Gascalc 5.0: Calculation Reference

GASCalc™ 5.
0 Calculation Reference
Pipe Flow Values
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Background Information
Equations - Pipe Flow
Equations - Heat Loss/Gain
Example Calculation
General Calculation Procedures
Notes & Considerations
Screen Description
See Also
General Calculation Procedures
To calculate the various values associated with the pipe flow calculation, complete the following steps:
! Select the Pipe Flow menu item from the Pipe menu list. The Pipe Flow calculation screen will be
displayed.
! Select the Clear command button to set all of the values to an empty (null) value.
! Select the Base Conditions command button. The Base Conditions screen will be displayed.
! Enter an appropriate base pressure and temperature value.
! Select an appropriate file or the None option from the Gas Properties File list. If the None item
is selected, enter the appropriate gas property values.
! Select an appropriate method from the Atmospheric Pressure Method list.
! Select an appropriate method or the None item from the Compressibility Method list.
! Select the Apply command button to save the changes and return to the current calculation screen.
! Select the desired equation from the Pipe Flow Equation list.
! Click on the red label associated with the item to be calculated (the unknown) until the label is underlined.
! Select the desired dimensional units for all of the data items.
! Enter a value for all known data items.
! Select the Calculate command button.
Bradley B Bean PE ENGINEERING & SOFTWARE

Revision - 008, Copyright 2015, All Rights Reserved.
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GASCalc™ 5.0 Calculation Reference
Pipe Flow Values
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Example Calculation
Calculate the outlet pressure associated with the following pipe values and operating conditions using the Institute
of Gas Technology - Improved pipe flow equation:
Diameter = 2 Inch polyethylene SDR 11

Length = 1000 Feet [305 Metres]
Efficiency = 0.95 Decimal
Flow Rate = 10 Mcfh [280 m3h]
Inlet Pressure = 20 Psig [1380 mBar]
Inlet Elevation = 0 Feet [0 Metres]
Outlet Elevation = 0 Feet [0 Metres]
Inlet Temperature = 60 Fahrenheit [15.6 Celsius]
Outlet Temperature = 60 Fahrenheit [15.6 Celsius]
No fittings are attached.

No heat loss calculations will be performed.
Base Pressure = 14.73 Psia [1016 mBar]

Base Temperature = 60 Fahrenheit [15.6 Celsius]
Gas Composition = US Standard sample gas mixture
Atmospheric Pressure Method = AGA
Compressibility Method = None
To perform the calculation, complete the following steps.
! Select the Pipe Flow menu item from the Pipe menu list. The Pipe Flow calculation screen will be
displayed.
! Select the Clear command button.
! Select the Base Conditions command button. The Base Conditions screen will be displayed.
! For the Pressure item, enter 14.73 Psi (Abs) [1016 mBar (Abs)].
! For the Temperature item, enter 60 Fahrenheit [15.6 Celsius].
! From the Gas Properties File list, select us standard.prp.
! From the Atmospheric Pressure Method list, select AGA.

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Pipe Flow Values
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! From the Compressibility Method list, select None.
! Select the Apply command button.
! On the Pipe Data tab:
! From the Pipe Flow Equation list, select Institute of Gas Technology - Improved.
! Click on the Out Pressure label until it is underlined.
! In the Segment Data section:
! From the Diameter list, select 2P-S11 Inches [Millimeter].
! For the Length item, enter 1000 Feet [305 Metres].
! For the Efficiency item, enter 0.95 Decimal.
! For the Flow Rate item, enter 10 Mcfh [280 m3h].
! In the End Conditions section:
! For the In Pressure item, enter 20 Psi [1380 mBar].
! For the In Elevation item, enter 0 Feet [0 Metres].
! For the Out Elevation item, enter 0 Feet [0 Metres].
! For the In Temperature item, enter 60 Fahrenheit [15.6 Celsius].
! For the Out Temperature item, enter 60 Fahrenheit [15.6 Celsius].
! In the Calculated Values section:
! From the Min/Max Velocity dimensional units list, select Feet/sec [Metres/sec].
! If the caption for the Other Data tab is followed by a number, select the Other Data tab.
! Select the Clear command button located under the Additional Components list box.

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Pipe Flow Values
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! Select the Heat Loss/Gain Data tab.
! From the Calculation Method list, select None.
! Unselect (uncheck) the Include Joule-Thomson Cooling option.
! Select to the Pipe Data tab.
! Select the Calculate command button.
Results - The results should be similar to the following:
Out(let) Pressure: 15.11 Psi [1049.73 mBar]
Inside Diameter: 1.943 Inches [49.352 Millimeter]

Pressure Drop: 4.89 Psi [330.27 mBar]
Min(imum) Velocity: 57.21 Feet/sec [17.24 Metres/sec]
Max(imum) Velocity: 66.6 Feet/sec [20 Metres/sec]
Compressibility: 1.000
Line Volume: 0.045 Mcf [1.284 M3]
Ave Pressure: 17.62 Psi [1218.94 mBar]

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Pipe Flow Values
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Screen Description
The various values associated with the flow in a pipe segment may be calculated using the Pipe Flow calculation
routine. To perform a calculation, select the Pipe Flow menu item from the Pipe menu list. The Pipe Flow calculation
screen will be displayed. The features associated with the screen are described as follows.
Pipe Data Tab
Data Items
Diameter - A data list used to enter, select, or display the inside diameter of the pipe segment. If the value is known,
either select an item from the list, enter a value by typing it into the data field, or select the ? command button to
select a size using the Pipe Selection screen. If the value is entered, ensure the value is expressed in terms of the
selected dimensional unit.

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Pipe Flow Values
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Efficiency - A data field used to enter or display the efficiency value of the pipe segment. If the value is known, enter
a value by typing it into the data field. Ensure the value is expressed in terms of the selected dimensional unit.
Flow Rate - A data field used to enter or display the flow rate through the pipe segment. If the value is known, enter
a value by typing it into the data field. Ensure the value is expressed in terms of the selected dimensional unit.
Inlet Atmospheric Pressure - A data field used to enter the atmospheric pressure value for the inlet (upstream) end
of the pipe segment. The item is only displayed and enabled when the Atmospheric Pressure Method in the Base
Conditions is set to “None - Entered Value”. If the field is displayed and enabled, enter a value by typing it into the
data field. Ensure the value is expressed in terms of the selected dimensional unit.
Inlet Elevation - A data field used to enter the height above mean sea level of the inlet (upstream) end of the pipe
segment. The item is only displayed and enabled when the Atmospheric Pressure Method in the Base Conditions is
not set to “None” or “None - Entered Value”. If the field is displayed and enabled, enter a value by typing it into the
data field. Ensure the value is expressed in terms of the selected dimensional unit.
Inlet Pressure - A data field used to enter or display the pressure for the inlet (upstream) end of the pipe segment.
If the value is known, enter a value by typing it into the data field. Ensure the value is expressed in terms of the
selected dimensional unit.
Inlet Temperature - A data field used to enter the flowing temperature value of the inlet (upstream) end of the pipe
segment. Enter a value by typing it into the data field. Ensure the value is expressed in terms of the selected
dimensional unit.
Length - A data field used to enter or display the hydraulic length value of the pipe segment. If the value is known,
enter a value by typing it into the data field. Ensure the value is expressed in terms of the selected dimensional unit.
Outlet Atmospheric Pressure - A data field used to enter the atmospheric pressure value for the outlet (downstream)
end of the pipe segment. The item is only displayed and enabled when the Atmospheric Pressure Method in the Base
Conditions is set to “None - Entered Value”. If the field is displayed and enabled, enter a value by typing it into the
data field. Ensure the value is expressed in terms of the assigned dimensional unit.
Outlet Elevation - A data field used to enter the height above mean sea level of the outlet (downstream) end of the
pipe segment. The item is only displayed and enabled when the Atmospheric Pressure Method in the Base Conditions
is not set to “None” or “None - Entered Value”. If the field is displayed and enabled, enter a value by typing it into
the data field. Ensure the value is expressed in terms of the assigned dimensional unit.
Outlet Pressure - A data field used to enter or display the pressure for the outlet (downstream) end of the pipe
segment. If the value is known, enter a value by typing it into the data field. Ensure the value is expressed in terms
of the assigned dimensional unit.

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Pipe Flow Values
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Outlet Temperature - A data field used to enter the flowing temperature value of the outlet (downstream) end of
the pipe segment. Enter a value by typing it into the data field. Ensure the value is expressed in terms of the assigned
dimensional unit. This item is only calculated if the Heat Loss/Gain calculation method is not set to “None” or the
Include Joule-Thomson Effect option is selected (checked).
Pipe Flow Equation - A drop-down list used to select the flow equation to use during the calculation. Select an item
from the list. The unknown value should be recalculated if the flow equation is changed.
Roughness - A data field used to enter or display the internal wall roughness of the pipe segment. If the value is
known, enter a value by typing it into the data field. Ensure the value is expressed in terms of the selected
dimensional unit. This item is only used for certain pipe flow equations.

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Pipe Flow Values
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Other Data Tab
Data Items
Additional Components - A panel used to display and edit any attached components. The component list can contain
pipe and fittings. Use the command buttons directly below the list to modify the contents.
Allowable Velocity - A data field used to enter the maximum allowable flow velocity to be used when calculating
the inside diameter value. Enter a value by typing it into the data field. Ensure the value is expressed in terms of the
assigned dimensional unit. This item is only displayed when the Diameter value is unknown.
Ignore Components - A check-box used to indicate whether the components should be used or ignored during the
calculation. If the box is selected (checked), the equivalent length of the attached components will not be included
in the calculation. Select (check) this option if desired.
Sizing Group - A drop-down list used to select the pipe group to use to select the closest pipe size from, when
calculating the Diameter value. Either select an item from the list, or select the ? command button to select a size
using the Sizing Group Selection screen. This item is only displayed when the Diameter value is unknown.
Use A Single Pipe Size Only - A check-box used to indicate whether a single pipe size or multiple pipe sizes are
listed or considered during the calculation. If the box is selected (checked), only one pipe size will be displayed for
the Selected Pipe Sizes in the Calculated Values section. Select (check) this option if desired. Select (check) this
option if desired. This item is only displayed when the Diameter value is unknown.

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Pipe Flow Values
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Heat Loss/Gain Data Tab
Data Items
Ambient Temperature - A data field used to enter the temperature of the surrounding environment. Enter a value
by typing it into the data field. Ensure the value is expressed in terms of the assigned dimensional unit. This item is
only displayed for certain calculation methods.
Calculation Method - A drop-down list used to select the method to be used to calculate the heat loss or gain along
the pipe segment. Select an item from the list. When a value other than “None” is selected, the Outlet (Downstream)
Temperature value will be calculated. The unknown value should be recalculated if the method is changed.
Environment Conductivity - A data field used to enter the thermal conductivity of the environment surrounding
the pipe. Either enter a value by typing it into the data field, or select the ? command button to select a value using
a selection screen. Ensure the value is expressed in terms of the assigned dimensional unit. This item is only
displayed for certain calculation methods.
Include Joule-Thomson Cooling - A check-box used to indicate whether Joule-Thomson cooling is included in the
temperature calculation. Select (check) this option if desired.
Influence Factor - A data field used to enter the number of pipe diameters that the pipe’s temperature is assumed
to influence the surrounding environment’s temperature. Enter a value by typing it into the data field. This item is
only displayed for certain calculation methods.

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Pipe Flow Values
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Insulation Conductivity - A data field used to enter the thermal conductivity of the pipe insulation or coating
material. Either enter a value by typing it into the data field, or select the ? command button to select a value using
a selection screen. Ensure the value is expressed in terms of the assigned dimensional unit. This item is only
displayed for certain calculation methods.
Insulation Thickness - A data field used to enter the thickness of the pipe insulation or coating material. Enter a
value by typing it into the data field. Ensure the value is expressed in terms of the selected dimensional unit. This
item is only displayed for certain calculation methods.
Overall Coefficient - A data field used to enter the overall heat transfer coefficient for the thermal interaction
between the gas and the surrounding environment. Ensure the value is expressed in terms of the assigned dimensional
unit. This item is only displayed for certain calculation methods.
Pipe Conductivity - A data field used to enter the thermal conductivity of the pipe wall material. Either enter a value
by typing it into the data field, or select the ? command button to select a value using a selection screen. Ensure the
value is expressed in terms of the selected dimensional unit. This item is only displayed for certain calculation
methods.
Wall Temperature - A data field used to enter the inner wall temperature of the pipe. In most cases it can be
assumed to be the same as the temperature of the surrounding environment. Enter a value by typing it into the data
field. Ensure the value is expressed in terms of the assigned dimensional unit. This item is only displayed for certain
calculation methods.
Calculated Values
Additional Length - Displays the total equivalent length of any attached fittings listed in the Additional Components
list. This value is added to the pipe length as required by the calculation.
Average Pressure - Displays the calculated average pressure along the pipe segment.
Compressibility - Displays the calculated average compressibility value. The value is computed based on the average
pressure and temperature values.
Inside Diameter - Displays the inside diameter value of the pipe segment. When a Size/Type Code is used to specify
the Diameter value, this value is automatically generated.
Line Volume - Displays the calculated volume of the pipe segment. The volume is expressed with reference to the
specified base conditions, and is computed based on the average pressure, temperature, and compressibility values.

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Minimum/Maximum Velocity - Displays the calculated minimum and maximum velocity of the flow in the pipe
segment. The minimum value is calculated using the pressure and temperature conditions at the inlet (upstream) end
of the pipe segment. The maximum value is calculated using the pressure and temperature conditions at the outlet
(downstream) end of the pipe segment.
Pressure Drop - Displays the calculated linear pressure drop across the pipe segment including all attached
components.
Selected Pipe Sizes - Displays the selected pipe size or sizes and the associated pipe lengths. This item is only
displayed when the Diameter item is calculated.
Command Buttons
? - A command button used to display a data selection screen for the associated item. Use the various data lists on
the screen to select a value, then select the Apply command button to assign the selected value and return to the
calculation screen.
i - A command button used to display information about the associated item. The contents of the information screen
generally reflects the various data values contained in the associated Property Table. Select the Close command
button to return to the calculation screen.
Add - A command button used to add an item to the Segment list. When selected, the Piping Components screen will
be displayed. Enter the desired data values and select the Add/Insert command button. The new item will be added
to the end of the list.
Base Conditions - A command button used to access the Base Conditions screen. When selected, the Base
Conditions screen will be displayed. Make any desired changes to the settings, then select the Apply command button
to save and apply the changes to the current calculation screen.
Calculate - A command button used to calculate the value of the unknown (underlined) parameter.
Cancel - A command button used to close the screen without saving any changes.
Clear - When associated with the Segment list, it is a command button used to remove all of the components from
the associated list. Otherwise, it is a command button used to set all of the data items to blank (null) values.
Close - A command button used to close the screen and save the current data values.
Delete - A command button used to delete an item from the Additional Components list. When selected, the currently
highlighted item will be deleted from the list.

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Help - A command button used to display this Calculation Reference.
Insert - A command button used to insert an item into the Additional Components list. When selected, the Piping
Components screen will be displayed. Enter the desired data values, then select the Close command button. The new
item will be added to the list immediately before the currently highlighted item.
Notes - A command button used to display the Calculation Notes editor screen for the current calculation.
Open - A command button used to open a previously saved calculation file. When selected, the File Selection screen
will be displayed. Enter or select the desired File name, then select the Open command button.
Print - A command button used to print the contents of the calculation screen. When selected, the Print Settings
screen will be displayed. Make any desired changes to the printer settings, then select the Print command button.
Save - A command button used to save the contents of the calculation screen to a calculation file. When selected,
the File Selection screen will be displayed. Enter or select the desired File name, then select the Save command
button.
Swap Pressures - A command button used to swap the inlet (upstream) and outlet (downstream) conditions (pressure,
elevation, and temperature values). This command is useful when calculating conditions along several contiguous
pipe sections.

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Notes & Considerations
! The Calculation Notes editor screen allows the User to add a specific title and/or notes to the current calculation
values.
! The red colored labels indicate which items may be calculated. An underlined (selected) label identifies the item
to be calculated as unknown. Only one item at a time may be selected to be calculated, the remaining items must be
known. To identify which item to calculate, click on the label associated with the desired item until the label is
underlined.
! Not all of the heat loss/gain values are used by all of the calculation methods. Depending on the selected method,
only certain data items may be displayed.
! If the Diameter value is calculated, the Maximum Velocity value is based on the smaller of the inside diameter of
the smallest selected pipe size and the inside diameter of any attached components, at the specified outlet
(downstream) pressure and average temperature conditions. Otherwise, the Maximum Velocity value is based on the
smaller of the inside diameter of the specified size/type and the inside diameter of any attached components, at the
specified outlet (downstream) pressure and temperature conditions.
! If the Diameter value is calculated, the Minimum Velocity value is based on the larger of the inside diameter of the
largest selected pipe size and the inside diameter of any attached components, at the specified inlet (upstream)
pressure and average temperature conditions. Otherwise, the Minimum Velocity value is based on the larger of the
inside diameter of the specified size/type and the inside diameter of any attached components, at the specified inlet
(upstream) pressure and temperature conditions.
! When the pipe diameter is set by selecting a size/type code from the Diameter list, the appropriate inside diameter
value will be read from the Pipe Property Table and used as required by the calculation.
! When required by the calculation, the inside diameter for an assigned pipe segment is automatically set to the
appropriate value by reading it from the Pipe Property Table.
! When required by the calculation, the equivalent diameter and length for an assigned fitting is set to the appropriate
value by reading it from the Fittings Property Table.
! The Heat Loss/Gain calculation routines are described briefly below and in detail in the Background Information
and Equations sections of this Calculation Reference.
• Joule-Thomson Cooling - When selected (checked), this option accounts for the cooling that occurs when
the pressure of the gas is lowered.
• Convection Only - When selected (checked), this method calculates the heat transfer between the gas and
the pipe wall by means of convection. The pipe wall temperature is assumed to be constant.

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• Convection & Conductivity - When selected (checked), this method calculates the heat transfer between
the gas and the pipe wall by means of convection, and the heat transfer between the pipe wall and
environment by means of conduction. The ambient temperature at the outside edge of the influence zone is
assumed to be constant.
• Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient - When selected (checked), this method calculates the heat transfer
between the gas and the environment by means of an overall heat transfer coefficient. The coefficient
includes the heat transfer by all mechanisms including convection and conduction. The ambient or
environment temperature is assumed to be constant.
! The dimensional units for the Line Volume item are automatically selected based on the specified flow units.
! Pressure values displayed or entered using this calculation screen are represented in gauge pressure values.
! The Flow Rate value displayed or entered using this calculation screen represents the value in “standard” volume
units. A standard volume means that the value has been adjusted to the base pressure and temperature specified in
the Base Condition values.
! To modify the Additional Components list use the following command buttons:
• Add - To add a component to the list, select the Add command button. The Piping Components screen will
be displayed. Select the desired pipe or fitting, then select the Add/Insert command to add the item to the
component list.
• Clear - To remove all components from the list, select the Clear command button.
• Delete - To remove a component from the list, highlight the item and select the Delete command button.
• Insert - To insert a component in to the list, highlight the item in the list where the new component is to be
placed before, select the Insert command button. The Piping Components screen will be displayed. Select
the desired pipe or fitting, then select the Add/Insert command to insert the item into the component list.
! When the Diameter value is calculated, the Maximum Allowable Velocity value is only applied to the pipe segment
data shown on the Pipe Data tab. The velocity of any attached components is reported, but not limited or used by the
diameter calculation.
! When the Diameter value is calculated, the equivalent length value is reported in terms of the inside diameter of
the largest of the selected pipe sizes.

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! If the Limit Pipe Velocity To Sonic preference option is selected (checked) when calculating the inlet (upstream)
pressure, and if the specified flow rate is greater than the “sonic” capacity of the pipe segment at the specified
conditions, then the inlet pressure is calculated using the maximum choked (sonic) flow rate for the segment. In this
case, the flow rate used for the calculation, may be less than the specified or entered flow rate.
! If the Limit Pipe Velocity To Sonic preference option is selected (checked) when calculating the outlet
(downstream) pressure, and if the specified flow rate is greater than the “sonic” capacity of the pipe segment at the
specified conditions, then the outlet pressure is calculated using the maximum choked (sonic) flow rate for the
segment. In this case, the flow rate used for the calculation, may be less than the specified or entered flow rate.
! If the Limit Pipe Velocity To Sonic preference option is selected (checked) when calculating the flow rate, and if
the specified outlet pressure is less than the value that will produce sonic velocity, then the flow rate is calculated
as the maximum choked (sonic) flow rate for the segment. In this case, the outlet pressure used for the calculation,
may be greater than the specified or entered flow rate.
! To specify the number of digits to display to the right of the decimal indicator, double-click in the associated data
field. The Decimal Specifications screen will be displayed. Enter or select the desired number of digits, then select
the Apply command button to save and apply any changes.

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Background Information
Pipe Flow
There are various equations available for calculating the volumetric flow through a pipe segment. Many of the
equations were developed for use in a particular application or set of conditions. Nearly all of the equations were
derived from a single “general pipe flow equation”. The full equation is somewhat complicated in form. Some older
equations, in an effort to make their use simpler, include many assumptions that may or may not apply to all
applications for which they might be used. It is important to understand a bit about the equation’s origin and intended
use when selecting and applying an equation to your use.
In general, all of the equations state that the flow in a pipe segment is proportional to the pressure drop across the
pipe segment, divided by a combination of the pipe and gas resistance to flow.
Basically this relationship states that the larger the pressure drop, the higher the flow rate - and the higher the
resistance, the lower the flow rate.
Beyond this simple general definition, each equation has been modified to reflect a certain flow regime, or a certain
application specific conditions. For example, separate equations have been developed to predict laminar or partially
turbulent flow in very low pressure distribution systems, or to predict partially or fully turbulent flow in high
pressure, large diameter, long length transmission lines. The following section lists some information about the
development and intended use of the various equations.
Equation Application Reference
The following table provides application notes and comments for each of the equations supported by GASCalc. This
table represents only a portion of the full collection of equations available for calculating pressure and flow in gas
piping systems. Equations are added to GASCalc based on User requests. If a User requires a specific equation and
the equation can be documented, we may be willing to add the equation to the software.

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Equation Name Application Comments

American Gas Association - Fully Applicable to transmission systems with fully turbulent flow conditions.
Turbulent Accounts for relative pipe roughness using rough pipe law. This form of the
(AGA-Full) equation allows input of the pipe wall roughness value. Depending on the
pipe wall roughness, yields moderately conservative results compared to other
transmission style equations.
American Gas Association - Applicable to transmission systems with partially turbulent flow conditions.
Partially Turbulent Accounts for relative pipe roughness using the smooth pipe law. Moderately
(AGA-Partial) conservative compared to other transmission style equations.
American Gas Association - Applicable to transmission systems with fully turbulent flow conditions. Uses
Turbulent a fixed relative pipe roughness with the rough pipe law. Moderately
(AGA-Turbulent) conservative compared to other transmission style equations.
Colebrook-White Applicable to transmission systems. Applies the Moody friction factor to the
Fundamental Gas Flow equation, using the Colebrook-White approximation.
Results vary based on value of roughness.
Cox Applicable to industrial plant piping under 3 Inches (76 mm) in diameter
operating at pressures less than 20 Psig (138 kPa) and located at altitudes of
less than 1500 Feet (457 Meters) above mean sea level.
Darcy-Weisbach According to the GPSA Engineering Data Book this is a general equation for
pressure drop due to friction. Valid for laminar and turbulent flow of any
liquid and may be used for gases with certain restrictions.
Institute of Gas Technology - Applicable to distribution systems, though often used for all types of systems
Improved operating between 1 to 500 Psig. Yields moderate results. Developed in the
(IGT-Improved) 1960's.
The Gas Engineers Handbook notes that this equation is widely used for ten
inch water column to sixty Psig systems for two inch and larger diameter
pipe.
The AGA GEOP text reports that this equation is applicable to distribution
systems where the Reynolds numbers range between 16000 and 3000000 with
2% deviation from the smooth pipe law, and for 3 to 30 Inch diameter pipe
operating at inches water column, 1.5 to 20 Inch diameter pipe operating
between 2 and 20 Psig, and 0.75 to 120 Inch diameter pipe operating between
20 and 100 Psig.
Reynolds number dependent.

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Institution of Gas Engineers Applicable to general distribution systems. Developed by the British Gas
Recommendation 3 - General Engineers Institute. Recommended for pressures less than or equal to 101.5
(IGE3 - General) Psig (7 Bar).
Institution of Gas Engineers Applicable to low pressure distribution systems. Developed by the British Gas
Recommendation 3 - Low Engineers Institute. A modified version of the IGE3 - General equation for
Pressure use at pressures less than or equal to 1.1 Psig (75 mBar).
(IGE3 - Low Pressure)
Institution of Gas Engineers Applicable to medium pressure distribution systems. Developed by the British
Recommendation 3 - Medium Gas Engineers Institute. A modified version of the IGE3 - General equation
Pressure for use at pressures greater than 1.1 Psig (75 mBar) and less than or equal to
(IGE3 - Medium Pressure) 29 Psig (2 Bar).
International Association of Applicable to fuel piping systems operating at 1.5 Psig (10 kPa) and above.
Plumbing and Mechanical A high pressure version of the Polyflo equation adopted by the International
Officials - High Pressure Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials.
(IAPMO-HP)
International Association of Applicable to fuel piping systems operating at less than 1.5 Psig (10 kPa). A
Plumbing and Mechanical low pressure version of the Polyflo equation adopted by the International
Officials - Low Pressure Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials.
(IAPMO-LP)
International Mechanical Code - Applicable to fuel piping systems operating at 1.5 Psig (10 kPa) and higher.
High Pressure A high pressure version of the Polyflo equation adopted by the International
(IMC-High Pressure) Code Council.
International Mechanical Code - Applicable to fuel piping systems operating at less than 1.5 Psig (10 kPa). A
Low Pressure low pressure version of the Polyflo equation adopted by the International
(IMC-Low Pressure) Code Council.

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Mueller - High Pressure Applicable to distribution systems. Yields non-conservative results.
(Mueller - HP)
The Gas Engineers Handbook reports that the equation is accurate in “low”
pressure systems for up to eight inch pipe, and in “medium” pressures for up
to two inch pipe.
systems where the Reynolds numbers range between 2000 and 125000 with
2% deviation from the smooth pipe law, and for 0.375 to 6 Inch diameter pipe
operating at inches water column, 0.375 to 2 Inch diameter pipe operating
between 2 and 20 Psig, and 0.375 to 1.5 Inch diameter pipe operating between
20 and 100 Psig.

Mueller - Low Pressure Applicable to distribution systems. Yields non-conservative results.
(Mueller - LP)
Derived from Mueller - High Pressure equation as outlined in AGA GEOP
text.

Oliphant Applicable to plant piping and gathering systems operating between vacuum
and 100 Psig. Yields conservative results.
Not Reynolds number dependent - diameter dependent.

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Panhandle - A Applicable to transmission systems. Yields moderate results. Developed in
the 1940's.
The Gas Engineers Handbook reports that the equation is applicable for large
diameter transmission piping where the Reynolds numbers range between 5
and 20 million. The Handbook also suggests an average efficiency for steel
pipelines of 0.92 for this equation.
The GPSA Data Book reports that this equation is intended to reflect flow of
gas through smooth pipes. When used with an efficiency of 0.90 the equation
reasonably approximates the partially turbulent general flow equation. The
equation becomes less accurate as the flow rate increases. An efficiency of
0.92 is often used with this equation.
systems where the Reynolds numbers range between 1300000 and 75000000
with 2% deviation from the smooth pipe law. And 16 Inch and larger diameter
pipe operating for 20 Psig and higher.

Panhandle - B Applicable to transmission systems. A revised version of Panhandle-A,
published in 1956. Depending on the flow rate, it can be the least
conservative transmission equation.
The Gas Engineers Handbook notes that the equation is applicable for large
diameter transmission piping where the Reynolds numbers range between 5
and 20 million. The Handbook suggests an average efficiency for steel
pipelines of 0.90 for this equation.
The GPSA Data Book notes that this equation more nearly approximates the
fully turbulent general flow equation. The equation will under-estimate flow
rates at low flow rates, and over estimate flow rates at high flow rates.
Efficiency factors of 0.88 to 0.94 are often used with this equation.

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Pole - Low Pressure Applicable to fuel and yard line piping operating below 3 Psig. Yields
(Pole-LP) conservative results.
The Gas Engineers Handbook notes that this equation is widely used for four
to ten water column pressure systems for two to four inch diameter pipe. The
equation is applicable with effective pipe roughness values of up to ten times
that of clean steel pipe.
Not Reynolds number dependent - constant friction/transmission factor.

Spitzglass - High Pressure Applicable to distribution systems operating below 100 Psig. Yields
(Spitzglass-HP) conservative results.
The Gas Engineers Handbook reports that this equation is widely used for up
to 10 Inch diameter pipe, and is applicable with effective pipe roughness
values of up to ten times that of clean steel pipe.

Spitzglass - Low Pressure Applicable to low pressure distribution systems operating below 3 Psig.
(Spitzglass-LP) Yields moderate results.
The Gas Engineers Handbook reports that this equation is widely used for
systems operating under 1 Psig.
The AGA GEOP text reports that this equation was developed from flow tests
on large diameter cast iron pipe operated at inches water column pressures
and partially turbulent flow conditions. The equation was originally used in
flow calculations in low pressure cast iron systems. The text also reports that
the equation yields extremely conservative results for 16 Inch and larger
diameter pipes, and yields un-conservative results for pipes sizes less than 16
Inch.

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Weymouth Applicable to transmission systems, though often used for distribution,
gathering, and transmission. The equation yields conservative results. It was
published in 1912.
The Gas Engineers Handbook reports that this equation provides a reasonable
approximation of the general rough pipe equation for diameter equal to 10
Inch, and effective pipe wall roughness equal to 0.002 Inches. The Handbook
also suggests that the equation is widely used for 3 to 20 Psig systems. Also,
the Handbook suggests an average efficiency for steel pipelines of 1.10 for
this equation.
The GPSA Data Book reports that for short pipelines and gathering systems
this equation agrees closely with metered volumes. However, the degree of
error increases with pressure.
The AGA GEOP text reports that the applicable efficiency factor for this
equation is 1.00 for 36 Inch diameter pipe and can range from 1.10 to 2.00 for
30 Inch and smaller pipe in transmission service. The text suggests that the
efficiency factor ranges between 1.1 and 1.2 for 2 to 6 Inch diameter pipe in
distribution service. And the text further suggests that the equation is not
applicable to calculations in distribution systems.
Not a Reynolds number dependent equation.

References
• Gas Processors Suppliers Association, Engineering Data Book, Eleventh Edition - FPS, 1998.
• The Institution of Gas Engineers and Managers, Steel and PE Pipelines For Gas Distribution, Recommendations
on Transmission and Distribution Practice, Standard IGE/TD/3 Edition 4, 2003.
• International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials, Uniform Mechanical Code / Uniform Plumbing
Code, 2006.
• International Code Council, International Mechanical Code, 1996.
• Gulf Publishing Company, Pipeline Rules of Thumb Handbook.

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Recommendations
As can be seen by the number and variety of flow equations listed in the previous table, there seems to be no certain
flow equation that accurately reflects all of the conditions that can be present in all types of gas piping systems.
Obviously there is not one equation that meets all requirements. For that reason, the User must ultimately compare
their specific application to each equation’s performance and select an appropriate equation. Further, it is extremely
difficult to recommend a flow equation because of the variety of applications that Users might encounter. However,
generally we make the following recommendations - use at your own risk:
Application Equation
Low Pressure Distribution (less than 3 Psig) Spitzglass - Low Pressure
Medium and High Pressure Distribution (3 to 100 Institute of Gas Technology - Improved
Psig)
Low Pressure Transmission (100 to 300 Psig) Institute of Gas Technology - Improved
High Pressure Transmission (300 Psig and greater) Panhandle - A
Vacuum Gathering Oliphant
Low Pressure Gathering (less than 100 Psig) Institute of Gas Technology - Improved
High Pressure Gathering (100 Psig and greater) • Institute of Gas Technology - Improved
• Weymouth
Vacuum Plant Piping Oliphant
Low Pressure Plant or Fuel Piping (less than 1.5 • International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical
Psig) Officials - Low Pressure
• International Mechanical Code - Low Pressure
Medium Pressure Plant or Fuel Piping (1.5 to 10 • Institute of Gas Technology - Improved
Psig) • International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical
Officials - High Pressure
• International Mechanical Code - High Pressure
High Pressure Plant or Fuel Piping (10 to 100 • Institute of Gas Technology - Improved
Psig) • Oliphant

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Heat Loss/Gain
As shown earlier, the flow resistance ® is a function of the gas flowing temperature. Theoretically it is important to
know the gas temperature with some certainty, in order to accurately predict the flow rate through a segment.
However in practice, the gas flowing temperature is generally assumed to be some generic value and is seldom
scrutinized.
The heat loss or gain from a segment can affect the flowing temperature of the gas passing through a pipe segment.
In general, the flowing gas temperature will be more or less the same temperature as the surrounding environment.
For example, the temperature all along the segment will be nearly the same as the surrounding soil or fluid. This
occurs because of the long interaction time and distance that the buried or submerged pipe line has with its
surroundings. Further, the temperature of the surroundings generally does not change significantly, and when it does
change, it changes very slowly, allowing the pipe and gas temperature to more or less remain in equilibrium with the
environment’s temperature. In these cases it is not really necessary to be concerned with calculating the heat loss or
gain from the pipe segment because it is negligible. However in cases where hot or cold gas is introduced into the
system, it may be important to include the heat loss or gain along the pipe segment. For example, a segment
downstream of a compressor station will contain warm gas that cools as it moves down the segment, in this case it
would probably be good to include the heat loss or gain so that the gas temperature at the outlet of the pipe segment
can be estimated.
It is generally “conservative” to use a higher than actual gas temperature when performing pipe flow calculations.
That is, using a higher than actual temperature, will yield lower flow rates, higher pressure drops, or larger size pipes
when compared to using the actual lower temperature value.
Aside from pipe flow considerations, the gas temperature should especially be considered when reviewing the
strength of plastic pipe materials. Including heat loss and gain in the pipe flow calculations can help predict the
flowing temperature of the gas downstream of high heat sources, such as compressor stations, providing a temperature
estimate for use in the plastic pipe strength calculations.
When the pressure of a gas is lowered, the temperature of the gas is also lowered. In theory, as the gas moves down
a pipe segment, its pressure(assuming no outside heat source) and the gas temperature, will be reduced because of
the pressure reduction. In practice, the pressure drop across any particular pipe segment is generally fairly small,
therefore the temperature reduction is also fairly small and often overcome by the heat gain from the surrounding
environment. Often the temperature of the gas leaving a pipe segment is essentially the same as the temperature of
the gas entering the segment. In contrast, locations like a regulator station, where a large pressure drop occurs over
a very short distance, with little time or distance for the gas to warm back up, the temperature of the gas leaving the
regulator is nearly always less than the temperature of the gas entering the regulator.
There are various equations and methods available for calculating the heat loss and gain from or to a pipe segment,
and for predicting the outlet temperature of a segment. The equations supported by GASCalc provide basic methods
for predicating the outlet temperature of the gas leaving a pipe segment based on simple and easily defined interaction
parameters.

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Elevation Difference
Elevation difference in pipe flow calculations is used for two purposes. One use is to compensate for differences in
atmospheric pressure. The atmospheric pressure affects the absolute pressure in the pipeline, thus affecting the
pressure and pressure drop values. The affect of the difference in atmospheric pressure is especially significant when
working with very low pressure applications. For example, in applications where the static pressure is an order of
magnitude or so less than the atmospheric pressure, the elevation difference should be considered.
The second use of the elevation difference is to account for the hydrostatic head, or pressure created by the weight
of the gas when one pipe end is at a different elevation than the other. When an elevation difference exists, the static
pressure of the downhill end will be higher than the static pressure of the uphill end. This difference is generally
fairly small, except when large diameter, high pressure pipe segments, with significant elevation differences are
involved.
Pipe Wall Roughness
The basic general equation defined earlier, listed the flow resistance as being a function of several parameters. One
parameter named “ƒ” represents the pipe friction factor. In the equations that explicitly define the fiction factor, the
pipe wall roughness is usually included in the definition. Intuitively, it would seem that the pipe friction factor should
include some consideration for the inside pipe wall roughness. It would seem that the more coarse or rough the inside
pipe wall, the more resistance the pipe would have to flow, or the more friction would be created when the gas moved
along the wall.
In practice, the pipe wall roughness is often considered to either have a negligible influence on the pipe’s resistance
to flow, or it is assumed to have some predetermined value. Nearly all of the common industry flow equations were
developed using empirical methods. With this method, any influence the pipe wall roughness would have on the flow
and pressure drop relationships, is somewhat already integrated into the empirical results.
The inside wall of most pipes in natural gas service, have a very smooth pipe wall, either from well manufactured
steel or from extruded plastic. Further, because of the mostly dry service conditions, the pipe wall tends to remain
constant and does not change much with service duration. So the assumption that the wall roughness has negligible
influence on the pipe flow, is probably appropriate.
Over the years, calibration and verification studies of the some of the common pipe flow equations that do not
explicitly include pipe wall roughness tend to indicate that for the pipe material and sizes commonly used in the gas
industry, exclusion of the pipe wall roughness does not seem to adversely affect the results of these equations.

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Gas Properties
The basic general equation defined earlier, listed the flow resistance as being a function of several gas properties,
such as specific gravity (SG), viscosity (ì), and compressibility (ZF). All of the original equation definitions include
a term to adjust for specific gravity. Only a few equations include the viscosity term. For those that do not include
a explicit reference to viscosity, the value has either been assumed to be equal to some general value, or has been
assumed to have negligible affect on the results and has been ignored. Not all of the original equation definitions
include the compressibility term. In many cases, especially in the older equations, it was assumed to be unity (1.0)
to simplify the calculations. The term has been added to some of the equations as part of the GASCalc
implementation. Excluding compressibility or assuming it to be unity generally results in “conservative” results. That
is, ignoring compressibility results in lower flow rates, higher pressure drops, or larger pipes sizes than would result
if compressibility were considered.
Pipe Efficiency
In the GASCalc implementation, all pipe flow equations include a pipe “efficiency” term. This parameter is included
to allow the User to tune or adjust the various equations to better match the results that they yield, to actual field
determined results. In most cases, an efficiency of less than one (1.0) is used to provide a bit of a safety factor to the
results. However some equations, such as the Weymouth or Spitzglass High Pressure, generally require efficiency
values greater than one (1.0) to match actual field results. In general, if an efficiency value of less than 0.80 or greater
than 1.20 is required to cause an equation’s results to match field values, there is either a problem with the entered
data, or the equation is a poor fit for the associated application.
Pipe Sizing
When the pipe diameter (size/type) value is calculated, GASCalc attempts to select a pipe or pair of pipes from the
Pipe Property Table, that satisfy the specified conditions. The method used by the “sizing” routine is described below:
• The theoretic inside pipe diameter is calculated using the relationships defined in the specified pipe flow
equation. The theoretic diameter either meets the pressure drop or velocity requirements associated with the
specified conditions which ever results in the larger diameter value.
• Based on the specified sizing group value, the pipe in the group with the closest but larger inside diameter
to the theoretic diameter is selected. This size will be referred to as the “Base” pipe size. Generally if the
entire pipe length consisted of the Base pipe size, the outlet pressure would be greater than the specified
value.

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• If the next smaller pipe size in the specified Sizing Group can meet the specified maximum allowable
velocity requirements, a combination of the Base and smaller pipe size is used to calculate the associated
lengths required to meet the specified outlet pressure. Otherwise the Base pipe size is selected for the entire
pipe segment.

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Equations - Pipe Flow
GASCalc supports various pipe flow equations which are used to calculate the flow and pressure drop across a pipe
segment. Each equation is unique and may have individual limitations associated with its use. The following pages
describe the various equations supported by GASCalc. The User must determine the appropriate equation to use for
the application being analyzed.
Adjustment For Elevation
Where an elevation difference exists between the inlet and outlet of a pipe segment, and the normal pressure
difference (ÄP) is a function of the difference of the squared inlet pressure and the squared outlet pressure (ÄP = P12 -
P22), the pressure difference (ÄP) term in the flow equation is replaced with the following:
Reference 1
American Gas Association - Fully Turbulent (AGA-Full)
The American Gas Association - Fully Turbulent flow equation used by GASCalc represents an equation with a
variable roughness parameter. The equation is described as follows.
Reference 3

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American Gas Association - Partially Turbulent (AGA-Partial)
The American Gas Association - Partially Turbulent flow equation used by GASCalc is described as follows.
Reference 3
American Gas Association - Turbulent (AGA-Turbulent)
The American Gas Association - Turbulent flow equation used by GASCalc represents an equation with a fixed
roughness parameter. The equation is described as follows.
Reference 1

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Colebrook-White
The Colebrook-White flow equation used by GASCalc is described as follows.
Reference 3
Cox
The Cox flow equation used by GASCalc is described as follows.
Reference 4

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Darcy-Weisbach
The Darcy-Weisbach flow equation used by GASCalc is described as follows.
Reference 3
Institute of Gas Technology - Improved (IGT-Improved)
The Institute of Gas Technology - Improved flow equation used by GASCalc is described as follows.
Reference 7
Institution of Gas Engineers Recommendation 3 - General (IGE3-General)
The Institution of Gas Engineers Recommendation 3 - General flow equation used by GASCalc is similar to the
Institution of Gas Engineers Recommendation 3 - Medium Pressure flow equation. See that equation for more
information.

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Institution of Gas Engineers Recommendation 3 - Low Pressure (IGE3-LP)
The Institution of Gas Engineers Recommendation 3 - Low Pressure flow equation used by GASCalc is described
as follows.
Reference 6
Institution of Gas Engineers Recommendation 3 - Medium Pressure (IGE3-MP)
The Institution of Gas Engineers Recommendation 3 - Medium Pressure flow equation used by GASCalc is described
as follows.
Reference 6

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International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials - High Pressure (IAPMO-HP)
The International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials - High Pressure flow equation used by GASCalc
is described as follows.
Reference 5
International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials - Low Pressure (IAPMO-LP)
The International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials - Low Pressure flow equation used by GASCalc
is described as follows.
Reference 5
International Mechanical Code - High Pressure (IMC-HP)
The International Mechanical Code - High Pressure flow equation used by GASCalc is described as follows.
Reference 8

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International Mechanical Code - Low Pressure (IMC-LP)
The International Mechanical Code - Low Pressure flow equation used by GASCalc is described as follows.
Reference 8
Mueller - High Pressure (Mueller-HP)
The Mueller - High Pressure flow equation used by GASCalc is described as follows.
Reference 2
Mueller - Low Pressure (Mueller-LP)
The Mueller - Low Pressure flow equation used by GASCalc is described as follows.
Reference 2

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Oliphant
The Oliphant flow equation used by GASCalc is described as follows.
Reference 3
Panhandle-A
The Panhandle-A flow equation used by GASCalc is described as follows.
Reference 3
Panhandle-B
The Panhandle-B flow equation used by GASCalc is described as follows.
Reference 3

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Pole - Low Pressure (Pole-LP)
The Pole - Low Pressure flow equation used by GASCalc is described as follows.
Reference 1
Spitzglass - High Pressure (Spitzglass-HP)
The Spitzglass - High Pressure flow equation used by GASCalc is described as follows.
Reference 1

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Spitzglass - Low Pressure (Spitzglass-LP)
The Spitzglass - Low Pressure flow equation used by GASCalc is described as follows.
Reference 3
Weymouth
The Weymouth flow equation used by GASCalc is described as follows.
Reference 3

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Equivalent Length Adjustment
When an equivalent length value is specified, the length value is only valid when used with its associated equivalent
diameter value. When components with different equivalent diameter values are combined into a single calculation,
the equivalent length values need to be adjusted to a common equivalent diameter value. This adjustment is made
based on the diameter and length relationship defined in the particular pipe flow equation being used. Basically, the
length is adjusted so that at the new diameter value for the component produces the same pressure drop value as the
original length and diameter. When an equivalent length value needs to be adjusted, the new value is computed as
described in the following.
Reference 9
Equation Variables
Unless noted otherwise, the following base units and variable definitions apply to all of the methods and equations
described in this section:
D = Inside Pipe Diameter, Inches

e = Napierian Constant, 2.71828
å = Internal Pipe Wall Roughness, Inches
E = Pipe Efficiency, percent/100
E1 = Pipe Inlet (Upstream) Elevation, Feet
E2 = Pipe Outlet (Downstream) Elevation, Feet
ƒ = Fanning Friction Factor, Dimensionless

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ƒspl = Smooth Pipe Law Friction Factor, Dimensionless

L = Pipe Length, Feet
ÄP = Pressure Drop Across a Pipe Segment, Psia2 or Psia
P1 = Pipe Inlet (Upstream) Pressure, Psia
P2 = Pipe Outlet (Downstream) Pressure, Psia
PATM = Average Atmospheric Pressure, Psia
PAVE = Average Pressure along the Pipeline Segment, Psia
Pb = Base Pressure, Psia
Q = Volumetric Flow Rate at the Specified Base Pressure and Temperature, Cfh
Re = Reynolds Number, Dimensionless
S = Elevation Compensation Factor, Dimensionless
SG = Specific Gravity, Dimensionless
Tb = Base Temperature, Rankine
Tf = Average Gas Flowing Temperature, Rankine
ì = Absolute Viscosity, Lbm/ft-sec
Z = Compressibility Factor, Dimensionless
P1 = P1_GAUGE + P1_ATM
P1_ATM = Atmospheric Pressure at First Conditions, Psia
P1_GAUGE = Gauge Pressure at First Conditions, Psig
P2 = P2_GAUGE + P2_ATM
P2_ATM = Atmospheric Pressure at Second Conditions, Psia
P2_GAUGE = Gauge Pressure at Second Conditions, Psig
References - Pipe Flow
1. Industrial Press, Gas Engineers Handbook, 1965.

2. American Gas Association, Gas Engineering and Operating Practices - System Design, GEOP Series Book D-1,
1990.
3. Gas Processors Suppliers Association, Engineering Data Book, Eleventh Edition - FPS, 1998.
4. Air Conditioning, Heating and Ventilating, September 1959.
5. International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials, Uniform Mechanical Code / Uniform Plumbing
Code, 2006.
6. The Institution of Gas Engineers and Managers, Steel and PE Pipelines For Gas Distribution, Recommendations
on Transmission and Distribution Practice, Standard IGE/TD/3 Edition 4, 2003.
7. Gas Age Magazine, Gas Behavior In Distribution Systems, May 1967.
8. International Code Council, International Mechanical Code, 1996.
9. None - derived.

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Equations - Heat Loss/Gain
GASCalc supports several methods and equations which are used to calculate the heat loss and gain along, and the
outlet temperature of, a pipe segment. Each equation is unique and may have individual limitations associated with
its use. The following pages describe the various equations supported by GASCalc. The User must determine the
appropriate equation to use for the application being analyzed.
Joule-Thomson Temperature Drop
The temperature drop across regulators and along pipe segments is estimated by the following relationship. Note that
this is an approximate equation and is only valid for natural gas mixtures composed largely of methane.
Reference 1

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Pipe Temperature Change - Overall Transfer Coefficient
The outlet temperature of the gas flowing through a pipe segment based on an overall heat transfer coefficient is
calculated as follows. This method predicts the outlet temperature of a pipe segment by using an overall heat transfer
coefficient between the gas and the environment.
Reference 3

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Pipe Temperature Change - Convection
The outlet temperature of the gas flowing through a pipe segment based on convection (film) heat transfer is
calculated using the following equations. The method was derived from various sources including the noted
references. This method predicts the outlet temperature of a pipe segment by assuming that the heat transfer occurs
by convection between the flowing gas and the inner pipe wall. The pipe wall temperature is assumed to remain
constant along the length of the pipe segment.
Reference 2, 4

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Pipe Temperature Change - Convection & Conduction
The outlet temperature of the gas flowing through a pipe segment based on both convection (film) and conduction
heat transfer is calculated using the following equations. The method was derived from various sources including
the noted references. This method predicts the outlet temperature of a pipe segment by assuming that the heat transfer
occurs by convection between the flowing gas and the pipe wall, and by conduction through the pipe wall, insulation,
and environment surrounding the pipe and insulation. The environment is only assumed to conduct to the extent of
the influence zone. The influence zone is assumed to radially extend from the axis of the pipe outward to the edge
of the influence zone. The size of the influence zone is computed as the product of the influence factor times the
outside diameter. The “environment” represents the environment surrounding pipe, it can be soil, air, or a liquid.

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Reference 5

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References - Heat Loss/ Gain
1. Gulf Publishing Company, Pipe Line Rules of Thumb Handbook, Fourth Edition, 1998.
2. Industrial Press, Gas Engineers Handbook, 1965.
3. Gas Processors Suppliers Association, Engineering Data Book, Eleventh Edition - FPS, 1998.
4. CRC Press - Taylor & Francis, Gas Pipeline Hydraulics, 2005.
5. Pipeline And Gas Journal, May, 1974.

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See Also
Atmospheric Pressure Calculation Reference

Average Pressure Calculation Reference
Average Temperature Calculation Reference
Base Conditions Help Reference
Compressibility Factor Calculation Reference
Demonstration Guide Example
Property Table Editor Help Reference
Reynolds Number Calculation Reference
Velocity Calculation Reference

Page 46 of 46

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GASCalc™ 5.

General Calculation Procedures

! Enter an appropriate base pressure and temperature value.

! Select an appropriate method from the Atmospheric Pressure Method list.

! Enter a value for all known data items.

! Select the Calculate command button.

Bradley B Bean PE ENGINEERING & SOFTWARE

Diameter = 2 Inch polyethylene SDR 11

No fittings are attached.

Base Pressure = 14.73 Psia [1016 mBar]

To perform the calculation, complete the following steps.

! Select the Clear command button.

! For the Temperature item, enter 60 Fahrenheit [15.6 Celsius].

! From the Gas Properties File list, select us standard.prp.

! From the Atmospheric Pressure Method list, select AGA.

Bradley B Bean PE ENGINEERING & SOFTWARE

! From the Compressibility Method list, select None.

! Select the Apply command button.

! On the Pipe Data tab:

! Click on the Out Pressure label until it is underlined.

! In the Segment Data section:

! From the Diameter list, select 2P-S11 Inches [Millimeter].

! For the Length item, enter 1000 Feet [305 Metres].

! For the Efficiency item, enter 0.95 Decimal.

! For the Flow Rate item, enter 10 Mcfh [280 m3h].

! In the End Conditions section:

! For the In Pressure item, enter 20 Psi [1380 mBar].

! For the In Elevation item, enter 0 Feet [0 Metres].

! For the Out Elevation item, enter 0 Feet [0 Metres].

! For the In Temperature item, enter 60 Fahrenheit [15.6 Celsius].

! For the Out Temperature item, enter 60 Fahrenheit [15.6 Celsius].

! In the Calculated Values section:

Bradley B Bean PE ENGINEERING & SOFTWARE

! Select the Heat Loss/Gain Data tab.

! From the Calculation Method list, select None.

! Unselect (uncheck) the Include Joule-Thomson Cooling option.

! Select to the Pipe Data tab.

! Select the Calculate command button.

Results - The results should be similar to the following:

Out(let) Pressure: 15.11 Psi [1049.73 mBar]

Inside Diameter: 1.943 Inches [49.352 Millimeter]

Bradley B Bean PE ENGINEERING & SOFTWARE

Pipe Data Tab

Bradley B Bean PE ENGINEERING & SOFTWARE

Bradley B Bean PE ENGINEERING & SOFTWARE

Bradley B Bean PE ENGINEERING & SOFTWARE

Other Data Tab

Bradley B Bean PE ENGINEERING & SOFTWARE

Heat Loss/Gain Data Tab

Bradley B Bean PE ENGINEERING & SOFTWARE

Bradley B Bean PE ENGINEERING & SOFTWARE

Bradley B Bean PE ENGINEERING & SOFTWARE

Help - A command button used to display this Calculation Reference.

Bradley B Bean PE ENGINEERING & SOFTWARE

Notes & Considerations

Bradley B Bean PE ENGINEERING & SOFTWARE

Bradley B Bean PE ENGINEERING & SOFTWARE

Bradley B Bean PE ENGINEERING & SOFTWARE

Equation Application Reference

Bradley B Bean PE ENGINEERING & SOFTWARE

Equation Name Application Comments

Reynolds number dependent.

Bradley B Bean PE ENGINEERING & SOFTWARE