
Superego -Incorporates the values and morals of society
Eliminative materialism - the claim that people's common-sense understanding of the

mind (or folk psychology) is false and that certain classes of mental states that most
people believe in does not exist.
Embodied- is a verb that means to give a body to (usually an immaterial substance like
a soul).
Subjectivity-in philosophy, is the state of being a subject - an entity that possesses

conscious experiences, such as perspectives, feelings, beliefs, and desires
Essential Knowledge
E. David Hume “a wise man’s proportions his belief to the evidence”
He was a fierce opponent of Descartes‟ Rationalism. Rationalism is the theory

that reason, rather than experience, is the foundation of all knowledge
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Hume, along with John Locke and Bishop George Berkeley, was one of the three main
figureheads of the influential British Empiricism movement. Empiricism is the idea that
the origin of all knowledge is sense experience. It emphasized the role of experience
and evidence (especially sensory perception) in forming concepts, while discounting the
notion of innate ideas.
bundle theory wherein he described the “self” or person (which Hume assumed
to be the „mind‟) as a bundle or a collection of different perceptions that are moving in a
very fast and successive manner.
David Hume concluded that the “self” is merely made up of successive impressions.
Hume divided the mind‟s perceptions into two groups stating that the difference
between the two “consists in the degrees of force and liveliness with which they strike
upon the mind (Hume, pg. 10)”:
Impressions– These are perceptions which are the strongest. It enters the senses with
most force. These are directly experienced; they result from inward and outward
sentiments.
Ideas – The less forcible and less lively counterpart of impressions. These are
mechanisms that copy and reproduce sense data formulated based upon the previously
perceived impressions.
Hume did not believe on the existence of the “self”. He stressed that your perceptions
are only active for as long as you are conscious.
Hume's “self” is a passive observer similar to watching one's life pass before the eyes
like a play or on a screen; whereby the total annihilation of the “self” comes at death.
F. Immanuel Kant
Kant‟s view of the “self" is transcendental which means the “self” is related to a spiritual
or nonphysical realm.
The self is outside the body and it does not have the qualities of the body. Despite being
transcendental, Kant stressed that the body and its qualities are rooted to the “self”.it is
knowledge that bridges the “self” and the material things together.
Two kinds of consciousness of self (rationality):
1. Consciousness of oneself and one's psychological states in inner sense

2. Consciousness of oneself and one's states by performing acts of apperception.
Apperception is the mental process by which a person makes sense of an idea by

assimilating it to the body of ideas he or she already possesses.
Two components of the “self”:
1. Inner self - The “self” by which you are aware of alterations in your own state.
This includes your rational intellect and your psychological state such as moods,
feelings, and sensations, pleasure, and pain.
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2. Outer self - includes your senses and the physical world. It is the common
boundary between the external world and the inner self. It gathers information
from the external world through the senses, which the inner self interprets and
coherently expresses.
Kant proposed that the “self” organizes information in three ways:
1. Raw perceptual input

2. Recognizing the concept
3. Reproducing in the imagination
G. Sigmund Freud
Psychoanalytic theory
Explained thought the iceberg analogy
Ego
 Reality principle
 It works out realistic ways to satisfying the id‟s demands often compromising or
postponing satisfaction to avoid negative consequences of society
 Considers social realities and norms, etiquette and rules in deciding how to
behave
Psychoanalytic theory
Superego
 Incorporates the values and morals of society
 Control the id‟s impulses
 Persuades the ego to choose moralistic goals and to strive for perfection rather
than simply realistic ones
 Component system of superego:
 Conscience – if ego gives in to the id‟s demands, the superego may make the
person feel bad though guilt
 Ideal self – an imaginary picture of how you ought to be. Presents career
aspirations, how to treat other people and how to behave as a member of
society.
H. Gilbert Ryle “In searching for the self, one cannot simultaneously be the hunter
and the hunted”
Ryle called the distinction between mind and matter a “category-mistake" because of its
attempt to analyze the relation between "mind" and "body" as if the two were terms of
the same categories.
Ryle‟s points against Descartes theory are:
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• The relation between mind and body are not isolated processes.
• Mental processes were intelligent acts, and are not distinct from each other
• The operation of the mind is itself an intelligent act
Knowledge, memory, imagination, and other abilities or dispositions do not reside
"within" the mind as if the mind were a space in which these could be stored or located.
If Ryle believed that the concept of a distinct “self” is not real, where do we get our
sense of self? Ryle asserted that it is from our behavior and actions.
I. Paul Churchland “There is nothing beyond the sensory experience”
In Churchland‟s view the immaterial, unchanging soul/self does not exist because
it cannot be experienced by the senses.
Churchland‟s idea is called eliminative materialism or the claim that people's
common-sense understanding of the mind (or folk psychology) is false and that certain
classes of mental states that most people believe in do not exist.
Churchland asserted the sense of “self” originated from the brain itself and that
this “self” is a product of electrochemical signals produced by the brain.
J. Maurice Merleau-Ponty “We know not to our intellect but through our experience”
Maurice Merleau-Ponty‟s idea of “self” is an embodied subjectivity. The term

„embodied‟ is a verb that means to give a body to (usually an immaterial substance like
a soul). Subjectivity, in philosophy, is the state of being a subject - an entity that
possesses conscious experiences, such as perspectives, feelings, beliefs, and desires.
Moreover, a subject act upon or affects some other entity, which in philosophy is called
the object. A subject therefore is something that exists, can take action, and can cause
real effects (on an object).
Human beings are embodied subjectivities, and that the understanding of the
“self” should begin from this fundamental fact. He added that the body is not a mere
“house” where the mind resides. Rather it is through the lived experience of the body
that you perceive; are informed; and interact with the world. According to Merleau-
Ponty, the body acts what the mind perceives as a unified one.
Keywords:
Theory of forms appetitive (sensual)
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The rational spirited (feeling)

Rationalism Bundle theory
Impressions Ideas
Inner self Outer self
Id Ego
Superego Eliminative materialism
Embodied‟ Subjectivity
Self-Help
the lesson:

House
Let’s Check!
Identify the philosopher being asked in each statement below. Write your
answers before each number.
___________1. He proposed the existence of the unconscious.
___________2. He is known for his belief on embodied subjectivity.
___________3. He asserted that “self” does not exist; instead, he stressed that
perceptions are only active for as long as an individual is conscious.
___________4. He was known for this phrase, “I act, Therefore, I am.”
___________5. He was famous for his idea on eliminative materialism.
___________6. He practiced psychoanalysis in answering questions about the human

psyche.
___________7. He stressed that the body and its qualities are rooted to the “self.”
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___________8. He asserted that sensations, thoughts, and feelings do not belong to a

mental world separate from the physical world.
___________9. The body acts what the mind perceives as a unified one.
__________10. There is a constant movement of memories and impulses from one

level to another.
Let’s Analyze!
Discuss each philosopher’s view with your group and supply the necessary
information from the table below. The group must submit their output through
LMS.
PHILOSOPHERS/ BODY SOUL SELF PHILOSOPHICAL GOAL

THINKERS IDEA
David Hume
Immanuel Kant
Sigmund Freud
Gilbert Ryle
Paul Churchland
Maurice Merleau-
Ponty
In a Nutshell
Journal #1: What is your own philosophy in life since you are still a student? Write it on
a one-page paper, printed or handwritten to be submitted through LMS.
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F. Identify western and eastern orientation and be familiarized with its differences
Metalanguage
Eastern Orientation- accepts the truth as given and is more interested in finding the
balance.
Western Orientation- strives to find and prove “the truth”.
Essential Knowledge
EASTERN PHILOSOPHY WESTERN PHILOSOPHY
Broadly, speaking,
Western society
strives to
find and prove "the
truth", while Eastern
society accepts the
truth as given and
is more interested in
finding the balance.
Westerners put
more stock in
individual rights;
Easterners in social
responsibly.
Buddhism, Confucianism, Hinduism, Christianity**, Rational, Scientific,

Integral Yoga, Islam, Taoism, Zen Logical schools
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East MAIN PRINCIPLES West

● Cosmological unity ● Feeling oneself as an element of
● Life is a journey towards eternal realities the Divine
that are beyond the realities that surround us ● Life is a service (to the God,
● Circular view of the universe, based on the money, business, etc.)
perception of eternal recurrence ● Linear view of the universe and
● Inner-world dependent life, based on the Christian
● Self-liberation from the false "Me" and philosophy where everything has its
finding the true "Me". The highest state is beginning and the end.
believed to be a state of 'no-self', where ● Outer-world dependent
neither self-worth nor self-importance have ● Self-dedication to the goal (big
any real meaning. dream, life vision, happiness,
● Behavioral ethics personal success, etc.)
East LIVING PRINCIPLES West
VIRTUE ETHIC
"To be able under all circumstances to

practice five things constitutes perfect
"One can live magnificently in this world
virtue; these five things are gravity,
if one knows how to work and how to
generosity of soul, sincerity, earnestness
love."
and kindness." ~ Confucius
~ Leo Tolstoy
"Be satisfied with whatever you have,
"Refrain from doing ill; for one all-
and enjoy the same. When you come to
powerful reason, lest our children should
know that you have everything, and you
copy our misdeeds; we are all to prone
are not short of anything, then the whole
to imitate whatever is base and
world will be yours." ~ Lao Tzu
depraved."
"The thought manifests as the word; The
~ Juvenal
word manifests as the deed; The deed
"There is no real excellence in all this
develops into habit; And habit hardens
world which can be separated from right
into character. So, watch the thought
living."
and its ways with care, and let it spring
~ David Starr Jordan
from love born out of concern for all
beings." ~ Buddha
East The "Me" concept West

"Me" is here and now. The true “Me” in
Eternal reality of the universal truth: self- every human being is a part of the Divine
liberation through getting rid of the false that need to become apparent. True
"Me" and discovering the true "Me" “Me” is given and doesn’t have to be
cognizable.
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"Man is made by his belief. As he

believes, so he is." ~ Bhagavad Gita
"The superior man understands what is "Happiness lies in virtuous activity,
right; the inferior man understands what and perfect happiness lies in the best
will sell." activity, which is contemplative."
~ Confucius ~ Aristotle
"By chasing desires, you will meet only
the outer surface." ~ Lao Tzu
East Relationship with RELIGION West

Integration Opposition
East Search for ABSOLUTE TRUTH West
● HOLISTIC approach – all events in the

● More focused on INDIVIDUAL
universe are interconnected
EVENTS and the role of the person
● Searching INSIDE YOURSELF – by
● Searching outside yourself - through
becoming a part of the universe through
research and analysis
meditation and right living
"Though he should live a hundred years,

"The truth that survives is simply the lie
not seeing the Truth Sublime; yet better,
that is pleasantest to believe." ~
indeed, is the single day's life of one who
Helminen
sees the Truth Sublime." ~ Buddha
The main values are success and

achievement. These that can be
The true key is INSIDE. The inner world
achieved in many ways, but rarely
of a human being and his or her ability to
through developing inner strength. The
control and develop it is of the highest
majority of success and achievement
value. The way to the top is inside
criteria have an external nature (money,
yourself, through self-development.
faith, popularity, etc.). The way to the top
is through active OUTSIDE intervention.
East Search for TRUTH & Fundamental Research West

The truth is GIVEN is does not to have The truth needs TO BE PROVED.
be proved.
The philosophic base for and culture of
The philosophic base for and culture of fundamental research is STRONGER.
fundamental research is WEAKER.
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East FUTURE West

Your future is unknown, it was
Your future is determined by the past and
predetermined by God and is not much
your deeds today.
influenced by your deeds.
"Study the past if you would like to divine "You can never plan the future by the past."
the future." ~ Confucius ~ Edmund Burke
East JUSTICE West
SPIRITUAL practice CEREBRAL practice
"There is a higher court than courts of

"At his best, man is the noblest of all
justice and that is the court of conscience.
animals; separated from law and justice he
It supersedes all other courts." ~ Mahatma
is the worst. " ~ Aristotle
Gandhi
East INDIVIDUALISM / COLLECTIVISM West

A human being is an integral part of the
A human being has an individualistic
universe and the society. People are
nature and is an independent part of the
fundamentally connected. Duty towards
universe and the society.
all others is a very important matter.
INDIVIDUALISM is stronger.
COLLECTIVISM is stronger.
East IMPROVEMENT / EVOLUTION West

CYCLIC development, hence LINEAR development, hence
improvement is a never ending journey improvement has a goal. Development
that has no limits. stops when the goal is reached.
East RADICAL INNOVATION / REVOLUTION West
The fundamentals of the status quo The fundamentals of the status quo can
should not be questioned. The culture of – and often should – be questioned. The
considering and introducing radical culture of considering and introducing
changes is WEAKER. radical changes is STRONGER.
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East PASSION & VENTURING West
Entrepreneurial creativity and venturing

Entrepreneurial venturing is
is CONTAINED by the habit to control
ENCOURAGED emotionally.
one's passions.
"Nothing is ever achieved by reasonable

"Desires are the cause of suffering. If
men."
desire, which lies at the route of all
~ J Fred Bucy of Texas Instruments
human passion, can be removed, then
"Nothing great was ever achieved
passion will die out and all human
without enthusiasm... Always do what
suffering will be ended."
you are afraid to do... Do not go where
~ Buddhism
the path may lead, go instead where
"Vain indeed is all overweening pride in
there is no path and leave a trail." ~
the conquest even of the entire universe
Ralph Waldo Emerson
if one has not conquered one's own
"If you want to succeed, you have to
passions."
forge new paths and avoid borrowed
~ Sri Aurobindo
ones." ~ John Rockfeller
East ACHIEVEMENT & WINNING West
Winning is INSIDE yourself. >>> Winning is OUTSIDE yourself.
"Though he should conquer a thousand

men in the battlefield a thousand times, "You're not a star until they can spell
yet he, indeed, who would conquer your name in Karachi."
himself is the noblest victor." ~ Roger Moore
~ Buddha "Life affords no higher pleasure than that
"He who conquers others is strong; he of surmounting difficulties, passing from
who conquers himself is mighty." ~ Lao one stop of success to another, forming
Tzu new wishes and seeing them gratified."
"The most excellent Jihad is that for the ~ Samuel Johnson
conquest of self." ~ Mohammad
East IMPLEMENTATION West
SPIRITUAL and MISSIONARY PRAGMATIC and EMOTIONAL

approach. approach.
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"To create and develop without any

feelings of ownership, to work and guide "The supreme accomplishment is to blur
without any expectation and control, is the line between work and play."
the best quality" ~ Arnold Toynbee
~ Lao Tzu "Since most of us spend our lives doing
To achieve self-liberation and nirvana ordinary tasks, the most important thing is
you need to perform your duties without to carry them out extraordinary well."
expecting any reward for it. ~ Vedanta, ~ Henry David Thoreau
Hinduism "Every minute you spend in planning
"Action can be achieved by inaction, saves 10 minutes in execution." ~ Brian
where the result is achieved by "Not-Me" Tracy
~ Zen
East GOALS & Key to SUCCESS West
SPIRITUAL MATERIALISTIC
"The secret of success in life, and

"Live a virtuous life and adhere to subsequently of making money, is to
performing your duties." ~ Confucianism enjoy your work. If you do, nothing is
"The Three Armies can be deprived of hard work – no matter how many hours
their commanding officer, but even a you put in." ~ Sir Billy Butlin
common man cannot be deprived of his "Success is that old ABC – ability,
purpose." ~ Confucius breaks and courage." ~ Charles
"If you really want everything, then give Luckman
up everything." ~ Lao Tzu "Flaming enthusiasm, backed by horse
"He is able who thinks he is able." ~ sense and persistence, is the quality that
Buddha most frequently makes for success." ~
Dale Carnegie
East Establishing Control Over Your EMOTIONS West
Through MEDITATION Through ANALYSIS
A man can separate his/her mind from "I can control my passions and emotions
his/her emotions and control them. ~ if I can understand their nature." ~
Taoism Spinosa
East LEADERSHIP West
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HANDS-ON
SPIRITUAL
Walking ahead of people; speech is
Walking behind people; silence is golden
golden
"In order to guide people, the leader "Leadership is done from in front. Never
must put himself behind them. Thus, ask others to do what you, if challenged,
when he is ahead, they feel no hurt." ~ would not be willing to do yourself." ~
Lao Tzu Xenophon
Let’s Check!
Identify the words that is being asked in each statement below. Write your
answers before each number.
___________1. It refers to the generalized view of self.
___________2. It is the divine universal consciousness.
___________3. It refers to the mental processes that perceive one‟s own traits.
___________4. It embodies specific values, thoughts, or ideas that play an important

role in determining the person‟s sense of “self.”
___________5. These are the earliest religious writings in the East.
___________6. It refers to the extent that we value our duty to groups to which we
belong.
___________7. It refers to the mental processes that perceive one own‟s traits.
___________8. It emphasizes the moral worth of the individual.
___________9. It means having the right to practice propriety in all that you do.
___________10. It is the tendency to see reality as an aggregate of parts.
___________11. It accepts the truth as given and is more interested in finding the
balance.
___________12. Acknowledged to be “imbued with a style of thinking based on

dichotomy and binary opposition.”
___________13. Tends to discredit explanation that do not use analytic-deductive

modes of thinking.
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___________14. The principle of cosmic order.
___________15. Composed of the teachings of Buddha.
Let’s Analyze!
Instructions: Determine the Filipino traits observed in the surroundings and classify it
accordingly to eastern or western influence. Give a brief explanation.
Filipino Traits Eastern Influence Western Influence

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
In a Nutshell
Journal # 2: Write briefly an essay about your realization in identifying your traits that
influence both eastern and western concept. (30 points.)
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
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REFERENCES
BOOK
Alata, E. J. (2018). Understanding the self. Rex Book Store.

Bulaong, et al. (2018). Ethics: foundation of moral valuation. Rex Bookstore, Manila
Bataga et al (2015) Introduction to Psychology: Concepts and Theories
Baumeister, Roy F., and Mark R. Leary. “The Need to Belong: Desire for Interpersonal
Attachments as a Fundamental Human Motivation.” Psychological Bulletin 117.3
(1995): 97-529. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7777651
Kirst-Ashman, K. & Zastrow, C. (2016). Understanding human behavior and the social
environment (10th ed). Australia: Cengage Learning.
Kottak, Conrad, Philip (2015). Cultural Anthropology: Appreciating Cultural Diversity.
McGraw
Kremer, William, and Claudia Hammond. “Abraham Maslow and the Pyramid That
Beguiled Business.” BBC (2013, Sep. 1). https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-
23902918
Maslow, Abraham Harold. “A Theory of Human Motivation.” Psychological Review 50.4
(1943): 370-396. http://psycnet.apa.org/record/1943-03751-001
House.
Ryff, Carol D., and Burton H. Singer. “Know Thyself and Become What You Are: A
Eudaimonic Approach to Psychological Well-Being.” Journal of Happiness
Studies 9.1 (2008): 13-39. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10902-006-
9019-0
Slater, A., et al. (2017). An introduction to developmental psychology (3rd ed.).
Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Tay, Louis, and Ed Diener. “Needs and Subjective Well-Being Around the
World.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 101.2 (2011): 354-
365. http://psycnet.apa.org/record/2011-12249-001
Velasquez, M. (2017). Philosophy: a text with readings (13th ed). Australia: Cengage
Learning
ONLINE REFERENCE
Villarica, Hans. “Maslow 2.0: A New and Improved Recipe for Happiness.” The Atlantic
(2011, Aug. 17). https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2011/08/maslow-20-
a-new-and-improved-recipe-for-happiness/243486/
http://www.1000ventures.com/business_guide/crosscuttings/cultures_east-west-
phylosophy.html
https://www.education.com/d ownload/worksheet/106788/a djectives-to-
describeyourself.pd
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https://www.evonomie.net/2018/07/03/digital-self/your-digital-self-how-to-present-
yourself-online/
http://psychology.iresearchnet.com/social-psychology/self/self-promotion/
Trait Psychology in the Philippines.
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/00027640021956107
COURSE SCHEDULES
Activities Date Where to submit
Week 1 – 3
Big Picture A: Let‟s Check Activities BB LMS
Big Picture A: Let‟s Analyze Activities BB LMS
Big Picture A: Let‟s Analyze Activities BB LMS
Big Picture A: In a Nutshell Activities BB LMS
Big Picture B: Let‟s Analyze Activities BB LMS
Big Picture B: In a Nutshell Activities BB LMS
Big Picture C: Let‟s Check Activities BB LMS
Big Picture C: Let‟s Analyze Activities BB LMS
Big Picture C: In a Nutshell Activities BB LMS
FIRST EXAMINATION BB LMS
ONLINE CODE OF CONDUCT
(1) All teachers/course facilitators and students are expected to abide by an honor
code of conduct, and thus everyone and all are exhorted to exercise self-
management and self-regulation.
(2) All students are guided by professional conduct as learners in attending OBD or
DED courses. Any breach and violation shall be dealt with properly under
existing guidelines, specifically in Section 7 (Student Discipline) in the Student
Handbook.
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(3) Professional conduct refers to the embodiment and exercise of the University‟s
Core Values, specifically in the adherence to intellectual honesty and integrity;
academic excellence by giving due diligence in virtual class participation in all
lectures and activities, as well as fidelity in doing and submitting performance
tasks and assignments; personal discipline in complying with all deadlines; and
observance of data privacy.
(4) Plagiarism is a serious intellectual crime and shall be dealt with accordingly. The
University shall institute monitoring mechanisms online to detect and penalize
plagiarism.
(5) Students shall independently and honestly take examinations and do
assignments, unless collaboration is clearly required or permitted. Students shall
not resort to dishonesty to improve the result of their assessments (e.g.
examinations, assignments).
(6) Students shall not allow anyone else to access their personal LMS account.
Students shall not post or share their answers, assignment or examinations to
others to further academic fraudulence online.
(7) By enrolling in OBD or DED courses, students agree and abide by all the
provisions of the Online Code of Conduct, as well as all the requirements and
protocols in handling online courses.
Course Prepared by:
JAN VAUGHNCE YRISH PLAZA, MA-THEO
SAMSON BERNALES, JR., MA-PHILO

Faculty, Social Science Discipline
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Reviewed by:
VICTORIA O. LIGAN, DPA

Program Head
Approved by:
KHRISTINE MARIE D. CONCEPCION, Ph.D.

Dean
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UNIVERSITY OF MINDANAO

College of Arts and Sciences Education

Physically Distanced but Academically Engaged

Self-Instructional Manual (SIM) for Self-Directed Learning

Course/Subject: GE1 – Understanding the Self

Name of Teacher: Leah S. Baclaan

THIS SIM/SDL MANUAL IS A DRAFT VERSION ONLY.

EASTERN AND WESTERN PHILOSOPHY (The self in the Western and

Course Outline: GE 1 – Understanding the Self

Course Coordinator: • Leah S. Baclaan

Course Outline Policy

Areas of Concern Details

If the assessment task is done in real time through the

Please note that academic dishonesty such as cheating and

However, if the late submission of assessment paper has a

For group assessment tasks, the course coordinator will

If disapproved by the course coordinator, you can elevate your

All culled from on-campus/onsite sessions (TBA):

You can also meet the course coordinator in person through

Course Information – see/download course syllabus in the Black

CC’s Voice: Hello! Welcome to the GE 1 – Understanding the Self

Week 1-3: Unit Learning Outcome (ULO)

BIG PICTURE IN FOCUS!

Self-Knowledge - as defined as understanding one‟s own motives, character, beliefs

So why is a multidisciplinary approach to education so important?

B. Integral Parts of the Self

Self-Knowledge - as defined as understanding one‟s own motives, character, beliefs

of direction and makes it extremely difficult to be manipulated. The more self-knowledge

(1) The Existential Self

Self-esteem (the extent to which you value yourself)

 Confidence in our own abilities

Low self-esteem (we have a negative view of ourselves)

“It‟s what makes me unique and different from everyone else.”

Anthropology views the “self” as a culturally shaped construct or idea.

Otig, et al (2018). A Holistic Approach in Understanding the Self. Mutya Publishing

b. How do I relate myself in the situation of Punichello? (Personal reflection)

As a human As a child in the As a child of God As a Student

Self-awareness Existential Self

Self-concept Social Roles

BIG PICTURE IN FOCUS!

Methodological Skepticism- It is one‟s beliefs in order to determine which beliefs

Apperception- the mental process by which a person makes sense of an idea by

Philosophical View of Self

major figures and developments in the history of philosophy, learning up-to-date

C. St. Augustine of Hippo all knowledge leads to God”

Aspects of the soul according to saint Augustine are:

C. Renee’ Descartes “cogito ergo sum”

The soul The body

It is a conscious, thinking substance It is a material substance that changes

It is not made up or parts, it vies It is made up of physical, quantifiable,

D. John Locke “no man’s knowledge can go beyond his experience”

Otig, et al (2018). A Holistic Approach in Understanding the Self. Mutya Publishing

https://www.education.com/d ownload/worksheet/106788/a djectives-to-

Let’s Check! Identify the philosopher being asked in each statement

___________4. He emphasized the use of reason to describe, predict, and understand

___________6. He is known for his method of inquiry.

___________7. His goal is the fulfillment of happiness.

BIG PICTURE IN FOCUS!

Bundle theory - as a bundle or a collection of different perceptions that are moving in a

Ego -reality principle

Superego -Incorporates the values and morals of society

Eliminative materialism - the claim that people's common-sense understanding of the