REVIEW OF LITERATURE

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
HYPOTHESIS

JIMNAIRA U. ABANTO
 Data
RESEARCH Processing Analysis and
PROBLEMS and Statistical Interpretation
Treatment

Data
Hypotheses Collection
Summary,
Conclusions
and
Recommendations

Conceptual Research
Framework Design

Review of
Assumptions Related
Literature
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

It briefly summarizes studies related to

your research.

It includes the purpose, procedures,

major findings and recommendations for
further study of various researches
conducted in the past.
 IMPORTANCE

Determine the similarities and

differences of the findings between the
past and present studies

To gain insight into the aspects of the

problem that are critical and controversial

To help you organize the concepts and

principles fundamental to your research
 THREE PARTS OF REVIEW OF
RELATED LITERATURE

1. Related legal bases

2. Related literature

3. Related studies
 TIPS IN WRITING THE REVIEW OF
RELATED LITERATURE

1. It must document accepted facts,

concepts and processes upon which the
research is based.

2. Reference information should be

correctly recorded.

3. Describe similarities and differences

among research studies.
4. Include the following as a general
background information of your research
paper.

A. LIVING THINGS/ORGANISMS
1. Give the common name, scientific name, and
classification of the organism.
2. Briefly describe the organism’s
• Habitat
• Anatomy
• Physiology
• Life cycle
• Behaviors or responses to the environment
3. Provide detailed information in areas
that are directly applicable to the study.

4. If you are using more than one

organism, provide information on each.

5. Based on the given information,

predict how you think the organism
will act in your experiment.
B. BEHAVIOR
1.Briefly describe the
• Type of behavior
• Primary factors influencing the behavior
• Value of the behavior
• Methods for describing the behavior

2. Identify critical factors.

3. If you have more than one type of

behavior, describe similarities and
differences.
4. Based on the given information, predict
how you think the organism will act in your
experiment.
C. PROCESS/PROCEDURES
1.Describe the purpose of the process, the
major steps, where it occurs, and how it
relates to the experiment.
2. If more than one process is involved,
provide information on each process.
3.Based on the given information, predict
how you think the organism will act in your
experiment.
D. MATTER

1.Briefly describe the substance’s chemical

composition and/or common name,
formula, physical properties, chemical
properties, method of production and uses.

2. Provide detailed information on

characteristics that are directly applicable to
the study.
 FORMAT or STYLE OF CITING
RELATED STUDIES

-for published works, mention the relevant

information, then enclose in parenthesis the
author and year of the publication.

A. Single Author
B. Two Authors
C. Multiple authors
 SOME SUGGESTIONS FOR ORGANIZING
YOUR REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

a. Create categories for your literature

review, grouping together similar studies.

b. Begin with the most recent studies and

then work backward.

c. Whenever possible, include on extensive

review of relevant local research.
 SEATWORK:
Identify the sources below if RELATED LEGAL BASIS(LB)
RELATED LITERATURE(RL) or RELATED STUDIES (RS)
1. Partial Characterization of the Antifungal
Properties of Kalanchoe pinnata (Kataka-
taka)

2. Statistics with Computer

3. Journal of Nursing Administration

4. D.O. Order No. 1, s.2005

5. NIPSC Memorandum No. 5, s.2005

HYPOTHESIS
HYPOTHESIS

• Proposed solution

• Educated prediction

• Meant to be tested
 GUIDELINES IN HYPOTHESIS
FORMULATION
-Adapted from Salvatore Tocci’s book, How to Do a
Science Project.

THE HYPOTHESIS SHOULD

BE CLEAR AND BRIEF.
-should clearly and concisely state the
expected relationship between two
variables and define the variable in
operational, measurable terms.
 A HYPOTHESIS SHOULD BE
BASED ON THE PAST
EXPERIENCES OR OBSERVATIONS
OR ON INFORMATION GATHERED
FROM YOUR RESEARCH.

--should take into account the results of

the experiments or observations
mentioned in these articles.
 A HYPOTHESIS MUST BE
TESTABLE.

--can be proven right or wrong,

depending on the outcome of the
experiment.

A HYPOTHESIS SHOULD STATE

HOW, AT THE VERY LEAST, TWO
FACTORS RELATE.
 ALWAYS REMEMBER:

WHEN AN EXPERIMENT
FAILS, THE HYPOTHESIS
SHOULD NOT BE
CHANGED TO CONFORM
TO THE RESULTS OF THE
EXPERIMENT.
 TYPES OF HYPOTHESES

1. RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
alternative hypothesis
stated in a declarative form.
derived from the literature review and should
suggest the outcome of the experiment.
a. Insect a develops resistance to Pesticide X.

b. If the concentration of Substance A is

increased, then plant growth will be reduced.
 TYPES OF HYPOTHESES

1. RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS/ALTERNATIVE
HYPOTHESIS

Problem: Is there a significant mean difference

on the general acceptability of luncheon meat
from bone meal of milkfish and goatfish?

Hypothesis: There is a significant mean

difference on the general acceptability of
luncheon meat from bone meal of milkfish and
goatfish.
2. STATISTICAL HYPOTHESIS
• Null hypothesis
• Negative statement
• Refers to populations and represents the
vehicle by which findings are generalized
from the sample to the population.

a. When a sample of Insect A is regularly

exposed to Pesticide X for one week, 100% of
the sample will die; None will survive.
b. The mean heights of plants exposed to 0%,
10%, 20% and 30% Substance A are not
significantly different.
2. STATISTICAL HYPOTHESIS/ NULL

Problem: Is there a significant difference on the

yield of peanuts planted in pot using night soil
and chicken dung as fertilizers?

Hypothesis: there is no significant difference on

the yield of peanuts planted in pots using night
soil and chicken dung as fertilizers.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

--is a general statement which forms the frame

of reference for your inquiry or investigation.

--usually written in the form of a diagram.

-- it provides the basis for conducting your

research.

--is a tentative scheme for the research project

based on the review of literature.
2 TYPES OF CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

1. Relationship of the key concepts

2. Relationship of the key variables

IMPORTANCE
1. It helps you focus your research.
2. It gives you the proper perspective on the
problem.
3. It provides you with a solid anchor to guide you
in making your hypotheses and, after
experimenting, in explaining your findings.
 KEY VARIABLES

Independent Intervening Dependent

Variables Variables Variable
Example:
What is the effect of Aloe vera extract on the rate
of growth and regeneration of Planaria?

Regeneration of Planaria

Aloe
vera
Growth of Planaria
KEY CONCEPTS
 KEY CONCEPTS
Leaves of
Kalanchoe pinnata (L.)

Percolation

Gas
Phytochemical Chromatography Microbial Process
Screening
Mass Spectra