IT App

Module 1: Impact of Digital Technology

digital = technology

Outline the history of computers

first generation -used vaccum tubes (cylindrical glass tubes that control the
flow of electrons) - large, more consumed, easily wornout

next generation - replaced vacuum tubes with transistors - more smaller,

cheaper to manufacture, more reliable - tape and disk storage

1960s integrated circuits - 1 circuit board = 1000 vacuum tubes

1971 microprocessors - faster, smaller, cheaper (silicon)

“Internet of things” / Embedded Computers

Internet of Things IoT

- Internet - objects (smart device) can be tracked, tagged, monitored through a

local area network or internet (bluetooth, RFID, Near Field Communication or
NFC
- Processors are embedded in many products (smart devices), which
communicate via the internet or wireless networks

Embedded computers

- Have a specific purpose

- Small and have unlimited hardware but enhance the capabilities of everyday
devices

Discover Uses for Artifical Intelligence (AI)

IT App 1
 The technological use of logic and prior experience to simulate to simulate
human intelligence

Capabilities

Speech recognition - “hey google” “hey siri”

Virtual reality

Logical reasoning

Creative responses

Explore the impact of Virtual Reality

Virtual reality VR - The use of computers to simulate a real or imagined
environment that appears as a three-dimensional 3D space (glasses,
teleports you)

Augmented Reality AR - a type of VR that uses an image of an actual

place or things that adds digital information to it. (iron man - may lumilitaw
ng info sa face)

Personal uses of Technology

1. Use of Technology In Daily Life

artificial Intelligence

virtual assistants, video games, navigation apps, security, etc.

Natural language processing - computers interpret and digitize spoken words

and commands (digital assistants, for example)

2. Use Technology to enhance productivity

more precised, eliminate human error, more efficiency

Robotics

- useful in situations where it is impractical, dangerous, or inconvenient to use a

human

- robotic arms and cameras can assist surgeons

IT App 2
 3. Technology to Assist Users with Disabilities - to make life easier

Laws

- Americans with Disabilities Act ADA

- Individuals with Disabilities Education IDE

Technologies

- screen readers
- Alternative text (alt text)

- capturing and speech recognition software

- input devices for people with physical disabilities

4. Green Computing Concepts

Green computing

Reducing electricity and environmental waste generated from technology

- ENERGY STAR program

- recycling products

- using paperless communications

- telecommunicating

Technology in the Professional World

Technology in K-12 Education
social networking

- promote school events

- work cooperatively on group projects

- teach concepts, such as anti-bullying

Intelligent classroom - technology is used to facilitate learning and

communication

IT App 3
 Technology in Transportation
Package tracking

Drivers use GPS technology to avoid traffic

automated vehicles TESLA

Technology in Healthcare
physicians use computer to monitor patients' vital signs and research
symptoms and diagnoses

Mobile Health (mHealth)

- Healthcare professionals - access health records

- patients - monitor conditions and treatments

medical monitoring devices

3D printers

Technology in Manufacturing
Computer-aided manufacturing CAM - streamlines production and allows
for shipping products more quickly

- robots perform work that is too dangerous, detailed, or monotonous for people

part ordering through computers

monitor assembly lines of equipment with machine-to-machine M2M

communications

Preparing for a Career in Technology

Professional online presence

- upload resume, proofread everything, professional social networks

Certifications

- demonstrate knowledge in a particular area (software, hardware, operating

systems, etc.)
- requires a commitment of time and money

IT App 4
 Module 2: The Web
Web Browsing Terms
 Internet - global collection of computers linked together to share information

 Webpage - electronic document that can contain text, graphic, sounds and
links to other webpages

 Website - collection of webpages

 Browser - apps designed to display webpages

Navigate

Home/Start page

Hyperlinks

Keep Track of Webpages

 Uniform resource locator - address that identifies the location of the page
on the internet

Protocol Hypertext Transfer Protocol, HTTP - http

Server address - www.cengage.com

Pathname - student/index.html

File name

2. Web server - delivers webpages to computers requesting to pages through a

browser

IP address

IT App 5
 Domain name

Navigate the Web

 Address bar - display current URL to go to a new webpage

 Cache - makes loading faster for subsequent visits to the same webpage

 Breadcrumbs - path to follow to display webpage Hansel and Gretel)

 Navigation Bar - < >

Total Level Domain (TLD)

 .biz - unrestricted use but usually identifies business

 .com - most commercial sites that sell products and services

 .edu - academic and research sites such as schools and universities (edu.ph)

 .gov - U.S. government organizations (.gov.ph)

 .int - international treaty organizations

 .mil - military organizations

 .mobi - sites optimized for mobile devices

 .net - network providers, ISPs and other internet administrative organizations

 .org - organizations such as political or not for profit

 .pro - licensed professional

Internet Standards
2 organizations that give internet standards:

Internet Engineering Task Force IETF

World Wide Web Consortium W3C

Identify Types of Websites

IT App 6
 Categories

banking and finance

entertainment

portals

blogs

government or organization

retail and auctions

bookmarking

mapping

e-commerce

media sharing

Web Apps
The major components of a Webpage
5 major areas

 Header - "FACEBOOK"

 Navigation bar - search bar

 Body - newsfeed

 Sidebar - active status

 Footer - privacy, setting notification

Pros and Cons Web Apps

Pros

access from any device with browser and internet connection

collaborate with other no matter their location

store your work on the app's website so you can access it anytime and
anywhere

IT App 7
 save storage space on you device

access the latest version of the app without installing updates

Cons

must be online to use web apps

files are more vulnerable to security and privacy violations

if web app provider has technical problems, you might not be able to access
your work

if web app provider goes out of business, you might lose your files

often offer fewer features and may run more slowly than installed one

Identify Secure and Insecure Websites

Secure websites
Use encryption to safeguard transmitted information (padlock)

Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure HTTPS

Use digital certificates to vouch for authencity of the websites

Lock icon

Requires sign in with username/password before entering sensitive

information

Use E-Commerce
Explain the Role of E-Commerce in Daily Life

Types of ECommerce websites

 Business-to-consumer B2C - involves the sale of goods and services to the

general public (shopping websites)

 Consumer-to-consumer C2C - occurs when one consumer sells directly to

another (online auctions, secondhand items)

IT App 8
  Business-to-business B2B - consists of business providing goods and
services to other business (market research websites, business to retailers)

Pros and Cons of e-commerce for consumers

Pros

Variety - wide range of choice

Convenience - no need to go somewhere

Budget - no transportation expense

Cons

Security

Fraud

Indirect experience

Explain How Engines Work

General Search Engine
compiles a database of info about webpages

uses software programs called spiders or crawlers to build an index of terms

and their locations

when one enters a query, the search engine refers to its index and lists pages
on how closely they answer the query

ranking depends on how often and where a search term appears on the
webpage, how long the webpage has been published, and the number of
other webpages that link on it

Refine Web Searches

Boolean Operators

IT App 9
 Common Search Operators

 "" (quotation marks) - find webpages with the exact words in the same order

 I (vertical bar) - OR

 Hyphen (-) - NOT

 (*) - wildcard (placeholder for any number of characters)

 #..# - find webpages within a range of numbers

Conduct Online Research

use specialty search engines

evaluate online info

gather content from online sources

apply info literacy standards

Use Specialty Search Engines

Specialty Search Engines
let one search information sources that general search engines do not always
access

Search tool

 Wolfram Alpha - answers factual questions directly, without listing webpages

that might contain the answer

 RhythmOne - finds videos or other multimedia; uses speech recognition to

match the audio part of a video with your search term

 Ask a Librarian - connects you to librarians at the Library of Congress and

other libraries; allows you to engage in an online chat or submit your question
in an online form

IT App 10
  TinEye - does a reverse search for submitted images, rather than keywords to
locate the original image and match it with other indexed images

Evaluate Online Information

The CARS Checklist
credibility: identify the author and check credentials

Accuracy: verify facts and claims, check for bias

Reasonableness: examine whether the claims are fair and sensible

Support: look for reputable sources and authorities

Apply Information Literacy Standards

Citing Sources
citation - a formal reference to a source

each type of information source uses a different citation style

failure to cite sources, even if some of the words are changed or

paraphrased, is plagiarised

Module 3: Computer Hardware

 Central Processing Unit CPU

A complex integrated circuit consisting of millions of electronic parts and is

primarily responsible for converting input (data) into meaning output
(information)

Data travels in and out of the CPU through a bus

Machine cycle

2. Computer Memory

Responsible for holding data and programs as they are being processed by
the CPU

IT App 11
 Random Access Memory RAM

= at the moment nakabukas

= virtual memory
= swap file/paging file
Both volatile)

Read-only memory ROM

BIOS Basic Input Output System)

Power-on-self POST

=firmware

Input and Output Devices

Input Device - communicate instrcutions and commands to a computer
Examples: keyboard, mouse
Output device - conveys information from the computer to the user

Examples: speakers, printers

Common Types of RAM

 Dynamic RAM DRAM

memory needs to be consistently recharged or contents will be erased

volatile

2. Static RAM SRAM

memory can be recharged less frequently than DRAM, but can be more
expensive than DRAM

volatile

3. Magnetoresistive RAM MRAM

IT App 12
 memory uses magnetic charges to store contents, and can retain its contents
in the absence of power

nonvolatile

4. Flash memory

solid state drives SSD, HDD, flash drive)

fast type of memory that typically is less expensive than some other types of
RAM, and can retain its contents in the absence of power

nonvolatile

Explain how computers represent data

Binary System

 Bit

 Byte

 Text Coding scheme

ASCII

Unicode

8 bit : 1 Byte

Storage Solutions
Hard Drives

Internal hard drives - magneto resistive

a. magnetic hard disk drives HDDs)

b. Solid State Drive SSD

External hard drives

IT App 13
 a. USB flash drive - flash drive, sd card
b. optical media - cd
Cloud Storage

storing electronic files on the internet instead of a local computer

Google Drive, Microsoft OneDrive, Dropbox

Pros and Cons of Different types of Computers

Desktop Computer

Typically consists of a system unit, monitor, keyboard, and mouse

more powerful, more storage

hardware components can be easily upgraded

All-in-one Computer

Monitor and system unti are housed together

Take up less space and easier to transport

Typically more difficult to service or upgrade - parts are for it specifically

More expensive than desktops - since you are paying for convenience, R&D

Mobile Device

Portable or handled computing device

Tablet

Less powerful

Not upgradable

Hardware to Consider When Purchasing a Computer

Factors to consider in buying a computer
Platform

IT App 14
 Do I need to use software that requires a specific platform

Does the computer need to be compatible with other devices I own that use a
particular platform?

Hardware

Do I require hardware to perform intended tasks?

How much data and information do I plan to store on the computer?

Hardware Specification

Will the tasks I perform or software I want to run require certain hardware
specification?

Form factor

Will I be using this computer in one location or will I need to be mobile?

Add-on-devices

What additional devices will I need to perform my intended tasks?

Hardware to Consider When Purchasing a Computer

Evaluating system requirement

Different processor requirements - identifying the program or app with the

greater processor requirement and select a computer with a processor that
meets or exceeds the requirement

Demonstrate Familiarity with Input and Output

Devices
experiment with input devices

experiment with output devices

explain how to install computer devices

IT App 15
 Experiment with Input Devices
Input Devices

Keyboard

Pointing Device

- Mouse
- Touchpad
- Trackball

Touchscreen/ Multitouch screens

Pen input

- stylus
- digital pen

Microphone

Cameras/webcams

Scanner

Game controller

- joystick
- gamepad
- dance pad
- wheel

- motion-sensing controller

Experiment with Output Devices

Output Devices

Speakers

headphones

- earbuds

IT App 16
 - headsets

Projectors

Voice synthesizer

printers

- ink-jet
- laser
- multifunction device MFD
- mobile

- plotter
- 3D

How to install Computer Hardware

Installation

Ideal location

check for all necessary components

free from damage

connect all components and accessories, then connect to power

turn on computer, follow on-screen steps

peripherals

- plug and play

- device driver

Steps to Maintain Computer Hardware

Regular Maintenance

Clean display with damp cloth

clean keyboard with compressed air

keep air vent free of dust and debris

IT App 17
 keep environment temperature controlled

protect from power fluctuations

- uninterruptable power supply UPS

- surge suppressor

keep free space on hard drive

keep away from clutter or dust

regularly back up data

use protective cases for media

Measure the Performance of Computer Hardware

computer performance

processor clock speed

bus width/word size

benchmark - compare

Troubleshooting Hardware Problems

common hardware problems

device does not turn on

battery issues

computer issues a series of beeps when turned on

operating system does not turn run

monitor does not display

keyboard/mouse does not work

external drive not recognized

program/app does not run

virus/malware

slow performance

IT App 18
 screen damage

touchscreen unresponsive

Differences between Operating systems and System

software
System software - the software that runs a computer, including the operating
system and the utilities

Operating system OS - a program that manages the complete operation of

your computer or mobile device and lets you interact with it.

- platform
- most operating systems come installed on your computer on your computer or
device

Differences Between the Major Operating Systems

Standard Operating System Functions

starting and shutting down a computer or device

managing programs

managing memory

coordinating tasks

configuring devices

establishing an internet connection

monitoring performance

providing file management

updating operating system software

monitoring security

controlling network access

Operating systems features

IT App 19
 Graphical User interface GUI - controls how you interact with menu,
program apps and images by clicking, pointing, touching and tapping

Utilities - enables you to perform maintenance on your device

- defragmentation - pagdikitin

- fragmentation - paglayuin

Software as a service SaaS - software bought as a good but now software

as a service (with license)

Open/closed source

- closed - IOS - some or all codes are hidden

- open - android - no copyright restrictions, open for modification and
redistribution

- open - linux - Chrome Os, Stream Os

Desktop Operating Systems

Windows

desktops computers, laptops, and some tablets

supports the Cortana virtual assistant, touchscreen input, HoloLens headsets,

and built-in apps such as Microsoft Edge browser

macOs

Macintosh desktop computers and laptops

includes the Siri virtual assistant, coordination with Apple mobile devices, and
cloud file storage

UNIX

most computers and devices

multitasking operating system with many versions, as the code is licensed to

different developers

LINUX

desktops computers, laptops, and some tablets

IT App 20
 distributed under the terms of a general public license GPL, which allows
you to copy the OS for your own use, to give to others, or to sell

Chrome OS

chromebook laptops

based on LINUS, uses the Google Chrome as its user interface, and primarily
runs web apps (an app stored on an Internet server that can be run entirely in
a web browser)

Server Operating Systems

Windows Server - server version of Windows. It includes advanced security tools
and a set of programs called Internet Information Services that manage web apps
and services
macOS Server - supports all sizes of networks and servers. One unique feature is
that it lets authorized users access servers their iphones or other Apple devices
UNIX - multipurpose operating system that can run on a desktop PC or a server.
Many web servers, which are internet computers that store webpages and deliver
them to your computer or device, use UNIX because it is a powerful, flexible
operating system.
Mobile Operating Systems

Android - developed by Google based on LINUX, and designed to be run on many

types of smartphones and tablets
iOS - runs only on Apple devices, including the iPhone, iPad, and iPod; derived
from macOs

Identify Desktop Components

Desktop

Window

menu

dialog boxes

IT App 21
 file

- data file
- executable file

- file format - document of MS Word

- file extension - .pdf, .doc, .ppt

folder

- library

The purpose of an Operating System

responsible for coordinating the resources and activities on a computer

manages interactions between hardware and software

Describe How an Operating System Manages Memory

Memory

volatile memory - close app - totally forget - RAM

nonvolatile memory - solid state drive, HDD

RAM (random access memory)

cache

virtual memory - capability of operating system to temporarily store data on

storage medium until it can be "swapped" into RAM

ROM (read-only memory) - basic input output system

flash memory

Steps in the boot process

 the computer receives power form the power supply or battery and sends it
to the circuity

2. the processor runs the bootstrap program (built-in start up program that
executes a series of tests to check components)

IT App 22
 3. the bootstrap executes a series of tests to check the components
4. the computer loads the operating system files into RAM, including the kernel
(core of an OS
5. the computer loads the system configuration information and loads startup
programs

How operating systems manage input and output

Input and Output

Input - any data and instructions entered into the memory of a device

Output - information processed into a useful form

buffer or spooling - an area of memory that stores data and information

waiting to be sent

Spooling - placing of data into buffer

Personalize an OS to Increase Productivity

customize system software

customize hardware using system software

manage desktop windows

use administrative tools

Customize System Software

Customize settings - change default settings

change screen brightness

add desktop themes

adjust screen resolution 19 by 20

aspect ration - 9 by 16

pinning frequently used apps to the taskbar

selecting items to appear in the notification area

IT App 23
 link your smartphone to your computer

uninstall apps

add accounts

manage network connections

adjust privacy settings

customize desktop

- move taskbar

- add shortcuts

Customize Hardware Using System Software

Customize Hardware

pointing devices

- switch mouse buttons

- adjust trackpad sensitivity

keyboard

- change commands associated with certain keys or keyboard

- change language or dialect
- adjust settings for toggle keys

Manage Desktop Windows

Common Elements of Windows

center area displays contents

title bar at the top displays the name of the app, file, or folder shown in the
window

buttons

- maximize
- minimize

IT App 24
 - close
- restore down

vertical and horizontal scroll bars

multiple windows can be open at once and appear side-by-side or stacked

- active window is the one currently being used

- windows can be resized and dragged to new location

program window

folder window

Use Administrative Tools

Resource

components required to perform work (processors, RAM, storage space, and

connected devices)

Windows task manager

interact with GUI

- tile
- icon

- button
Adjust Power Settings

shutdown or sleep option

battery usage

Utilities

disk cleanup utility

recycle bin or trash

file utilties

- file management
- search tool

IT App 25
 - file compression
Customize Windows Operating System

settings app

control panel

menus

- shortcut menu
- dialog box
- option or radio buttons
- check boxes
- list boxes
Run more than one operating systems

virtual machine

- requires an app that is specifically designed to set up and manage virtual

machines

- installation files for the operating system to run on the virtual machine are also
required
- runs on a partition
Manager User Accounts

user accounts identify the resources a user can access when working with the
computer

protect your computer against unauthorized access

administrator account provides full access

Manage Files and Folders

(the following below)

Compress and Uncompress Files

IT App 26
 file size is usually measured in kilobytes KB (thousands of bytes of data),
megabytes MB (millions of bytes of data) or gigabytes GB (billions of
bytes of data)

file and folders may need to be compressed before they can be shared or
transferred

Save Files to Folders and Filling Systems

name the file

save to the computer, flash drive or cloud

if creating or editing a file, it should be saved frequently

- files you work on using a web app save changes as you make them

use the save as or save a copy dialog box to save a file with a new name or
in a new location

Determine File Properties

every file has properties, such as name, type, location, and size

dates: when the file was created, modified, last accessed

the operating system assigns some properties to files, such as type or format,
and updates other properties, such as date, size, and location

Manage file names and file placement

File names

when you save a file, you must give it a name that follows your system's rules
for file-naming conventions

most file names contain an extension that tells about its contents, such as
that type of platform or app on which the file can be used

file name extensions are added automatically when you save a file, but you
can change the extension in some cases

File placement

IT App 27
 each folder can only include one file with the same name of the same type

be as specific as possible when naming files

copying or moving file: use the clipboard or drag between file management
windows

to open a saved file, navigate to the file's location using the file manager or
the open dialog box from within a program or app. Double-click it or select it
and click the Open button.

Manage Folder Name and Folder Placement

You can create a new folder in a file manager such as file explorer or finder

to create a folder, click the new folder button in your file manager. the folder
name by default is "new folder". To rename the folder something meaningful,
select the folder and click it again to make it editable, then type the name and
enter.

within file manager, you can move, copy, and delete folders the same as file

Organize Files using File Management Tools

File Management

windows 10 File explorer

macOS the finder

File management functions

- view frequently or recently opened files and folders

- view the main folders on your computer or device
- search by file name, content, date and more

IT App 28
IT App 29