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The Book of Job (Hebrew: )אִּיֹובis one of the books of the Hebrew Bible. It relates the story of Job,
his trials at the hands of Satan, his theological discussions with friends on the origins and nature of his
suffering, his challenge to God, and finally a response from God. The Book itself comprises a didactic
poem set in a prose framing device and has been called "the most profound and literary work of the
entire Old Testament".[1] The Book itself, along with its numerous exegeses, are attempts to address
the problem of evil, i.e. the problem of reconciling the existence of evil or suffering in the world with
the existence of God.
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Part of a series
of articles on the
Hebrew Bible
Tanakh
(Books common to all Christian and Judaic canons)
Genesis · Exodus · Leviticus · Numbers · Deuteronomy · Joshua · Judges · Ruth · 1–2 Samuel ·
1–2 Kings · 1–2 Chronicles · Ezra (Esdras) · Nehemiah · Esther · Job · Psalms · Proverbs ·
Ecclesiastes · Song of Songs · Isaiah · Jeremiah · Lamentations · Ezekiel · Daniel · Minor
prophets
Deuterocanon
Tobit · Judith · 1 Maccabees · 2 Maccabees · Wisdom (of Solomon) · Sirach · Baruch · Letter of
Jeremiah · Additions to Daniel · Additions to Esther
Greek and Slavonic Orthodox canon
1 Esdras · 3 Maccabees · Prayer of Manasseh · Psalm 151
Georgian Orthodox canon
4 Maccabees · 2 Esdras
Ethiopian Orthodox "narrow" canon
Apocalypse of Ezra · Jubilees · Enoch · 1–3 Meqabyan · 4 Baruch
Syriac Peshitta
Psalms 152–155 · 2 Baruch · Letter of Baruch
Bible Portal
There was an extremely pious man named Job. He was very prosperous, and had seven sons and three
daughters. Constantly fearing that his sons may have sinned and "cursed God in their hearts", he
habitually offered burnt offerings as a pardon for their sins.[2]
The "sons of God" (a phrase commonly interpreted as referring to the angels) and Satan (literally, the
Hebrew word means "the accuser" or "the adversary") present themselves to God. God asks Satan his
opinion on Job, apparently a truly pious man. Satan answers that Job is pious only because he is
prosperous. In response to Satan's assertion, God gives Satan permission to destroy Job's possessions
and family.[3]
All of Job's possessions are destroyed and a 'ruach' (wind/spirit) causes the house of the firstborn to
collapse killing all of Job's offspring who were gathered for a feast[note 1]. Job does not curse God
after this but instead shaves his head, tears his clothes and says, "Naked I came out of my mother's
womb, and naked shall I return : Lord has given, and Lord has taken away; blessed be the name of
Lord" (Simplified).[4]
As Job endures these calamities without reproaching Divine Providence, Satan solicits permission to
afflict his person as well, and God says, "Behold, he is in your hand, but don't touch his life." Satan,
therefore, smites him with dreadful boils, and Job, seated in ashes, scrapes his skin with broken pottery.
His wife prompts him to "curse God, and die" but Job answers, "You speak as one of the foolish
speaks. Moreover, shall we receive good from God and shall not receive evil?"
Three friends of Job, Eliphaz the Temanite, Bildad the Shuhite, and Zophar the Naamathite, come to
console him. And the three of Job's friends heard all this evil that came on him, and they came every
man from his place — Eliphaz the Temanite (Heb: Aliphaz the Thimanite), Bildad the Shuhite (Heb:
Bildad the Shuchite), and Zophar Naamathite (Heb: Zuphar the Nomathite). A fourth, Elihu the Buzite
(Heb: Alieua ben Barakal the Buzite), first begins talking in chapter 32 and plays a significant role in
the dialogue; however, his arrival is not described. The friends spend 7 days sitting on the ground with
Job, without saying anything to him because they see that he is suffering and in much pain. Job at last
breaks his silence and "curses the day he was born".
Georges de La Tour,
Job Mocked by his Wife.
Job's wife is introduced in Job 2:9 when she suggests that Job curse God and die. She is not directly
mentioned at any other place in the book. Throughout the ordeal, she survives and lives on with Job to
bear him ten more children. There is uncertainty about her intentions when she tells Job to curse God
(i.e. is it out of bitterness? or empathy for his suffering?), but it is clear that Job honors her by the way
he talks about her in chapter 31.
In this regard, it is notable that the Hebrew word in the Masoretic text most often translated as "curse"
is "ברך," which primarily means to "kneel" or to "bless" and only euphemistically denotes "curse." If
Job's wife meant "bless God and die," her statement would correspond more both to the character of a
righteous woman and to the literal practice which survives to this day of blessing the Creator with one's
last words where possible. Job's critical response to her may then be interpreted as challenging the
notion that, when undergoing severe suffering, one should necessarily be resigned to one's imminent
demise.
[edit] Origin
The Talmudic Tractate Bava Basra 15a-b maintains that Job was written by Moses, although nowhere
does it name its author; other opinions in the Talmud ascribe it to the period of before the First Temple,
the time of the patriarch Jacob, or King Ahaserus. Most modern scholars date the present (or final)
form of the book to the 4th century BCE, prior to Ecclesiates in the development of Wisdom literature.
[6] While "there is an intentional editorial unity with a cohesive purpose and message in the canonical
form of the book," Job contains many separate elements, some of which may have had an independent
existence prior to being incorporated into the present text.[7] Scholars agree that the introductory and
concluding sections of the book, the framing devices, were composed to set the central poem into a
prose "folk-book", as the compilers of the Jewish Encyclopedia expressed it. The central poem is from
another source. The medieval exegete Abraham ibn Ezra believed that Job was translated from another
language and it is therefore unclear "like all translated books" (Ibn Ezra Job 2:11). It is set in the land
of Edom, which has been retained as the background, and in the prologue and epilogue, the name of
God is the Tetragrammaton, a name that even the Edomites used.
Among the Dead Sea Scrolls is the Targum of Job 11Q10. (Another example of text from the last
chapter or epilogue of Job can be found in the book The Dead Sea Scrolls: A New Translation, showing
examples of how fragments of The Book of Job found among the scrolls differ from the text as now
known). If the prologue and epilogue were added to the central poem, then this would have happened
before 100 BCE or the time attributed to the Dead Sea Scrolls.
Job is prominent in haggadic legends. The later Greek Testament of Job figures among the apocrypha.
[edit] Exegesis
This section does not cite any references or sources.
Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged
and removed. (October 2009)
Exegesis of Job largely concerns the question, "Is misfortune always a divine punishment for
something?" Job's three friends argued in the affirmative, stating that Job's misfortunes were proof that
he had committed some sins for which he was being punished. His friends also advanced the converse
position that good fortune is always a divine reward, and that if Job would renounce his supposed sins,
he would immediately experience the return of good fortune.
In response, Job asserted that he was a righteous man, and that his misfortune was therefore not a
punishment for anything. This raised the possibility that God acts in capricious ways, and Job's wife
urged him to curse God, and die. Instead, Job responded with equanimity: "The Lord gave, and the
Lord has taken away; blessed be the name of the Lord." (Job 1:21) He went even further, in verse 22,
by not charging any wrong to God. The climax of the book occurs when God responds to Job, not with
an explanation for Job's suffering but rather with a question: Where was Job when God created the
world?
God's response itself may be read in a variety of ways. Some see it as an attempt to humble Job. Yet
Job is comforted by God's appearance, and the fact that he 'saw God and lived', suggesting that the
author of the book was more concerned with whether or not God is present in people's lives than
whether or not God is just. Job chapter 28 rejects these efforts to fathom divine wisdom.
The framing story complicates the book further: in the introductory section God, during a conversation
with Satan, allows Satan to inflict misery on Job and kill his children. The appended conclusion has
God restoring Job to wealth, granting him new children, and possibly restoring his health, although this
is more implied than explicitly stated. This may suggest that the faith of the perfect believer is
rewarded. However, God speaks directly to this question, condemns Job's friends, and says that Job is
the only man who has faithfully represented the true nature of God - that all his friends were wrong to
say that faith and righteousness are rewarded. Only after Job's friends make a sacrifice to God and are
prayed for by afflicted Job does God restore all Job's good fortune.
[edit] In Judaism
[show]
v • d • e
Books of the Kethuvim
Three Poetic Books
1. Psalms
2. Proverbs
3. Job
Five Megillot
4. Song of Songs
5. Ruth
6. Lamentations
7. Ecclesiastes
8. Esther
Other Books
9. Daniel
10. Ezra-Nehemiah
11. Chronicles
The Talmud occasionally discusses Job. Most traditional Torah scholarship has not doubted Job's
existence. He was seen as a real and powerful figure. One Talmudic opinion has it that Job was in fact
one of three advisors that Pharaoh consulted, prior to taking action against the increasingly multiplying
"Children of Israel" mentioned in the Book of Exodus during the time of Moses' birth. The episode is
mentioned in the Talmud (Tractate Sotah): Balaam gives evil advice urging Pharaoh to kill the Hebrew
male new-born babies, Jethro opposes Pharaoh and tells him not to harm the Hebrews at all, and Job
keeps silent and does not reveal his mind even though he was personally opposed to Pharaoh's
destructive plans. It is for his silence that God subsequently punishes him with his bitter afflictions.[3].
There is a minority view among the rabbis of the Talmud, that of Rabbi Shimon ben Lakish, that Job
never existed (Midrash Genesis Rabbah LXVII, Talmud Bavli, Bava Batra 15a). In this view, Job was a
literary creation by a prophet who used this form of writing to convey a divine message or parable. On
the other hand, the Talmud (in Tractate Baba Batra 15a-16b) goes to great lengths trying to ascertain
when Job actually lived, citing many opinions and interpretations by the leading sages. Job is further
mentioned in the Talmud as follows [4]:
• Job's resignation to his fate (in Tractate Pesachim 2b)
• Anyone who associated with Job when he was prosperous, including to buy from him or sell to
him, was blessed (in Tractate Pesachim 112a)
• Job's reward for being generous (in Tractate Megillah 28a)
• King David, Job, and Ezekiel described the Torah's length without putting a number to it (in
Tractate Eruvin 21a)
Two further Talmudic traditions hold that Job either lived in the time of Abraham or of Jacob. Levi ben
Laḥma held that Job lived in the time of Moses, by whom the Book of Job was written. Others argue
that it was written by Job himself (see Job 19:23-24), or by Elihu, or Isaiah.