LTE eRAN15.

1 VoLTE Service Monitoring

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LTE eRAN15.1 VoLTE Service Monitoring

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LTE eRAN15.1 VoLTE Service Monitoring

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LTE eRAN15.1 VoLTE Service Monitoring

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 LTE eRAN15.1 VoLTE Service Monitoring

 VQI: Voice Quality Indicator

 The VQM algorithm is compatible with the following speech codec schemes: AMR-
NB, AMR-WB, EVS-WB (5.9-24.4 kbit/s), and EVS-SWB (9.6-24.4 kbit/s).

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 LTE eRAN15.1 VoLTE Service Monitoring

 PLR: The uplink or downlink voice packet loss rate at the Packet Data Convergence
Protocol (PDCP) layer is detected in each measurement period (2.5s). PLR
corresponds to BER or BLER.
 Delta: It is the difference between the packet loss rate and the MOS. Delta is related
to the packet loss rate and AMR-WB/AMR-NB.
 A/B/m: They are fitting coefficients. Different AMR source rates correspond to
different fitting coefficients. Therefore, the eNodeB must identify AMR rates.
Currently, the AMR source rate does not change during a call.
 Const: It is the VQI upper limit. Different AMR source rates correspond to different
upper limits.

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 LTE eRAN15.1 VoLTE Service Monitoring

 VqiExcellentThd: VQI threshold for level "Excellent". Actual value range: 0-5. Actual
default value: 4.
 VqiGoodThd: VQI threshold for level "Good". Actual value range: 0-5. Actual default
value: 3.
 VqiPoorThd: VQI threshold for level "Poor". Actual value range: 0-5. Actual default
value: 2.
 VqiBadThd: VQI threshold for level "Bad". Actual value range: 0-5. Actual default
value: 1.
 These thresholds are set using the MOD VQMALGO command.

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 LTE eRAN15.1 VoLTE Service Monitoring

 Using a third-party drive test tool to evaluate speech quality is time-consuming and
expensive, and cannot monitor speech quality in real time. The tools include DingLi
MOS measurement tool, Hugeland MOS measurement tool, Huawei Probe, and Maya
MOS box.

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 LTE eRAN15.1 VoLTE Service Monitoring

 From the above test result, we can see the relationships between VQI and MOS
results:
 If the VQI is less than 3, it is about 0.2 lower than the MOS.
 If the VQI is between 3 and 3.8, it is close to the MOS.
 If the VQI is greater than 3.8, the VQI is about 0.2 higher than the MOS.
 The overall trends of VQI and MOS are similar.
 VQI is a P.863 standard-based estimation method using mathematical formulas
fitting. It differs from tool-based objective evaluation because they have different
working principles and measurement scopes. The MOSs provided by those tools are
subject to factors such as test equipment, UE codec mechanism, and jitter buffer
algorithm and may fluctuate greatly. However, VQI values are immune to UE factors.
VQI and MOS have different principles and measurement scopes, and therefore they
are different.

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 LTE eRAN15.1 VoLTE Service Monitoring

 On commercial VoLTE-enabled networks, it is recommended that this parameter be

set to VQM_ALGO_SWITCH_AMR_ON or VQM_ALGO_SWITCH_ADAPTIVE_ON.

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 LTE eRAN15.1 VoLTE Service Monitoring

 EnodebAlgoSwitch.E2EVQIAlgoSwitch controls whether to enable E2E VQI

evaluation when ENodeBAlgoSwitch.VQMAlgoSwitch is set to any given value.
 When ENodeBAlgoSwitch.VQMAlgoSwitch is set to
VQM_ALGO_SWITCH_AMR_ON or VQM_ALGO_SWITCH_ADAPTIVE_ON,
turning on EnodebAlgoSwitch.E2EVQIAlgoSwitch enables E2E voice quality
monitoring. The value ON is recommended.

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LTE eRAN15.1 VoLTE Service Monitoring

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LTE eRAN15.1 VoLTE Service Monitoring

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LTE eRAN15.1 VoLTE Service Monitoring

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LTE eRAN15.1 VoLTE Service Monitoring

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 A voice packet is satisfactory if it is buffered for less than 50 ms.

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 LTE eRAN15.1 VoLTE Service Monitoring

 The method of calculating the UL QoS satisfaction rate of VoLTE services is different
from that of calculating the DL QoS satisfaction rate of VoLTE services. The
difference is that the eNodeB cannot obtain the buffering time of UL VoLTE packets
from the UE. If a UL VoLTE packet is buffered on the UE for a time longer than the
length of the PDCP discard timer, the VoLTE packet is discarded. Therefore, the
percentage of PDCP PDUs successfully received by the eNodeB is used to determine
whether there are timeout VoLTE packets.

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LTE eRAN15.1 VoLTE Service Monitoring

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LTE eRAN15.1 VoLTE Service Monitoring

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LTE eRAN15.1 VoLTE Service Monitoring

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LTE eRAN15.1 VoLTE Service Monitoring

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 LTE eRAN15.1 VoLTE Service Monitoring

 The Initial Context Setup Request message is used to restore the default E-RAB.
 The E-RAB SETUP REQUEST message is usually used to set up dedicated bearers.
(If there are multiple default E-RABs, the E-RAB SETUP REQUEST message is used
to set up all bearers except the first one.)

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 LTE eRAN15.1 VoLTE Service Monitoring

 VoLTE drop rate = L.E-RAB.AbnormRel.QCI.1/(L.E-RAB.AbnormRel.QCI.1 + L.E-

RAB.NormRel.QCI.1)

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 LTE eRAN15.1 VoLTE Service Monitoring

 The L.E-RAB.AbnormRel counter is incremented when the eNodeB sends an E-RAB

RELEASE INDICATION message with a cause other than "Normal Release",
"Detach", "User Inactivity", "Om-Intervention", "CS Fallback triggered", "UE Not
Available for PS Service", "Inter-RAT Redirection", and "Successful Handover" and
data is transmitted on the relevant E-RAB. If the E-RAB RELEASE INDICATION
message involves N E-RABs, this counter is incremented by N.
 When the eNodeB sends the MME a UE CONTEXT RELEASE REQUEST message,
it releases all E-RABs of the UE. The L.E-RAB.AbnormRel counter is incremented
when the message carries a cause other than "Normal Release", "Detach", "User
Inactivity", "Om-Intervention", "CS Fallback triggered", "UE Not Available for PS
Service", "Inter-RAT Redirection", "Time critical handover", and "Handover Cancelled"
and data is transmitted on the relevant E-RAB. If there are N E-RABs for the UE, this
counter is incremented by N. When the MME responds with a UE CONTEXT
RELEASE COMMAND message, this counter will not be incremented repeatedly.

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LTE eRAN15.1 VoLTE Service Monitoring

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LTE eRAN15.1 VoLTE Service Monitoring

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 As an enhancement to SRVCC, eSRVCC controls the maximum handover-induced

session delay within 300 ms to improve user experience without changing the existing
network architecture.
 Compared with SRVCC, eSRVCC incorporates optimization of the IMS session
transfer procedure. The access transfer control function (ATCF)/access transfer MGW
(ATGW) anchors the control plane and media plane to avoid IMS session transfer.
 In the eSRVCC network architecture, an ATCF/ATGW is added between the proxy-
call session control function (P-CSCF) and interrogating-/serving-call session control
function (I-CSCF/S-CSCF). If an SRVCC handover is required, the media session is
anchored to the ATGW. Only media information at the ATGW needs to be updated
when an SRVCC handover occurs. Media information about the UE does not need to
be updated.

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LTE eRAN15.1 VoLTE Service Monitoring

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 Uu packet loss is caused by poor radio conditions.

 PDCP SDU discard is caused by load conditions, such as cell congestion.

Counter Name Counter Description

L.Traffic.UL.PktLoss.Lo Number of uplink PDCP SDUs discarded for
ss.QCI.1 services carried on DRBs with a QCI of 1 in a cell
L.Traffic.UL.PktLoss.To Number of expected uplink PDCP SDUs for
t.QCI.1 services carried on DRBs with a QCI of 1 in a cell
Number of downlink PDCP SDUs discarded for
L.Traffic.DL.PktUuLoss.
services carried on DRBs with a QCI of 1 in a cell
Loss.QCI.1
over the Uu interface
Number of downlink PDCP SDUs transmitted for
L.Traffic.DL.PktUuLoss.
services carried on DRBs with a QCI of 1 in a cell
Tot.QCI.1
over the Uu interface
L.PDCP.Tx.Disc.Trf.SD Number of downlink PDCP SDUs discarded for
U.QCI.1 services carried on DRBs with a QCI of 1 in a cell
L.PDCP.Tx.TotRev.Trf. Number of downlink PDCP SDUs transmitted for
SDU.QCI.1 services carried on DRBs with a QCI of 1 in a cell

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 Counters:

Counter Name Counter Description

Uplink traffic volume for PDCP PDUs of services
L.Thrp.bits.UL.QCI.1
with the QCI of 1 in a cell
Downlink traffic volume for PDCP SDUs of services
L.Thrp.bits.DL.QCI.1
with the QCI of 1 in a cell

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LTE eRAN15.1 VoLTE Service Monitoring

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LTE eRAN15.1 VoLTE Service Monitoring

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LTE eRAN15.1 VoLTE Service Monitoring

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 Answer to question 1: VQM is used for activities including network monitoring,

network optimization, VIP guarantee, and user complaint handling. This algorithm
reduces the necessity of drive tests for obtaining voice quality.
 Answer to question 2: DL and UL QoS satisfaction rates

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LTE eRAN15.1 VoLTE Service Monitoring

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LTE eRAN15.1 VoLTE Service Monitoring

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