CHAPTER TEST: PLEASURE

TRUE or FALSE

1. There is only one good element in the good life and that is Hedonism.
2. Pleasure is a feeling of happy satisfaction and enjoyment.
3. Aristotle was the one who identified happiness with pleasure.
4. Thomas Hobbes thinks that the formation of political state is our only means of
controlling the struggle and making life bearable.
5. Jeremy Bentham, who started the idea that pleasure and pain are not the only motives
governing mankind, and goes on to show that personal pleasure and pain are
independent on the general happiness and prosperity of the whole community.
6. Henry Sidgwick recognized that pleasures differ in quality as well as in quantity.
7. G.E Moore combines utilitarianism and intuitionism in a different way.
8. Pleasure is a good, but not the good.
9. Epicurus refined hendosim and said that it is the ethics most consistent with mechanistic
materialism.
10. Society is formed for the benefit of other people and not for the peace and safety of
each particular person looking out primarily for himself.
11. Hedonism does not pick egoistic pleasure as man’s highest good.
12. Utilitarianism prefers the altruistic pleasure of seeking the greatest happiness of the
greatest number.
13. Henry Sidgwick was convinced that there is no practical incompatibility between
utilitarianism and intuitionism.
14. Pleasure is an end and a good, but it is not the last end and the highest good.
15. It is objectively, as a personal experience of the enjoyer, pleasure is sought for its own
sake and is its own end.
16. Nothing wrong with seeking pleasure for its own sake, it must be done within proper
measure.
17. Hedonists believe that one must consider the consequences of one’s actions, and social
consequences are important.
18. Epicurus believed that the end of life is not intense pleasure, but an abiding peace of
mind, a state of cheerful tranquility.
19. Altruistic Hedonism concentrates on the personal pleasure of the individual.
20. Hedonism is a Latin word of pleasure.
CHAPTER TEST: PRAGMATISM

1. Pragmatism is an ethical theory, holding the true to be that which works, so that the
truth of the proposition is to be tested by their consequences producing more
satisfaction for the individual or group.
2. Utilitarianism is an epistemological theory, holding the good to be that which works,
so that the moral goodness is judged by its consequences for society obtaining the
greatest happiness of the greatest number.
3. Pragmatism focuses in proximate end, not on absolute end.
4. Conventionalism is a form of relativism, thus, pragmatism is also relative to
conventionalism.
5. Relativists believe that there is too much trouble in finding out life’s meaning.
6. Thinking is not done for the sake of finding the truth but making life satisfactory.
7. Intermediate End is sought for its own sake and for the sake of something further.
8. Last end is sought for its own sake and not for the sake of something further.
9. If we look at the way a thing toward something else that is an absolute aspect.
10. Ethical Relativism is the theory holds that morality is relative to the norm of one’s
culture.
11. Conventionalism is making normative ethical decisions based on objective rules.
12. Opportunism is the practice of exploiting circumstances in self-interest without a
regard to moral principles.
13. Relativism in the form of pragmatism is chiefly concerned with the ends of human
living.
14. Moral opportunism is merely a willingness to use opportunities as they arise and to
adapt sudden windfalls of fortune.
15. Instrumentalism is an ethical relativism with a strong evolutionary bent.
16. Relativists believe that there is no need of absolute end and we must be ready for
continual adjustments.
17. Non-relativists believe that trial-and-error method is the normal way of experiment
when we are searching for means to known end.
18. Relativists deny all absolutes contradict themselves by holding at least one absolute:
the proposition that everything is relative.
19. It is an absolutely end where means always supposes an end.
20. Utilitarianism is the highest good and the lowest bad.
CHAPTER TEST: INTUITIONISM

1. David Hume does not agree to Smith’s views about reducing morality to feeling
especially to the sentiments of humanity.
2. Conscience is a special faculty.
3. Any well-meaning person has an immediate sense of what is right and wrong.
4. Norm is a rule, standard, or measure; it is something fixed with which we can compare
something else whose nature, size, or qualities we doubt.
5. Ultimate Norm is one directly applicable to the thing to be measured and is ready for
use.
6. Proximate Norm is the last reason why the norm is what it is.
7. Moral Sense Theory is a theory in moral epistemology and meta-ethics concerning the
discovery of moral truths.
8. Connatural Knowledge is the name for prescientific knowledge that is neither innate nor
instinctive, but comes from the use of natural inclinations.
9. The first moral principle is “Never doubt an uncertain doubt”.
10. Adam Smith developed Shaftesbury’s views by separating the moral sense from the
aesthetic sense.
11. Ralph Cudworth and Samuel Clarke’s moral intuitionism does not belong to the same
class of opinion.
12. Adam Smith approaches ethics from the standpoint of psychological analysis.
Conscience is an instinctive sentiment of sympathy.
13. Shaftesbury considered sense of beauty as a special faculty of the mind.
14. Intuitionists believe that intuition is too vague a word to be much use.
15. Those that are against moral intuitionism believes that conscience is nothing but habit,
by which we have become accustomed through training to avoid actions of a certain
kind and to judge them to be wrong.
16. Self-awareness also reveals our own natures, a direct perception of the powers we
possess. We do not have to reason the matter out to know what our minds and wills are
for.
17. David Hume said that the first principle of morals can be understood independently of
the conclusions that can be drawn from it and whether they assume the form of law or
not.
18. Hume and Thomas Aquinas seems agreed for the different reasons on the underivability
of the “ought: from the “is”.
19. Virtue is beautiful while vice is ugly, but this judgment comes from intellectual reflection
rather than precedes one’s judgment beauty is a moral beauty.
20. Intuition teaches that there are objective moral truths, and that human beings can find
them by using their minds in a particular, intuitive way.

CHAPTER TEST: REASONS

1. The First Moral Principle is “Do good and avoid evil”.

2. Reason irrationally exercised are consistent with itself, faithful to its own law and
function;
3. Reason rationally exercised are contradicting itself, fascinated by a law foreign to it and
functioning to its own destruction.
4. Inductive use of reason- finding the general principles in particular human actions
observed.
5. Deductive use of reason applies these principles to new specific acts a man is thinking of
doing; it focuses more on the purpose of these principles to a man’s life, the people
around him and its relationship to him as a human being.
6. Right Reason is considered as the true law for it is in agreement with nature; it
summons men to the performance of their duties and by its prohibitions, it restrains
them from doing wrong.
7. To understand means having no intellect and reason.
8. Reason measures the overall aspects and factors affected by the action and how will it
all bring a good result and not of evil.
9. Habit has no significant role in using right reason at its finest.
10. Synderesis- the habit or first moral principles; and the habit of virtue of prudence which
applies principles to individual acts.
11. Right reason recognizes an act as good not because it leads to something else but
because it is good in itself. Its goodness will shine out of itself into the eye of reason,
which must necessarily acknowledge the evident truth it beholds.
12. Being a natural and true law, right reason enables the person to do what is right and
avoid what is wrong, thus makes it a norm.
13. Reason judges only itself but not the other aspects of man and what is particularly
important, the various relations between all these constituents of man.
14. By reason, we are able to know the truth as well as able to commit error.
15. Right reason is not being a true law and is not an agreement to nature, therefore we
should not append it to habit to determine if its good or bad.
16. Reason can perceive the inner dynamism of the human being namely his abilities and
capacities craving fulfillment, and the suitability of certain acts and objects to contribute
to the human being’s fulfillment of his being.
17. Man is not a solitary being but a part of the universe, so he must fit himself in the
scheme of creation and occupy the place destined for him by the kind of nature he has.
18. Nonfree beings fulfill their purpose in the universe through their reasons, meanwhile
man, being free, is given the power to choose what to do according to nature or against
it.
19. Norm is useful to the development of a human being’s morally lived life.
20. Human reason with its reflective power can embrace the totality of man’s parts and
relations, thus the norm must be such that from it, all the rules of morality can be
derived.