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Track

Track Irregularity
Irregularity on
on American
American Track
Track Spectrum
Spectrum of
of 5th
5th Grade
Grade

1.1
1.l Track
Track Irregularity
Irregularity
The
The variation
variation of
of track
track geometry
geometry isis the
the main
main reason
reason for
for causing
causing dynamic
dynamic response
response of
of
vehicle
vehicle system.
system. To
To research
research the
the interact
interact of
of wheelset
wheelset for
for the
the dynamic
dynamic response
response analysis
analysis
of
of track
track structure,
structure, the
the characteristics
characteristics of
of the track geometry
the track geometry and
and parameter
parameter changes
changes and
and
their descriptions
their descriptions should
should be
be understood
understood firstly.
firstly.

1.1.1
1.1.1 Types
Types of of Track
Track Irregularities
Irregularities andand Causes
Causes
When the vehicle is running along the track, Track
When the vehicle is running along the track, Track under wheel load
under wheel load presents
presents uneven
uneven
elastic
elastic sinking
sinking at at every point along
every point the length.
along the length. The
The resulting
resulting tracktrack irregularity
irregularity is is called
called
dynamic
dynamic irregularity, which is
irregularity, which is usually
usually referred
referred to to as unevenness. Track
as unevenness. Track irregularities
irregularities
are
are an
an excitation
excitation function
function (input)
(input) to the vehicle
to the vehicle system
system that that is the primary
is the primary source
source ofof
various
various vibration
vibration responses
responses (outputs)
(outputs) of of the
the vehicle.
vehicle.
In
In the
the straight
straight section,
section, there
there are
are four
four types
types of of track
track irregularities
irregularities (Figure
(Figure 1): 1):
(1)
(1) Track
Track vertical
vertical irregularity
irregularity
The
The vertical
vertical irregularity
irregularity of of the
the track
track is is due
due to the uneven
to the uneven wear wear of the rail
of the rail surface,
surface, the
the
low joint, the
low joint, the elastic
elastic cushion
cushion andand the
the sleeper,
sleeper, the
the track bed, the
track bed, the unevenness
unevenness of of the
the
subgrade,
subgrade, the the fastening
fastening degree
degree and the gap
and the gap ofof the
the fasteners
fasteners and parts, the
and parts, the
inconspicuous
inconspicuous pit pit atat the bottom of
the bottom of the
the sleeper,
sleeper, and the permanent
and the permanent deformation
deformation of the
of the
track bed
track bed and
and subgrade.
subgrade. The The vertical
vertical irregularity
irregularity of of thethe track
track provokes
provokes the the vertical
vertical
vibration
vibration of the vehicle
of the vehicle and
and creates
creates aa large
large vertical
vertical motion between the
motion between the wheel
wheel andand rail.
rail.
(2)
(2) Track
Track level
level irregularity
irregularity
The track level
The track level irregularity
irregularity on the straight
on the straight lineline refers
refers to to the
the irregularity
irregularity formed
formed by by the
the
height
height difference
difference of the corresponding
of the corresponding points points on the left
on the left and
and right
right rail
rail along
along thethe track.
track.
It
It is
is derived
derived fromfrom the the unevenness
unevenness of of the track. Track
the track. Track level
level irregularity
irregularity is is an
an important
important
cause
cause of of the
the lateral
lateral roll-wound
roll-wound coupling
coupling vibration
vibration of the vehicle.
of the vehicle.

Height

\G CZJfia‘ (‘13)
- Level

C I/;+L 6V6 1
C

Gauge

Figure
Figure 1.
1. Types
Types of
of Track
Track Irregularity
Irregularity
(3)
(3) Track
Track alignment
alignment irregularity
irregularity
The
The track
track alignment
alignment irregularity
irregularity isis caused
caused byby the
the initial
initial bending
bending during
during the
the laying
laying of
of
the track,
the track, the
the lateral
lateral bending
bending deformation
deformation of of the
the track
track accumulated
accumulated during the
during the
maintenance
maintenance and and operation,
operation, and
and the
the like.
like. The uneven track
The uneven track direction
direction causes
causes thethe wheel
wheel
pair to
pair to produce
produce lateral
lateral motion,
motion, which
which is is the
the main
main cause
cause ofof the
the vehicle's
vehicle's left
left and
and right
right
swing
swing and
and roll
roll vibration.
vibration.
(4)
(4) Track
Track gauge
gauge irregularity
irregularity
The track gauge
The track gauge irregularity
irregularity is
is derived
derived from the irregularity
from the irregularity of the left
of the left and
and right
right rails.
rails.
The
The gauge
gauge size
size has
has aa certain
certain influence
influence on on the
the wheel
wheel andand rail wear and
rail wear and the
the stability
stability of
of
the vehicle.
the vehicle.

1.1.2
1.1.2 Track
Track Irregularity
Irregularity Power
Power Spectrum
Spectrum
PSD
PSD (Power
(Power Spectral
Spectral Density)
Density) is the most
is the most important
important and and most
most commonly
commonly used used
statistical
statistical function
function to to represent
represent the track irregularity
the track irregularity as as aa stationary
stationary stochastic
stochastic process.
process.
Power
Power spectra
spectra are are often used in
often used in engineering
engineering to to describe
describe changes
changes in in spectral
spectral density
density
versus
versus frequency.
frequency. The power spectrum
The power spectrum of of the track irregularity
the track irregularity is is aa continuous
continuous change
change
curve
curve with
with spectral
spectral density
density as
as the
the ordinate
ordinate and
and frequency
frequency or wavelength as
or wavelength the
as the
abscissa,
abscissa, which
which clearly
clearly shows
shows thethe relationship
relationship between
between the the size
size of
of the
the irregularity
irregularity and
and
the frequency.
the frequency. Commonly
Commonly used used are
are the
the American
American spectrum,
spectrum, the the European
European high-speed
high-speed
railway
railway track
track spectrum,
spectrum, andand Chinese
Chinese mainmain line
line spectrum.
spectrum. The The following
following only
only
introduces
introduces the the American power spectrum
American power spectrum used
used in the paper:
in the paper:
(1)
(1) American
American power power spectrum
spectrum
The
The USUS Federal
Federal Railway
Railway Administration
Administration (FRA)(FRA) obtains
obtains thethe line
line irregularity
irregularity power
power
spectral
spectral density based on
density based on many
many measured
measured data
data and
and fits
fits itit into
into aa function
function expressed
expressed by
by
the cutoff
the cutoff frequency
frequency and and the
the roughness
roughness constant.
constant. These
These functions
functions are are applicable to the
applicable to the
wavelength range
wavelength range ofof 1.524m
1.524m toto 303.8m,
303.8m, and the track
and the track isis divided
divided into
into six
six grades.
grades.

Track
Track height
height irregularity
irregularity

v c
2
kA
kAvwf 2

SSv((0):m
v ( )  cm m/ rad
Cl'n 'm/rad
( 2  c2 ) 2
Track
Track direction
direction irregularity
irregularity

kAac22
kA 2
a (
SSa(a))=%
)  cm  m/ rad
cmZ-m/rad
2 
((a) c2 ) 2
+a)c)a)
Track
Track level
level and
and gauge
gauge irregularity
irregularity

4kAvc2 2
v ( ) 
SSv(a))=#wc:2 cm  m/ rad
cmZ-m/rad
2 
((60 c2 )( 2 +011)
+wc)(€0 s2 )

In
In the equitation, S
the equitation, () -- Track
5(a)) Track irregularity
irregularity power
power spectral
spectral density( 071122 ~m/
density ( cm rad )
m / rad );
;

ω
03 -- Spatial
Spatial frequency(rad/m);
frequency ( rad/m ) ;

ω c、ω
()c 035s -- Cutoff
Cutoff frequency(rad/m);
frequency ( rad/m ) ;
Av、A
AV, Aaa -- Roughness ( cm
Roughness coefficient
coefficient( cm22 ~m/ rad )
m / rad ), related with
,related with the
the track
track grade.
grade. See
See Table
Table

2.1
2.1 for
for details,
details, and
and k
k is
is generally
generally defined
defined as
as 0.25.
0.25.

Table
Table 1.
1. American
American track
track spectrum
spectrum irregularity parameter
irregularity parameter
Parameter
Parameter Parameter
Parameter of
of different
different track
track grade
grade
Symbol
Symbol Unit
Unit 11 22 33 44 55 66
2
A
AVv cm  m / rad
cm2.m/md 1.2107
1.2107 1.0181
1.0181 0.6816 0.5376 0.2095 0.0339

2
A
Aaa cm  m / rad
cm2.m/md 3.3634 1.2107
1.2107 0.4128 0.3027 0.0762 0.0339

ω
035s rad/m
rad/m 0.6046
0.6046 0.9308
0.9308 0.8520
0.8520 1.1312
1.1312 0.8209
0.8209 0.4380
0.4380
ω
036c rad/m
rad/m 0.8245
0.8245 0.8245
0.8245 0.8245
0.8245 0.8245
0.8245 0.8245
0.8245 0.8245
0.8245

Considering
Considering none none of of the
the power
power spectrum
spectrum of of track
track irregularity
irregularity is is adapted
adapted inin Indonesia,
Indonesia,
though PT.
though PT. KAI
KAI conducted
conducted detailed
detailed surveys
surveys and tests on
and tests the track
on the track lines,
lines, due
due toto the
the
limitations
limitations of of the
the test
test conditions,
conditions, the the survey
survey andand test
test results
results are
are mainly
mainly the
the static
static
geometries
geometries of the track
of the track and
and related track diseases.
related track diseases. AsAs with the limited
with the limited number
number of of
samples,
samples, it it is
is impossible
impossible to to statistically
statistically analyze the applicable
analyze the applicable power
power spectrum
spectrum of of
track irregularity.
track irregularity. Besides,
Besides, the track irregularity
the track irregularity obtained
obtained by by method
method is is static
static
irregularity,
irregularity, whereas
whereas the the track
track irregularity that actually
irregularity that actually affects
affects the
the operation
operation safety,
safety, the
the
wheel-rail force
wheel-rail force and the vehicle
and the vehicle vibration
vibration isis dynamic
dynamic irregularity,
irregularity, which
which is is revealed
revealed by by
the measurement
the measurement of of rail
rail inspection
inspection vehicle
vehicle when
when track
track isis completely
completely under
under thethe load
load ofof
train wheel.
train wheel. Therefore,
Therefore, with
with reference
reference to to the
the research
research of of domestic
domestic andand foreign
foreign scholars,
scholars,
the long
the long rail
rail transportation
transportation simulation
simulation calculation
calculation mainly
mainly usesuses the
the American
American grade grade 55
power spectral
power spectral density
density as
as the
the excitation
excitation source
source of track irregularity.
of track irregularity.
The track irregularity
The track irregularity sample,
sample, withwith aa length
length ofof 200m,
200m, simulated
simulated by by American
American gradegrade 5 5
power spectral
power spectral density
density is
is listed
listed below.
below.
Track Laterai Excitation

Diagram

WWW i ”i
JAM/xiii A {iv/\A {MAW ”iv/ii {V
H

Figure
Figure 2.
2. Track
Track alignment
alignment irregularity
irregularity

Track Vertical Excitation

Diagram
’i

iU AAfl/‘WANRWAA Ami’i/
é/ WVWWW uww Vi WW

Figure
Figure 3.
3. Track
Track vertical
vertical irregularity
irregularity
Track Gauge Excitation

Diagram

WW W”
Tm » Gauge [uilatmr‘ {my

JAM/MAM“ [LA/i Mn
n.
J.

Figure
Figure 4.
4. Track
Track gauge
gauge irregularity
irregularity
Track Roll Excitation

Diagram

til hi it i in L“ t it... it
1m Lu RU” LICAH‘JU" [Maj

”W” l 'l’ I W"


4i.

J5 5'0 #5 vio 13 'éJ t it:


E 1"‘J

Figure
Figure 5.
5. Track
Track level
level irregularity
irregularity

It
It can
can be
be seen
seen from
from Figure
Figure 2.
2. to
to Figure
Figure 5.
5. that
that in
in this
this track
track irregularity
irregularity sample,
sample, the
the
maximum
maximum alignment
alignment deviation
deviation isis about
about 88 mm,
mm, the
the maximum
maximum height
height deviation
deviation is
is about
about
10
10 mm,
mm, the
the level
level deviation
deviation is
is about
about 66 mm,
mm, and and the
the gauge
gauge deviation
deviation is
is about
about 88 mm.
mm.

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