Slide 1

FREIO X
SEGURANÇA

EVITAR O
ESCORREGAMENTO
DAS RODAS

QUASE SEMPRE O
FREIO ESTÁ
ENVOLVIDO NO
ACIDENTE

QUE PARADA
EFICIENTE

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Slide 2

NBR 10966

NBR 10967

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Slide 3

NBR 10967

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Slide 4

NBR 10967

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Slide 5

Freios mais comuns

HIDRÁULICOS

PNEUMÁTICOS

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Slide 6

Componentes do sistema de freios

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Slide 7

Freio a disco

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Slide 8

Caliper fixo

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Slide 9

Caliper móvel

Caliper móvel

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Slide 10

Ganho de força

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Slide 11

Cilindro mestre – duplo circuito

Funcionamento normal

Falha no funcionamento

TANDEM MASTER CYLINDER

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Slide 12

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Slide 13

Modelos de cilindros de freio

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Slide 14

Freio a tambor - hidráulico

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Slide 15

Freio a tambor - hidráulico

tambor

patim

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Slide 16

Cilindro mestre e cilindro de roda

freio a tambor

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Slide 17

Cilindros – freio a
tambor

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Slide 18

Freio S came
Raio efetivo S came

Frenagem 27

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Slide 19

Distribuição das forças de frenagem

Frenagem 31

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Slide 20

Frenagem 29

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Slide 21

Fator de freio
Simulador geral

Leadin trailing

Duo servo

Frenagem 30

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Slide 22

Distribuição das forças de frenagem

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Slide 23

Veiculo com freio de alto desempenho

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Slide 24

eficiência

Frenagem 34

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Slide 25

Eficiencia x segurança

frenagem 35

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Slide 26

Veículo exemplo carregado - com válvula sensível à carga - Anexo 10

ECE-R13

1 carregado Vazio c/ Vazio s/

0,9
0,8
aderência utilizada

0,7
muf
0,6
0,5
mur
k=z+0,08 NBR 14354
0,4 k=z
0,3 k=z-0,08 AGO 1999
k=(z+0,07)/0,86
0,2
k=(z-0,02)/0,74
0,1
0
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1
desac / g

Anexo 10 ECE-R13 - fronteiras de eficiência

100 0,8
90 0,7
80

aderência no eixo
0,6
70
eficiência

60 0,5
50 0,4
40 0,3
30
0,2
20
10 0,1
0 0
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1
Colóquio freios Caxias Aderência da pista
k=z+0,08 k=(z-0,02)/0,74 k=(z+0,07)/0,86 k=z-0,08

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Slide 27

Veículo exemplo carregado - com válvula sensível à carga - Anexo 10

ECE-R13

1
0,9
0,8
aderência utilizada

0,7
muf
0,6
0,5
mur
k=z+0,08
NBR 14354
0,4 k=z
0,3 k=z-0,08 AGO 1999
k=(z+0,07)/0,86
0,2
k=(z-0,02)/0,74
0,1
0
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1
desac / g

Veículo exemplo carregado - c/ válvula LSV - Anexo 10 ECE-R130

100 1
90 0,9
80 0,8
70 0,7

z (desac/g)
eficiência

60 0,6
50 0,5
40 0,4
30 0,3
20 0,2
10 0,1
0 0
Colóquio freios Caxias
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1
Aderência da pista

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Slide 28

Veículo exemplo vazio - com válvula sensível à carga - Anexo 10 ECE-

R13
1
0,9 muf
Valvula
mur
0,8
k=z+0,08
aderência utilizada

0,7 k=z Sem a valvula

0,6 k=z-0,08
k=(z+0,07)/0,86
0,5
k=(z-0,02)/0,74
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
Simuador geral
0
0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8
desac / g

ECE R13 anexo 10 - veículo vazio - sem válvula sensível à carga

100 1
90 0,9
80 0,8
70 0,7

z (desac/g)
eficiência

60 0,6
50 0,5
40 0,4
30 0,3
20 0,2
10 0,1

Colóquio freios Caxias 0 0

0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8
Aderência da pista

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Slide 29

Anexo 10 ECE-R13 - fronteiras de eficiência

100 0,8
90 0,7
80

aderência no eixo
0,6
70
0,5
eficiência

60
50 0,4
40 0,3
30 PROBABILIDADE
0,2
20 ESCORREGAMENTO
10 0,1
0 0
0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9
Aderência da pista
k=z+0,08 k=(z-0,02)/0,74 k=(z+0,07)/0,86 k=z-0,08

Uso do ABS
NBR 14353
AGO 1999

Colóquio freios Caxias

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Slide 30

COMPATIBILIDADE CAVALO - SEMIREBOQUE

• Em veículos combinados, deve haver

compatibilidade de potência de frenagem
entre o cavalo e o semi-reboque, caso
contrário, haverá deslizamento das rodas
de um deles prematuramente gerando
movimentos instáveis com o jackknife e o
swing trailer.

ABNT 14354 Compatibilidade semi-reboque

Compatibilidade cavalo Compatibilidade semi-reboque

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Slide 31

Frenagem 36

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Slide 32

Espaço e tempo de parada quando a

desaceleração é constante – sem efeito da
resistência do ar – tc = constante
b  1.05
  0.8
EFICIÊNCIA DE 100% Vi  60 km / h

b f  0.01

S  (Vi  Vf   2)
2 2
S  18.35
g  (  f ) t  2.20
b  7.56
b
t  (Vi  Vf )
g  (  f )
g
b (  f )
b

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Slide 33

Espaço e tempo de parada quando a   1,22

desaceleração é constante – com efeito da Af  6
resistência do ar – tc = constante b  1.05
  0.8
Vi  60 km / h
f  0.01
m  b C  (Vi 2  Vf 2 )
S log e(1  S  17,29
2C W  (  f )
t  2,12
C  1 / 2    Cd  Af C 1
d

b  8,52

t
b
g

W
C  (  f )
 tg 1( (Vi  Vf ) 
C
W  (  f )
)
g Ra
b  (  f  )
b W

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Slide 34

Espaço de parada com a reação do motorista

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Slide 35

Simulação geral

Frenagem 38

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Slide 36

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Slide 37

PESO DINÂMICO x PESO DO VEÍCULO - Pista

asfalto/concreto - ótimas condições [1,0]
1200
Wop
1000
Peso dinâmico [kgf]

wbf front. Esq.

800 wbf front. Dir.
W bf - eq. (5.9) 2
9,44 m/s wbr front. Esq.
600 Wbf - eq. (5.10)
wbr front. Dir.
onde B + f.w = m.b
(Canale 19890) pag. 82
400

200
Wop
0
1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600
Peso [kgf]

DISTRIBRUIÇÃO ÓTIMA DAS FORÇAS DE FRENAGEM NOS EIXOS DO

VEÍCULO
COEFICIENTE DE ADESAO =1,0
100
% FORCA DE FRENAGEM NOS

84,2

84,0

90 83,8

83,7

83,5

83,4

83,3

83,1

83,0

82,9

82,8

82,7

82,5

82,5

82,1

81,1

80,1

79,2

78,3

77,4
80
70
60 %WBF4E
EIXOS

50 %WBF4D
40 %WBR4E
30 %WBR4D
20
10
0
1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600

PESO VEICULO [kGF]

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Slide 38

PESO DINÂMICO x PESO DO VEÍCULO - Pista

asfalto/concreto - [0,8]

1200
Wop
1000
Peso dinâmico [kgf[

wbf front. Esq.

800 wbf front. Dir.
wbr front. Esq.
600 7,59 m/s2
wbr front dir.

400

200
Wop
0
1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600
Peso do veículo [kgf]
PESO DINÂMICO x PESO DO VEÍCULO [kgf] -
pista asfalto/concreto molhada [0,4]
1200

Wop
1000
PESO DINÂMICO [kgf]

800

600 3,88 m/s2

400
wbf front. Esq.
wbf front. Dir.
200
wbr front. Esq.
Wop
wbr front. Dir.
0
1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600
PESO VEÍCULO [kgf]

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Slide 39
 2
DISTRIBUIÇÃO REAL E IDEAL 9,44 m/s Desaceleração x Peso do veículo [  0 = 1,0 ]
100 10
Wop
90 9 9,43
% FORÇA DE FRENAGEM

80 8 9,3

Desaceleração [m/s2]
70 %wbf front. Esq. 7 98%
%wbf =(wbf/W)*100
60 %wbf front. Dir. %wbr =(wbf/W)*100
8,2
6 2
%wbr front. Esq. real 85%/15% 7,1 m/s
50
%wbr front. Dir. 5
40 distrib. Real eixo diant.
4
30 distrib. Real eixo tras.
3 desac. 85/15 front. Esq.
20
2 desac. 85/15 front. dir
10 FRENAGEM DE EMERGÊNCIA
Wop 1 Sem escorregameto dos eixos
0 desac. Max.
0
1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600
1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600
PESO DO VEÍCULO [kgf] Peso do veículo [kgf]

Desaceleração x Peso do veículo [0 = 0,8 ] Desaceleração x Peso do veículo [  0 = 0,4 ]

10 10
FRENAGEM DE EMERGÊNCIA desac. 85/15 front. Esq.
9 7,59 m/s
2 9
Sem escorregameto dos eixos desac. 85/15 front. dir.
8 8
desac. Max.
Desaceleração [m/s ]
2

Desaceleração [m/s2]

7 6,25 7
6 7,03 6 2
3,89 m/s 2,86
5 92% 5,38 6,15 5
4 4
3 3
desac. 85/15 front. Esq.
2 FRENAGEM DE EMERGÊNCIA 2
desac. 85/15 front. dir 3,22
1 Sem escorregameto dos eixos 2,7
desac. Max. 1 2,47
82% 9
0
0
1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600
Peso do veículo [kgf] Peso do veículo [kgf]

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Slide 40

DISTRIBUIÇÃO REAL E IDEAL

100
90
% FORÇA DE FRENAGEM

80
70
%wbf front. Esq.
60 %wbf front. Dir.
real 80%/20% %wbr front. Esq.
50
distrib. Real eixo tras.
40 distrib. Real eixo diant.
distrib. Real eixo tras.
30
20
10
0
1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600
PESO DO VEÍCULO [kgf]
Desaceleração x Peso do veículo [  0 = 1,0 ]
10

9,5
Desaceleração [m/s2]

8,5

8
desac. 80/20 Front dir.
7,5 desac. 80/20 Front. esq.
desac. Máx.
7
1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600
Peso do veículo [kgf]

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Slide 41

2
DISTRIBUIÇÃO REAL E IDEAL 9,44 m/s COEFICIENTE DE ADESÃO USADO x PESO DO
100 VEÍCULO [ 0 = 1,0 ] - 85%/15%
Wop
90 1
% FORÇA DE FRENAGEM

80 0,9
0,8

Coef. adesão utilizado

70 %wbf front. Esq.
%wbf =(wbf/W)*100 0,7
60 %wbf front. Dir. %wbr =(wbf/W)*100
%wbr front. Esq. real 85%/15% 0,6
50
%wbr front. Dir.
0,5
40 distrib. Real eixo diant.
distrib. Real eixo tras. 0,4
30
0,3
20 mi máx. diant.
0,2 mi front. Esq.
10
Wop 0,1 mi front. Dir.
0
0
1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600
1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600
PESO DO VEÍCULO [kgf] Peso do veículo [kgf]

COEFICIENTE DE ADESÃO USADO x PESO DO

COEFICIENTE DE ADESÃO USADO x PESO DO
VEÍCULO [ 0 = 0,8 ] - 85%/15%
VEÍCULO [ 0 = 0,4 ] - 85%/15%
1
1
0,9 mi máx. eixo diant.
0,9
0,8 mi front. esq.
Coef. adesão utilizado

0,8
Coef. adesão utilizado

0,7 mi máx eixo diant. mi front. Dir.

0,7
0,6 mi front. Esq.
0,6
0,5 mi front. Dir.
0,5
0,4
0,4
0,3
0,3
0,2
0,2
0,1
0,1
0
0
1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600
1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600
Peso do veículo [kgf]
Peso do veículo [kgf]

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Slide 42

2
DISTRIBUIÇÃO REAL E IDEAL 9,44 m/s ESPAÇO PERCORRIDO x PESO DO VEÍCULO [0 = 0,9 ]
100 Veloc. inicial 96 km/h
Wop
90 65
% FORÇA DE FRENAGEM

80 balanceamento variável
60 88,67% a 90,69% (eixo diant.)

ESPAÇO PERCORRIDO [m]

70 %wbf front. Esq. 1046 kgf a 1526 kgf
%wbf =(wbf/W)*100
60 %wbf front. Dir. %wbr =(wbf/W)*100 55
%wbr front. Esq. real 85%/15%
50
%wbr front. Dir.
40 distrib. Real eixo diant.
50
30 distrib. Real eixo tras.
45
20
10 40
Wop esp. Front. Esq.
0
35 FRENAGEM DE EMERGÊNCIA esp. Front. dir
1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 Sem escorregameto dos eixos esp min.
PESO DO VEÍCULO [kgf]
Espaço medido
30
1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600
PESO DO VEÍCULO [kgf]

ESPAÇO PERCORRIDO x PESO DO VEÍCULO [  0 = 0,8 ]

Veloc. inicial 129 km/h
120
balanceamento variável
84,00% a 80,48% (eixo diant.)
ESPAÇO PERCORRIDO [m]

110 1046 kgf a 1526 kgf

100

90

80
esp. Front. Esq.
esp. Front. Dir.
70 FRENAGEM DE EMERGÊNCIA esp. mínimo
Sem escorregameto dos eixos Espaço medido
60
1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600
PESO DO VEÍCULO [kgf]

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Slide 43

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Slide 44

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Slide 45

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Slide 46

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