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INTRODUCTION
Sodium is essential for fluid balance and cellular homeostasis. Claude Bernard was the first to highlight the “milieu intérieur.” Walter
Cannon more explicitly defined homeostasis when he referred to the "fluid matrix" of the body and emphasized the role of sodium (1).
In the last several decades, there has been a tremendous amount of work exploring dietary sodium and health. The amount of sodium
needed to maintain homeostasis in adults is exceedingly low (<500 mg) compared to the average intake of most Americans (>3,200
mg)(2). We review the effects of dietary sodium on blood pressure (BP) and outcomes, emphasizing that excess sodium has direct
adverse effects on target organs, beyond the increased risk of hypertension (HTN). We also review strategies for reducing sodium.
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