BPLN0302 :

PLANNING THEORY - I

GLOBALISATION

COMPILED BY:
 Aman Singh Rajput
 Amruta Mahakalkar
 Bhupendra Pratap Singh
 Divya Holani
 Rajesh P
 Sarthak Verma
STRUCTURE OF PRESENTATION

What is GLOBALIZATION?

What are it’s IMPORTANCE in PLANNING?

What are it’s POSITIVE impacts?

What are it’s NEGATIVE impacts?

What are it’s IMPACT on the CITY?

CASE STUDIES
 MOSCOW TAIPEI

DEATH OF
HOMOGENITY
DISTANCE

LONDON MUMBAI

BORDERLESS ONE
WORLD WORLD

SINGAPORE DUBAI

GLOBAL SHRINKING
SOCIETY WORLD
What is Globalization?
 Is a process which embodies a transformation
in the spatial organisation of social relations
and transactions – assessed in terms of their

1. extensity – spatial/geographical reach

2. Intensity – number & quantity of flow
3. Velocity – speed of movement of flow
4. impact – overall impact on the city

generating transcontinental or interregional

flows, and networks of activity, interaction,
and the exercise of power

 Globalization refers to all those processes by

which the people of the world are incorporated
into a single world society, global society

 The process of continuing integration of the

countries in the world
Broad sets of Division

DETERRITORIALIZATION : Process of the “recon- figuration of geography, so that social

space is no longer wholly mapped in terms of territorial borders.”

INTERNATIONALIZATION : The “global” in globalization is viewed “as simply another

adjective to describe cross-border relations between countries.”

MODERNIZATION : The social structures of modernity (capitalism,

industrialism, etc.) are spread the world over destroying cultures and local self-
determination in the process

UNIVERSALIZATION : Process of spreading ideas and experiences to people at all

corners of the earth so that aspirations and experiences around the world become
harmonized

LIBERALIZATION : Removing government- imposed restrictions on movements between

countries
 IT IS THE PROCESS THROUGH WHICH PEOPLE, GOODS AND SERVICES,
TRADES, IDEAS AND INFORMATION FLOW ACROSS THE BORDERS OF
COUNTRIES WITH ADVANCEMENT IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES

Magok District is located to the

southwest of Seoul and it is a
futuristic high-tech city

Fast global Knowledge- Reductions in

Hibernia's Global Financial Network (GFN) transactions intensive transportatio
provides a network for financial exchanges, and greater and high- n costs and
global banks North America, Europe and
Asia personal tech technology
mobility industries transfer
 IS AN ECONOMIC CONCEPT WHERE CAPITAL, LABOUR AND COMMODITY,
MARKET, INFORMATION, RAW MATERIAL, MANAGEMENT AND
ORGANIZATION ARE INTERNATIONALIZED AND FULLY INTERDEPENDENT
THROUGHOUT THE PLANET

American multinational retail

corporation that runs chains of large
discount department stores

Increases in Golden age Export-

World's largest chain of hamburger fast trade and for business, based
food restaurants, serving more than 119 liberalization commerce economies
countries policies and trade to propel
 THE TRANSMISSION OF CULTURE GLOBALLY, FACILITATED BY THE
MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE, OBJECTS, SIGNS AND SYMBOLS, BOOKS AND
CULTURAL ARTIFACTS

 The process of globalization

suggests simultaneously two
images:
STAGE 1
 The compression of cultures.
Things formerly held apart are Movement organized by Berlin celebrating
Holi
now brought into contact and WWF celebrated
juxtaposition globally
STAGE 2
 Entails the extension of a particular culture to its Common Minimizing
limit, the globe. Heterogeneous cultures become shape of Formation
of Global cultural
incorporated and integrated into a dominant culture local diversity
which eventually covers the whole world cultures Culture
 POLITICAL GLOBALIZATION MEANS INTEGRATING THE GOVERNMENTS OR
RULING POWERS OF DIFFERENT NATIONS AT INTERNATIONAL LEVEL TO
SOLVE THE PROBLEMS IMPOSING THREAT TO THE WORLD

SAARC: geopolitical organization of

eight countries that are located in South
Asia

End
Political
Worldwide geopolitics
integration
Group of seven industrialized infrastructur and the
schemes such
nations of the world, formed by e of inter- advent of a
as the
Canada, USA, France, Germany, national new age— the
European
Italy, japan, and the UK agreements era of global
union
politics
 ENVIRONMENTAL GLOBALIZATION MEANS TO CONSTRUCT
PHYSICAL STRUCTURES IN SUCH A WAY THAT THEY ARE
SUSTAINABLE IN TERMS OF SOCIETY AND ENVIRONMENT

UNCED: Earth Summit

where 172 governments
participated with 116
heads of state govt

Economy is Environment
Better a wholly and
(WMO) is an intergovernmental living for owned globalization
organization with a membership of all— subsidiary of deeply
191 Member States and Territories sustainably the ecology welded
together
What are the EFFECTS of Globalization?
DEATH OF DISTANCE
 Distance – barrier against trade
 The trade of goods and services has become feasible with
technological developments and trade agreements that decrease or
eliminate tariffs
 Distance is the diffusion of production into the whole world
 Currently, through FDI, MNC’s have diffused their productions to
many countries

END OF NATION STATE

 As the development of modern nation-state depends on inter-
state relations, the definition of state becomes more evident in
the globalization process
 Globalization increases the local awareness and solidifies ―auto-
awareness instead of eliminating nation-state
 DOMINANACE OF R & D
AGRICULTURAL 10000 B.C
 Investment on knowledge forms the basics of innovativeness and
technologic development
 Developing countries have significant R & D expenditures and WRITING 4,000 BC
expenditures on education is increasing in most OECD countries

PRINTING PRESS 14th century

INDUSTRIAL late 17th

REVOLUTION century
1700 1900 2000 & above
ECONOMICS Agriculture Manufacture Information
SPACE ERA 1970s
TECHNOLOGY Plough Machine Computer

OUTPUT Food Good Information COMMUNICATION 1980s

RESOURCE Land Capital Knowledge
ERA

UNIT Family Company Network KNOWLEDGE 1990s

ERA
ENERGY Muscle Fossil Fuel Brain

COMPETITION Local National Global INFORMATION 2000s

ERA
DEMAND Minimal Remarkable Continuity
 CULTURAL EROSION
 “Particular culture” – heterogeneous culture dissolves, covers
the whole world
 “tightening of culture” – cultures flow without organizational
principle
 Local cultures have the possibilities to interpret the global and
redefine it in their authentic characteristics framework
 Anthony smith declares that ― “global culture is problematic”

GLOCALIZATION
 Combination of the terms “global” and “local”
 The creation of goods and services that are customized to
supply global markets but consistent with local values
 Glocalization does not eliminate all differences but ceases that
globalization will wipe all the differences out
 Now globalization evolves itself in order to include local values
 CONTEMPORARY THESIS
Hyperglobalist
 A new global era
 Global civilization &
government
 Promote unrestricted &
free international
interactions
 Extinction of nation-state
OF GLOBALIZATION
Transformationalists
 Unprecedented
interconnectedness
 National policies owned
not only by nation but
international governments
 Transforming government
pattern
Sceptic
 Increased regionalism
 Internationalized political
economy lead by world’s
superpowers
 Strengthening of nation-
state
 What is it’s IMPORTANCE in PLANNING?
 Planning can be said to be a subset of globalization
 In planning we try to bring positive aspects of different
societies into one by combining them
 The planners’ location is in the middle of the ideological
spectrum of hyperglobist and sceptic & are viewed to be a
sign of weakness
 Appreciate the potential for growth, development which
globalization offers, at the same time concerned about
it’s ill effects.
COMPROMISE AS STRENGTH
World cities - New York, Tokyo and London : impact of the spatial planning system w.r.t
economic concepts.

 Through advancement in communication and

transport system planners try to evolve a society
such that it sustains and remains in equilibrium
between the past and future.
 Incorporates a global society forming “ethnic
enclaves”, within the complete mosaic of a city
 A planner should be able to attract private
investment without totally abandoning all labour
and environmental standards of the city
 What are it’s POSITIVE impacts?
 A better economy – it introduces rapid development of the
capital market
 Introducing new technologies- the new technologies and
progress in telecommunication, introduction of satellites,
mobiles etc
 The new scientific research patterns
 Rise in living standards
 Better trade, more employment & increase in productivity due
to modern technology
 In cultural context, globalization has brought in different
ideologies, and thought process amongst people
 In political context, onset of western democratic system has an
impact on politics in eastern world
 National policies control the extent of globalization in that
country and vice versa.
What are it’s NEGATIVE impacts?
 Loss of national integrity , too much exchange of trade,
money etc. independent domestic policies are lost.
 Unemployment , mental pressure on companies that causes
many people to lose their jobs
 Cultural homogenization , people start to get westernize in
different culture lagging in their own heritage
 Increasing gap between the rich and poor. Cheaper synthetic bags
overcoming jute
 Developed countries are much benefited by this process rather
industries in West Bengal
than underdeveloped & developing countries.
 Forfeiture among nations , Too much flow of capital amongst
countries introduces unfair and immoral distribution of income.
 Globalization also provides a chance to the evil society i.e.
Terrorists and criminals to attack, also there are increasing
number of cases of cyber crimes

United Nations is believed

to be influenced by Global Mumbai terror attack
Superpower, USA
 What are it’s IMPACTS on the CITY?

 The impact of global forces can be argued to have had a fundamental impact on
the society.
 W.r.t. planning, Inc. flow of immigrants may be more concerned with
substantial economic and social advancements.
 At city level actual question is access to jobs and services.
 Economic and social change impacts on civil society and political expression in
the city.
 Globalisation impacts the socio-cultural beliefs of the city people; they start to
adopt western culture
 It also impacts the city environmentally; degrading it.
 Pressures on planning comes both from the need to integrate city economics
with global forces and need to integrate fragmented interest within the city
Case Study
INDIA
 The Impacts Of Globalization On Indian Cities and City Policies:
 The post-1991 period has seen notable changes in India’s macroeconomic policies, with the
result that the Indian economy today is far more open and far more integrated with the
global system than anytime since the 1960s
 The pick up in GDP growth has helped improve India’s global position. Consequently India’s
position in the global economy has improved from the 8th position in 1991 to 4th place in
2001
 Changes have taken place during the same period in the nature and pattern of urban
growth.
 New townships with high quality infrastructure have sprung up on the periphery of large
cities.
 Globalization and INDIAN it outsourcing Industry :
 The emergence of the software and services outsourcing industry in India is one of the most
visible outcomes of globalization, stimulated by the spread of modern information and
communication technologies.
 low-end software services providers, such as India, have played a central role in the
development of this economy by enabling work to be performed faster, cheaper and around
the clock
 The software and services industry in India has grown rapidly from small beginnings in the
1980s, to generate total earnings of $ 13.5 billion in 2004-05, of which $ 10 billion were
from exports
Case Study
INDIA
 Globalization of ADITYA BIRLA GROUP International establishments:
 Launched globalization journey four decades ago 1. Thailand
 Established first overseas company in Thailand in 1969 2. Philippines
 Anchored by 133,000 employees from 42 nationalities 3. Indonesia
 Over 1.5 million shareholders 4. Egypt
 A metals powerhouse . One of the biggest producers 5. China
of primary aluminum in Asia 6. Canada
 Largest producer of carbon black 7. Australia
 Fourth largest producer of insulators 8. Laos
 Fifth largest producer of acrylic fiber.
9. North and south America
Globalization and INDIAN IT outsourcing Industry :
 The emergence of the software and services outsourcing industry in India is one of the most
visible outcomes of globalization, stimulated by the spread of modern information and
communication technologies.
 low-end software services providers, such as India, have played a central role in the
development of this economy by enabling work to be performed faster, cheaper and around
the clock
 The software and services industry in India has grown rapidly from small beginnings in the
1980s, to generate total earnings of $ 13.5 billion in 2004-05, of which $ 10 billion were
from exports
 Case Study
INDIA

 CULTURAL GLOBALIZATION IN INDIA

 Indian culture which in effect means Hindu culture, Hindu religion, Hindu society, Hindu
civilization
 In the Colonial Era in India from 1700-1875: All native Hindus were despicable creatures who
don't have to be treated like human beings till they take their fateful decision to embrace
Christianity
 Along with Christian religion came the rest of British or Western culture, thought and customs and
the gradual end of traditional ways of life
 The British rulers attempted to colonize our minds by eliminating all our traditional schools and
education systems through a progressive system of Western education
 After the end of colonization rule in India this western culture still flourished but now under
the heading of globalization

 Swami Vivekananda foresaw the dangers of Globalization as

early as in 1893 when he spoke at the Parliament of World
Religions in Chicago and asked “Would India die?”
INDIA
 Land And Housing Market Impacts :
 Globalization leads to emergence of global property market, dominated by global real estate
firm.
 Presence of global firms and global business class in the cities leads to demand for high
quality office space and residential space and scare land and housing in the globalizing
cities are diverted to catering to these new demands.
 There is also another effect of globalization on land and housing markets. For making local
economies competitive, the cities are in the process of improving city image and quality of
life through infrastructure and city beautification projects. Finance for these activities gets
raised locally through sale of lands
 All of a sudden, the role of private sector in city affairs has increased. This has brought in
corruption and promotion of vested interests through the process of contracting out the
work to private sector
 In the property markets, the vested interests are forcing the local governments to transfer
public lands to the commercially lucrative projects. In instances where such lands are
squatted upon by slums, local governments are expected to displace them and then resettle
them under the guise of public-private partnership. The outcome of many of these
processes has been eviction of the poor from prime lands and locations in many of the
globalizing cities.
 EGYPT
Egypt’s , 2011, Revolution was however, prepared
online, through the virtual political youth
movements on Facebook and other social media
sites.
The movement adopted the non-violent resistance
methodology, which they promoted through
Facebook. As a result of this movement, President
Mubarak stepped down after 30 years in power.

INDIA
Dec 2013: Media played an important role by
providing coverage of this unfortunate incident.
As the movement to bring the gang rape victim to
justice went viral, the nation saw widespread protest
that spilled on streets across the country . This
inspired a whole generation to stand together for
women’s rights and make the state answerable for its
citizens.
THANK YOU