Different type of Speech Context

Intrapersonal Communication
This is a type of communication that happens within itself, self-talk, only had one person
participating and it wrote down verbally or non-verbally of what it thinks.
Purpose:
To communicate, express, assess. Clarify and motivate one’s person

There are three types of Intrapersonal Communication

1.Interval discourse – refers to talking to oneself (thinking, concentrating, analyzing) without the
use of verbal sounds.

2. Solo Vocal Communication- refers to the use of voice or the use of words verbally while
talking to oneself.

3. Solo Written Communication- refers to taking down notes or to write notes about one
person’s thoughts, feeling and ideas. Example to this are diary and journal.

Interpersonal Communication
This type of communication happens when you socialize, communicate and talk to more than 2
persons. And also between and among people that establishes personal relationship between. It may
be categorized as personal or impersonal, direct or indirect and formal or informal.

Personal – when two people communicating knew each other, these are the family members, relatives
and close friends.

Impersonal – when two communicators do not really know each other that well, like acquaintance or
just met because of an event or gathering.

Formal – more formal way of talking just like between the employer and the employee.

Informal-- the opposite of formal

Direct—it the face- to- face communication thus it should be take place at the right immediacy
(moment) and at a particular primacy (time).

Indirect—it takes place between two persons minus the immediacy and primacy of the situation.

Interpersonal communication can be categorized by the number of its participants

Dyadic
It involves two persons sharing mutual ideas thoughts, likes or dislikes and ideas.
It is characterized by intimacy (had past encounter), primacy and immediacy.
It is the common form of speech communication.

Flow:
The flow of this communication, there should be an immediate response for the reason that the
participants are facing each other.
 Small group
It involves on three or more persons.
It has broad participants that requires a face- to face communication.

The small group could also have mediated when the participants are involving the use of
technology as the medium to make a conversation or to communicate with other it may be through
skype and messenger because there will be an immediate response. But mediated could be absent when
the sender used such as e-mail cause the delivery of the message will be delayed.

Intrapersonal have also some characteristics

- It involves two or more persons

- It is continuous – because of the presence of verbal and non-verbal words and action
- It need not be face-to-face
- It is transactional – you are able to gain knowledge, lessons, information and etc.
- It is irreversible- because you cannot take back what you said
- Involves verbal and non-verbal cues
- It is affected by noise
- It involves feedback – ‘feedback’- component that completes the gap of communication. It is
important, so you could assess if the person you’re talking to understand the information you’ve
given.

Public Communication
This type refers to communication that requires you to deliver or send the message before or in
front of a group. The message can be driven by informational or persuasive purposes. “In public
communication, unlike in interpersonal and small group, the channels are more exaggerated. The voice
is louder and the gestures are more expansive because the audience is bigger. The speaker might use
additional visual channels such as slides or a Power Point presentation.” (Hybels & Weaver, 2012, p 19)

Characteristic of Public Speaking

Audience centered
consider the need and welfare of the audience

- knowing their social composition: Age, sex, Religion, Race, Educational status, occupation,
family status, economic status, politics and membership
- Know the Attitude toward the speech- it is important to know if the audience is interested or
not in the topic
- Know the audience’s attitude towards the speech purpose- the speaker should gave his best to
present clearly to the major the purpose of his speech
- Know the audience’s attitude toward the speaker- it is important to know that it is hard to
please everyone, you only need to understand that you cannot give everything to the audience.
There are different types of audience:

Positive Audience
Negative Audience-giving negative attitude towards the speaker
 Hostile Audience- the unfriendly audience that really oppose and resist the information presented
by the speaker

In order to deal the negative and hostile audience you have to maintain the friendly attitude and
display modesty and good sense of humor and do not panic.

It involves critical thinking

Is the process of quantitative and qualitative assessing the information people have accumulated and
how they use that information to solve problems and new patterns of understanding. The critical
thinking means or occurs when the audience accumulate the ideas imparted to them by the speaker,
assess whether the information given is valid, decide what to believe, form their judgement and apply
the new learning.

It requires ethics
Ethics is defined as a set or moral principles or rules of behavior that determines what is right and
wrong. As a speaker you should be ethical meaning to say is you as a speaker you are required to deliver
the truth in everything you say. Get some true reference and source and explain it well to the audience
so that they won’t doubt and do not insult them or give an angry tone. Show them how genuineness
you are by your facial expression, actions and tone.

It empowers the speaker

It is empowering in the way that the speaker is the one who is in hold or control of everything and
manage the audience

Small Group
It is also known as the task group or work group who participates in democratic exchange of
ideas in a group and it can be also classified as two the private and the public

Private- it involves no audience only jut the members or participants inside the private room.

Public- it involves a lager crowd

Other type of discussion

Panel discussion- the most popular small group discussion, it involves certain speaker facing the crowd.
Informal yet organized, complex ideas that is talked by within two or more panelists.

Lecture- a speech given by an expert, a discussion type: the speaker should think of a technique and
strategies to connect with the audience. There are two types of lecture: The Deductive – start from the
simple to the complex and the Inductive- present the information from complex to simple.

Forum – a medium avenue of open discussion and it is held after an event or discussion
Open forum (giving question after the discussion)

Symposium – series of individual presentation addressing different aspects of a single topic

Debate- exchanging of arguments on a two opposing team, developing critical thinking; while giving
evidence. Expressing opinion on a certain topic.
Round table discussion- form of academic discussion where participants agree on a specific topic to
discuss and debate.
Each person is given equal right to participate, as illustrated by the idea of circular layout referred to in
the term round table. Similar to panel discussion, where the audience is seated face-to-face around a
table.

Types of Speech Style

The context dictates and affects the way people communicate, which results in various speech styles.

According to Joos (1968), there are five speech styles. These are (1) intimate, (2) casual, (3) consultative,
(4) formal, and (5) frozen.
Each style dictates what appropriate language or vocabulary should be used or observed.

1. Intimate – This style is private, which occurs between or among close family members or individuals.
The language used in this style may not be shared in public.

2. Casual – This style is common among peers and friends. Jargon, slang, or the vernacular language are
used.

3. Consultative – This style is the standard one. Professional or mutually acceptable language is a must in
this style. Examples of situations are communication between teachers and students, employers and
employees, doctor and patient, judge and lawyer, or President and his/her constituents.

4. Formal – This style is used in formal settings. Unlike the consultative style, this is one-way. Examples
are sermons by priests and ministers, State of the Nation Address of the President, formal speeches, or
pronouncements by judges.

5. Frozen – This style is “frozen” in time and remains unchanged. It mostly occurs in ceremonies.
Common examples are the Preamble to the Constitution, Lord’s Prayer, and Allegiance to country or
flag.

Types of Speech Acts

A speech act is an utterance that a speaker makes to achieve an intended effect.
Some of the functions which are carried out using speech acts are offering an apology, greeting, request,
complaint, invitation, compliment, or refusal.
A speech act might contain just one word or several words or sentences. For example, “Thanks” and
“Thank you for always being there for me. I really appreciate it” both show appreciation regardless of
the length of the statement.
It is the basic unit of language that is use to express meaning or mental acts. Utterance is defined by the
speaker intentions and to its listener
Speech Act Theory
- communication is a series of communicative acts that are systematically inorder to accomplish a
particular meaning or reason.

- The utterance can have direct or indirect meaning and it can affect the respond of the speaker
or listener.
- Concentrates more to the use of word to present and carry out action (apply or performing)
- The basic speech acts and the basis pf all other type of speech acts

Three Types of Speech Act According to J. L. Austin (1962), in every utterance, given the right
circumstances or context.

These are:

1. Locutionary - act is the actual act of uttering.

-the direct and literal meaning of the words that have utter and no need to analyze it
because it is what it is. Example: “Please do the dishes.”

There are two Locutinary

Utterance act- said something but it may have no sense example: Oh! And Ouch!, because emotional
expression is being utter.

Propositional act – it is something in used of reference. Example is Oh! The dark cat, golf fish and the
cow. ( It has reference)

2. Illocutionary act is the social function of what is said.

By uttering the locution “Please do the dishes,” the speaker requests the addressee to wash the
dishes.

3. Perlocutionary act is the resulting act of what is said. This effect is based on the particular context in
which the speech act was mentioned.

“Please do the dishes” would lead to the addressee washing the dishes.

There are also indirect speech acts which occur when there is no direct connection between the form of
the utterance and the intended meaning. They are different in force (i.e., intention) from the inferred
speech act. For example, read the following utterance.

“Can you pass the rice?”

Inferred speech act: Do you have the ability to hand over the rice? Indirect speech act: Please pass the
rice.

So while the utterance literally asks the addressee if he or she has the ability to hand a plate of rice, it
actually indirectly requests the addressee to pass the rice to the speaker.

Searle’s Classifications of Speech Act

As a response to Austin’s Speech Act Theory, John Searle (1976), a professor from the University of
California, Berkeley, classified illocutionary acts into five distinct categories.

1. Assertive – a type of illocutionary act in which the speaker expresses belief about the truth of a
proposition. Some examples of an assertive act are suggesting, putting forward, swearing, boasting, and
concluding.

Example: No one makes better pancakes than I do.

2. Directive – a type of illocutionary act in which the speaker tries to make the addressee perform an
action. Some examples of a directive act are asking, ordering, requesting, inviting, advising, and begging.

Example: Please close the door.

3. Commissive – a type of illocutionary act which commits the speaker to doing something in the future.
Examples of a commissive act are promising, planning, vowing, and betting.