Orbital Instability and Prediction of A Bunsen Flame Tip PDF

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Combustion and Flame 140 (2005) 287–298

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Orbital instability and prediction of a Bunsen flame tip

motion with burner rotation
Hiroshi Gotoda 1 , Toshihisa Ueda ∗
School of Science for Open and Environmental Systems, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama,
Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
Received 17 April 2004; received in revised form 30 November 2004; accepted 30 November 2004
Available online 30 December 2004
Abstract
An orbital instability of the unsteady flame tip motion with burner rotation and the possibility of the prediction
of the flame tip motion are investigated from the viewpoint of nonlinear dynamics. A rich methane–air mixture
of equivalence ratio 1.43 is used. The mean exit velocity from the burner tube, U , is varied from 0.6 to 1.3 m/s,
keeping the swirl number S = 1.14 constant. The variation in the flame tip motion is quantitatively evaluated by
calculating the mean value of a parallel trajectory value Γ . At U 0.7 m/s, the value of Γ is estimated to be
approximately zero, indicating that periodic motion occurs. As U increases, the trajectory of the attractor becomes
complicated and Γ gradually increases. The value of Γ approaches the value of the Fourier-transformed surrogate
data with further increase in U . This suggests that the flame tip motion varies from periodic to chaotic due to the
influence of phase randomness with increasing U . The short-term forward prediction method, that is based on the
orbit of the attractor, first was used. Then the short-term forward prediction method was modified to successfully
extend the prediction term. The results suggest that the modified short-term forward prediction method proposed
in the present study provides a valid method for predicting the motion of unsteady flames.
 2004 The Combustion Institute. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Unsteady premixed flame; Burner rotation; Nonlinear dynamics; Chaos; Flame instability; Prediction
1. Introduction combustion instabilities within engines, boilers, and

furnaces. Recently several experimental and numer-
Periodic or chaotic flame motions are of funda- ical studies have been conducted to study chaotic
mental importance to transient and periodical lam- flame motions which arise in Bunsen flames sub-
inar flame problems in small combustion systems, jected to acoustic forcing [1], pulse combustion [2],
and they also are important in problems that involve engine combustion [3], cellular flames [4], flame ex-
tinction [5–7], and soot formation [8]. These stud-
* Corresponding author. Fax: +81-45-566-1495. ies apply linear analysis and fast Fourier transforms
E-mail address: ueda@mech.keio.ac.jp (T. Ueda).
(FFT); they also apply methods based on the deter-
1 Current address: Building and Fire Research Labora- ministic chaos theory.
tory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, De- The present authors have conducted experimen-
partment of Commerce, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, tal studies of periodic and nonperiodic Bunsen flame
MD 20899, USA. tip motions caused by burner rotation, using CH4 –air
0010-2180/$ – see front matter  2004 The Combustion Institute. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.combustflame.2004.11.013
Downloaded from https://iranpaper.ir
288 H. Gotoda, T. Ueda / Combustion and Flame 140 (2005) 287–298
and C3 H8 –air mixtures [9,10]. The results in Ref. [9] tube; it equals the volumetric flow rate divided by the
showed that for Lewis number Le > 1, the flame tip cross-sectional area of the straight tube. N is the ro-
oscillates in a periodic manner and the shape changes tational speed of the straight tube. U is varied from
from a stable conical shape to a stable buckled (i.e., 0.6 to 1.3 m/s and N is varied up to 2800 rpm. The
flattened or dimpled tip) shape. We concluded that Reynolds number Re is based on the burner diame-
the oscillating flame motion is induced by a combina- ter and is varied from 449 to 898. A laminar conical
tion of buoyancy force, centrifugal force, and a Lewis flame is formed when the burner is not rotated. The
number effect. In a subsequent study [10], we showed swirl number S is defined as
that the oscillating flame tips become quasi-periodic Gθ
and nonperiodic as the flow velocity and burner rota- S=
Gx R
tion rate increase. The variation in the flame tip mo-
tion was quantified from the viewpoint of the geomet- 2π 0R ρuvθ r 2 dr
=
ric characteristics (e.g., the correlation dimension). 2π R 0R ρ(u2 − vθ2 /2)r dr
The orbital instability of an attractor is an important
2U ωR
concept that can be used to characterize and predict = . (1)
the time variation of the flame tip motion. 4U 2 − (ωR)2
The previous work suggests the possibility that Gθ is the axial flux of the swirl momentum, Gx is the
unsteady flame motions can be predicted using deter- axial flux of the linear momentum, r is the radial dis-
ministic chaos theory. Recently active-control stud- tance, R is the radius of the straight tube, u is axial
ies have been performed to predict flame motions velocity, vθ is the tangential velocity. The angular ve-
caused by the acoustics of a combustion chamber or locity of the burner tube (ω) is π N/30. To evaluate
by vortex shedding, and various models have been the effect of centrifugal force on the flame shape, the
proposed [11,12]. However, methods to predict flame variation in the static pressure due to burner rotation is
tip motions associated with an orbital instability had taken into account [9,10]. We have confirmed through
not been developed previously. flow visualization that the swirling motion generates
The objective of the presents study is to analyze a large-scale vortex or recirculation region only in an
the orbital instability of unsteady flame tip motion isothermal flow. This recirculation is not formed when
caused by burner rotation and to develop methods to the flame is formed.
predict flame tip motion by considering the nonlin- To obtain a time series of the flame tip motion, a
ear dynamics. We adopt a nonlinear analytical method laser tomographic technique [16,17] is used, as shown
based on the deterministic chaos theory, including in Fig. 1. Details of the laser tomographic technique
the trajectory parallel method (TPM), the surrogate are noted in our previous studies [10]. Silicon oil
data method, and the short-term prediction method droplets between 1 and 2 µm in diameter are used as
based on the orbit of the attractor. Characterization scattering particles. The upstream side of the flame
of these flame motions provides insight to understand zone is determined as a vaporized front of silicon oil
the complex flame motion and to design a control sys- droplets. It has been confirmed that silicon oil droplets
tem for a complex combustion system. follow the motion of the unburnt gas mixture un-
der the present experimental conditions [18]. A slit
(3 mm × 25 µm) is set at the focal plane in front of a
2. Experimental apparatus and method photomultiplier along the centerline to detect the mo-
tion in the flame tip. Mie scattering intensity through
The rotating burner is identical to the burner that the slit is proportional to the height of the flame tip.
was used in our previous work [9,10]. A rotating The output current from the photomultiplier (Hama-
honeycomb is used to create solid-body rotation of matsu, C1556) shows the time series variation in the
the premixed gases that exit the burner [13–15]. The one-dimensional motion of the flame tip. When the
vertical burner tube is supported by bearings and is flame front moves in the downstream direction (or
connected by a pulley-belt system to a DC motor. the upstream direction), the light intensity passing
As reported in Ref. [9], the flame shape and motion through the slit linearly increases (or decreases). The
depend on the Lewis number, and oscillating flames time series signal from the photomultiplier is recorded
are formed when the Lewis number Le is larger than by a digital recorder (Teac Co., RD-125), and is trans-
unity, which occurs for a rich CH4 –air mixture or formed to time variation in the flame tip location by a
for a lean C3 H8 –air mixture. In the present study, PC.
a rich CH4 –air mixture at φ = 1.43 is used since The microgravity experiments were implemented
it forms a typical axisymmetric oscillating flame at at the drop tower of the Micro-Gravity Laboratory in
U = 0.6 m/s and N = 1250 rpm. U is the mean Japan (MGLAB) with a free-fall distance of 150 m.
axial flow velocity of the mixture from the straight The microgravity level is 10−5 g, and the duration of
H. Gotoda, T. Ueda / Combustion and Flame 140 (2005) 287–298 289
Fig. 1. Measurement system and burner used to study flame tip motion.
the microgravity environment is 4.5 s. Details of this study is 1 kHz, and the data number n is 15,000 for
facility are described in Ref. [9]. The motion of ro- each analysis.
tating flames under a microgravity environment (µg) The trajectory parallel method is applied to quan-
was recorded by a CCD video camera at 30 frames/s. tify the dynamical motion of trajectory of the attrac-
tor. TPM, based on the algorithm proposed by Fuji-
moto and Iokibe [23], is used in a way similar to its
3. Analytical method based on the nonlinear use in Refs. [24,25], as follows:
dynamics The proximity vectors Xj close to Xi are first se-
lected by measuring the distance Xi − Xj between
In the present study, the attractor is constructed vectors Xi and Xj as shown in Fig. 2. The Euclidean
from the time series of the flame tip oscillation based distance is used to measure the distance as shown in
on Taken’s embedding theorem [19] as shown in m

Fig. 2. This embedding theorem is similar to the one Xi − Xj = yf ti + (q − 1)τ
Sterling used for pulse combustion [20]. The time- q=1
delayed coordinates for the construction of the attrac- 1/2
tor are expressed as follows, 2
− yf tj + (q − 1)τ . (3)

Xi = yf (ti ), yf (ti + τ ), . . . ,
Using the tangential unit vectors Ti and Tj for Xi
yf ti + (m − 1)τ , (2)
and Xj , respectively, the trajectory parallel value γi is
where i = 0, 1, . . . , n (n is the data number of the time calculated as shown in the following Eq. (4). Here, l is
series signal). Xi indicates constructed phase space the number of the proximity vectors Xj . Following
vectors. yf (ti ) is the deviation of the flame tip lo- Ref. [23], l = 5 in the present study.
cation from the mean location at time ti . m is the
1
l
embedding dimension, that is, the dimension of the
γi = Ti − Tj 2 . (4)
constructed phase space. τ is the time delay. Follow- 4l
j =1
ing our previous paper [10], τ is determined as the
time when the autocorrelation function first crosses The mean value of the trajectory parallel value Γ
zero [21,22]. The sampling frequency in the present is obtained following Eq. (5). Here, k is the number
290
H. Gotoda, T. Ueda / Combustion and Flame 140 (2005) 287–298
Fig. 2. Analytical method based on the deterministic chaos theory.
of the local proximity space selected randomly from The distance di between m-dimensional vectors XK
the attractor (k = 100 in the present study). The flame and Xkj is measured by the following equation as
motion is periodic if the Γ is zero. The flame motion well as by Eq. (3):
is random if the Γ is 0.5. m

di = yf tkj + (q − 1)τ
1
k
Γ = γi . (5) q=1
k 1/2
i=1
2
To investigate the mechanism of the transition to − yf tK + (q − 1)τ . (8)
chaotic motion, the statistical null hypothesis proce-
dure, i.e., the surrogate data (Random shuffle sur- We create the datasets using the first n = 10,000
rogate data and Fourier transform surrogate data) values of the measured data to construct the attrac-
method proposed by Theiler and co-workers [26,27] tor. To evaluate the accuracy of the predicted data, we
is used in the present study. The random shuffle sur- adopt the following correlation coefficient R(p) be-
rogate data (RS surrogate data) are produced by shuf- tween measured and predicted data,
fling the measured data randomly. The histogram of
the measured data is preserved. To make the Fourier R(p) =
transform surrogate data (FT surrogate data), the p+800
Fourier transform of the measured data is first cal- (yf (ti ) − yf (ti ))(y ˆ f (ti ))
ˆ f (ti ) − y
i=p
culated. Next the phase component of this spectrum
p+800
i=p (yf (ti ) − yf (ti ))
2
is randomized; i.e., uniformly distributed random
numbers between 0 and 2π are added to the phase 1
× , (9)
components. Finally, the inverse Fourier transform is p+800
calculated so that an FT surrogate dataset is obtained. ˆ f (ti ) − y
(y ˆ f (ti ))2
i=p
The measured data and FT surrogate datasets have
identical power spectra and autocorrelation functions. where y ˆ f (ti ) is the deviation of the predicted flame
If the time variation of the measured data is differ- tip location from the mean location at time ti . yf (ti )
ent from the FT surrogate data, the effect of phase ˆ f (ti ) are the avenge values of yf (ti ) and
and y
randomness on flame motions can be neglected.
ˆ f (ti ), respectively.
y
To predict the flame motions, the deterministic
prediction method based on the orbit of the attractor If the flame tip motion is periodic, R(p) becomes
is used, as was done by Sugihara and May [28] and unity. In contrast, if the flame tip motion is completely
Miyano et al. [29]. random, the flame tip motion cannot be predicted and
In Fig. 2, the vector XK is the final point of tra- then R(p) becomes zero [28–30].
jectory of the attractor. A set of vectors adjacent to
XK , which are described by Xkj (j = 1, 2, . . . , M), is
selected from all data points on the attractor. The se- 4. Experimental results and discussion
lected vectors are sorted in ascending order, and then
Xk1 is selected as the nearest neighbor vector of XK . 4.1. Orbital instability
After p steps, Xk1 is moved to the p step ahead of pre-
diction Xk1 +p . The prediction vector at K + p steps, Fig. 3 shows the variation in the mean value of
XK+p , is predicted as a function of weighting func- parallel trajectory value Γ with increasing the em-
tion of selected vectors as follows, bedding dimension m at each U . At U = 0.6 m/s the
value of Γ is nearly zero regardless of m. This indi-

M cates that the motion of the flame tip at U = 0.6 m/s
XK+p = W(Xkj , XK ) · Xkj +p , (6) is periodic, although Γ is slightly higher than zero
j =1 due to the influence of some noise as well as the
where W is a weighting function depending only on case of the estimation of correlation dimension re-
the distances between Xk1 and XK . M is the number ported in our previous study [10]. At U = 1.0 m/s,
of Xkj . In the present study, we estimate the weight- it approaches about 0.14 and reaches about 0.2 at
ing function in a way similar to its use in Refs. [28, U = 1.1 m/s. This shows that the motion of the flame
29]. Thus, tip shifts from periodic to nonperiodic motion, be-
cause Γ = 0.5 means that the flame tip motion is
M
j =1 exp(−dj ) · Xkj +p
completely random. This result corresponds to that
XK+p = M . (7) of the correlation dimension as has been estimated in
j =1 exp(−dj ) our previous paper [10]. These results show that the
Fig. 3. Variations in the mean value of the trajectory parallel value Γ as function of the embedding dimension m at each burner
velocity U .
trajectory parallel method is valid for the quantitative data differs from that of the complete random. This
estimation of the orbital instability of the attractor. result indicates that the flame tip motion varies from
To discuss the mechanism of the transition from periodic to chaotic under the influence of the phase
periodic to nonperiodic motion, the surrogate data randomness with increasing U , keeping S constant
method is applied to the measured data. Variations (S = 1.14). In summary, these results reveal that the
in Γ as a function of U with and without the sur- flame tip motion is not random, but varies from peri-
rogate data are shown in Fig. 4. As was the case in odic to chaotic with increasing U .
previous studies in which Γ was determined [23], The flame motion of the periodic oscillating flame
the asymptotic value of the slope as shown in Fig. 3 and nonperiodic oscillating flame in normal gravity
is used to determine Γ . Under the condition of U (+1g) and microgravity (µg) are shown in Fig. 5.
0.7 m/s, Γ of the measured data is nearly con- The periodic oscillation of the flame tip observed in
stant at about 0.03, while it increases as U exceeds
+1g ceases to oscillate in microgravity. In contrast,
1.0 m/s. Γ of the FT surrogate data increases almost
the nonperiodic oscillation at U = 1.1 m/s survives
linearly as U increases. The values of Γ between the
even under microgravity conditions. This result eluci-
measured data and FT surrogate data are clearly dif-
dates that the periodic oscillation is due to buoyancy-
ferent more than a factor of 2 when U 0.7 m/s.
dominated instability, while the nonperiodic oscilla-
This corresponds to the difference of the shape of the
attractors shown in Fig. 4. This indicates that the ef- tion is not induced by buoyancy force. The nonpe-
fect of phase randomness on the flame tip motion can riodic oscillation is supposed to be induced by the
be neglected. As U increases, Γ of the measured data hydrodynamic effect due to the combination of jet
gradually approaches that of the FT surrogate data, inertial force and centrifugal force [31]. Although at
showing that the shape of the attractor of the mea- the present stage of our research we have yet to ad-
sured data becomes similar to that of the FT surrogate dress in detail how the velocity field interacts with the
data. This suggests that the orbital instability due to route to the chaotic mode, these results suggest that
the phase randomness becomes significant with in- the growth of hydrodynamic perturbation that is in-
creasing U . In contrast, Γ of the RS surrogate data herently included in the approaching flow results in
remains unchanged regardless of U , keeping Γ con- the phase randomness in the flame motion. As a result,
stant (Γ ≈ 0.5). Consequently, Γ of the measured the flame tip motion varies from periodic to chaotic.
Fig. 4. Variations in the mean value of the trajectory parallel value Γ as the burner velocity U is increased, with and without
surrogate data.
(a)
(b)
Fig. 5. Photographs of the motion of the periodic oscillating flame (a) and the nonperiodic oscillating flame (b) in normal gravity
(+1g) and microgravity (µg).
4.2. Short-term forward prediction the short-term forward prediction method based on
the orbit of the attractor, together with the measured
As noted in the previous section, the flame tip flame tip location with S = 1.14 and U = 0.6, 1.0,
motions in the present study are not completely ran- 1.1 m/s. When U = 0.6 m/s, the variation in yf
dom, suggesting that the short-term prediction of the of the predicted data follows the measured data, al-
flame tip motion can be performed. Fig. 6 shows though a slight phase inconsistency is observed as
the predicted flame tip location yf by applying t exceeds about 800 ms. At U = 1.0 m/s, the pre-
(a)
(b)
(c)
Fig. 6. Variation in the change in vertical distance yf of predicted and measured flame tip motion as function of time for swirl
number S = 1.14 and burner velocity U = 0.6, 1.0, 1.1 m/s.
dicted data coincides fairly well with the measured are influenced by a noise. As a consequence, R(p)
data, although the slight difference in the phase is ob- becomes gradually less than unity. At U = 1.0 m/s,
served at t ≈ 300 ms. With further increase in U to R(p) is about 0.75 and it decreases slightly with in-
1.1 m/s, the flame tip motion of the measured data creasing p. When U is 1.1 m/s, R(p) significantly
becomes complicated, but the flame tip motion can be decreases with increasing p. This trend is the almost
predicted up to t ≈ 50 ms. The correlation coefficients the same as that in previous papers [28,29]. This sup-
Rp between the measured and the predicted data (for ports the idea that the flame tip motion at U = 1.1 m/s
S = 1.14 and U = 0.6, 1.0, 1.1 m/s) are shown as is not random but is due to deterministic chaos, that
a function of the prediction step p in Fig. 7. The has short-term predictability and long-term unpre-
correlation R(p) for a turbulent premixed flame [16] dictability. As for the turbulent premixed flame, R(p)
also is shown in Fig. 7. When U is 0.6 m/s, R(p) is small and rapidly approaches zero. These results
is about 0.9 and is nearly constant. R(p) should be suggest that when the flame motion is periodic or due
unity regardless of p if the motion of the flame tip to deterministic chaos, the short-term forward predic-
is completely periodic. The measured data, however, tion is feasible, although it is difficult to apply the
Fig. 7. Correlation coefficient R(p) between the measured data and the predicted data at burner velocity U = 0.6, 1.0, and
1.1 m/s and S = 1.14.
Fig. 8. Schematic of the modified forward prediction method.
short-term prediction when the flame motion is turbu- 4.3. Modification of the short-term forward
lent. In the present study the time variation in yf prediction
can be predicted up to t = 300 ms for a limit cy-
cle with some noise at U = 0.6 m/s, and it can be As noted in the previous section, the short-term
predicted up to t = 50 ms for a complex attractor at forward prediction can be achieved with good ac-
U = 1.1 m/s. curacy. For a complex flame tip motion (e.g., U =
(a)
(b)
(c)
Fig. 9. Variations in yf obtained by the modified prediction method.
1.1 m/s), the prediction using the short-term forward replaced by the predicted data. The same manner is it-
prediction method is not valid for a sufficiently long erated from 1 to n step. Finally, the prediction can be
time to be practical. Thus we propose a modification performed in the prediction term n · t. Fig. 9 shows
of the prediction method of the previous section in or- the results predicted by the modified method. The val-
der to extend the prediction time t. ues of t for U = 0.6, 1.0, and 1.1 m/s were 300,
Fig. 8 shows the schematic of the modified predic- 100, and 50 ms, respectively. At U = 0.6 m/s, the
tion method. As shown in Fig. 6, the original predic- predicted data coincides with the measured data up
tion method, based on the orbit of the attractor, can to t = 900 ms. This shows that the phase difference in
predict the real time series. As a first step, the pre- Fig. 6 is reduced by the modified prediction method as
diction of yf is implemented in the same method shown in Fig. 8. At U = 1.0 and 1.1 m/s, the predic-
as that of the previous section. The dataset used to tions are distinctly improved as compared to Figs. 6b
construct the attractor consists of the measured data. and 6c. In Table 1, the R(p) with and without modifi-
To extend the prediction period, the prediction of the cation are compared at each p (p = 1, 100, and 500).
second step term is made by using the dataset added The result of Table 1 clearly shows that level of the
the prediction data of the first step. In other words, prediction accuracy is significantly improved. These
the part of the dataset for constructing the attractor is results indicate that the short-term forward prediction
Table 1
Correlation coefficient R(p) with and without the proposed modification at p = 1, 100, and 500
U 0.6 m/s 1.0 m/s 1.1 m/s
(p = 1)
Short-term forward prediction R(p) 0.97 0.81 0.68
Modification of short-term forward prediction R(p) 0.98 0.89 0.81
(p = 100)
(p = 500)
is feasible with appropriate accuracy, and the level of Systems Co., Ltd. ) for the useful comments regard-
the prediction accuracy can be significantly improved ing to the surrogate data method. This work has been
by using the modified short-term forward method, de- carried out as part of a Ground-based Research An-
spite the fact that the same measured data are used. nouncement for Space Utilization promoted by Japan
Space Forum, and of a Grand-in-Aid for Scientific
Research (C), from the Ministry of Education, Sci-
5. Concluding remarks ence, Sports, and Culture of Japan.
The orbital instability of unsteady flame tip mo-

tion caused by burner rotation is investigated, and
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50–55. 1485–1489.

Orbital Instability and Prediction of A Bunsen Flame Tip PDF

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Combustion and Flame 140 (2005) 287–298