Friday, September 4, 2020 8:00 PM

Structure of Atom

The basic unit of matter. Also, it is the defining structure of elements.

The defining structure of elements.

Atoms actually possess internal structure

They are made up of even smaller particles, which are called subatomic particles. This
research led to the discovery of electrons, protons, and neutrons.
Dalton's atomic theory
1. All matter is composed of indivisible and indestructible atoms which are tiny, hard spheres.
2. All the atoms of any one element are identical; the atoms of different elements are different and have
different properties (including different masses)
3. When matter undergoes changes, whether physical or chemical, the atoms are merely rearranged. No
atom is created or destroyed.
4. Atoms of different elements combine in a definite ratio of small whole numbers to form compounds
which are composed of compound atoms.

validity of the atomic theory

1. Unique behavior of each element.
2. Compounds have a definite composition, regardless of how the samples were prepared or where
originated. (Law of definite proportion or composition)
3. During a physical or chemical change, the total mass of all substances before and the total mass of all
substances after the change are the same. (Law of conservation of mass)

Discovery of electrons

About 150 years ago, Michael Faraday discovered the first cathode-ray tube when he
passed electricity through glass tubes from which most of the air had been evacuated.

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 passed electricity through glass tubes from which most of the air had been evacuated.

Crookes, Stoney and J.J Thomson (Specifically)

◊ Cathode rays are negatively charged which is called electron
◊ A fundamental particles of matter found in all atoms.

The cathode ray (green light) bends towards the positive plate (the red one) because it
consists of negatively charged particle that attracts the positive pole of a magnet. The
cathode ray (green light) bends against the negative plate (the silver one) as expected since
negative charged particle will repel to the negative pole of a magnet.

Robert Milikan
◊ 1909, He measured the charge of the electron through Oil-drop experiment..
◊ Modern value of the electron’s charge, negative -1..6021019 coulomb, (the SI unit of
charge).
◊ The mass of electron is 9. . 109x10-28 grams
◊ The charge ratio of electron is 1 . 759 x 108 C/g
J.J. Thompson
◊ He measured the charge of the electron through cathode ray tube which
measures into
◊ Thompson measured the charge/mass ratio of the electron to be 1. . 76  108
coulombs/g.

 How
◊ By manipulating the magnetic and electrical fields and observing the change in the
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 ◊ By manipulating the magnetic and electrical fields and observing the change in the
beam position on a fluorescent screen..

The motion of a given oil droplet depends on the variation in electric field and the total
charge on the droplet, which depends in turn on the number of attached electrons.
Long explanation
An atomizer, or spray bottle, introduces a fine mist of oil drops into the top of the
chamber. Several drops happen to fall through a small hole into the lower chamber,
where the experimenter follows the motion of one drop with a microscope. Some of
these drops have picked up one or more electrons as a result of friction in the
atomizer and become negatively charged. A negatively charged drop will be attracted
upward when the experimenter turns on a current to the electric plates. The drop’s
upward speed is related to its mass-to-charge ratio, from which you can calculate the
charge of electron.

Discovery of Protons

Scientists knew that atoms contained electrons but were electrically neutral overall. To be
neutral, an atom must contain equal amounts of positive and negative charge.

J.J. Thomson proposed, therefore, that an atom could be thought of as a sphere of positively
charged matter in which negatively charged electrons were embedded uniformly.

Ernest Rutherford, a New Zealand physicist used alpha (α) particles to prove the structure of
the atom.
Rutherford proposed that the atom is positive charges and were all concentrated in the
nucleus, which is an extremely dense central core within the atom. Whenever an α particle
came close to a nucleus in the scattering experiment, it experienced a large repulsive force
and therefore a large deflection..Moreover, an alpha particle traveling directly toward a nucleus
would be completely repelled and its direction would be reversed.
The positively charged particles in the nucleus are called protons.

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Discovery of Neutrons

James Chadwick announced that the core also contained a new uncharged particle, which he
called the neutron.
• The existence of neutrons was predicted by Rutherford around 1910. It was only in 1932 that
Chadwick identified it as a product particle after in the nuclear reaction involving the
bombardment of beryllium with alpha particles. The other product is the element carbon. The
reaction involved a nuclear change.
Chadwick also tried other targets in addition to the paraffin wax, including helium, nitrogen, and
lithium, which helped him determine that the mass of the new particle was just slightly more
than the mass of the proton and. noted that because the neutrons had no charge, they
penetrated much further into a target than protons would..

Subatomic particles

.
Table shows the lists of the masses and charges of these three elementary particles

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 Table shows the lists of the masses and charges of these three elementary particles

Quarks

A quark is a tiny particle which makes up protons and neutrons. Atoms are constructed of two
types of elementary particles: electrons and quarks.
▪ After the invention of the particle accelerator, it was discovered that electrons are fundamental
particles, but neutrons and protons are not.

This theory was proposed by physicists Murray Gell-Mann and George Zwieg of California Institute
of Tech
There are six types or flavors of quarks, namely: up, down, strange, charmed, bottom and top.
▪ The proton is a combination of 3 quarks, two up and one down (uud).
▪ The neutron is composed of 2 down and one up (ddu).
▪ Particles that are composed of 3 quarks are known collectively as baryons.
▪ Particles that are composed of two quark are known as mesons.
▪ Particles that are not made up of quarks are called leptons
▪ Quarks cannot be separated from each other. They are held together by gluons, particles which
carry the strong nuclear force.

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Friday, September 4, 2020 6:54 AM

Atomic number

The number of protons in the nucleus of each atom of an element..

It also indicates the number of electrons in the atom—because atoms are neutral and
contain the same number of protons and electrons.
The chemical identity of an atom can be determined solely from its atomic number.

The atomic number of nitrogen is seven, therefore, nitrogen has seven protons and
seven electrons.
7N
7
Note: Electron and Proton are equal

Mass number

The total number of neutrons and protons present in the nucleus of an atom of an
element. Except for the most common form of hydrogen, which has one proton and
no neutrons.
Collectively, protons and neutrons are called nucleons. A nucleon is a particle within the
nucleus.
In general, the mass number is given by the summation of number of protons and
number of neutrons.

Presentation of Symbols of Elements

Protons=Electrons
Atomic mass - Electrons/Protons = Neutrons

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