Module 1 Properties of Matter and its Various Forms

Both you and the speck of dust consist of atoms of matter. So does the ground beneath your
feet. In fact, everything you can see and touch is made of matter. The only things that aren’t matter are
forms of energy, such as light and sound. Although forms of energy are not matter, the air and other
substances they travel through are. So what is matter? Matter is defined as anything that has mass and
volume.

Mass is the amount of matter in a substance or object. Mass is commonly measured with a
balance. The more matter an object contains, generally the more it weighs.

However, weight is not the same thing as mass. Weight is a measure of the force of gravity
pulling on an object.

The amount of space matter takes up is its volume. How the volume of matter is measured
depends on its state.

All substances have special properties by which they can be identified. For instance, substances
have unique colors, densities, and boiling points. They also behave in unique ways with other
substances. For example, they may react with air, water, or acids. In chemistry, we study these
properties and use them to identify and categorize matter.

Lesson Outline:

1.1 Identification and Classification of Matter

1.2 Chemical Formula of Common Chemical Substances
1.3 Comparing Consumer Product.
1.4 Methods of Separating Components of Mixtures and Compounds

Reminders:

a. for the Parent/s: Please be involved in helping your child stay focused on his modules.
Assist him/her only as much as they need because the module is intended to be student
centered.
b. for the Student: Please answer the module honestly and make sure it is your own output.
You may ask assistance from your teacher or parent ONLY if needed. You will not learn
if you engage in dishonesty or plagiarism. (You may add instructions if needed)
Lesson 1.1 Identification and Classification of Matter
Learning Outcome(s): Use properties of matter to identify substances and to separate them

If we are to find the meaning of the word property, it means characteristics, traits or qualities.
This only means that properties of matter are about the observable characteristics, traits or qualities of
matter.

Properties are the distinguishing characteristics that we use to identify different samples of
matter. We can recognize different substances by their properties.

Properties of Matter
1. Physical property

This refers to the characteristic or trait of matter that can be observed or perceived with our senses
easily without changing its chemical composition.

Examples: area, volume, boiling point, freezing point, melting point, color, density, hardness,
softness, length, luster, malleability, smell, temperature, viscosity, and heat conductivity.

Physical properties of matter is further classified into two. These are; ( 1 ) intensive physical
property and ( 2 ) extensive physical property.

A. Intensive Physical Property

This is the characteristic or trait of matter that does not depend on the amount.

Examples : temperature, malleability, diffusion

and ductility , color, taste, melting point, boiling
point, density, luster, hardness

Ductility is the ability of substance to be

stretched into wire. A very good example of this
property is found in the strings of the guitar or
wires inside the electrical connections.

Malleability is the ability of substance to be hammered or transformed into thin sheet. This
can be seen among metals like bracelet, tin cans and metallic roofs of our houses.
 Diffusion is the ability of matter to be scattered or spread out. This can be observed when
you add ink into the water. The ink will mix to the water even without stirring it.

B. Extensive Physical Property

It is the characteristic or trait of matter which is dependent on the amount or quantity.

This means that if the amount of matter or particles is increased, it may cause change in the
size, mass, volume, density, length and width of an object.

Examples: size, mass, volume, density, length and width.

2. Chemical Property

This is the characteristic or trait that can be observed when a matter reacts to another substance.

Examples : Combustibility/flammability and oxidation like rusting

Matter can be classified into two:
Pure substances and mixtures.

I. Pure Substance
These are forms of matter that have the same properties throughout, and have a definite and
unchanging chemical composition. This means that the substance is the same no matter where it is
found. Salt, water, and aluminum are all substances because their composition is the same no
matter you find them. All elements and compounds are substances

a. Elements
Are substances that are made up of only one type of atom. They cannot be further separated into
simpler substances. Atoms are made up of smaller particles, but they are not broken down by
ordinary chemical means.

b. Compounds
Are substances that are made up of two or more than one type of atom. These can be separated
into two or more simpler substances by ordinary chemical reactions. Water, for example, is made up
of hydrogen and oxygen atoms.

II. Mixture
Mixtures are made up of two or more
substances that are physically combined.
Examples of mixtures in nature are soil, blood,
air, milk, and rocks.

a. Heterogeneous Mixtures These mixtures

are made up of more than one phase or of
different parts that can be separated
physically. The different components are
visibly distinguishable from one another. A
chocolate chip cookie, a piece of quartz containing a vein of gold, granite and oil and vinegar are
some examples of heterogeneous mixtures.

b. Homogeneous Mixtures They have only one phase, or have a uniform appearance throughout,
and any portion of sample has the same properties and composition. Solutions, like salt water
and rubbing alcohol, are considered homogeneous because they are in one phase.
c. Solution- It is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances in variable composition. This
means that every portion of the solution is the same as any other portion. The parts of the
solution are physically, not chemically combined. Solutions are made up of two parts: the solute,
that which gets dissolved, and the solvent, which does the dissolving. In the case of saltwater,
salt is the solute and the water is the solvent.
Lesson 1.2: Chemical Formula of Common
Chemical Substances
Learning Outcome(s): Recognize the formulas of common chemical substances.

Food, medicine and other product labels may sometime confuse you on the ingredients or
materials that contain them because these are written in their chemical formula form. These formulas
are often alien to us because of our lack of understanding or idea about chemical formula. Most of the
time, we associate chemical formulas for scientists or chemists only. That is why some people tend to
lose interest on trying to understand the meaning of a chemical formula because to them as ordinary
persons, this thing is not important and just a waste of time if they will study it.

` But because of the changing society coupled with information explosion, it is important to us to
grasp an idea on how to interpret a chemical formula, and become acquainted with common formulas
which we usually encounter every day. This module will discuss the meaning of a given chemical formula
as well as the formula of some common chemical substances

Chemical Formula
If we are to study the meaning of chemical formula, two words are involved namely chemical
and formula. Chemical refers to a compound or substance while formula refers to the symbolic
expression. Thus, a chemical formula is a symbolic expression of a compound or substance. It is also
described as shorthand of expressing the types and the number of atoms in a substance.
Example, CO2 is the chemical formula of a substance known as carbon dioxide

CO2, the said substance is made up of two types of atoms, these are carbon and oxygen. This is
because the formula has two different letters that are written in capital form; C and O. The capital letter
is known as chemical symbol that represents a certain substance known as element.

The chemical formula also tells the number of each type of atom and the central atom of the
molecule specifically if it is not a diatomic molecule. The first chemical symbol written at the right side of
the formula tells us that it is the central atom, or the atom located at the center of the molecule. So, for
CO2, since C is the first letter of the chemical formula, the C which is the carbon atom is the central
atom. If the letter is the chemical symbol that represents an element, the subscript represents the
number of atom in the chemical formula. In CO2, the subscript of oxygen is 2 while carbon is 1. Even
though there is no number 1 indicated after letter C in CO2, it is presumed that there is one. So the
number after the letter refers to its number of atoms.

Other examples of common chemical substances

 G
eneralization
Physical property This refers to the characteristic or trait of matter that can be observed or perceived
with our senses easily without changing its chemical composition.

Intensive Physical Property This is the characteristic or trait of matter that does not depend on the
amount.

Extensive Physical Property It is the characteristic or trait of matter which is dependent on the amount
or quantity.

Chemical Property This is the characteristic or trait that can be observed when a matter reacts to
another substance

Pure Substance These are forms of matter that have the same properties throughout, and have a
definite and unchanging chemical composition.

Elements Are substances that are made up of only one type of atom

Compounds Are substances that are made up of two or more than one type of atom.

Mixtures are made up of two or more substances that are physically combined
Heterogeneous Mixtures These mixtures are made up of more than one phase or of different parts that
can be separated physically

Homogeneous Mixtures They have only one phase, or have a uniform appearance throughout, and any
portion of sample has the same properties and composition

Solution- It is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances in variable composition. This means
that every portion of the solution is the same as any other portion

A chemical formula is a symbolic expression of a compound or substance

Lesson1.3 Comparing Consumer Product.
Learning Outcome(s): Comparing consumer products on the basis of their components for use, safety,
quality and cost.

Consumer Product
Consumer product is the final good that is bought by individuals or households for personal use.
In other words, consumer products are goods that are bought for consumption by the average
consumer

Consumer products were made possible because of the interactions of Science, Technology and
Society. The Knowledge (Science) is being used to come up with the different consumer products
(Technology) that address problems of the community (Society). For example, Bath soap (Technology) is
a consumer product which we usually use to solve a problem of the Society that is skin infection and
poor hygiene.

The Science, Technology and Society are interrelated to one another because any change in one
aspect could trigger also a change to other aspects. Meaning if Knowledge (Science) will improve due to
new or latest discoveries made by scientists or even an ordinary person (Society), there will be also a
corresponding effect or improvement to the consumer products (Technology) we use every day.

There are many consumer products available in the market because of their usefulness.
However, the same consumer products may post danger to anyone. Now, when is a consumer product
may cause danger if it is very useful to us? A consumer product may cause harm to us for two reasons.
First is when we abuse or misuse such product. A good example of this would be the solvent like rugby
that was invented to use as an adhesive material. But for some instances, the same solvent is being used
by drug dependent. And secondly is if a consumer product was made intended to cause harm such as
gun powder and poisons.

Let us analyze the table below that shows information of bath soap in terms of its some
chemical components, use, safeness, and cost.

Based from the table, some of the chemical components used to make bath soap are glycerine,
sodium hydroxide and titanium dioxide. Glycerine is added to soap as emollient and texture enhancer
while sodium hydroxide is added to bath soap to as main ingredient. Titanium dioxide is added to make
the bath soap opaque while Triclosan is added as the active anti-bacterial ingredient.
Lesson 1.4 Methods of Separating Components of
Mixtures and Compounds
Learning Outcome(s): Describe various simple separation techniques such as distillation,
chromatography etc…

Method of Separating Components of Mixtures

If we are to study the meaning of method of separating components of mixtures and compound,
we need to determine first the meaning of important concepts. First is method which is describe as
procedure, process, way or technique. Second is the separate which means to move, segregate or keep
apart. Third is component which means constituent, section or a part of a larger whole. And lastly is the
word mixture which means a substance produced when two or more pure substances are put together
in any proportion without a chemical union. Thus, method of separating components of mixtures is a
procedure or process of segregating or moving the constituent or part of a substance which is made up
of two or more pure substances.

Since mixtures are combined through physical means, their components can also be separated through
physical methods, which rely in the physical properties of the components. The following are common
ways to separate the components of mixture.

Filtration It is the process of separating the insoluble solid from the liquid substance by allowing the
liquid to pass through a porous material called filtering
agent. The solid particles which are retained in the filter
paper is called residue, and the clear liquid which passes
through a filtering agent such as filter paper is called the
filtrate. In using a filter paper, a glass funnel is used as a
support. To transfer the mixture (liquid) from the beaker
into the funnel, you have to mix thoroughly the mixture
using a stirring rod so that no solid substance will be left
behind. A stirring rod may also be used to guide the
mixture into the funnel to avoid spillage especially if the
said funnel is too small. See to it also that the filter paper is
not damaged before using it.
Distillation This is a process that involves the
evaporation and condensation of a liquid solvent from a
mixture or solution. This method uses the difference in
boiling points of the components of a mixture. The more
volatile liquid in the mixture boils first, evaporates, then
condenses. The distillate is the liquid formed from the
condensation of the vapor. Content of the container should
always be checked to avoid drying up of the said
container.

Decantation This is a method used to separate the liquid layer known as supernatant and a heavy
insoluble solid known as precipitate by allowing the said solid to settle at the bottom of the container
then the liquid above the solid is poured off carefully into another container. In decantation process, the
mixture is being set aside and given enough time the
precipitate to settle at the bottom of the container such
as a beaker. Unlike the filtration process where you can
immediately pour the mixture into the funnel, you have to
wait all the precipitate to settle at the bottom of the
container before the actual pouring can be done. In the
decantation process, you have to pour the liquids into
another container very slowly. A stirring rod may also be
used to guide the liquid into another container to avoid
spillage especially if the said container is too small. In
checking the temperature of a container such as beaker,
you may use the back part of your hand to determine it
hotness. Do not immediately touch the container
Mechanical Separation This involves the use of forceps, sieves, magnet and other similar
tools to separate the components of mixtures. Sand and gravel are separated by passing the mixture
over a wire screen. In the mechanical separation, the involved substances are mostly solids that can be
separated manually. Below is an illustration of a sieve that separate two solid which are the sand and
the gravel. It may look like filtration, but the device used in this process is not porous.

Centrifugation It is the process that uses a motor device known as centrifuge that speeds up the
settling of the precipitate using centrifugal or rotating motion. As the mixture inside the test tube of the
centrifuge is subjected to centrifugal force, the heavier component settles at the bottom and the less
dense component settles at the upper portion. Example of this is the separating the components of
blood which include the plasma, buffy coat and the blood cells. In using the centrifuge, the number of
the test tube inside should have equal distances and the cover of the centrifuge should be tightly
covered to avoid any untoward incident
Chromatography This process uses the difference in the degrees to which substances are
absorbed on the surface of an inert substance such as a filter paper. A drop of ink or extract will be
separated into different components if it is placed at the end of a filter paper and the tip of the paper is
allowed to barely touch the solvent. Separate bands of colors, representing the different components
will appear on the paper. In doing this process, the filter paper should ensure the touching of the solvent

Electrolysis This is a chemical decomposition or breakdown produced by passing an electric

current through a liquid or solution containing ions. Example of this is the separation of oxygen atom to
the hydrogen atoms from the water molecules. In doing this method, the positive and negative
electrodes should be submerged completely in the liquid to effectively separate the ions.
Generalization
Consumer product is the final good that is bought by individuals or households for personal use. In other
words, consumer products are goods that are bought for consumption by the average consumer

A consumer product may cause harm to us for two reasons. First is when we abuse or misuse such
product. A good example of this would be the solvent like rugby that was invented to use as an adhesive
material. But for some instances, the same solvent is being used by drug dependent. And secondly is if a
consumer product was made intended to cause harm such as gun powder and poisons

Filtration It is the process of separating the insoluble solid from the liquid substance by allowing the
liquid to pass through a porous material called filtering agent.

Distillation This is a process that involves the evaporation and condensation of a liquid solvent from a
mixture or solution.

Decantation This is a method used to separate the liquid layer known as supernatant and a heavy
insoluble solid known as precipitate by allowing the said solid to settle at the bottom of the container
then the liquid above the solid is poured off carefully into another container

Mechanical Separation This involves the use of forceps, sieves, magnet and other similar tools to
separate the components of mixtures

Centrifugation It is the process that uses a motor device known as centrifuge that speeds up the settling
of the precipitate using centrifugal or rotating motion.

Chromatography This process uses the difference in the degrees to which substances are absorbed on
the surface of an inert substance such as a filter paper

Electrolysis This is a chemical decomposition or breakdown produced by passing an electric

current through a liquid or solution containing ions
Reference
Learning Material/ Teaching Guide for General Chemistry 1 by Department of Education