ANGLAIS

Compiled by R.Ennaciri
Table of content
Texts ..................................................................................................................................................2
Types of Business .............................................................................................................................2
The Company is sinking ..................................................................................................................4
Shares and Debentures ....................................................................................................................6
The Stock Exchange .........................................................................................................................8
Making Decisions.............................................................................................................................9
Insurance ........................................................................................................................................ 11
Taxation .......................................................................................................................................... 13
Grammar ........................................................................................................................................ 14
I. Simple present ........................................................................................................................ 14
II. Present continuous ................................................................................................................. 15
III. Simple Past.............................................................................................................................. 16
IV. Past continuous ...................................................................................................................... 17
V. Present perfect ........................................................................................................................ 18
VI. Present perfect continuous .................................................................................................... 19
VII. Past perfect.............................................................................................................................. 21
VIII.List of irregular verbs............................................................................................................. 23

[Date]

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Texts
Types of Business

A partnership consists of at least two individuals. The abbreviation “& co.”

follows the name of the company. If it belongs to a family, the words “& Sons” or
“Bros” (brothers) are added.

If a company has unlimited liability its owners’ property (assets) may be

confiscated in case they fail to pay a debt. If it has a limited liability, the individuals
who own the company (the shareholders) are only responsible for the capital they
have contributed. Each one has a number of shares depending on the amount of
money he has invested. In case of bankruptcy, shareholders would lose nothing
except their shares. This is known as a limited company. The letters” Ltd” are always
placed after the name of the company.

Shareholders own a company but they don’t manage it. Some of them may not
even know anything about commercial or technical matters. The work is usually
done by a committee of management called the Board of Directors. This group of
people decides what should be done. They develop the company policy. The
shareholders elect a new board each year. In turn, the new board appoints a
chairman, a vice chairman, secretary and a treasurer.

Comprehension

A. Chose the best answer.

1- The abbreviation “& Co.” stands for:
a- A partnership.
b- A limited liability.
c- Two companies.
2- A partnership may be:
a- Limited or unlimited.
b- Only limited.
c- Only unlimited.
3- A limited company’s assets include:
a- What the company produces.
b- Everything that belongs to the company and its owners.

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 c- The company’s shares, offices and machinery.
4- If a company has an unlimited liability, the guaranty is:
a- The company’s assets.
b- The owners’ personal property.
c- The company’s assets as well as the owner’s property.
B. Answer the following questions.
1- List the advantages of a limited company.
2- Why don’t shareholders usually manage a company?
C. Complete these sentences according to the text.
1- The minimum number of partners in a partnership ………………….
2- In an unlimited business, the personal property of partners is confiscated when
………………………………………………………………………
3- The abbreviation “bros.” stands for ……………………………………

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 The Company is sinking

Fashion clothing Plc is in difficulty. Sales are decreasing shareholders are

selling their shares. Afraid of going bankrupt, the board of directors is holding a
meeting. They are considering the necessary measures to take in order to save the
company.

The Sales Manager is trying to convince the finance Manager to increase the
company’s spending on advertising. The Finance Manager is objecting as the
company has not got enough money. But the General Manager agrees with the sales
Manager. “We are going to make a good offer to our customers”, he says. “And with
the money we get we can prepare a good advertising campaign”. Meanwhile the
Product Manager is planning a change in product range and packaging. He thinks
most products are old-fashioned and less competitive.

Comprehension

A- Choose the best answer.

1- The company is going bankrupt:
a- The company is getting healthier.
b- It has a lot of customers but it has no money.
c- It is recovering from a difficult situation.
d- It has no more money to pay its creditors.
2- The Finance Manager objects:
a- He accepts the idea.²
b- He thinks advertising is not a good idea.
c- He does not like advertising.
3- A change in product range:
a- A change in all production.
b- A development in an article.
c- A change in a series of the same product.
4- Most products are old-fashioned:
a- They are behind the times.
b- They are up- to- date.
c- They are unnecessary.
B- Are these statements true or false?
1- The Sales Manager thinks advertising is necessary if they want to increase sales.

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 2- Shareholders are selling their shares because profit is decreasing.
3- The Finance Manager disagrees because he thinks advertising is a waste of
money.
C- Answer these questions.
1- What sort of company is Fashion clothing?
2- Is it a successful company? Why?
3- Why is the board holding a meeting?
4- Why doesn’t the Finance Manager agree with the Sales Manager?
5- Is the General Manager optimistic or pessimistic? Why?
6- What is the Product Manager planning?
7- What are the advantages of an advertising campaign?

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 Shares and Debentures

Last Sunday Jane, a student in a business college, was doing her homework on
shares and debentures. She found it difficult to answer some of the questions.
Fortunately, her trouble was over when her brother Brian came in. He was in that
same school seven years ago.

Brian: Hi Jane. What’s new?

Jane: Nothing special. I’m just having trouble with my homework.

Brian: Would you like me to help you?

Jane: Yes please, first of all what does a company’s capital consist of?
Brian: Shares and debentures.
Jane: Can you tell me about Shares?
Brian: Well, there are three types of shares. Ordinary shares are those whose
dividends depend on how much profit the company made. Ordinary
shareholders run the risk of receiving no return at all.
Jane: Who determines the rate of interest?
Brian: The board of directors does. But remember, when business is healthy
dividends rise. When it fails, ordinary shareholders may receive little or
nothing.
Jane: That’s right. What’s the second type?
Brian: Oh! Yes. They are preference shares. People may want to minimize their risk.
So, they buy these shares. But they are paid a limited rate of interest.
Preference shareholders and Ordinary shareholders have no guarantee,
they will receive any dividends. But preference shareholders are the first to
go into profit if there is any. In case a company is failing, preference shares
are paid and ordinary ones are by -passed.
Jane: Do you mean that the greater the profit, the more risk you run?
Brian: That’s right. In fact, the debenture holder -the third type- takes the least risk.
Debentures are money you lend to a company at a fixed rate of interest and
for a long term. Just remember this, both ordinary shareholders and
preference shareholders are part owners of a business. They have the right to
vote in meetings. On the other hand, debenture holders are simple creditors.

Comprehension

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A- Choose the best answer.
1- Her trouble was over:
a- It began
b- It changed
c- It ended
2- Ordinary shares are by passed:
a- They are paid too little
b- They are reduced
c- They are ignored
3- Dividends:
a- Money a shareholder receives as a part of the profit
b- Money he receives for the sales of shares
c- Money he receives when he buys shares
B- Are these statements true or false?
a- Jane was lucky as her brother knows about business
b- Jane offered to help Brian
c- In case a company is not successful ordinary shares make a substantial
profit
d- Preference dividends are lower than ordinary ones because they present
more risk
e- Debenture holders are not only part-owners of a company, but creditors as
well.
C- Answer the following questions.
a- What was Jane’s homework about?
b- Where did Brian study business?
c- How long ago did he study there?
d- What happens to ordinary shares when business is healthy?
e- Why don’t debenture holders control a company?
f- What do the underlined words refer to?
1- They are preference shares
2- Ordinary ones are by passed

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 The Stock Exchange

As the number of firms increased, shareholders increased and so did the

necessity for buying or selling shares. Then brokers began to make a living out of
bringing a buyer and a seller together. For such a service, they get a commission.

At first, these brokers did not have an office. But as activity went on growing,
they found it interesting to fix a place where shares can be traded. This office was
called stock exchange.

The first organization of this kind was the New York stock exchange. Other
stock exchanges include the American stock exchange in New York City, and the
Midwest stock exchange in Chicago.

Stockbrokers work in a commission house. On the trading floor of the exchange,

a broker receives orders for selling or buying shares.

Many people take risks at the stock market. They are called speculators, and are
identified by two funny names. Speculators who expect that the price of a share will
drop are called Bears. Bulls are those who buy shares in expectation of a price rise.

Comprehension

A- Answer the following questions.

1- What is the stock exchange?
2- How did stock exchange develop?
3- What is the oldest stock exchange?
4- What is the function of a broker?
5- You are a speculator. You are selling most of your shares because you don’t
want to lose anymore. Are you a bull or a bear?
B- Complete the following sentences.
1- A broker’s job is to……………………………………………
2- A bull buys shares when…………………………………

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 Making Decisions

During the annual general meeting the management of equip electronics

discussed the company’s progress. They evaluated their plans and their strategies to
see if objectives were attained. Here are some of the manager’s reports

Personnel Manager
As far as my department is concerned, we have recently employed three
members of staff. We have dismissed a foreman for the lack of punctuality. Most
workers have become satisfied after the last increase in wages. As a result,
absenteeism has sharply decreased.

Production manager
I agree with Mr. Smith. Employees’ satisfaction and the growing demand for
our products have both contributed to an increase of 15% in production.

Sales Manager
Personally, I believe a 15% increase is not enough. We should consider other
means of increasing production much more. Ten department stores round the
country have placed orders with a total sum of 150.000.000 pounds. So, I don’t think
we can meet their demand with such a low production.

General Manager
Gentlemen, I really appreciate your contributions, but could I ask you to take a
final decision now? Perhaps we could hear your suggestion Mr. Hiram?

Finance Manager
Well, I think we can borrow money to buy new machinery. Production will
double then, and we may even seek other markets.

Comprehension

A- Choose the best alternative.

1- Evaluate their plans:
a- Decide how much profit they have made.
b- Decide how much loss they have made.
c- Find out what worked and what didn’t work in their planning.

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 2- Attain objectives:
a- Find objectives.
b- Realize objectives.
c- Go beyond objectives.
3- Dismissed:
a- Allowed to go.
b- Recruited.
c- Sent away.
4- Foreman:
a- A representative with a good experience.
b- An experienced worker who directs a group of workers.
c- An inexperienced worker who evaluates production.
5- For the lack of punctuality:
a- Because the foreman is always absent.
b- Because he does not control the other workers.
c- Because he does not come in time.
6- Wages:
a- Payment for work.
b- Help by a company.
c- What you pay each month.
7- Increase:
a- Become acceptable.
b- Become strong.
c- Become unimportant.
B- Say if the following statements are true or false.
1- The general meeting is held once a year.
2- The finance manager believes that if the bank lends them money, they can
increase production.
3- According to the production manager, production has increased as a result of
workers’ satisfaction.
C- Answer the following questions.
1- What does Mr. Smith do?
2- Production has increased by 15%. Is it a very good result? Why?
3- Why has absenteeism decreased?

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 Insurance

The causes of loss or damage may be naturel or human. Such risks can be fully
or partly covered by insurance companies which use statistics to determine the risk
of accidents and their cost. Then they calculate the premiums accordingly. Actuaries
are employed to determine premiums.

As far as a life insurance is concerned, they use and study actuarial tables so as
to estimate the number of years a person is likely to live. Therefore the older a
person, the higher the premium. However premiums are cheaper for a term
insurance. An example of this type of insurance is mortgage insurance. It covers the
period during which a person is paying the mortgage on a house or any other
property. An annuity insurance is form which has become popular. A person may
want to secure an extra income after retirement. Each month he pays part of his
wages to an insurance company. Once he retires, that company provides him, or his
beneficiaries, with an additional income.

Firms are meant to pay social security insurance. Those that fail to do so can
get into serious trouble with the law. Another type of mandatory insurance includes
workers compensation and unemployment insurance. The former is meant to protect
employees in case of injuries, sickness, or death on the job. The latter provides
support payment for employees who are unable to work.

Today it is rare to find a firm that pays 100% of employees’ insurance

premium. Many require their employees’ contribution so as to reduce the firm’s
expenses.

Comprehension

A. Answer the following questions.

1- What types of insurance are mentioned in the text?

2- Why is a term insurance less expensive than the other types?
3- Why do people pay insurance on mortgage?
4- Di you think an annuity insurance is a good idea? Why?
5- What happens in case a firm doesn’t pay social security insurance?
6- “The latter” is underlined in the text. What does it refer to?
7- Why don’t firms pay 100% of employee insurance?

B. Decide which of the following damage is natural and which is human.

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Damage Human Natural

1- A house collapsed because of heavy rains.

2- 25 employees died in a road accident
3- Crops worth $30.000 were destroyed because of a
drought
4- A bank was robbed: $30.579 was stolen.
5- A forest fire was the cause of devastation of a near-
by farm.
6- A large number of cattie died after a disease swept
through the country.
7- A number of banks and factories were reduced to
rubble after an earthquake.

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 Taxation

A government’s revenue is tax which is collected in order to be spent on

public services such as hospitals, roads, and schools.

People are taxed according to their income. Large incomes are usually taxed at
a higher tax than smaller ones. However not all an individual’s income is taxable?
Citizens are allowed to earn a limited amount without being taxed. This is referred to
as tax exemption or tax allowance. Any amount that goes beyond that specific level is
taxable income. The idea is to avoid harming people with a low income.

Taxes are either direct or indirect. A direct tax is one which is paid straight to
the government.it includes taxes on rentals. An indirect tax is paid by producers and
traders but is added to the cost of products (tobacco, sugar, tea ….). Obviously it is
the consumer who actually pays it whenever he buys any product. A form of indirect
tax is value added tax (TVA).

When the rate of taxation remains the same, even if one’s income is high, it is
called a called progressive tax.

Tax rates differ from one country to another. In some cases a tax holiday is
provided as an investment incentive for foreign forms. Tax holiday are longer in
developing countries which, being unable to become industrialized, seek foreign
investment. Some countries like Switzerland and Luxembourg enjoy a good
commercial and financial activity. These are known as haven areas where taxes are
low if not non-existent.

Comprehension

A. Answer the following question.

1- What’s the aim if collecting taxes?

2- What’s a tax-exempt income?
3- Why aren’t all incomes taxable?
4- Which do you think is more democratic? A proportional tax or a progressive
one?
5- What’s the benefit of a tax holiday? Who benefits from it?
6- Do developed countries offer tax holidays? Why?
7- Why are taxes very low in tax haven areas?

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 Grammar
I. Simple present

Affirmative form Negative form Interrogative form

I look I don’t look Do I look?
You look You don’t look Do you look?
He looks He doesn’t look Does he look?
She looks She doesn’t look Does she look?
It looks It doesn’t look Does it look?
We look We don’t look Do we look?
You look You don’t look Do you look?
They look They don’t look Do they look?

Signal words: (always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, rarely, normally,

generally, occasionally, on Sundays, at weekends….)
Use:
1- We use the simple present to express habitual actions.
 I always play Football.
 He goes to visit his parents on Sundays
 Sara plays tennis every week.
2- We use the simple present to talk about facts.
 The Earth turns around Sun.
 Air consists of Oxygen and Nitrogen.
 Policemen keep the peace.
 In Europe, the weather is cold in winter

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II. Present continuous

Affirmative form Negative form Interrogative form

I am looking I am not looking Am I looking?
You are looking You are not looking Are you looking?
He is looking He is not looking Is he looking?
She is looking She is not looking Is she looking?
It is looking It is not looking Is it looking?
We are looking We are not looking Are we looking?
You are looking You are not looking Are you looking?
They are looking They are not looking Are they looking?

Signal words: (now, just now, right now, at present, this week, this month, still, at
the moment, look! Listen! …)

Use:
The present continuous is used to talk about actions happening at the time of
speaking.
 It is raining now.
 I am reading an interesting book at the moment.
 Look! Jimmy is climbing over the wall.

Exercise: Put the verbs into the correct tense (simple present or present
progressive).
1- Look! He (leave) ……..the house.
2- She usually (walk)……. to school.
3- But look! Today she (go)……. by bike.
4- Every Sunday we (go) .…… to see my grandparents.
5- He often (go) …… to the cinema.
6- The child seldom (cry) ………
7- I (not / do) ………….. anything at the moment.
8- Peter (watch) ……….. the news regularly.
9- Every Monday, Sally (drive) ………. her kids to football practice.
10- I usually (work) as a Waiter, but this summer I (study) ……… French at a
language school in Paris.

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III. Simple Past

Affirmative form Negative form Interrogative form

I looked I did not look Did I look?
You looked You did not look Did you look?
He looked He did not look Did he look?
She looked She did not look Did she look?
It looked It did not look Did it look?
We looked We did not look Did we look?
You looked You did not look Did you look?
They looked They did not look Did they look?

Signal words: (yesterday, ago, an hour ago, in 1990, last week, last month, the other
day, Conditional type 2…)
Use:
The simple past is used to talk about finished actions in a finished period of time.
 Yesterday evening I played tennis with a friend.
 I started taking tennis lessons last year.
 I saw Ahmed in town a few weeks ago.

Exercise: Complete the sentences using the following verbs in the correct form.
(Buy, catch, cost, fall, hurt, book, spend, take, throw, write.)
1- Mozart……………. more than 600 pieces of music.
2- We ……… two rooms.
3- Dave …………down the stairs this morning and ……. his leg.
4- He …………. his children from school.
5- Jim………. the ball to Kate, who ……………it.
6- Ann ……………. a lot of money yesterday. She ………. a dress which …….600
DH.

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IV. Past continuous

Affirmative form Negative form Interrogative form

I was looking I was not looking Was I looking?
You were looking You were not looking Were you looking?
He was looking He was not looking Was he looking?
She was looking She was not looking Was she looking?
It was looking It was not looking Was it looking?
We were looking We were not looking Were we looking?
You were looking You were not looking Were you looking?
They were looking They were not looking Were they looking?

Signal words: (while, when, as ...)

Use:
We often use the past simple and the past continuous together to say that
something happened in the middle of something else.
 Matt phoned me while we were having dinner.
 When Karen arrived, we were having Lunch.
 As I was working in the Garden, I hurt my back.

Exercise: Put the verb into the correct form, past continuous or simple past.
1- He (sit) …… in a café when I (see) ……. him.
2- When I (go) ……. out the sun (shine) ……….
3- When the war (begin) …………. we (live) ………. in London.
4- The light (go out) ………. while I (have) ………… tea.
5- My friends (sing) ……… when I (come) ………… into the room.
6- While you (play) ……… the piano I (write) ………. a letter.
7- when his wife (arrive) ……… Charlie (watch) ………... television.
8- Amanda (meet) ………peter while she (walk) ………. Through the park.

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V. Present perfect

Affirmative form Negative form Interrogative form

I have looked I have not looked Have I looked
You have looked You have not looked Have you looked
He has looked He has not looked Has he looked
She has looked She has not looked Has she looked
It has looked It has not looked Has it looked
We have looked We have not looked Have we looked
You have looked You have not looked Have you looked
They have looked They have not looked Have they looked

Signal words: (Already, yet, just, ever, never, many times, recently, so far, up to now,
, the first …)
Use:
The present perfect tense is used to describe an action that happened in the past, but
the exact time it happened is not important.
 “Are you hungry?” no ‘I have just had lunch’.
 “Don’t forget to mail the letter?” ‘I have already mailed it’.
 Have you ever eaten caviar? No, I have never eaten it.
 I have seen James recently.
 Everything is going well. We haven’t had any problem so far.
 I haven’t finished yet.

Exercise: Use the verb in the brackets to form the sentences.

1- Would you like something to eat? No thanks I ……………. (just / eat) lunch.
2- What time is David leaving? He.................... (already / leave).
3- What is in the Newspaper today? I don’t know, I………. (not / read /) it yet.
4- Is sally going to the cinema with us? No, she ……………… (already / see / the /
film).
5-Are your friends here yet? Yes, they…………………… (just / arrive).

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VI. Present perfect continuous

Affirmative form Negative form Interrogative form

I have been looking I have not been looking Have I been looking?
You have been looking You have not been looking Have you been looking?
He has been looking He has not been looking Has he been looking?
She has been looking She has not been looking Has she been looking?
It has been looking It has not been looking Has it been looking?
We have been looking We have not been looking Have we been looking?
You have been looking You have not been looking Have you been looking?
They have been looking They have not been looking Have they been looking?

Signal words: How long? All (day, night, week…), for 4 years, since 1993, the whole
(week, month, year …)
Use:
We use the present perfect continuous for an activity which began in the past and
has continued to the present.
It began raining two hours ago, and it is still raining, so it has been raining for two
hours.
 How long have you been watching TV, I have been watching TV since 8: 30.
 She has been waiting for the bus since 6: 00.
 She has been studying at the institution for two years.

Exercises:
A- Put the verbs into the correct tense (Present Perfect Simple or Present Perfect
Progressive)
1- I (play) …………… football for five years.
2- My team (win) ………… two matches so far.
3- Are we not there yet? We (walk) ……………. for hours.
4- I (just/finish/) …………………. my homework.
5- I (work) ………………. on this essay since two o'clock.
6- How long (wait / you) …………………. for us?

B- Supply the most suitable tense (Present, past, or present perfect).

1- She (go) ………. away every weekend.
2- He (go) …………. abroad last week.

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3- No, he isn’t here. He (just /go) ………………. out.
4- This boy never (see) ……………… the sea.
5- When I (see) …………… you yesterday, you (sit) …………. outside a café.
6- Agatha (write) ……………. a letter now.

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VII. Past perfect

Affirmative form Negative form Interrogative form

I had looked I had not looked Had I looked?
You had looked You had not looked Had you looked?
He had looked He had not looked Had he looked?
She had looked She had not looked Had she looked?
It had looked It had not looked Had it looked?
We had looked We had not looked Had we looked?
You had looked You had not looked Had you looked?
They had looked They had not looked Had they looked?

Signal words: (already, just, never…. when, as soon as, as, the moment, before,
after…)
Use:
We use the past perfect to talk about two actions in the past, one preceded the
other.
 Sarah went to a party last week. Paul went to the party too, but they didn’t see
each other. Paul left the party at 10:30; whereas, Sarah came at 11o’clock.,.So :
When Sarah arrived at the party , Paul had gone home.
 When we got home last night, we found that someone had broken into the flat.
 As soon as I got to the station, the train had gone.
 He got an answer, after he had sent a complaint.

Exercises:
A- Complete the sentences using present perfect or past perfect.
1- Who is that man? I ………………. (never /see) him before.
2- I didn’t know who he was, I…………. (never /see) him before.
3- We aren’t hungry. We …………. . (just / eat) lunch.
4- We weren’t hungry. ………………We (just /eat) lunch.
B- Put the verbs into the correct tense (simple past or past perfect simple).

1-Jimmy (tell) …………. us about the film that he (see) ………….

2-We (find) …………. the mobile phone that Marlin (lose) ………….
3-He (sing) ……………. a song that I (hear / never) ………………. before.
4-Cathrine (open) the window that I (close / just) …………….
5-When James (try) ……… to ring us, we (leave / already) ………. the house.

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6-The children (clean) …………… the board they had used to do the grammar
exercises.

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VIII. List of irregular verbs

to awake awoke awoken (se) réveiller

to bear bore borne supporter
to beat beat beaten battre
to become became become devenir
to begin began begun commencer
to bend bent bent (se) courber
to bet bet bet parier
to bid bid bid offrir (un prix)
to bind bound bound lier, relier
to bite bit bitten mordre
to bleed bled bled saigner
to blow blew blown souffler
to break broke broken casser
to breed bred bred élever (du bétail)
to bring brought brought apporter
to build built built construire
to burn burnt burnt brûler
to burst burst burst éclater
to buy bought bought acheter
to cast cast cast jeter
to catch caught caught attraper
to choose chose chosen choisir
to cling clung clung s'accrocher
to come came come venir
to cost cost cost coûter
to creep crept crept ramper
to cut cut cut couper
to deal dealt dealt distribuer
to dig dug dug creuser
to do did done faire
to draw drew drawn dessiner
to dream dreamt dreamt rêver
to drink drank drunk boire

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to drive drove driven conduire
to dwell dwelt dwelt habiter
to eat ate eaten manger
to fall fell fallen tomber
to feed fed fed nourrir
to feel felt felt sentir, éprouver
to fight fought fought combattre
to find found found trouver
to flee fled fled s'enfuir
to fling flung flung jeter violemment
to fly flew flown voler
to forbid forbade forbidden interdire
to forget forgot forgotten oublier
to forgive forgave forgiven pardonner
to freeze froze frozen geler
to get got got obtenir
to give gave given donner
to go went gone aller
to grind ground ground moudre
to grow grew grown grandir
to hang hung hung pendre, accrocher
to have had had avoir
to hear heard heard entendre
to hide hid hidden (se) cacher
to hit hit hit frapper, atteindre
to hold held held tenir
to hurt hurt hurt blesser
to keep kept kept garder
to kneel knelt knelt s'agenouiller
to know knew known savoir, connaître
to lay laid laid poser à plat
to lead led led mener
to lean leant leant s'appuyer
to leap leapt leapt sauter
to learn learnt learnt apprendre
to leave left left laisser, quitter

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to lend lent lent prêter
to let let let permettre, louer
to lie lay lain être étendu
to light lit lit allumer
to lose lost lost perdre
to make made made faire, fabriquer
to mean meant meant signifier
to meet met met (se) rencontrer
to pay paid paid payer
to put put put mettre
to quit quit quit cesser (de)
to read read read lire
to rid rid rid débarrasser
to ride rode ridden chevaucher
to ring rang rung sonner
to rise rose risen s'élever, se lever
to run ran run courir
to saw sawed sawn scier
to say said said dire
to see saw seen voir
to seek sought sought chercher
to sell sold sold vendre
to send sent sent envoyer
to set set set fixer
to sew sewed sewn coudre
to shake shook shaken secouer
to shear sheared shorn tondre (des moutons)
to shed shed shed verser (des larmes)
to shine shone shone briller
to shoe shod shod ferrer, chausser
to shoot shot shot tirer
to show showed shown montrer
to shrink shrank shrunk rétrécir
to shut shut shut fermer
to sing sang sung chanter
to sink sank sunk couler

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to sit sat sat être assis
to sleep slept slept dormir
to slide slid slid glisser
to sling slung slung lancer (avec force)
to slink slunk slunk aller furtivement
to slit slit slit fendre, inciser
to smell smelt smelt sentir (odorat)
to sow sowed sown semer
to speak spoke spoken parler
to speed sped sped aller à toute vitesse
to spell spelt spelt épeler
to spend spent spent dépenser
to spill spilt spilt renverser (un liquide)
to spit spat spat cracher
to split split split fendre
to spoil spoilt spoilt gâcher, gâter
to spread spread spread répandre
to spring sprang sprung jaillir, bondir
to stand stood stood être debout
to steal stole stolen voler, dérober
to stick stuck stuck coller
to sting stung stung piquer
to stink stank stunk puer
to stride strode stridden marcher à grands pas
to strike struck struck frapper
to string strung strung enfiler, tendre (une corde)
to strive strove striven s'efforcer
to swear swore sworn jurer
to sweep swept swept balayer
to swell swelled swollen enfler
to swim swam swum nager
to swing swung swung se balancer
to take took taken prendre
to teach taught taught enseigner
to tear tore torn déchirer
to tell told told dire, raconter

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to think thought thought penser
to throw threw thrown jeter
to thrust thrust thrust enfoncer
to tread trod trodden fouler aux pieds
to understand understood understood comprendre
to wake woke woken (se) réveiller
to wear wore worn porter (des vêtements)
to weave wove woven tisser
to weep wept wept pleurer
to win won won gagner
to wind wound wound enrouler
to wring wrung wrung tordre
to write wrote written écrire

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