Question 1: Definition

Explain your understanding of the following difference terms;

I. Consonants
Consonants is one in which the airflow is cut off, either partially or completely,
when the sound is produced. For example, changes in tongue position resulting in
the mouth not opening as wide. This means that the jaw does not drop noticeably,
which is different to vowel sounds. The letters of the alphabet that usually
represent the consonant sounds are: b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, w, x,
y, z.

II. Vowels
Vowels is one in which the airflow is unobstructed when the sound is made. The
letters of the alphabet that we normally associate as being the vowel letters are: a,
e, i, o and u.

III. Diphthongs
Diphthongs is a term used in the phonetic classification of vowel sounds. It refers
to a glide or a movement from one vowel to another one in which the first part is
more prominent than the last.
One of the best diphthong examples is the word "oil." Here, we have two vowels
working side by side and, together, they create a sound different than anything
"O" or "I" alone can produce. However, when we move from one vowel sound to
another, such as the "oi" in "oil," its called gliding. As such, diphthongs are
sometimes referred to as "gliding vowels."

IV. Phonetics
Phonetics is the branch concerned with human speech sounds, and itself has three
different aspects:
 Articulatory Phonetics - describes how vowels and consonants are
produced or “articulated” in various parts of the mouth and throat.
 Acoustic Phonetics -studies the sound waves that transmit the vowels and
consonants through the air from the speaker to the hearer.
 Auditory Phonetics -looks at the way in which the hearer’s brain decodes
the sound waves back into the vowels and consonants originally intended
by the speaker.

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 V. Formal and informal Language

Informal language does not have to adhere to the established formal rules of
grammar and speech. Whereas Formal language accepts, tolerates and permits the
use of things like colloquialisms, slang, figures of speech, clichés, improper and
broken syntax, incomplete sentences, sentence fragments and other grammatical
prohibitions that are not tolerated when formal writing and language are
necessary and indicated.

VI. Language Etiquette

Language Etiquette is an accepted set of requirements of forms, contents, orders,

characters and situational relevance of utterance or expression. Language
etiquette relates to words and phrases used for greetings, to ask for permission, to
ask something, to address someone, to give proper intonation to express
politeness, etc.
The major aim and reason of teaching and learning language etiquette in the
foreign language classrooms is to understand or be understood. Thus, to be able to
communicate with representatives of other cultures, one need to speak a foreign
language as means of communication following the norms of the foreign culture.
This requires that one follow the different forms of verbal and non-verbal
communication very well. Regular use of language etiquette in a speech is
considered to be an appropriate behavior. However, irregular use of speech
etiquette is taken as a desire to offend or insult, or as bad manners.

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 Question 2: Vowel Sounds
In the following groups (1-6) of words that have vowel sound, you are to choose which word
from either A,B,C or D that does not have the sound shown at the right in each group word list.
Group 1:
A. Bean
B. Pick iː
C. Bead
D. Peak
Group 2:
A. Bin
B. Bit ɪ
C. Bead
D. Bid
Group 3:
A. Bell
B. Bed e
C. Feed
D. Fed

Group 4:
A. Hat
B. Bat æ
C. Park
D. Pack

Group 5:
A. Bus
B. Bud ʌ
C. Bun
D. Bat

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 Question 3: Sounds
There are three sections to this question;
Section 1: Consonant Sounds
Section 2: Vowel Sounds
Section 3: Diphthong Sounds

Section 1: Consonant Sounds

In this section, the consonant letters (symbols) and sounds (pronunciation) are provided. Your
task is to provide the words that belongs to the consonants letters (symbols) and sounds
(pronunciation) as shown in the example given.

Example:
Consonant letter/symbols Words Consonant sound/pronunciation

[l] light [lait]

[m] man [mæn]

[ŋ] wing [wiŋ]

Now do the same to the following;

Consonant letter/symbols Words Consonant sound/pronunciation

[p] pig [pig]

[b] box [bɑks]

[t] time [taim]

[d] dog [dɔg]

[k] cat [kæt]

[g] go [gou]

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 [f] face [feis]

[v] vase [veis]

[θ] think [θiŋk]

[ð] this [ðis]

[s] sun [sʌn]

[z] zoo [zu:]

[dƷ] juice [dʒuːs]

[Ʒ] treasure [tréʒǝr]

[j] year [jiǝr]

[h] hand [hænd]

[r] run [rʌn]

[n] nose [nouz]

[tʃ] chair [tʃεǝr]

[ʃ] shoe [ʃuː]

Section 2: Vowels Sounds

In this section, the vowels symbols and words are provided. Your task is to provide the correct
way of pronouncing these vowel symbols and words.
Vowels symbols Words Pronunciation
[i:] feet [fi:t]
[i] fish [fiʃ ]
[æ] apple [æpl]
[ǝ] alive [ǝl'aiv]

[u:] two [tu:]

[ɔ] ball [bɔl]

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 Section 3: Diphthongs Sounds
In this section, the diphthongs symbols and some words and pronunciation are provided. Your
task is to provide the missing words and pronunciation.
Diphthong symbols Words Pronunciation

[ai] eye [ai]

[au] mouse [maus]

[ɔi] toy [tɔi]

[ju] you [ju]

[ei] cake [keik]

[ou] go [gou]

[l] light [lait]

[ɑ] mama [m'ɑmɑ]

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 Question 4: Informal and Formal Writing
Part 1: Formal and Informal language sentences
The following sentences that have informal words in them. Underline the informal word or
words and rewrite the sentence in a formal style.
Informal example: Her dad worked at a factory.
Formal example: Her father worked at a factory.
1. They bought an awesome house around the corner.

They bought a wonderful house around the corner.

2. There were lots of people at the museum.

There are many people at the museum.

3. Jane ain’t going to tell anyone

Jane is not going to tell anyone.

4. Oscar started freaking out about the test.

Oscar became anxious about the test.

5. When the cops arrived, the crook ran outside.

When the police arrived, the criminal ran outside.

6. He checked his cell for any messages.

He checked his mobile phone for any messages.

7. The family chilled by the pool all afternoon.

The family relaxed by the pool all afternoon.

8. She bought a bunch of stuff at the mall.

She bought many items at the mall.

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 Part 2: Formal Speech
You have been asked to introduce a guest of honor at the opening of a Senior Secondary School
Oratory Contest on the theme ‘Women’s Leadership and Political Participation’ during the
National Oratory Contest week at Maranatha Hall, Honiara. Write a brief introduction speech of
about 180-200 words. The guest of honor is the Member of Parliament for kekelegato
Constituency, social worker and woman’s right advocate.

Ladies and Gentlemen, I want to welcome you all to the opening of a Senior Secondary School
Oratory Contest on the theme ‘Women’s Leadership and Political Participation”.
Today, we’re honored to welcome a very special guest who will share with us on the
theme from the very top, the Member of Parliament for kekelegato Constituency, a social worker
and woman’s right advocate, Mrs Vaite Tibaela.
Before going any further, let me introduce to you our Guest of honor. Mrs Vaite Tibaela is 42
years old and married to a 45-years-old secondary teacher, Mr Ruzavaki Tibaela.
She started her education at a local high school in PNG.In her tertiary level she took up Diploma
in Secondary Teaching at Pacific Adventist College and Bachelor of Arts in Social Work and
Sociology at the University of Papua New Guinea.
She started her career as a high school teacher and counselors for 5 years. Then she was given a
position as a senior social welfare officer at the Ministry of Health for 5 year and currently she is
Member of Parliament.
She involved in a lot of woman community projects and advocate for woman’s right especially
for their empowerment and participation in national leadership.
Can we please give a warm round of applause to the guest of honor?
(Loud round of applause)

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