Gas Oil Separation Process (GOSP) :-

Crude oil is produced from the wells in the first-stage separator, D-101, at 1610 psig and
170 Degrees F. The gas leaving the separator is about 225 million standard cubic feet per
day. The oil leaves the first-stage separator by level control, LIC-101, and enters the
second-stage separator, D-201, at 330 psig and 150°F. The gas leaving the separator is
about 60 million standard cubic feet per day.

The oil leaves the second-stage separator, by level control, LIC-201, and flows into the
third-stage separator, D-301, flashing down to a pressure of 55 psig and a temperature of
about 127°F. The gas leaving the separator is about 20 million standard cubic feet per
day.

The oil leaves the third-stage separator under level control, LIC-301, and flows through
crude oil cooler, E-402, which maintains the temperature of the oil at l00 °F by controller
TIC-401. The cooled oil enters the fourth-stage separator, D-401, flashing down to a
pressure of 8.5 psig. The fourth stage separator first removes the water by LIC-403, and
then the oil is sent to storage by LIC-401. The flow rate of oil to storage is measured by
FI-402, and by controlling the temperature, TIC-402, and pressure, PIC-402, on the
fourth-stage separator, the quality of the oil to storage is maintained

The gas coming from the fourth stage separator, D-401, about 6 million standard cubic
feet per day is scrubbed in the 1st stage knockout drum, D-402, to knock out any liquids
that might be entrained in the gas, before it goes to the first-stage compressor which
compresses the gas from 8.5 psig up to 75 psig, raising the temperature from 100° F to
234° F. Anti-surge controller, FIC-401, controls a spillback to the compressor suction,
which is cooled in E-401 by TIC-402. Gas comes out of first-stage compressor and
passes through a pressure controller, PIC-402, which controls the pressure of the fourth-
stage separator. The set point on this controller is used to vary the vapor pressure of the
oil going to storage.

After the gas goes through the control valve of PIC-402, it is blended with the gas
coming from the 3rd-stage separator, about 21 million standard cubic feet per day. The
gas is cooled to 75 degrees F in E-301 controlled by TIC-302, and enters the 2nd Stage
Knock-out drum D-302 before entering the 2nd stage compressor, which compresses the
gas from 54 psig to 503 psig, raising the temperature to 304° F. Anti-surge controller,
FIC-301, controls a spillback to the compressor suction. Gas comes out of 2nd stage
compressor and passes through a pressure controller, PIC-302, which controls the
pressure of the third stage separator.

After the gas goes through the control valve of PIC-302, the gas is blended with the gas
coming from the second stage separator, about 60 million standard cubic feet per day, and
liquid coming from the 4th stage knock-out drum D-102. The gas is cooled to 75 degrees
F in E-201 controlled by TIC-202, and enters the 3rd Stage Knock-out drum D-202
before entering the 3rd stage compressor, which compresses the gas from 330 psig to 870
psig, raising the temperature to 219° F. Anti-surge controller, FIC-201, controls a
spillback from the 4th stage compressor discharge to the 3rd stage compressor suction .

The gas leaving the 3rd stage compressor is then cooled to 75° F in E-201 controlled by
TIC-102, and enters the 4th stage knock-out drum, D-102, before entering the 4th stage
compressor, which compresses the gas from 850 psig to 1610 psig. The gas leaves the
compressor and blends with the first stage separator gas, 225 million standard cubic feet
per day, and passes through PIC-101, to gas treating.

Electrostatic Discharge (ESD)

Electrostatic Discharge, or ESD, is a single-event, rapid transfer of electrostatic charge
between two objects, usually resulting when two objects at different potentials come into direct
contact with each other. ESD can also occur when a high electrostatic field develops between
two objects in close proximity. ESD is one of the major causes of device failures in the
semiconductor industry.

Electrostatic charge build-up occurs as a result of an imbalance of electrons on the surface of a

material. Such a charge build-up develops an electric field that has measurable effects on other
objects at a distance. The process of electron transfer as a result of two objects coming into
contact with each other and then separating is known as ' tribo electric charging'.

There are three predominant ESD models for IC's: 1) the Human Body Model (HBM); 2) the
Charged Device Model (CDM); and 3) the Machine Model (MM). The HBM simulates the ESD
event when a person charged either to a positive or negative potential touches an IC that is at
another potential. The CDM simulates the ESD event wherein a device charges to a certain
potential, and then gets into contact with a conductive surface at a different potential. The MM
simulates the ESD event that occurs when a part of an equipment or tool comes into contact with
a device at a different potential. HBM and CDM are considered to be more 'real world' models
than the MM.

ESD Controls

ESD controls come in a vast variety of forms. However, they may be

classified into three major categories: 1) prevention of static charge
build-up; 2) safe dissipation of any charge build-up; and 3)
improvements in the ESD robustness of the product.

The first category works on the basic premise of 'No Charge/No discharge.' Elimination of charge
build-up would include the use of materials that have less tendency to generate static charges in
the work area, i.e., antistatic and static dissipative materials. All equipment must be free of
moving parts that may generate charges, e.g., rubber rollers, plastic stoppers, etc. Things that
the devices may come in contact with or get transported on must also be antistatic or conductive.
The use of ionizers to neutralize newly generated charges will also prevent charge build-up. The
minimization of movements in the work area, as well as the use of ESD-safe apparel, will help in
minimizing static charges generated by person.
MTBE (methyl-t-butyl ether)

What is MTBE?
MTBE is a member of a group of chemicals commonly known as fuel oxygenates.
Oxygenates are added to fuel to increase its oxygen content. MTBE is used in gasoline
throughout the United States to reduce carbon monoxide and ozone levels caused by auto
emissions. MTBE replaces the use of lead as an octane enhancer since 1979.

How does MTBE contaminate water supplies?

Releases of MTBE to ground and surface water can occur through leaking underground
storage tanks and pipelines, spills, emissions from marine engines into lakes and
reservoirs, and to some extent from air deposition.

How do I know if I have MTBE in my water?

You can determine if your water contains MTBE the following ways. If your drinking
water is supplied by a public water system, you can contact the system directly and ask
whether they monitor for MTBE and what levels, if any, have been detected. In 2001,
public water systems serving most of the population were required to monitor for MTBE.
If you have a private well, your local health department may be able to tell you if MTBE
has been found in water in your area.

If you want to get your water tested, call the Safe Drinking Water Hotline (800-426-
4791) or visit our certified labs page to get the phone number for the office in your state
that certifies drinking water laboratories.

How can I remove MTBE from my water?

Public water systems can use existing technologies such as air stripping, granular
Activated carbon (GAC), and advanced oxidation to remove MTBE contamination. Some
home treatment units can also remove MTBE in tap water. The EPA does not certify the
effectiveness of home treatment units since it only regulates public water supplies.

What is the Office of Water doing to address MTBE concerns?

Due to its widespread use, reports of MTBE detections in the nation's ground and surface
water supplies are increasing. The Office of Water is actively involved in identifying the
issues and addressing the concerns over the potential presence of MTBE in our water
supplies.
Main Magnet Power Supplies

The RHIC Main Magnet Power Supplies (RMMPS) provide the current for
the main dipole and main quad magnet strings. The main dipole and
main quad magnet strings are separate electrical circuits; since there
is a separate RMMPS for each circuit, and each ring, there are four
RMMPS.
Each RMMPS has three major components, the Flat-top Power
Module (FTPM), the Ramp Power Module (RPM), and the Output Circuit
Compartment (OCC). The power modules supply the current to the
magnet strings. The OCC houses the output filter, the quench
protection components, the regulator and remote PLC monitoring.
shows the main power supply block diagram and the interconnection of
these sub-systems. Each of these sub-systems is described in a section
below.
Sub-System Descriptions
Power Modules :-
There are two power modules for each RMMPS. Each power
supply has one FTPM and one RPM connected in parallel. The two
power modules for each RMMPS are 12-pulse, phase controlled power
converters. Only one of these power modules is active at a given
moment. The regulator selects the active power module based on the
instantaneous current slope. When the current slope is low the FTPM is
active. During a ramp, when the current slope is above a selected
level, the RPM is active. This allows the power modules to be sized for
the voltage necessary to maintain the required current slope. This
approach provides low voltage ripple when the current is a constant
value. The only major difference between the different types of power
modules are the rectifier transformers. The RPM transformers are not
sized for continuous operation. The voltage
And current ratings of the modules are listed in table .
Ratings of Power Modules

Power Module Voltage Current Power

Type Rating Rating Rating
Quad Flat-top 15 V 5500 A 82.5 kW
Quad Ramp 90 V 5500 A pk 495 kW pk
3300 A rms 297 kW
Dipole Flat-top 30 V 5500 A 165 kW
Dipole Ramp 400 V 5500 A pk 2200 kW
3300 A rms pk
1320 kW
Regulator :-
The regulators for the RMMPSs are digitally based using the
TI320C30 Digital Signal Processor (DSP) as the computation engine.
The regulator has a Phase Locked Loop (PLL) that is locked to the
power line. This PLL provides all the timing signals for the regulator.
The DSP receives voltage, current, and sub-harmonic feedback through
A/Ds that sample these parameters at 11520 Hz. The DSP uses this
feedback and calculates a command count that is written to the digital
firing cards. The digital firing cards use this command count to develop
firing signals for the power module’s SCRs. The SCR firing signals are
sent to the power module’s SCR gating circuits over fiber optic cables.
There is a separate digital firing card for each power module attached
to the regulator. The active power module is selected by enabling the
output of its digital firing card.
The current command and the read backs for the Real Time Data Link (RTDL)
are exchanged over a fiber optic link between the waveform generator, in the control
system chassis, and the Serial I/O Card in the regulators. This data is exchanged at 720
Hz. The regulator also communicates with a PLC through a PLC communications card.
This card provides digital input and output that is used to control the regulator, and return
status. Through the control system. There is also a fiber optic lick to the
RMMPS control computer. This computer provides program
maintenance and diagnostic capabilities.
To insure the stability of the analog feedback circuits the
regulator is housed in a temperature controlled enclosure. This
enclosure uses thermoelectric modules that provide a temperature
stability of +/- 0.2 °C.
The regulator sends analog read backs to the control system’s
Multiplexed Analog to Digital Converter (MADC) system. These signals
are used for diagnostics and are stored when the quench link goes
down. The read backs for the RMMPS are: reference set point, actual
current, output voltage, current error, power supply ground current,
quench ground current, flat-top power module output current, and the
ramp power module output current.

Output Filter :-
The output filter reduces the current ripple in the magnet string by
reducing the voltage ripple at the power module’s commutation
frequency of 720 Hz. The voltage reduction at 720 Hz is approximately
15 dB.
The output filter is a three pole passive RLC filter with a corner
frequency of 90 Hz. This corner frequency insures that the filter’s
peaking is not at 60 Hz, or its harmonics.

Quench Protection and Main Magnet Power Supply System :-

The quench protection system extracts the stored energy in the main
magnet strings. The major system blocks are shown in Fig. 2-19 and
are labeled: DC Contactor, Main SCR Firing Circuits, Pulse Forming
Networks, and the Quench Control Interface.
The quench link signal, originating in the Control System Quench
Interface, is an input to the Quench Control Interface Circuit in the
OCC. This signal is a TTL high level during normal operation, it goes
low to initiate the energy extraction. When this event occurs the
Quench Control Interface Circuit (QCIC) immediately turns off the gate
drive to the Main SCR Firing Circuits and triggers the Pulse Forming
Network (PFN) attached to the Main SCRs. The PFN shuts off the Main
SCRs, this action isolates the RMMPS from the magnet string. The QCIC
then fires the Quench SCRs, and the magnet current is now diverted
into stainless-steel resistors that extract the energy. The QCIC then
opens the Main Contactor, which provides a mechanical backup to
isolate the power supplies from the magnet string in the event the
Main SCRs fail to open. The QCIC then turns the power modules off. If
the QCIC or the Gate Firing Circuits attached to the Quench SCR Banks
fail to trigger the Quench SCRs, the resultant voltage rise will trigger
the Self-triggeringckt.

Precision Deadweight Tester:-

Model DWT1305 Deadweight Testers are dual range, precision built

hydraulic instruments for testing, setting, calibrating or repairing
pressure measuring devices. Each instrument is self-contained and
comes complete with tools and metal carrying case. With the optional
"-CAL-3" calibration, the DWT1305 can by a primary standard with
0.1% accuracy of the pressure produced. Each unit is adjusted for
standard gravity conditions, all weights are labeled and an NIST
traceable certification is supplied.

0.1% Accuracy, 15 to 10,000 psi Range

SPECIFICATIONS
Accuracy: 0.1% of produced pressure
Operating Pressure: 15 psi to 10,000 psi max. (100 kPa to 70,000 kPa)
Body Material: Aluminum Alloy
Piston and Cylinder Material: Stainless Steel
Weights: Nonmagnetic die-cast zinc alloy, NBS traceable
Operating Fluid: SAE 20 Automotive or Machine Oil
O-Rings: Standard Buna-N
Reservoir Volume: Approximately 1.5 pints (0.7 liter).

Motor/Transformer Testers

The Phase & Motor Rotation Tester, Model PMR-1 provides three
functions in one unit: open phase indication, 3-phase sequence
indication and motor rotation indication. Input voltage range is 100V to
600VAC. Frequency range is 45 to 70Hz. The unit is battery operated
(9V) and meets EN 61010 safety requirements. Included with the
PMR-1 are three 4ft color-coded leads with large alligator clips and a
soft carrying case.

Applications

• Installation of conveyor lines, pumps, systems and other electrical interconnected

devices
• Verify proper wiring

Spraying Systems:-

Spraying system Co . is the world's leader in spray technology. Our offerings include:

Spray Nozzles. More than 87,000 different spray nozzles and accessories for spray
cleaning, spray cooling, spray drying, spray coating, humidifying and more.

Spray Control. Controllers, software and turnkey automated systems.

Spray Analysis. Spray characterization, performance testing, proof-of-concept testing

and prototype development in the world's most sophisticated spray laboratories .

Spray Fabrication. Custom-built spray lances, manifolds, shower headers and adapters.

Enterprise Resource Planning - ERPright 2004-2007 © PAControl.com –

Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems are software solutions that integrate and
provide desired data in real-time to users in any part of a manufacturing enterprise
allowing everyone to operate in sync and with less headaches. Typically, ERP systems
encompass the major functions in the manufacturing environment: order management,
production planning, production scheduling, production management, inventory
management and distribution, and product costing. The enterprise database is critical to
all the activities and is the nerve center of the ERP system.
An ERP system enables the company to focus on the five R's, which are essential for a
profitable operation: producing the Right Product of the Right Quality in the Right
Quantity at the Right Time and at the Right Price to the delight of the customer. While
providing "asset visibility", the status of an order or product throughout the enterprise, an
ERP system can serve as a valuable decision-making tool and help the company answer
the following key questions:

- What product do we want to produce?

- What are our production time constraints?
- How do we produce the product?
- How much do we produce?
- How do we allocate resources for production?
- What is the target product quality?
- How much will it (and did it) cost to make the product?
- What is the degree of customer satisfaction?

A well-designed ERP system will have separate "modules" to answer questions related to
each facet of an enterprise's operations while simultaneously providing an overall or
integrated view of the entire enterprise.

From MRP to ERP - A Historical Overview

Manufacturing control systems have undergone a major transformation since the early
introduction of Material Requirements Planning (MRP). The industry standard for
computing support of MRP II implementations has been the traditional "closed-loop"
material requirements planning (MRP) and Capacity Requirements Planning (CRP)
system. In response to the problems of a previous generation of materials management
practices, MRP emerged in the 1960s and came into widespread use. The output of the
MRP process served as input for a CRP process.

These traditional MRP/CRP systems are still widely available today. They represented a
major advance over the order point methods they replaced. Many companies have been
significantly improved through their use.

Evolution of MRP II and ERP

Over the years, a family of management practices took shape, which accompanied these
closed-loop MRP/CRP systems, and which also gained status as de facto standards. These
practices came to be called Manufacturing Resource Planning, or MRP II. Material
Requirements Planning came to be known as "little MRP", while Manufacturing
Resource Planning became "big MRP" or "MRP II". Changes in customer requirements,
as well as technology, however, caused manufacturers to redefine the role of their MRP II
systems once again. As more time passed, and computing concepts and technology
allowed, the scope of the business systems widened to become Enterprise Resource
.planning or ERP

The "scope" of manufacturing planning systems has increased with each major generation
change. The migration from MRP to MRP II heralded a change from solely a materials
emphasis to a holistic view of the manufacturing environment. Enterprise resource
planning continued this trend. In addition, ERP adds technology aspects to the overall
system requirements. These include features such as a client/server distributed
architecture and object-oriented programming (OOP) development practices. Both of
these factors make the ERP system more scaleable. This scalability in turn lends itself to
departmental applications that can more easily extend into customer and supplier
environments. As manufacturers evolve to supply chain management operations, mutual
access to both the customer's and supplier's planning systems is a logical extension of the
enterprise.

The Full Potential of ERP

As ERP continues to evolve into a real-time planning tool, it will play a more strategic
role in helping companies achieve their business objectives. Further, manufacturers can
no longer operate in a vacuum, they must look at the bigger picture and create a new
vision for their business. This vision will help manufacturers make the transition from an
"order, launch and expedite" mentality to an integrated flow that links customers with
manufacturing processes and suppliers. As companies implement supply chain
operations, traditional MRP applications will not meet the changing requirements. These
applications must evolve to play an integral supporting role in the creation of a "value
chain", where users measure true value in terms of the ability to meet changing customer
requirements.