National

Aeronautics and
Space
Administration

This is NASA

Space Shuttle Orbiter

Public Affairs Division

NASA Headquarters
Washington, D.C. 20546
 "THIS IS NASA"
AUGUST 1978
INDEX
AAAS. AIAA. AIA. ASAE. FAAST. NSI .
.See Supportive Organi-
........................................
zations 45
ADMINISTRATORS..Deputies. Acting ...............................
17
Administrator's statement ......................
5. 6
AERONAUTICS--Profile ........................................... 42
AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY--Office of (Hq) ...............
7
APPLICATIONS OF SPACE RESEARCH--Office of (Hq) .................
7.8
APPLICATIONS TECHNOLOGY SATELLITE (ATS-6)--Profile of ..........
40.41
APOLLO PROJECT--Cost ........................................... 26
........................................
History 24
President Kennedy National Goal Statement 24 ......
Mission Profiles Apollo 7-17. Crews. etc .......
31. 32
APOLLO SOYUZ TEST PROJECT (ASTP)--Joint U.S.-Soviet Mission
........................................
Profile 33
ASTRONAUTS--Total Selected. Minorities. Women. In Polities
BUDGET--See NASA ...............................................
25 .....
EARTH OBSERVATIONS--See Landsat ................................
ENERGY--NASA Programs. Department of Energy Relationship 42.......
FIRST LUNAR LANDING--See Apollo 11
"FIRSTS" U.S.-USSR
.............................
.................................... 31
Inside Back Cover
FUTURE OF NASA--See Administrator's Statement ..................
5. 6
GEMINI PROJECT--Gemini Missions 3-12. Crews. etc ...............
27.2 9-31
t:
INFORMATION SOURCES--See Servi es Information ..................
46.47
INVENTIONS/CONTRIBUTIONS ....................................... 46
LANDSAT--Mission Profile ....................................... 39.40
LAUNCH VEHICLES ................................................ 28
MANNED FLIGHT--See Mercury. Gemini. Apollo. Skylab. ASTP.
Space Shuttle..................................26-37
MARS--See Viking Project .......................................
MERCURY PROJECT--First manned missions. crews. etc
38.39
.............
27.29
MOON--See Apollo Missions. First Lunar Landing. Manned
.........................................
Flight
NACA--Predecessor to NASA. Background ..........................
1
NASA--Budget Data .............................................. 18-23
Established..............................................
First Flight (Explorer 1)
1
................................
1
Headquarters. Washington. DC 20546
History
.......................
..................................................
7
1-4
Research Centers ......................................... 8-10
Retrospect............................................... 2
Visitor Information Center Data ..........................
10-16
What's Ahead?............................................ 5. 6
PERSONNEL--See NASA Budget Data ................................
PHOTOGRAPHS--How To Obtain Official NASA Photographs ...........
47
PLANETS. OUTER--See Voyager ....................................
ROCKETS--See Launch Vehicles ...................................
SERVICES (INFORMATION)--Reading Room. Publications. Speakers.
SBA Contracts. Films. Employment. Exhibits ....
46.47
SKYLAB PROJECT--Mission Profiles. Crews. etc ...................
32
SOUVENIRS--Mission Patches. Maps. Badges. Models. Globes.
Decals. etc ....................................47
SPACE ACT--Enactment of ........................................ 1
SPACE SCIENCE--Office of (Hq) ..................................8
SPACE SETTLEMENTS--Also Space Manufacturing. Clusters. Solar
Power Satellites ...............................
44.45
SPACE SHUTTLE--Project Profile. ALT. Crews. "Passengers." etc
SPACE TELESCOPE--Project for Future
34-37
............................
6
..
SPACE TRANSPORTATION--See Office of (Hq) .......................
8
TECHNOLOGY UTILIZATION--See Office of Aeronautics and Space
Technology.....................................
TRACKING AND DATA ACQUISITION--See Office of (Hq) ..............
8
VIKING PROJECT--Mission Profiles ...............................38. 39
VOYAGER PROJECT--Mission Data ..................................43.44
UNIDENTIFIED FLYING OBJECTS (UFOs)--NASA's Relationship to .....
47
UNMANNED SATELLITES ............................................
WHY EXPLORE SPACE?--Other Questions Answered
38-44
...................
48

NASA IS AN EQUAL OPPORTUNITY EMPLOYER

 THIS IS NASA

Twenty y e a r s a g o , on O c t o b e r 1, 1 9 5 8 , t h e N a t i o n a l Aero-
n a u t i c s and Space A d m i n i s t r a t i o n became a n i n d e p e n d e n t
c i v i l i a n a g e n c y under t h e E x e c u t i v e D e p a r t m e n t o f t h e Fed-
e r a l government. Its p r e d e c e s s o r w a s t h e N a t i o n a l Advisory
C o m m i t t e e f o r A e r o n a u t i c s , created March 3 , 1 9 1 5 , by P r e s i -
d e n t Woodrow W i l s o n . NACA, as i t was known b e f o r e b e i n g
absorbed by NASA, was t h e p r o d u c t of f a r - s i g h t e d men who
were c o n c e r n e d a b o u t t h e n a t i o n ' s t h e n - p r i m i t i v e s t a t e
of a v i a t i o n t e c h n o l o g y a s t h e n a t i o n s of E u r o p e were mov-
i n g a h e a d w i t h t h e a i r c r a f t a s a weapon f o r w o r l d War I .
A t K i t t y H a w k , NC, on December 1 7 , 1 9 0 3 , t h e W r i g h t B r o t h e r s
o f D a y t o n , OH, had f l o w n t h e i r f l i m s y - - b u t powered and
heavier-than-air--machine t o p u t t h e U.S. i n f r o n t i n aero-
n a u t i c s . N A C A ' s i m m e d i a t e t a s k was t o s u r v e y t h e s t a t e
o f t h e a r t and p u t t h e U.S. i n f r o n t a g a i n . The Army and
Navy s t e p p e d up r e s e a r c h and d e v e l o p m e n t and NACA b u i l t
i t s f i r s t research c e n t e r , L a n g l e y , a t Hamptonl VA, d e l a y e d
by w o r l d War I u n t i l 1 9 2 0 , as t h e f i r s t f a c i l i t y o f t h e
government t o c o o r d i n a t e a e r o n a u t i c a l r e s e a r c h i n t h e c i v i l
and m i l i t a r y sectors. NACA, a l o n g w i t h o t h e r c o n c e r n e d
government and p r i v a t e a g e n c i e s , was d o i n g i t s j o b impres-
s i v e l y . But i t , w i t h t h e r e s t of t h e world, w a s j o l t e d
on O c t o b e r 4 , 1 9 5 7 , when t h e S o v i e t Union s u c c e s s f u l l y
o r b i t e d S p u t n i k 1. The U.S. was a l r e a d y engaged i n j e t -
rocket r e s e a r c h . But i t w a s n o t u n t i l J a n u a r y 31, 1958,
t h a t t h e U . S . s u c c e s s f u l l y p l a c e d Explorer 1 i n E a r t h or-
b i t . With a p a y l o a d of 14 k i l o g r a m s , Explorer 1 n o n e t h e -
l e s s r e v e a l e d , t h r o u g h an e x p e r i m e n t a b o a r d , t h e e x i s t e n c e
of a d e n s e b e l t o f r a d i a t i o n a r o u n d t h e E a r t h a t 965 k i l o -
meters a l t i t u d e - - t h e Van A l l e n b e l t .
Meanwhile, i n t h o s e t e n s e m o n t h s , b o t h c o n s e n s u s and compe-
t i t i o n had been f o r m i n g on t h e p o l i t i c a l f r o n t : c o n s e n s u s
t h a t a n a t i o n a l augmented space p r o g r a m w a s e s s e n t i a l ;
c o m p e t i t i o n as t o who would r u n s u c h a p r o g r a m , i n what
form, w i t h what p r i o r i t i e s . The D e p a r t m e n t o f D e f e n s e ,
w i t h i t s component m i l i t a r y s e r v i c e s , w a s a n o b v i o u s f r o n t

1
2

runner. The Atomic Energy Commission, already working

with nuclear warheads and nuclear propulsion, had some
congressional support, particularly in the Joint Committee
on Atomic Energy. And there was NACA.
NACA had devoted more and more of its facilities, budget,
and expertise to missile research in the mid and late 1950's.
Under the skillful leadership of James H. Doolittle, Chair-
man, and Hugh L. Dryden, Director, the strong NACA research
team had come up with a solid, long-term, scientifically
based proposal for a blend of aeronautic and space research.
Its concept for manned spaceflight, for example, envisioned
a ballistic-shaped spacecraft with a blunt reentry shape,
backed by a world-encircling tracking system, and equipped
with dual automatic and manual controls that would enable
the astronaut gradually to take over more and more af the
flying of his spacecraft. Also, NACA offered reassuring
experience of long, close working relationships with the
military services in solving their research problems, while
at the same time translating the resarch into civil appli-
cations. But NACA's greatest political.asset'was its peace-
ful, research-oriented image. President Eisenhower and
Senator Johnson and others in Congress were united in want-
ing above all to avoid projecting cold-war tensions into
the new arena of outer space.
By March 1958 the consensus in Washington had jelled.
The Administration position--largely credited to James
R. Killian, in the new post of President's Special Assistant
for Science and Technology--the findings of Johnson's Senate
Preparedness Subcommittee, and the NACA proposal converged.
America needed a national space program. The military
component would of course be under DoD. But a civil com-
ponent, lodged in a new agency, technologically and scienti-
fically based, would pick up certain of the existing space
projects and forge an expanded program of space exploration
in close concert with the military. All these concepts
fed into draft legislation. On April 2, 1958, the Adminis-
tration bill for establishing a National Aeronautics and
Space Agency was submitted to Congress; both Houses had
already established select space committees; debate ensued,
a number of refinements were introduced, mostly by (then
Senate Majority Leader) Lyndon B. Johnson; and on July
29, 1958, President Eisenhower signed into law P.L. 85-
568, the National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958.
The Act established a broad charter for civilian aeronautical
and space research, with unique requirements for dissemination
of information; absorbed the existing NACA into the new
 3

organization as its nucleus; and empowered broad transfers

from other government programs.
In August President Eisenhower had nominated T. Keith Glennan,
President of Case Institute of Technology and former Commis-
sioner of the Atomic Energy Commission, to be the first
Administrator of the new organization, NASA, and Dryden
to be Deputy Administrator. Quickly confirmed by the Senate,
they were sworn in on August 19. Glennan reviewed the
planning efforts, approved most. Talks with the Advanced
Research Projects Agency (ARPA) identified the military
space programs that were space-science oriented and ob-
vious transfers to the new agency. A site was chosen--
two square kilometers of the Department of Agriculture's
research center in Maryland. In March 1961 the Robert
H. Goddard Space Flight Center (named for America's rocket
pioneer) was dedicated in Greenbelt, MD. NASA was on the
move.

Retrospect--20 Years of NASA

Where has NASA taken us? From the thin ribbon of Earth's
atmosphere to the edge of the solar system since its incep-
tion October 1, 1958. The Moon, Mars, Venus, Jupiter,
Saturn being explored. Pulsars, quasars, black holes--
all stunning clues to the lifestyle of the Universe. So-
lar flares, the solar corona, the internal structure of
the Sun, all of which have put new light on research to
harness energy on Earth. Quieter aircraft engines, the
supercritical wing, economies in fuel consumption of air-
craft. Vast improvements in worldwide communications,
weather prediction, crop inventories, improved knowledge
of oceanic ice movements, of fish migrations, of urban
development, of broad patterns of geological formations
relating to mineral deposits and earthquakes. An expanded
industrial and university capacity for high-caliber research
and development, high-performance workmanship; these are
some of the returns from the nation's investment in a civil-
ian aeronautics and space program undertaken two decades
ago.
Beyond these returns, which ones are the most noteworthy of
the less tangible but nonetheless real returns on the tax-
payers' dollars? The international space program, with
more than 80 nations involved in mutually beneficial aerospace
projects? The joint Soviet-American Apollo-Soyuz flight
which, for the time at least, straightened the tortuous
path of detente by its irrefutable need for, and achievement
4

of, significant cooperation? The longer-term import of

new insights from space sciences on origins of spacecraft
Earth, its mineral and energy resources, the fragility
of its thin atmospheric envelope?
And beyond the present and near future, what of the histori-
cal lessons? Where else in the twentieth-century history
of our nation is more clearly encapsulated our dangerous
national trait of international roulette--of a deep-seated
complacency that can be penetrated only by extreme challenge:
World War I and the too-late founding of NACA; World War
I1 and the belated threefold expansion of NACA; the Cold
War and scrambling from behind to NASA and Apollo?
The course of history tells us that new truths, once exposed,
defy turning back the clock. The door to aeronautics and
space has been opened. It can no more be slammed shut
than could the door opened by Gutenberg's printing press
or by gunpowder; by Galileo's telescope or by the steam
engine; by Pasteur's discovery of germs or by the unleash-
ing of nuclear energy. History impartially muses: who
will have the vision and steadfastness of purpose to make
the most of this newly opened door?
Finally, what of long-term questions? Will peaceful space
competition prove to be a constructive alternative to war
on Earth? Will space settlement be the eventual answer
to overpopulation and depletion of the fragile planet Earth?
Are there super-civilizations in the outer reaches of the
Universe who can teach earthlings how to resolve their
conf1i cts?
In all humility, only one finding is certain: our first
faltering steps into space have reaped incalculable, un-
foreseen rewards. Future possibilities are as limitless
as man's enterprise chooses to venture.
 5

WHERE IS NASA I N 1978?

As we approach the 1980's NASA

finds itself an established,
mature government agency con-
tributing importantly and in-
creasingly to the national wel-
fare.
The dramatic and spectacularly
successful manned space flights
to the Moon and near space are
history--proud history indeed
for our country and mankind--
and our agency has settled down
to a steady pursuit of challeng-
ing but realistic goals in the
atmosphere and in space. Where
NASA Administrator Robert A. Frosch we were at one time our own pr i-
mary customer, we have become an imaginative, useful agency
providing unique and needed services to other government
organizations, to industry, to the scientific community,
to the public, to other nations, and in fact to all humanit,Y
But this transition does not make our work any less exciting.
In the tradition we were born to, we continue to expand
the frontiers of technology and human knowledge for the
benefit of everyone.
In aeronautics, progress in aerodynamics, composite materials,
advanced engine technology and control systems holds great
promise. These developments may well lead to 50 % fuel
savings for airliners, to vertical and short take-off and
landing aircraft with efficient, clean, quiet engines,
and to environmentally acceptable supersonic air travel
at reasonable cost.
Greatly improved Earth observation systems and communications
satellites are providing a wide range of direct benefits,
from more economical and efficient worldwide communications
to more accurate weather warning and forecasting, and natural
resources discovery and inventory.
Our planetary probes are searching out the secrets of the
solar system in perhaps the greatest scientific adventure
of all time. Simultaneously, space-based observations
platforms are sweeping the universe with their sensorrs,
providing unprecedented new data which bears directly on
the creation and evolution of matter and energy and the
place of Earth and humanity in the cosmos.
6

And the future is as promising as the present; with new

aeronautical research facilities becoming available to
help us keep aircraft "made in America" dominant on the
airways of the world; with the Space Shuttle approaching
the operational status which will give us frequent, easy
and economical access to space for all purposes; with the
Space Telescope permitting us to see back almost to the
beginning of time: with our planetary probes contributing
new information from afar; with the Landsat satellite series
expanding our knowledge of our own planet and its resources;
and with the technological advances derived from research
on these programs being systematically transferred to every
sector of our society.
Beyond our new horizons in aeronautics and in space lies a
better life for the people of this planet.

NASA FIELD INSTALLATIONS

LEWIS RESEARCH CENTER

AMES RESEARCH FLIGHT CENTER

WALLOPS FLIGHT
DRYDEN

CENTER
JET PROPULSION
LABORATORY KENNEDY SPACE

.
I JOHNSON SPACE
CEMER / M A R S ~ A L LSPACE
FLIGHT CEMER
NATIONAL SPACE
TECH NOLOG Y LABORATOR IE S
 7

NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC

Planning, coordination, and control of NASA programs are
vested in Headquarters. Directors of NASA's Field Centers
and other installations are responsible for execution of
NASA's programs, largely through contracts with research,
development, and manufacturing enterprises. A broad range
of research and development activities are conducted in
NASA's installations by government-employed scientists,
engineers, and technicians to evaluate new concepts and
phenomena and to maintain the competence required to manage
contracts with private enterprises.
Planning, direction, and management of NASA's research
and development programs are the responsibility of the
program offices which report to, and receive overall guid-
ance and direction from, the Associate Administrator.
The overall planning and direction of operations at the
10 Field Centers and the National Space Technology Labora-
tories, and management agency wide institutional resources
are the responsibility of the Associate Administrator for
Center Operations.
A brief description of the responsibilities of the program
offices follows:

Aeronautics and Space Technoloqy

The Office of Aeronautics and Space Technology is responsi-
ble for the aeronautical and space research and technology
programs. The aeronautics program develops the technology
needed to assure safer, more efficient, economical and
environmentally acceptable air transportation systems which
are responsive to national needs. The space research and
technology program provides a technology base to support
current and future space activities. This office is also
responsible for coordinating the agency's total program
of supporting research and technology related to carrying
out specific flight missions to insure and integrated and
balanced agency research program. This office also is
responsible for coordinating NASA's support of other federal
agencies in energy research and development.
Applications of Space Research
The Office of Space andTerrestria1 Applications is responsible
for research and development activities leading to programs
providing beneficial applications of space systems, and space
8

related or derived and monitoring, earth dynamics monitoring

and forecasting, ocean condition monitoring and forecasting,
environmental quality monitoring, weather and climate observa-
tion and forecasting, communications, and transfer of
technology to the non-government sector.
Space Transportation
The Office of Space Transportation Systems is responsible
for the research, development, and operations of space
flight programs including the Space Shuttle, the essential
element of the Space Transportation System that will be
used to conduct the space operations of the 1 9 8 O l s . The
Space Transportation System consists of the Shuttle, a
reusable vehicle; and Spaeelab, and experiments payload
carrier being developed by the European Space Agency (ESA).
The Space Transportation Systems Office also has program
responsibility for expendable launch vehicles.
Space Science
The Office of Space Sciences is responsible for scientific
research and development activities using a variety of
flight systems and ground-based observations to increase
man's knowledge of the universe. The Earth, Sun, Moon,
the planets, interplanetary space, other stars and
galaxies, and the interaction among these bodies and systems
are all objects of these investigations. The Life Sciences
program also is under the direction of the Office of Space
Sciences.
Tracking and Data Acquisition
The Office of Space and Data Systems is responsible for
the development, implementation, and operation of tracking,
data acquistion, command, communications, data processing
facilities, and systems and services required to support
NASA flight missions. This office also provides centralized
planning and systems management for the administrative
communications of NASA installations.
Field Installations
A brief description of the program responsibilities of
NASA's ten principal field centers and the National Space
Technology Laboratories follows:
Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California 94035: Space
environmental physics; simulation techniques; gas dynamics
 9

at extreme speeds; configuration, stability, structures,

and guidance and control of aeronautical and space vehicles;
biomedical and biophysical research.
Hugh L. Dryden Flight Research Center, Edwards, California 93523:
General aviation andextremely high
~- performance aircraft
and spacecraft; flight operations and flight systems; structural
characteristics of aeronautical and space vehicles.
Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771:
Scientific research in space with unmanned satellites;
research and development of meteorological and communications
satellites; tracking and data acquisition operations.
George C. Marshall Space Flight Center, Alabama 35812:
Research and development of launch vehicles and svstems
to launch vehicles and systems to launch manned ahd unmanned
spacecraft; development and integration of payloads and
experiments for assigned space flight activities; application
of space technology and supporting scientific and engineering
research.
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California 91103:
(Operated under contract by the California Institute of
~

Technology) : Deep space, iunar and interplanetary spacecraft;

operation of related tracking and data acquisition systems.
John F. Kennedy Space Center, Florida 32899: Provision
of supporting activities for the major launchings; preparation
and integration of space vehicles; collaboration with
elements of the Department of Defense as the Eastern Test
Range and Corps of Engineers to avoid unnecessary duplication
of launch facilities, services, and capabilities.
Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia 23665: Aeronautical
and space structures and materials; advanced concepts and
technology for future aircraft; aerodynamics of re-entry
vehicles; space environmental physics; improved supersonic
flight capabilities.
Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio 44135: Power plants
and propulsion; high energy propellants; electric propulsion;
aircraft engine noise reduction; engine pollution reduction;
data bank of research information in aerospace safety. b

Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas 77058: Research

and development of manned spacecraft system; development
of astronaut and crew life support systems; development
and intergration of experiments for space flight activities;
10

a p p l i c a t i o n o f space t e c h n o l o g y , and s u p p o r t i n g s c i e n t i f i c ,
e n g i n e e r i n g , and medical r e s e a r c h .
Wallops F l i g h t C e n t e r , Wallops I s l a n d , V i r g i n i a 23337:
Launch f a c i l i t i e s and s e r v i c e s f o r o t h e r NASA i n s t a l l a -
t i o n s which c o n d u c t s u b o r b i t a l , o r b i t a l , and space p r o b e
e x p e r i m e n t s w i t h v e h i c l e s r a n g i n g from small rockets t o
t h e S c o u t f o u r - s t a g e s o l i d f u e l rocket. Development of
t e c h n i q u e s f o r c o l l e c t i o n and p r o c e s s i n g o f e x p e r i m e n t a l
data.
N a t i o n a l Space T e c h n o l o g y Laboratories, Bay S t . L o u i s ,
M i s s i s s i p p i 39520: S t a t i c t e s t f i r i n g of l a r g e space
and l a u n c h v e h i c l e e n g i n e s ; a l s o h o u s e s c e r t a i n e n v i r o n -
m e n t a l r e s e a r c h and e a r t h r e s o u r c e s a c t i v i t i e s o f NASA
and o t h e r g o v e r n m e n t a l a g e n c i e s , w i t h emphasis on t h e u s e
of space t e c h n o l o g y and a s s o c i a t e d managerial and t e c h n i c a l
disciplines.

VISITOR INFORMATION - NASA CENTERS

AMES RESEARCH CENTER

Tour I n f o r m a t i o n : P u b l i c A f f a i r s O f f i c e , Ames R e s e a r c h
C e n t e r , M o f f e t t F i e l d , CA. 94035, Area Code 415, 965-5091,
e x t e n s i o n 2671.
T o u r s : Only f o r p r e v i o u s l y s c h e d u l e d t o u r g r o u p s
o f a n e d u c a t i o n a l or p r o f e s s i o n a l c a t e g o r y . T o u r s are
p r e a r r a n g e d ; 8 a.m. t o 4:30 p.m., Monday t h r o u g h F r i d a y .
T o u r s are g u i d e d .
Mode of T r a v e l : W a l k i n g , a u t o or b u s , d e p e n d i n g o n
what is f u r n i s h e d by t o u r g r o u p .
Advance Notice: One month, v a r i e s .
P o i n t s o f I n t e r e s t : Wind t u n n e l s , s i m u l a t o r s , l i f e
s c i e n c e s and space s c i e n c e s l a b s , a i r c r a f t , m a c h i n e shops,
and o t h e r s i n v o l v i n g t h e c r a f t s .
Other P e r t i n e n t Information: S t u d e n t s should be t h i r d -
g r a d e or above. Cameras are p e r m i t t e d .
 11

HUGH L. DRYDEN FLIGHT RESEARCH CENTER

Tour I n f o r m a t i o n : P u b l i c A f f a i r s O f f i c e , Dryden F l i g h t
R e s e a r c h C e n t e r , P.O. Box 273, Edwards, CA 93523, Area
Code 805, 258-3311, e x t e n s i o n 221.
T o u r s : 7:30 a.m. t o 4 p.m., Monday t h r o u g h F r i d a y .
T o u r s are g u i d e d .
Mode of T r a v e l : On f o o t .
Advance Notice: Advance r e q u e s t .
P o i n t s of I n t e r e s t : Restricted t o t h e main h a n g a r ,

Other P e r t i n e n t Information: Cameras are permitted.

JET PROPULSION LABORATORY

Tour I n f o r m a t i o n : P u b l i c A f f a i r s O f f i c e , P u b l i c Edu-
c a t i o n a l S e r v i c e s , J e t P r o p u l s i o n L a b o r a t o r y , 4800 O a k
Grove D r i v e , P a s a d e n a , CA 91103, Area Code 213, 354-5011
or 354-2337.
T o u r s : A v a i l a b l e f o r e d u c a t i o n a l , p r o f e s s i o n a l , and
s e r v i c e o r g a n i z a t i o n s ; 8 a.m. t o 4:30 p . m . , Monday t h r o u g h
F r i d a y . The c o n t e n t s of t h e t o u r s v a r y w i t h t h e i n t e r e s t
g r o u p s . T o u r s are g u i d e d .
Mode o f T r a v e l : Bus p r o v i d e d by g r o u p or w a l k i n g .
Advance Notice: One month r e q u e s t e d . A l l t o u r s are
prearranged .
P o i n t s of I n t e r e s t : Spacecraft e x h i b i t center: fea-
t u r e s h a r d w a r e , e x h i b i t s , f i l m s , spacecraft a s s e m b l y f a c i l i -
ties, spacecraft o p e r a t i o n s f a c i l i t i e s , environmental labs,
n a v i g a t i o n a l and g u i d a n c e l a b s , c e l e s t a r i u m , s o i l l a b ,
a n e c h o i c chamber.
Other P e r t i n e n t Information: T o u r s l a s t 2 t o 2 1/2
h o u r s and are l i m i t e d t o s e v e n t h - g r a d e s t u d e n t s and a b o v e ,
Cameras are permitted.

GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER

Tour I n f o r m a t i o n : Write t o P u b l i c A f f a i r s Office,

Director, GSFC, G r e e n b e l t , MD 20771. Other information:

1
12

S p e c i a l P r o g r a m s O f f i c e , A r e a Code 3 0 1 , 982-4101.

T o u r s : B e g i n a t 1 0 a.m. and/or 1 p.m., Monday t h r o u g h

Friday. O c c a s i o n a l S a t u r d a y t o u r s a t 1 0 a.m. T o u r s pre-
c e d e d by 20-minute o r i e n t a t i o n and s h o r t f i l m s . T o u r s
are guided.
LANGLEY RESEARCH CENTER

Tour I n f o r m a t i o n : P u b l i c A f f a i r s O f f i c e , Langley
R e s e a r c h ‘Center, Hampton, VA 23361, Area Code 8 0 4 , 827-
3966.
T o u r s : 9 a.m. t o 4 p.m., T u e s d a y t h r o u g h S a t u r d a y .
Noon t o 4 p.m., Sunday. Monday and e v e n i n g by a p p o i n t -
ment. T o u r s are s e l f - g u i d e d e x c e p t f o r g r o u p s by a p p o i n t -
ment.
Mode o f T r a v e l : Cars or b u s e s p r o v i d e d by v i s i t i n g
g r o u p s . D u r i n g t h e p e r i o d Memorial Day t o Labor Day a l s o
by s p e c i a l b u s p r o v i d e d t h r o u g h C i t y o f Hampton T o u r .
Advance Notice: None, e x c e p t f o r Mondays or s p e c i a l
evening programs.
P o i n t s o f I n t e r e s t : V i s i t o r C e n t e r opened J u n e 8 ,
1 9 7 1 . A e r o n a u t i c a l and space e x h i b i t s as w e l l as s e l e c t e d
f i l m s and e d u c a t i o n a l p r o g r a m s .
Other P e r t i n e n t Information: Laboratory t o u r s are
l i m i t e d t o s p e c i a l g r o u p s d e t e r m i n e d by v i s i t o b j e c t i v e
and e d u c a t i o n a l and p r o f e s s i o n a l b a c k g r o u n d o f g u e s t s .

LEWIS RESEARCH CENTER

Tour I n f o r m a t i o n : E d u c a t i o n a l S e r v i c e s O f f i c e , L e w i s
R e s e a r c h C e n t e r , C l e v e l a n d , OH 44135, Area Code 216, 433-
4000, e x t e n s i o n 731.
T o u r s : 9 a.m. t o 4 p.m. Tuesday - F r i d a y . Saturday
1 0 a.m. t o 3 p.m. Sunday and Monday - c l o s e d .
Mode o f T r a v e l : Cars or b u s e s p r o v i d e d by v i s i t i n g
groups.
Advance Notice: G r o u p s , 20 or more, r e q u i r e p r i o r
arrangements. I n d i v i d u a l v i s i t s welcome a n y t i m e d u r i n g
r e g u l a r tour h o u r s .
 13

Points of Interest: Visitor Information Center; aero-

nautics and space exhibits, films, presentations, and special
resource facilities for educators only (prior arrangements
required); materials research lab; 10 x 10 foot supersonic
wind tunnel; propulsion science lab; energy conversion
lab; various shop facilities; and the zero-gravity facility.
Other Pertinent Information: Elementary grade stu-
dent tours as well as individuals are limited to the Visi-
tor Information Center. All other groups tours will include
visits to laboratories suitable to the group's educational
and professional background.
Mode of Travel: Normally buses provided by visiting
groups used for transportation between buildings.
Advance Notice: Tours scheduled on advanced arrange-
ment basis.
Points of Interest: Tracking and data systems facili-
ties (control centers, communications, computers), test
and evaluation area (simulation equipment), satellite ex-
hibit room (full-scale satellites and demonstration devices).
Other Pertinent Information: Occasional evening tours
scheduled for special groups, e.g.: professional societies.
GSFC does not have a public tour program. Goddard's program
is for special-interest groups or educational groups of
Sixth-grade level and above.

JOHN F KENNEDY SPACE CENTER

Tour Information: NASA Tours, Post Office Box 21222,

Kennedy Space Center, FL 32815, Area Code 305, 269-3000.
Tours: Guided bus tours depart regularly from 8
a.m. until two hours before dark daily except Christmas day.
Cameras encouraged. Tour covers 50 miles, lasts approxi-
mately two hours.
Mode of Travel: Air conditioned buses are provided
by TWA. Charter buses provided by tour groups are welcome.
Fares are: Adults - $2.50, Youths (12-18) - $1.25, Chil-
dren ( 3 to 11 with an adult) - $.50. Student groups of
20 or more: through junior high $.50, senior high and
other student groups $1.00. Charter and convention groups
of 25 or more in their buses receive 25% fare reduction.
 Advance N o t i c e : 24 h o u r s f o r c h a r t e r b u s e s r e q u e s t e d .
P o i n t s o f I n t e r e s t : V e h i c l e Assembly B u i l d i n g , M i s s i o n
C o n t r o l C e n t e r , b l o c k h o u s e , mobile l a u n c h e s and s e r v i c e
s t r u c t u r e , t r a n s p o r t e r s , l a u n c h pads and l a u n c h f a c i l i t i e s ,
A i r Force Museum. V i s i t o r I n f o r m a t i o n C e n t e r ( V I C ) . Ex-
h i b i t s , f i l m s , l e c t u r e s , and s o u v e n i r s .
O t h e r P e r t i n e n t I n f o r m a t i o n : The p u b l i c b u s t o u r s
of KSC and Cape Kennedy are operated by T r a n s World A i r -
l i n e s , c o n t r a c t o r t o NASA. P r i v a t e v e h i c l e s are admit-
t e d f r e e t o d r i v e t h r o u g h o n l y o n Sunday from 9 a.m. t o
3 p.m. on a p r e s c r i b e d r o u t e .

LYNDON B. JOHNSON SPACE CENTER

Tour I n f o r m a t i o n : P u b l i c S e r v i c e s Branch, Johnson
Space C e n t e r , H o u s t o n , TX 77058, Area Code 713, 483-4241.
Tours: R e s e r v e d g u i d e d t o u r s Monday t h r o u g h F r i d a y
of M i s s i o n C o n t r o l C e n t e r , o t h e r o p e r a t i n g f a c i l i t i e s .
S e l f - g u i d e d t o u r s s e v e n d a y s a w e e k of e x h i b i t h a l l , astro-
t r a i n i n g f a c i l i t i e s , and o t h e r f a c i l i t i e s . Open d a i l y
e x c e p t C h r i s t m a s Day, 9 a.m. t o 4 p.m.
Mode o f T r a v e l : P u b l i c may w a l k or d r i v e t h r o u g h .
Advance Notice: R e s e r v a t i o n s r e q u i r e d for g u i d e d
t o u r s or special g r o u p t o u r s .
P o i n t s of I n t e r e s t : Astronaut t r a i n i n g f a c i l i t i e s ,
Mission Control Center, e x h i b i t h a l l , f i l m schedule every
40 m i n u t e s .

Other P e r t i n e n t Information: C a f e t e r i a open t o p u b l i c .

Sovenir stand.

MARSHALL SPACE FLIGHT CENTER

Tour I n f o r m a t i o n : Public A f f a i r s Office, Marshall

Space F l i g h t C e n t e r , AL 35812. Area Code 205, 453-0038
or 453-0040.
T o u r s : Bus t o u r s d a i l y e x c e p t C h r i s t m a s Day f r o m
t h e NASA V i s i t o r I n f o r m a t i o n C e n t e r located i n t h e l o b b y
o f t h e Alabama Space and R o c k e t C e n t e r , H u n t s v i l l e , AL
( g u i d e d ) . Nominal f e e c h a r g e d . Group r a t e s a v a i l a b l e
and special r a t e s for s t u d e n t g r o u p s .
 15

Mode of T r a v e l : Tour buses make r e g u l a r r u n s . Guide

p r o v i d e d on commercial or school g r o u p b u s e s .
Advance Notice: C o n t a c t Alabama Space and R o c k e t
C e n t e r t w o w e e k s i n a d v a n c e for g r o u p t o u r . N o a d v a n c e
n o t i c e r e q u i r e d f o r i n d i v i d u a l s or f a m i l i e s .
P o i n t s of I n t e r e s t : From Alabama Space and R o c k e t
C e n t e r , 1-hour 45-minute t o u r v i s i t s t e s t areas and v i s i t s
i n s i d e l a b o r a t o r i e s . T o u r s v i s i t i n s i d e S k y l a b crew q u a r t e r s
f u l l - s i z e h i g h - f i d e l i t y mockup, t h e N e u t r a l Buoyancy Simu-
l a t o r , f u l l - s i z e Space S h u t t l e mockup area, and solar h e a t -
i n g and c o o l i n g r e s e a r c h area.
M a r s h a l l V i s i t o r I n f o r m a t i o n C e n t e r h a s f r e e access and
c o n t a i n s s e v e r a l e x h i b i t s i n c l u d i n g a l u n a r sample, a c r y s -
t a l grown i n space aboard S k y l a b , and t h e Wernher von B r a u n
room. From t h e v i s i t o r c e n t e r a r e a , fees c h a r g e d for access
t o Alabama Space and R o c k e t C e n t e r and for b u s t o u r s .
Other P e r t i n e n t Information: Special p u r p o s e t o u r s
o f MSFC a v a i l a b l e as d e t e r m i n e d by s c i e n t i f i c and p r o f e s -
s i o n a l b a c k g r o u n d of g u e s t s .

NATIONAL SPACE TECHNOLOGY LABORATORIES

Tour I n f o r m a t i o n : N a t i o n a l Space T e c h n o l o g y Laboratories,
P u b l i c A f f a i r s O f f i c e , Bay S t . L o u i s , MS 3 9 5 2 0 , Area Code
6 0 1 , 688-3341.
T o u r s : 10 a.m. t o 2 p.m., Monday t h r o u g h S a t u r d a y ;
1:30 and 3 p . m . Sunday. C e n t r a l C o n t r o l B u i l d i n g open
t o p u b l i c 8 a.m. t o 4:30 p . m . ( s e l f - g u i d e d ) . Tours are
guided.
Mode o f T r a v e l : Buses.
Advance Notice: One w e e k i n a d v a n c e f o r s p e c i a l t o u r s .

P o i n t s o f I n t e r e s t : S a t u r n V t e s t complex, booster
s t o r a g e a r e a , f l i g h t and t e s t m a i n t e n a n c e b u i l d i n g s . Navi-
g a t i o n a l lock s y s t e m . C a n a l and b a r a g e s y s t e m . C e n t r a l
c o n t r o l b u i l d i n g c o n t a i n s e x h i b i t s , f i l m s , and o b s e r v a t i o n
tower.
16

WALLOPS FLIGHT CENTER

Tour I n f o r m a t i o n : P u b l i c A f f a i r s O f f i c e , Wallops
F l i g h t C e n t e r , Wallops I s l a n d , VA 23337, Area Code 8 0 4 ,
824-3411, E x t e n s i o n 579 or 584.
T o u r s : Between 9 a.m. and 4 porn., Monday t h r o u g h
F r i d a y by r e s e r v a t i o n o n l y . D u r i n g s c h o o l term f o r s t u -
d e n t or o r g a n i z e d g r o u p s and d u r i n g t h e summer for f a m i l y
g r o u p s . T o u r s are g u i d e d .
Mode o f T r a v e l : Bus or a u t o , d e p e n d i n g on what is
f u r n i s h e d by t o u r g r o u p .
Advance Notice: Two w e e k s prior n o t i c e .

P o i n t s o f I n t e r e s t : Range C o n t r o l C e n t e r , t e l e m e t r y
s t a t i o n , r a d a r t r a c k i n g s i t e , rocket a s s e m b l y and l a u n c h
f a c i l i t i e s , b l o c k h o u s e s and a e r o n a u t i c a l programs, e x h i b i t
area a t main base.
O t h e r P e r t i n e n t I n f o r m a t i o n : T o u r s are t a i l o r e d t o
some e x t e n t t o s i z e , age l e v e l , and i n t e r e s t of g r o u p .
S h o r t e r t o u r s p r o v i d e d f o r younger c h i l d r e n .

WESTERN TEST RANGE

Tour I n f o r m a t i o n : W e s t e r n T e s t Range, O p e r a t i o n s
D i v i s i o n , NASA P u b l i c A f f a i r s O f f i c e , P o s t O f f i c e Box 425,
Lompoc, CA, Area Code 8 0 5 , 865-3015.
T o u r s : Only f o r p r e v i o u s l y a r r a n g e d g r o u p s . Security
c h e c k u p s are s t a n d a r d as t h i s is a l s o a SAC base. Tours
are g u i d e d .
Mode of T r a v e l : A u t o or b u s e s p r o v i d e d by NASA.
Advance Notice: S e v e r a l weeks.
P o i n t s of I n t e r e s t : NASA f a c i l i t i e s , l a u n c h c o m p l e x e s ,
s u p p o r t f a c i l i t i e s , t r a c k i n g o p e r a t i o n s , S c o u t complex b l o c k -
house.
 17

NASA ADMINISTRATORS, DEPUTY AND ACTING ADMINISTRATORS

Administrators
Dr. T. Keith Glennan August 19, 1958 - Jan. 20, 1961
Mr. James E. Webb February 14, 1961 - Oct. 7, 1968
Dr. Thomas 0. Paine* March 21, 1969 - Sept. 15, 1970
Dr. James C. Fletcher April 27, 1971 - May 1, 1977
Dr. Robert A. Frosch June 21, 1977 - Present

Deputy Administrators
Dr. Hugh L. Dryden** August 19, 1958 - Dec. 2, 1965
Dr. Robert C. Seamans, Jr. December 21, 1965 - Jan. 5, 1968
Dr. Thomas 0. Paine March 25, 1968 - March 20, 1969
Mr. George M. Low December 3, 1969 - June 5, 1976
Dr. Alan M. Lovelace July 2, 1976 - Present

Acting Administrators
Dr. Hugh L. Dryden January 21, 1961 - Feb. 13, 1961
Dr. Thomas 0. Paine October 8, 1968 - March 20, 1969
Mr. George M. Low Sept. 16, 1970 - April 26, 1971
Dr. Alan M. Lovelace May 2, 1977 - June 20, 1977

* Service as Administrator or Deputy Administrator begins

on the day of swearing in. In Dr. Paine's case, although
he was sworn in on April 3, 1969, his service as Administra-
tor began on March 21, 1969 (date of app't) , because he
had already taken his oath to the government when he became
Deputy Administrator.
** Dr. Dryden's resignation date is date of death.

1
18

NASA FUNDING, PERSONNEL STATISTICS--PAST AND PRESENT

Research And Program Management

(In Millirnr of Dollon) Comparative Program History As of 30 Sep 1977

'
~ INSTALLATION FY 1977 TO FY 1976 FY 1975 FY 1974 FY 1973 PI 1972 FY 1971 FY 1970

NASA Heedquarten 1/
Amar ReMarch Cent&
Electronics breorch Center
Dryden Flight Rerwrch Center
Goddard Spocs Flight Center
Kemedy Space Cents,
dwley Research Center
Lewis Research Center
John= Spo- Center
Morrhall Space Flight Center
N d i o m l Space Tcchmlqisr Lob
h c i f i c L w m h Operations
Spoce Nuclear System Office
Wmtsrn Support Office
Wallop. Flight Center 4.0 13.1
_. __ __
12.4 11.5 10.7 10.9
TOTAL PROGRAM PLAN
Unobligotad L l m c s Lapring
nPp0. Transfen, Net
.2 .6 - .2 .6 7.6 .3 .2 .4
Appmpriotion Total

I-
/;
I/ Includes NaPO
2/ Includes IlOmillion for h i c inrtitutieml m d other reqvinrnsntr
ERC MI closed on June 30, 1970.
fa ogsnciar resident at MTF/Slidell.

Research And Proaram Manaaement

(In Millims of Dollon)

Comparative Program History As of 30 Sep 1977

INSTALLATION FY 1969 I FY 1968 I FY 1967 I FY 1966 I FY 1965 I FY 1964 I FY 1963 I FY 1962 1 FY 1961 I FY 1960 I FY 1959
NASA Headquartan I/ 6a.8 57.1 57.4 54.4 69.3 47.1 51.3 26.0 13.9 8.5 5.7
Amsr Remarch Cant&
Electronics Reworch Center
34.0
17.2
33.8
15.4
33.8
12.2
33.2
6.4
31.8
3.2
29.9
.5 __
25.6 22.9
-- 19.9
-- 17.8
_- 16.3
--
Drydsn Flight Rerwrch Center 9.7 9.5 9.5 9.4 10.5 9.4 7.5 7.2 5.1 4.3 3.3
73.2 68.3 71.1 64.4 93.3 61.9 52.8 39.1 20.4 15.5 1.8
Goddord Spoce Flight Center
Kennedy Spocs Center 95.8 93.1 92.7 82.0 40.8 29.8 18.8 6.4 -- -- -_
Langley Rereorch Center 63.0 62.2 b4.3 63.5 59.0 52.1 51.8 46.6 39.1 33.0 31.4

.
67.9 66.2 66.3 66.4 69.3 61.5 53.4 45.2 35.8 31.2 27.8
Lewis Revarch Center
Johnson Spoce Center 98.9 95.7 95.7 86.5 88.7 M.7 51.0 24.1 9.2 -- --
5.1 --
Marshall Spoce Flight Center
Pacific L w m h O p r a t i o n
Space Nucleor System Office
116.3
-_ 126.2
--
2.0
-
128.7

2.0
128.4
.6
1.8
138.7
.9
1.7
124.3
.9
1.5
112.6
.6
1.0
89.2
.I
.3
68.6
--
--
_-
_-
-_
--
Western Support Office --2.1 1.0 3.2 4.9 5.0 4.4 3.4 1.4 5.7 .5 --
Wollop Flight Center 9.1 8.8 9.7 9.3 11.1 8.8 8.9 7.1 5.0 2.7 1.3
TOTAL PROGRAM PLAN &re;o7xT~611.2~496.8738.7315.6222.f~87.6

I
Unobligated b l m c e Laping .I .9 .6
Appro. Transfers, Net - 44.9 - 11.4 - 7.5 - 27.8 + .2 - 2.8
Appaprlotion Toto1 sm.?mb10.033a7ra25;3mni-

-I/ Includes NoPO

 NASA BUDGET PLAN
(Millions of Dollars)
B FY 1978 FY 1979

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 3012 3305

SPACE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS 1752 1a28

SPACE SCIENCE 405 51 3

SPACE AND TERRESTRIAL APPLICATIONS 244 284

AERONAUTICS 220 264

SPACE TECHNOLOGY 105 111

SPACE TRACKING AND DATA SYSTEMS 270 305

CQNSTRUCTION OF FACILITIES 162 153

RESEARCH AND PROGRAM MANAGEMENT 890 914

TOTAL BUDGET PLAN 4064 4372

TOTAL OUTLAYS 3982 4270

P
i W
 ESTIMATED DISTRIBUTION OF TOTAL BUDGET PLAN
(Millions of Dollars)
FY 1978 FY 1979

JOHNSON SPACE CENTER - 1,126 1,276

JOHN F. KENNEDY SPACE CENTER-- 344 336
MARSHALL SPACE FLIGHT CENTER 171 772
NATIONAL SPACE TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORiES --- - .I_ 20 20
GODDARD SPACE FLiGHT CENTER ~ - . -----
- 608 657
JET PROPULSION LABORATORY --_I- -_- __- 191 254
WALLOPS FLIGHT CENTER 31 32
AMES RESEARCH CENTER --I--. 184 239
HUGH L. DRYDEN FLIGHT RESEARCH 37 35
CENTER ~-
LANGLEY RESEARCH CENTER ____ 292 288
LEWIS RESEARCH CENTER - 245 255
NASA HEADQUARTERS - 190 195

VA R I0US LOCATI0NS 25 13

TOTAL 4,064 4,372

 21

Personnel Summary
I

INSTALLATION
NASA Haadqmrtan
A m r b s m r c h Canter
Drydan Flight Rawarch Gnnr
Goddad Space Flight Canbr
Kenndy Space Center
Lonp1.y bsaorch Cenhr
Lawls Ruearch Canter
Johnson *u Centor
M a h o l l Space Flight Center
5-a Nuclmr Sptem Offic.
NASA Paodarm Office (NaPO)
W a l l ~ pFlight Canter
FY I977
1,619
1,645
546
3 . u
2,270
3,207
3,061
3.640
-
4,014

426
*
Onboard At End Of Fiscal Year*

% I :1z
3.808

3,168

4,-
3;796 I
3.871

3,181

4337
--
M 1974
1,734
1.776
531
3,936
2,408
3,501
3.172
3,886
4,574

39
M 1973
1,747
1,740
5op
3,852
2,516
3,384
3.368
3.896
5,287

39
4,178
As of 30 Sap 77

-M

2,m
1970
2,187

583
4,487
2.895
3,970
4,240
4,539
6.325
103
72
447 434 445 497 52-2
N a i o m l Spaca Techmlopy Lab.
NLSA-24,188 g
94
e 3&--

Exsluda~247 amplayou i n t h y w t h prcgmmr.

y lwludr 542 ot ERC whish cloud 6/30/10.

Personnel Sumrnary

Onboard At End Of Fiscal Year*

INSTALLATION I FY I969 I FY 1968 I FY 1967 I FY 1966 I FY 1965 I FY 1964 I FY.1963 1 FY 1962 I FY 1961 I FY 1960 I FY 1959

NASA hadqdqurrten 2,293 2,310 2,373 2,336 2,135 2,158 2,001 1,477 735 587
,2,116 1,658 1,471 1.421
h e r Rereorch Center
Electmniss bs. G n h r
2,117
951
2,197
950
2,264
791
2,310
555
2,270
250
2,204
33 tit 25b/ ___ -_- ---
Dryden Flt Rasmrch Ctr 601 622 642 662 669 619 616 538 447 408
3,487 2,755 1,599 1,255
Gaddord Sp. Flt. Cab
Kenrudy Space G n t e r
4,295
3,058
4.073
3,w
3,997
2,867
3,958
2.669
3,774
2.w
3,675
1,625 1,181 339 --_ --_
Lmpley h a a r c h Cw. 4.087 4,219 4,405 4.485 4.371 4,330 4,220 3,894 3,338 3,203
h i t Research Center 4,399 4,583 4,956 5.047 4; 897 4.859 4.697 3.800 2,773 2,722
Johnson Spocs Center 4,751 4.956 5,064 4.889 4,413 4,277 3,345 1.786 794 inGSFC
7.679 7,332 6,843 5,948 370
Monholl Sp. flt. Canter 6,639
__- 6,935
_--
7.602
___113
7,740 7.719
22 -_- --_
P ~ s l f l cLaunch Op.
Space Nuclear Sp. O f c . 104 108
d/
-115
21
1 I6 112 4 __-
W.st.m support Ofc. _-_ 119 294 377 376 60
-__ 37
-_-
NASA P a d o n a Ofc. 80 d79 91 05 19 d
Wallop Station

.
d P r i o r yeam .
fieunr inc1ud.d In
&a
MO.
576
3373-6-
lncluda T.mpormy P.nonn.l
5b3
m
5y

-m
530
51;Tpv
493
w
421
nrm m;m
XI2 229 171

!?Flouras for North Eastem Offisa.

q E f h c t i v e i n I968 WSO was disestablished m d elamonts merged with N a p 0
YEffective i n 1966 PLOOoctivlty was m a g 4 under KSC.

1
 RESEARCH AND PROGRAM MANAGEMENT
TOTAL NUMBER OF PERMANENT POSITIONS
END OF YEAR

INSTALLATION FY 1977 FY 1978 FY 1979

~

JSC 3,585 3 ,526 3 ,546

KSC 2,230 2,186 2,207

MSFC 3,910 3 ,760 3,715

NSTL - 70 100 104

GSFC 3,625 3,548 3 ,548

WFC 41 0 408 408

ARC 1,613 1,677 1,677

DFRC 515 490 490

LaRC 3,135 3,069 3,069

LeRC 2,998 2,938 2 ,938

HQ 1,545 1,535 1,535

TOTAL - 23,636 23,237

 TOTAL EMPLOYMENT ON NASA PROGRAMS

MANPOWER
 HISTORY OF THE APOLLO PROGRAM
I n i t i a l p l a n n i n g f o r a l a u n c h v e h i c l e w i t h t h e heavy pay-
load c a p a b i l i t y n e c e s s a r y for a manned l u n a r m i s s i o n began
i n A p r i l 1957. I n August 1958, s t u d i e s c o n c l u d e d t h a t
a c l u s t e r e d b o o s t e r g e n e r a t i n g a t o t a l o f 1 . 5 m i l l i o n pounds
t h r u s t was f e a s i b l e , and t h e r e s e a r c h and d e v e l o p m e n t e f f o r t
was s t a r t e d t o b u i l d t h e b o o s t e r . Rocketdyne, a d i v i s i o n
of N o r t h American R o c k w e l l C o r p o r a t i o n , d e v e l o p e d t h e 200,000-
p o u n d - t h r u s t v e r s i o n of t h e H - 1 e n g i n e from t h e p r e v i o u s l y
u s e d T h o r and J u p i t e r H-1 e n g i n e by u p d a t i n g t h e e n g i n e
and by i n c r e a s i n g i t s t h r u s t . C o n c u r r e n t l y , from more
advanced s t u d i e s , t h e 1 . 5 m i l l i o n - p o u n d - t h r u s t F-1 e n g i n e
was c o n c e i v e d f o r even l a r g e r b o o s t e r s . I n O c t o b e r 1 9 5 8 ,
t h e Army s t a r t e d t h e development of a h i g h - p e r f o r m a n c e
b o o s t e r for advanced space m i s s i o n s . T e n t a t i v e l y c a l l e d
J u n o V and f i n a l l y d e s i g n a t e d S a t u r n , t h e b o o s t e r w a s t u r n e d
o v e r t o NASA i n l a t e 1959.

NASA p r o p o s e d a manned f l i g h t program d e s i g n a t e d P r o j e c t

A p o l l o i n J u l y 1960. I t s g o a l s a t t h a t time were e a r t h -
o r b i t a l and c i r c u m l u n a r f l i g h t s o f a three-man s p a c e c r a f t .
During 1960, McDonnell Douglas C o r p o r a t i o n was s e l e c t e d
t o b u i l d t h e S a t u r n I s e c o n d s t a g e ( S - I V ) , and Rocketdyne
was c h o s e n t o d e v e l o p t h e h y d r o g e n - f u e l e d J-2 e n g i n e f o r
f u t u r e upper s t a g e s of t h e S a t u r n v e h i c l e s .
T h i s was t h e combined proposal p r e s e n t e d t o t h e V i c e P r e s i -
d e n t and a p p r o v e d and t r a n s m i t t e d by him t o t h e P r e s i d e n t .
I t was t h e b e s t new i n i t i a t i v e t h e P r e s i d e n t had s e e n .
So i t was t h a t on May 25, 1961, t h e P r e s i d e n t s t o o d b e f o r e
a j o i n t s e s s i o n o f C o n g r e s s and p r o p o s e d a h i s t o r i c n a t i o n a l
goal :
"NOW is t h e t i m e t o t a k e l o n g e r s t r i d e s - - t i m e for
a g r e a t new American e n t e r p r i s e - - t i m e f o r t h i s na-
t i o n to take a c l e a r l y l e a d i n g role i n space achieve-
ment, w h i c h i n many ways may h o l d t h e key t o our f u t u r e
on e a r t h ....
I'I b e l i e v e t h i s n a t i o n should c o m m i t itself to achiev-
i n g t h e g o a l , b e f o r e t h i s d e c a d e is o u t , o f l a n d i n g
a man on t h e Moon and r e t u r n i n g h i m s a f e l y t o t h e
Earth. N o s i n g l e s p a c e project i n t h i s p e r i o d w i l l
be more i m p r e s s i v e t o mankind, or more i m p o r t a n t f o r
t h e l o n g - r a n g e e x p l o r a t i o n o f space; and none w i l l
be so d i f f i c u l t or e x p e n s i v e t o accomplish."
 25

ASTRONAUT FACTS
Of 108 pilots, scientists and mission specialists selected
as astronauts since April 1959, 28 are on flight status at
the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Lyndon
B. Johnson Space Center, Houston, and 35 Space Shuttle
pilots and mission specislists were to report to JSC July
1, 1978.
Eight groups of astronauts have been selected. In Group
I were the seven Mercury astronauts selected in April 1959.
Nine test pilots, Group 11, were selected in September
1962. In Group I11 were 14 pilot-astronauts selected in
October 1963. Group IV, the first six scientist-astronauts,
was selected in June 1965. In April 1966, 19 pilot-astro-
nauts were selected as Group V. Group VI, 11 scientist-
astronauts, was selected in August 1967. Seven Air Force
Manned Orbital Laboratory Aerospace Research Pilots (USAF
Astronaut designation) joined the NASA pilot-astronaut
program in August 1969, as Group VI1 after MOL program
was abandond; Group VI11 was selected in January 1978 as
pilots and mission specialists for the Space Shuttle.
Forty-one of the total have participated in space flights.
Group VI11 included six women (the space program's first
for duty in space), four minority representatives (three
black); 14 of the candidates are civilians and 21 are mili-
tary officers.
NASA does not contemplate selecting additional astronaut
candidates within the foreseeable future.
All astronaut personnel are assigned to the Astronaut Office,
CB/L.B. Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058. Astronauts
currently on duty as well as those who have left the program
may be reached at that address. Two former astronauts
are currently serving in the U.S. Senate. They are John
H. Glenn (D-Ohio), first American to orbit the Earth, as
pilot of Mercury 6 in 1962: and Harrison H. Schmitt (R-
New Mexico), Lunar Module Pilot on Apollo 17, the last
(1973) of the Apollo mission series. Sen. Glenn was elected
in 1974, Sen. Schmitt in 1976.
26

MERCURY

APOLLO
E s t i m a t e d t o t a l cost of A p o l l o Program
through c o m p l e t i o n $25 b i l l i o n

SKYLAB PROGRAM

Total cost of program $2.6 b i l l i o n

APOLLO SOYUZ TEST PROJECT

Total cost of program ( U . S . ) $250 m i l l i o n

SPACE SHUTTLE PROJECT

Total cost of Design, Development, $6.9 billion
Test and Evaluation (DDT&E). (1976 dollars)
Includes two orbiters.
 27

Gemini

Mercury

Mercury set the trend for US. spacecraft design in the

first decade. The one-man capsule was 6 feet I O inches
long (26 feet with its launch escape tower) and 6 feet
2-1/2 inches in diameter. I t weighed about 2990 pounds
in orbit. The blunt end was covered with an ablative heat
shield to protect against 3000-degree reentry heat. The
capsule was built by McDonnell Douglas Corp.

Gemini also was built by McDonnell Douglas. The

two-man craft was an enlargement of the Mercury vehicle.
but experience had shown that much equipment could be
placed outside the pressurized cabin and left behind at
reentry. Gemini propulsion systems allowed changes in
orbit, as well as reentry maneuvers for pinpoint landings.
The spacecraft was 19 feet long. 10 feet in diameter. and
weighed about 8400 pounds.

ApoUo command and service modules bridge the first

decade of American manned space flight with the second;
they served both Skylab and Apollo/Soyuz Test Project
planners. The service module extends the Gemini concept
of locating in a separate package the equipment and
supplies not needed for reentry, and the three-man
command module retains the ablative heat shield of
Mercury and Gemini. The command module is I O feet 7
inches high ( t o top of apex cover) and 12 feet IO inches in
diameter; its 33-foot launch escape tower is jettisoned
before orbital insertion. The service module is 24 feet 9
inches by 12 feet 10 inches. Both modules are built by
Rockwell International.

ApoUo lunar module (LM) operated only outside the

atmosphere. Its shape therefore was dictated by its job of
taking two men safety to and from the Moon’s surface.
The LM was 22 feet 1 1 inches high with legs extended, 31
feet in diameter (measured diagonally across extended
landing gear). Nominal Earth orbit weight of the three
Apollo modules was 100.600 pounds. Grumman Aero-
Apollo
space Corp. built the lunar module. Drawings indicate relative sizes of specwaft.

1
28
Saturn V NASA-developed three-stage launch vehicle; first stage (S-IC) by Boeing, I38
feet by 33 feet, RP-I and LOX for 7.76 million pounds of thrust; second stage (S-Il) by
Rockwell, 81.5 feet by 33 feet, LH, and LOX for 1.15 million pounds of thrust; third
stage (S-IVB) by McDonnell Douglas, 59.3 feet by 21.7 feet, LH, and LOX for 230,000
pounds of thrust; instrument unit by IBM, 3 feet by 21.7 feet; with adapter', Apollo
spacecraft and launch escape system, Saturn V stands 363 feet high.

Saturn IB NASA-developed two-stage launch vehicle; first stage (SIB) by Chrysler

Corp.. 80.3 feet high and 21.4 feet in diameter, burns RP-I and LOX to produce 1.6
million pounds of thrust; second stagc (S-IVB) by McDonnell Douglas, 58.4 feet high and
21.7 feet in diameter burns liquid hydrogen and LOX for 200,000 pounds of thrust;
instrument unit by IBM is 3 feet high, 21.7 feet i n diameter; with aft interstage, Apollo
spacecraft and launch escape system, Saturn IB stands 224 feet high.

Gemini-Titan modified Air Force missile manufactured by Martin Company; two-stage

rocket I O feet in diameter and 90 feet high (109 feet with spacecraft) burning Aerozine
50 and nitrogen tetroxide to produce 430.000 pounds of thrust in the first stage, 100.000
pounds of thrust in the second.

Mercury-Atlas modified Air Force missile nianufac-

tured by General Dynamics: stage-and-a-half rocket I O
feet in diameter (16 feet a t base) and 67.3 feet high (95.3
feet with capsule and escape tower), burning W-I and
LOX to produce 308.000 pounds of,thrust from the
booster engines ( 2 ) and 57.000 pounds of thrust from the
sustainer engine.

Mercury-Redstone modified Army ballistic missile

manufactured by Clirysler Corp.. single-stage rocket 7 0
inches i n diameter and 5 0 feet high (83 feet with capsule
and escape tower) burning alcohol and liquid oxygen to
produce 78.000 pounds o f thrust.

Drawings indicate relative sizes of launch vehicles.

Mercury- Mercury- Gemini-

Redsto ne Atlas Titan Saturn I B Saturn V
 NASA WiNNED SPACE FLIGHTS

Project Date Crew Time i n Space Orbita/Revs

MERCURY
Mercury Redstone 3 May 5 , 1961 Naval Comdr. Alan B. Shepard 0:15:22 s u b c r bit a l
"Freedom 7" Recovery S h i p -
Champlain (A)+*
Mercury Redstone 4 J u l y 21, 1961 A i r Force Maj. V i r g i l I . G r i s s o m 0:15:37 suborbital
"Liberty B e l l 7" Recovery S h i p -
Randolph (A)
Mercury A t l a s 6 Feb. 20, 1962 Marine L t . C o l . John H. Glenn 4:55:23 three o r b i t
" F r i e n d s h i p 7" Rucovery S h i p -
Noa (A)
Mercury A t l a s 7 May 2 4 , i 9 6 2 Naval L t . Comdr. S c o t t C a r p e n t e r 4:56: 15 three o r b i t
"Aurora 7" Rucovery S h i p -
P i e r c e (A)
Mercury A t l a e 8 O c t . 3, 1962 Naval Comdr. Walter M. S c h i r r a 9:13:11 orbits
"Sigma 7' Recovery Ship
Kearsarge (PI
- 8fr

Mercury A t l a s 9 M y 15-16, 1963 A i r F o r c e Maj. L. Gordon Cooper 34 :19 :49 22 o r b i t s

"Faith 7" Recovery S h i p -
Kearsarge (PI

GEMINI
Gemini 3 March 23, 1965 A i r Force M a j . V i r g i l 1. Grissom 4:53 three o r b i t s
"Molly Brawn" Recovery S h i p - Naval L t . Comdr. John W. Young
I n t r e p i d (A)
Gemini 4
EXA -
20 M n .
June 3 -
7 , 1965
Recovery S h i p - Air Force Majora James A. McDivitt
Edward H. White, Ir
97:56 62 revs.

Wasp (A)

** A or P a f t e r recovery s h i p denotes A t l a n t i c or P a c i f i c Ocean

 u
Proiect Date Lrew Time i n Space Orbits/Revs 0

Gemini 5 Aug. 21-29, 1965 A i r Force L t . C o l . L. Gordon Cooper 190:56 120 revs.
Recovery S h i p - Naval Lt. Comdr. C h a r l e s r o n r a d , Jr.
Lake Champlain (A)**
Gemini 6 Dcc. 15-16, 1965 Naval Capt. Walter M. S c h i r r a 25:51 1 6 revs.
Recoyeq S h i p - A i r Force Maj. Thomas P. S t a f f o r d
Wasp (A)
Gemini 7 D ~ c . 4-10, 1965 A i r Force L t . C o l . Frank Boman 330 :35 206 revs.
RBcovery Ship - Naval Comdr. James A . Love11
Waep (A)
m i n i 8 M a r . 1 6 , 1966 N e i l A. A m s t r o n g , C i v i l i a n 10:42 7 revs.
Recovery S h i p -
Air F o r c e Haj. David R. S c o t t
Leonard F. Maeon (PI

Gemini 9A June 3-6, 1966 A i r Force L t . C o l . Thomaa P. S t a f f o r d 72:21 4 4 rev..

Umbilical EVA of
2 hrs. 7 e n . by
Recovery Ship
Wasp (A)
- Naval L t . Comdr. Eugene A. Cernan
Cernan

Gemini 10 J u l y 18-21, 1966 Naval Comdr. John W. Young 70:47 43 revs.

Umbilical EVA of
39 min. and stand-
up EVA of -49 min.
by C o l l i n e
Gemini 11
Umbilical EVA of
33 min. and s t a n d -
up EVA of 2 h r s .
5 d n . by Gordon
Recovery S h i p
Guadalcanal
-
(A)
A i r Force Maj. Michael C o l l i n e ( h i g h e s t a l t i t u d e 475 s t a t u t e miles)
Sept. 12-15, 1966 Naval Comdr. Charles Conrad 44 rev..
Recovery S h i p
ciuam (A)
- Naval L t . Comdx. Richard F.
Gordon, Jr.
71:17
( h i g h e s t a l t i t u d e 853 s t a t u t e m i l e s )

** A or P a f t e r r e c o v e r y ship denotes A t l a n t i c or P a c i f i c Ocean

 Project Date c;relt Time i n Space Orbitr/*vs
Gemini 1 2 NOV. 11-15, 1966 Naval C 8 p t . James A. Iavell, 94:35 59 rem.
2 stmdup of Recovery S h i p
2 h r s . 29 min. i 5 5 Wasp ( A ) **
- Jr .
nin.; Umbilical EVA
of 2 h r s . 6 nin. by
Jr .
A i r Force M a j . Edwin E. A l d r i n ,

Aldrin

APOLLO

Apollo 7 Oct. 11-22,

bcovemy S h i p
Esaex (A)
1968
- Naval CIpt. Walter M. S c h i r r a
Air Foror H a j . Donn Eisele
C i v i l i a n Walter Cunningham
260 :8:45 1 6 3 revs.

Apollo 8 DOC. 21-27, 1968 Air Form C o l . Frank Bornan 147:OO r l l LO revs. of noon
Recovery S h i p - Naval Capt. J a m s A. Lovell, Jr.
Y o r k t m (PI Air Force L t . C o l . W i l l i a m Andere
Apollo 9 March 3-13, 1969 MXFore4 C o l . J-S A. M c D i V i t t 241:00:53 1 5 1 rev.. of E a r t h
(Gumdrop and
Spider)
Recovery S h i p
Guuadalcanal (A)
- A i r Force C o l . David R. S c o t t
C i v i l i a n R u s s e l l L. Schweickart
Apollo 10 M y 18-26, 1969 A i r Force Col. Thomas P. S t a f f o r d 192 103: 23 3 1 revs. of Moon
( C h a r l i e Brawn ROCOVOZY S h i p
P r i n c e t o n (PI
- N a v y C o a d r . John W. Young
Navy cordr. Eugene A. C e r n a n
and Snoopy)
Apollo 11 J u l y 16-24, 1969 C i v i l i a n Neil A. Armstrong 195:18: 35 F i r a t lunar l a n d i n g ;
(Columbia, E a g l e , Recovery S h i p - Air Force L t . C o l . Michael C o l l i n s
M r Force C o l . Edwin E. A l d r i n ,
S e a of T r a n q u i l l i t y ;
1 EVA 2 h r s . 31 min.,
T r a n q u i l l i t y Baae) Hornet (PI
Jr . 44 lbe. lunar m a t e r i a l

Apollo 1 2
(Yankee C l i p p e r
and I n t r e p i d )
NOV. 14-24, 1969 Navy C o m d r . Charles Conrad, Jr. 244:36:25 SeconO-lunar l a n d i n g ;
Recovery S h i p - Navy Comdr. Richard F. Gordon, Jr.
Navy coadr. A l a n L. Bean
Ocean of Storms;
2 EVA8 t o t a l 7 hrs.
Hornet (PI
39 min., 7 5 lbs. l u n u
material

*' A or P after r e c o v e r y s h i p denotes A t l a n t i c or P a c i f i c Ocean

i
Prqect Date crew Time in Space Orbits/Reva w
l
o
Apollo 13 April 11-17,1970 Navy Capt. James A. LoveU, Jr. 142:54:41 Planned lunar landing
(Odyssey and Recovery Ship - Civilian Fted W. Haise, Jr. aborted after oxygen
Aquarius Iwo Jima (P) Civilian John L. Swigert, Jr. tank ~ p t u r e

Apdlo 14 Ion 31.- Feb. 9, 1971 Navy Capt. Alan B. Shepard 216:42:01 Third lunar landing;
(Kitty Hawk and Recovery Ship - Air Force Maj. Stuart A. Roosa Fra Mauro; 2 EVAs total
Antares) New Orleans (P) Navy Commander Edgar D. Mitchell 9 hrs. 25 min, =turned
98 ibs.lunar material

ApoUo 15 -
July 26 Au& 7,1971 Air Force Cd. David R Scott 295: 12 Fourth lunar landing;
(Endeavour Recovey Ship - Air Force Lt.CoL James B. Imin Hadley Apennine; 3 surface
and Falcon) Okmawa (P) Air Force Maj. Alfred M. Worden, Jr. EVAs totaling 18 h r a
36 min., returned 173 Ibs.
samples

Apdlo 16 April 1627,1972 Navy Capt. John W. Young 265:51:06 Fifth lunar landin ;
(Casper and Orion) Recovery Ship - Navy Lt. Commander Thomas K. Mottingly, 11 Descarteshi Ian&
uss Ticonderoga (P) Air Force Lt.C d . Charles M. Duke, Jr. 3 surface E&, totaling
20 h n . 14 min., returned
2 IO Ibs. samples

ApoUo 17 Dec. 7-19, 1973 Navy Capt. Eugene A. Cernan 301:s 1 5 9 Sixth lunar landing;
(America and Recovery Ship - Navy Commander Ronald E. Evans TaumsLittrow; 3 surface
Challenger) USS Ticonderoga (P) Civilian Harrison H. Schmitt (Ph.D.) EVA$ totaling 22 hrs.
4 min., returned 243 Ibs.
samples

Skylab 2 May 25 - June 22,1973 Navy Capt Chades Conrad 28 days 404 R v d u tions
Recovery Ship - Navy Commander Paul 1.W e i k 49 min. 392 experiment hours
USS Ticonderoga (P) Navy Commander Joseph Kerwin (M.D.)

Skylab 3 July 28 - Sept. 25,1973 Navy Capt Alan L. Bean 59 days 858 revdu tions
Recovery Ship - Marine Maj. Jack R Loumna 11 hrs. I 0 8 1 experiment hours
U S New Orleans (P) Civilian Owen Ganiott (Ph.D.) 9 min.

Skylab 4 Nw. 16,1973 - Marine Lt. C d Gerald P. C u r 84 days 1214 revolutions

Feb. 8,1974. USAF Lt. C d William R. P o p e 1 hr. 1563 experiment hours
Recovery S b p - Civilian Edward C. Gibson (Ph.D.) 16 min.
U S New Odeans (P)

To& FWts - 31; Astronauts participating - 47; cumulative man hours in space - 22,43236
 33
APOLLO SOYUZ TEST PROJECT
FIRST INTERNATIONAL MANNED SPACE FLIGHT

The Crews
Apollo Commander -- -
Command Kodule P i l o t
Thomas P. S t a f f o r d , Maj. Gen. USAF
Vance D. Brand
Docking Module P i l o t -- Donald K. Slayton
Soyuz Commander -- Alexey A. Leonov, Brig. Gen. Soviet A i r
Force
F l i g h t Engineer -- Valeriy N. Kubasov

Mission Duration - from

Nine days, e i g h t h o w s , 18 minutes
Soyuz launch t o Apollo landing
Objective of Mission
The Apollo Soyuz Test P r o j e c t mission w a s planned t o
accomplish s p a c e c r a f t rendezvous, docking, undocking, crew
t r a n s f e r , i n t e r a c t i o n of c o n t r o l c e n t e r s , and i n t e r a c t i o n
of spacecraft crews.
The development of t h e compatible docking systems en-
hances t h e s a f e t y of manned f l i g h t s i n space and provides
t h e opportunity f o r conducting j o i n t experiments i n t h e
f'uture. The new docking system a l s o provides t h e b a s i s f o r
a standardized i n t e r n a t i o n a l system f o r docking of manned
spacecraft.
(All Mission Objectives Were Accomplished)

,
 SPACE SHUTTLE PROFILE
The Space S h u t t l e is a r e u s a b l e
space v e h i c l e which w i l l operate
between t h e g r o u n d and E a r t h o r b i t .
I t is t h e p r i n c i p a l e l e m e n t of
a S p a c e T r a n s p o r t a t i o n System w h i c h
w i l l p r o v i d e r o u t i n e access t o
space b e g i n n i n g i n t h e 1 9 8 0 ' s .
I t w i l l p r o v i d e low-cost space
o p e r a t i o n s f o r E a r t h resources,
s c i e n t i f i c , d e f e n s e and t e c h n o l o -
g i c a l payloads. I t w i l l be a b l e
t o r e t r i e v e p a y l o a d s from o r i b t
f o r reuse; t o s e r v i c e or r e f u r b i s h s a t e l l i t e s i n space;
t o c a r r y t o o r b i t , operate, and r e t u r n space l a b o r a t o r i e s
and t o p e r f o r m rescue missions. It w i l l result i n s a v i n g s
i n t h e cost of s p a c e o p e r a t i o n s w h i l e g r e a t l y i n c r e a s i n g
t h e f l e x i b i l i t y and p r o d u c t i v i t y of t h e m i s s i o n s .

T h e O r b i t e r , w o r k h o r s e o f t h e S p a c e S h u t t l e program, is
d e s i g n e d t o be u s e d a minimum of 100 times. I t i s as b i g
as a commercial j e t l i n e r (DC-9) ; i t s empty w e i g h t is 68,000
kg ( 1 5 0 , 0 0 0 l b . ) ; i t i s 37.2 m ( 1 2 2 f t . ) i n l e n g t h and
i t h a s a wingspan of 23.8 m (78 f t . ) . The O r b i t e r is t o
be l a u n c h e d i n t o l o w E a r t h o r b i t i n 1979, w i t h i t s t h r e e
main e n g i n e s b e i n g augmented by a p a i r o f s o l i d rocket
boosters .
SPACE SHUTTLE APPROACH AND LANDING TESTS (ALT)

P h a s e s 1 and 2
The S p a c e S h u t t l e O r b i t e r V e h i c l e 1 0 1 named " E n t e r p r i s e "
by P r e s i d e n t F o r d , was a s s e m b l e d by R o c k w e l l I n t e r n a t i o n a l
S p a c e D i v i s i o n a t U . S . A i r Force P l a n t 4 2 i n ' p a l m d a l e ,
CA .
On J a n u a r y 31, 1 9 7 7 , O r b i t e r 1 0 1 was t r a n s p o r t e d o v e r l a n d
36 miles from P a l m d a l e t o NASA's Dryden F l i g h t Research
C e n t e r (DFRC). A t a i l c o n e c o v e r e d t h e a f t s e c t i o n and
t h e t h r e e s i m u l a t e d S p a c e S h u t t l e main e n g i n e s were n o t
installed.

A t DFRC, on F e b r u a r y 8 , 1977, a mate/demate d e v i c e was

u t i l i z e d to l i f t t h e O r b i t e r , retract its landing gear,
and mate i t atop NASA's Boeing 747-100 S h u t t l e Carrier
A i r c r a f t (SCA) p i g g y b a c k . T h r e e p y l o n s or s t r u t s f a s t e n e d
 35

t h e O r b i t e r t o t h e SCA.

On F e b r u a r y 15, 1 9 7 7 , t h e O r b i t e r and SCA s u c c e s s f u l l y

c o m p l e t e d t h r e e mated t a x i tests a t DFRC t o d e t e r m i n e struc-
t u r a l l o a d s and r e s p o n s e . The t h r e e tests a s s e s s e d t h e
mated c a p a b i i t y of t h e S h u t t l e O r b i t e r p i g g y b a c k atop t h e
747 i n g r o u n d h a n d l i n g and c o n t r o l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s up t o
t h e f l i g h t take-off speed. The tests a l s o v a l i d a t e d t h e
747 s t e e r i n g and b r a k i n g .

When t h e mated t a x i t e s t p h a s e was c o m p l e t e d , p r e p a r a t i o n s

began f o r t h e f i r s t o f f i v e mated unmanned i n e r t O r b i t e r
c a p t i v e f l i g h t t e s t s . T h e s e f l i g h t s c o n s i s t e d o f take-
o f f , f l i g h t , and l a n d i n g w i t h t h e O r b i t e r r e m a i n i n g a t t a c h e d
t o t h e SCA t h r o u g h o u t t h e e n t i r e f l i g h t . The t a i l c o n e
on t h e a f t s e c t i o n o f t h e O r b i t e r was i n s t a l l e d t o r e d u c e
d r a g d u r i n g f l i g h t . B a l l a s t on b o a r d t h e s p a c e c r a f t pro-
v i d e d a f o r w a r d c e n t e r o f g r a v i t y and a 65,318 k i l o g r a m
(144,000 pound) O r b i t e r g r o s s w e i g h t for t h e mated unmanned
captive flights.

T h e s e c a p t i v e f l i g h t s a s s e s s e d t h e mated v e h i c l e s t r u c t u r a l
i n t e g r i t y , p e r f o r m a n c e , h a n d l i n g q u a l i t i e s , combined s y s t e m s
o p e r a t i o n and t h e forces l e a d i n g up t o t h e O r b i t e r / 7 4 7
s e p a r a t i o n , however, s e p a r a t i o n d i d n o t o c c u r .
A s a r e s u l t of t h e s u c c e s s with t h e f i v e f l i g h t s , i t was
d e t e r m i n e d t h a t a s i x t h f l i g h t was n o t r e q u i r e d .
A h o t f i r e s e r i e s o f g r o u n d t e s t s f o l l o w e d t h e unmanned
c a p t i v e f l i g h t s when t h e O r b i t e r ' s a u x i l i a r y power u n i t s ,
ammonia b o i l e r s , f u e l c e l l s and water b o i l e r s y s t e m s were
a c t i v a t e d as t h e y would operate i n a c t u a l f l i g h t . T h i s
t e s t was t h e f i n a l a c c e p t a n c e r e q u i r e m e n t i n p r e p a r a t i o n
f o r t h e mated manned c a p t i v e f l i g h t t e s t p h a s e .
Two a s t r o n a u t NASA crews a l t e r n a t e d a t t h e c o n t r o l s d u r i n g
t h e tests. F r e d W. Haise ( c i v i l i a n ) and USAF L t . C o l .
Gordon W. F u l l e r t o n made up o n e crew as Commander and P i l o t ,
r e s p e c t i v e l y . The s e c o n d crew, i n t h e same o r d e r , w a s
USAF C o l . Joe H. E n g l e and USN C d r . R i c h a r d H. T r u l y .

ALT, Phases 1 and 2

(Captive Flights)
F l i g h t 1, J u n e 1 8 , 1 9 7 7 . H a i s e - F u l l e r t o n . Duration:
55 m i n s . , 46 secs. Speed:
Altitude:
1 8 1 k n o t s (208 mph)
4 , 5 6 2 meters ( 1 4 , 9 7 0 f t . ) .
.

1
36

Flight 2, June 28, 1977. Engle-Truly. Duration: 1 hr.,

2 mins. Speed: 270 knots (310 mph). Altitude:
6,714 meters (22,030 ft.).
Flight 3, July 26, 1977. Haise-Fullerton. Duration:
59 mins., 50 secs. Speed: 270 knots (311 mph).
Altitude: 9,233 meters (30,292 ft.).

ALT, Phase 3 (Free Flight)

Flight 1, Aug. 12, 1977, "Tail Cone On." Haise-Fullerton.
Free Flight Duration: 5 mins., 21 secs. Shuttle
Carrier Aircraft (SCA)/Orbiter Altitude: 8,538 meters
(20,014 ft.). SCA-Orbiter Separation Altitude: 7,345
meters (24,100 ft.).
Flight 2, Sept, 13, 1977. "Tail Cone ON Engle-Truly.
Free Flight Duration: 5 mins., 28 secs. SCA/Orbiter
Altitude: 9,296 meters (30,500 ft.) . SCA/Orbiter
Separation Altitude: 8,107 meters (26,000 ft,).
Flight 3, Sept. 23, 1977. "Tail Cone On." Haise-Fullerton.
Free Flight Duration: 5 mins., 34 secs. SCA/Orbiter
Altitude: 8,991 meters (29,500 ft.). SCA/Orbiter
Separation Altitude: 7,528 meters (24,700 ft.) .
Flight 4, Oct. 12, 1977. "Tail Cone OFF." Engle-Truly.
Free Flight Duration: 2 mins., 34 secs. SCA/Orbiter
Altitude: 7,680 meters (25,200 ft.). SCA/Orbiter
Separation Altitude: 6,827 meters (22,400 ft.).
Flight 5, Oct. 26, 1977. "Tail Cone OFF." Haise-Fullerton.
Free Flight Duration: 2 mins., 1 sec, SCA/Orbiter
Altitude: 6,065 meters (19,900 ft.).
For the remainder of 1978, Orbiter 101 ("Enterprise") will
be mated with an external tank and solid rocket boosters
at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL,
and undergo a series of mated vertical ground vibration
tests. The Orbiter (without a crew) was flown from
DFRC to Huntsville in March 1978 on the 747 carrier craft.

THE FIRST SPACE SHUTTLE ORBITER TEST IN EARTH ORBIT IS

SCHEDULED FOR NO EARLIER THAN JUNE 1979. IT WILL BE LAUNCHED
AT NASA's KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FL. AND LAND AT THE NASA
DRYDEN FLIGHT RESEARCH CENTER, CA.
 37

ORBITAL FLIGHT

Four two-man crews have b e e n s e l e c t e d t o b e g i n t r a i n i n g

for t h e e a r l y o r b i t a l f l i g h t s of t h e Space S h u t t l e . They
are:
J o h n W. Young, 4 7 , commander; R o b e r t L. C r i p p e n , 4 0 , p i l o t
Joe H. E n g l e , 45, commander; R i c h a r d H. T r u l y , 40, p i l o t
F r e d W. Haise, 45, commander; Jack R. Lousma, 4 2 , p i l o t
Vance D. B r a n d , 46, commander; C h a r l e s G. F u l l e r t o n , 4 1 , p i l o t

Young and C r i p p e n w i l l b e t h e prime crew f o r t h e f i r s t

o r b i t a l f l i g h t t e s t (OFT-1) s c h e d u l e d f o r l a u n c h from NASA's
Kennedy S p a c e C e n t e r , F l a . , i n 1 9 7 9 .
Young is C h i e f of t h e A s t r o n a u t O f f i c e and a v e t e r a n
o f f o u r space f l i g h t s . H e w a s p i l o t o f t h e f i r s t manned
Gemini f l i g h t , Gemini 3 , i n 1 9 6 5 ; command p i l o t o f Gemini 10
i n 1 9 6 6 ; command module p i l o t of Apollo 1 0 i n 1 9 6 9 ; and
commander of Apollo 1 6 , a l u n a r l a n d i n g m i s s i o n i n 1972. H e
h a s b e e n a member of f o u r b a c k u p crews. Young, a r e t i r e d
Navy c a p t a i n , h a s b e e n a n a s t r o n a u t s i n c e 1962.
C r i p p e n w i l l b e making h i s f i r s t space f l i g h t . A Navy
commander, h e h a s b e e n a NASA a s t r o n a u t s i n c e 1969 when
h e was t r a n s f e r r e d from t h e c a n c e l l e d USAF Manned O r b i t i n g
L a b o r a t o r y program. C r i p p e n was a crew member of t h e S k y l a b
M e d i c a l E x p e r i m e n t s A l t i t u d e T e s t s (SMEAT), a 56-day s i m u l a t i o n
of a S k y l a b m i s s i o n . H e was a member of a s t r o n a u t s u p p o r t
crews f o r S k y l a b and Apollo Soyuz T e s t P r o j e c t m i s s i o n s .
SPACE SHUTTLE PASSENGERS: A CLARIFICATION

NASA i s n o t a c c e p t i n g - - c o n t r a r y t o news r e p o r t s - - r e s e r v a -
t i o n s f o r " p a s s e n g e r s ' @ o nt h e S p a c e S h u t t l e . N o n - a s t r o n a u t
' # p a y l o a d s p e c i a l i s t s " may b e a b o a r d some m i s s i o n s t o c o n d u c t
e x p e r i m e n t s and operate e q u i p m e n t , b u t t h e r e is no a v a i l -
a b l e space t o a l l o c a t e t o t r a v e l e r s w i t h o u t a crew or pay-
l o a d assignment.
* * *

.
38

.U"NED SATELLITES, ENERGY, AERONAUTICS

VIKING
The United States carried its Bicentennial banner 400 mil-
lion miles through space to make scientific history,
On July 20, 1976, America's Viking 1 lander established
Earth's first science outpost on the surface of Mars.
A month and a half later, on September 3 , the companion space-
craft, Viking 2, successfully placed its lander 7 , 4 0 0 kilo-
meters (4,600 miles) away.
The orbiter positions of the two-part Viking 1 and 2 space-
craft continued circling the Red Planet, studying and photo-
graphing it from orbit and relaying data and messages between
the two landers and Earth.
Was or is there life on Mars? The big question defied
answer. The sophisticated biological laboratories of the
two Viking landers produced neither a flat, disappointing
11 no 11 nor the hoped-for, dramatic llyes.ll
The two types of life tests designed to detect gases produced
in metabolism initially showed vigorous activity suggestive
of life processes such as are known on Earth. A third
type, designed to detect organic materials, was negative,
however; these developments compelled scientists to look
for plausible non-biological explanations.
The puzzling results could be due to exotic chemistry,
possibly a highly-oxidizing Martian soil that is unlike
Earth soil because of the heavy bombardment of Mars by
solar ultraviolet radiation and electrified atomic particles
in the solar wind.
Besides the search of*iife,Viking conducted the most detailed
scientific investigation of a planet ever made by an unmanned
craft. Among the findings are the following:
o The Martian atmosphere was found to have all the elements
needed to support life.. Viking 1 discovered nitrogen--
essential to life as we know it. Nitrogen accounted for
2 to 3% of the Martian atmosphere. Other atmospheric gases
and their concentrations were: carbon dioxide, 96.2%;
argon-40, 1 to 2%, and oxygen, 0.1 to 0.4%.
 39

o T h a t r a t i o of argon-36 t o argon-40 was d e t e r m i n e d , and

from it s c i e n t i s t s t h e o r i z e d t h a t t h e M a r t i a n a t m o s p h e r i c
p r e s s u r e n e a r t h e s u r f a c e may have been 1 0 t o 1 0 0 times
h i g h e r t h a n it is now. Such an atmosphere would have per-
m i t t e d t h e e x i s t e n c e o f l i q u i d water. ( I n Mars' p r e s e n t
atmosphere, o n l y 1%as d e n s e as t h a t of E a r t h , l i q u i d water
would i n s t a n t l y v a p o r i z e . V i k i n g o r b i t e r p h o t o g r a p h s con-
f i r m e d t h a t c o n s i d e r a b l e water o n c e flowed o v e r t h e M a r t i a n
surface.) Traces of t w o rare g a s e s , k r y p t o n and xenon,
a l s o were d e t e c t e d i n t h e a t m o s p h e r e by t h e V i k i n g 2 l a n d e r .
o The b r i g h t n e s s of t h e M a r t i a n s k y , w i t h i t s t h i n atmos-
phere, s u r p r i s e d some s c i e n t i s t s as d i d t h e color: p i n k .
The color was a t t r i b u t e d t o t h e s c a t t e r i n g and r e f l e c t i o n
of s u n l i g h t from r e d d i s h p a r t i c l e s a d r i f t i n t h e lower
a t m o s p h e r e . The M a r t i a n s u r f a c e h a s a v e n e e r of orangy-
red material c o v e r i n g darker bedrock. The s u r f a c e r e d n e s s
i s b e l i e v e d d u e t o t h e o x i d a t i o n of i r o n - r i c h s o i l .
o I r o n , c a l c i u m , s i l i c o n , t i t a n i u m , aluminum, s u l f u r ,
and c h l o r i n e were among t h e i n o r g a n i c e l e m e n t s d e t e c t e d
i n t h e s o i l by V i k i n g l a n d e r s . T h i s c o n t e n t is somewhat
l i k e t h a t of d e s e r t s o i l s on E a r t h . However, a b o u t 1 6 %
o f t h e M a r t i a n s o i l is i r o n , e q u i v a l e n t t o t h e most i r o n -
r i c h s o i l s of E a r t h .

o The s u l f u r and c h l o r i n e detected by V i k i n g 1 s u g g e s t

t h e p r e s e n c e a t o n e t i m e of s u l f i d e and c h l o r i d e s a l t s .
They c o u l d have been l e f t b e h i n d when s u b s u r f a c e M a r t i a n
permafrost m e l t e d and q u i c k l y e v a p o r a t e d d u e t o t h e t h i n
atmosphere.
o Trace e l e m e n t s , s u c h as r u b i d i u m , s t r o n t i u m , and z i c o n i u m ,
u s u a l l y found i n E a r t h samples, were p r e s e n t i n c o m p a r a t i v e l y
l o w c o n c e n t r a t i o n s or n o t a t a l l i n t h e V i k i n g s o i l samples.
The l a c k of trace e l e m e n t s i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e rocks a r o u n d
t h e l a n d e r are more p r i m i t i v e t h a n t h o s e on e a r t h .

LANDSAT
Launched o v e r t h r e e years ago, LANDSAT-1 ( o r i g i n a l l y c a l l e d
E a r t h R e s o u r c e s S a t e l l i t e ) h a s opened w h o l e new f i e l d s
o f E a r t h s t u d i e s . S c a n n i n g t h e E a r t h e v e r y 18 d a y s , i t s
s e n s o r s record t h e u n i q u e s i g n a t u r e s r a d i a t e d by l a n d ,
water, m i n e r a l s , v e g e t a t i o n and man-made s t r u c t u r e s . Using
t h e s e s i g n a t u r e s , s c i e n t i s t s have a c h i e v e d some dramatic
applications.
LANDSAT's imagery has provided the raw data to haul pollu-
ters of air and water into court. It has led geologists
on oil and mineral hunts in Alaska, Oklahoma, the Rocky
Mountains and the jungles of Brazil. Biologists have been
able to predict potential fishing grounds. Changes in
ecology brought on by forest fires, earthquakes and strip
mining have been plotted. Municipalities guide urban devel-
opment by determining in advance how projected growth pat-
terns will affect transportation needs, public service
facilities and the environment. LANDSAT alerted the hard-
pressed nations of Africa's drought-stricken Sahel region
to the possibility of reclaiming desert areas for produc-
tive use through controlled grazing.
%

LANDSAT's potential for agriculture is staggering. Farm-

land of an entire region can be sorted crop-by-crop in
a matter of hours in combination with high-speed computers.
The end result is a computer-printed terrain map showing
precise location and area of each crop type by symbol--
C (corn), S (soybean), W (wheat), etc.
At the November 1974 World Food Conference in Rome, Secretary
of State Henry A. Kissinger stressed satellite surveillance
techniques of the kind pioneered by LANDSAT-1 as an important
tool for improving food distribution and the nutritional
standards of the world's hungry millions.
The first step in this direction began in January 1975
with the launch of LANDSAT-2, which has been assigned a
key role in America's ambitious Large Area Crop Inventory
Experiment. The project combines LANDSAT imagery with
meteorological data from weather satellites and ground
stations to establish and refine procedures for predicting
major crop yields. If successful, the project could evolve
into follow-on programs of enormous benefit to producers
and consumers alike. By pinpointing areas of food shortages
and surpluses far enough ahead, inequities in supply and
demand might be smoothed out, soaring food costs curtailed
and hunger alleviated as a global problem. LANDSAT-3 was
successfully launched March 5, 1978.
APPLICATIONS TECHNOLOGY SATELLITE (ATS-6)
From its stationary orbit above the Equator, ATS has beamed
special remedial reading courses to teachers in sparsely
populated areas of Appalachia.
 41

In the Rocky Mountain region, 56 rural schools in eight

states received a variety of classroom programs and career
guidance courses. Nearly 5,000 students and hundreds of
teachers, administrators and counselors were involved.
Half the receiving sites are equipped with low-cost, two-
way communications facilities, making possible live par-
ticipation in seminars from such out-of-the-way places
as Cuba, NM, Blanding, UT, and Riverton, WY Community edu-
cation programs ranging from alcoholism to old age and
health care are also offered.
In Alaska, 18 communities in remote areas with no previous
TV reception of any kind took part in two-way classroom
instruction sessions via Applications Technology Satellite-
6. In addition, the system was used for telemedicine experi-
ments. Doctors in remote outposts consulted directly with
top specialists, transmitting patient's records and X-rays
and actually examining the patients before television cameras
in live, two-way voice and picture transmissions.
For the first time a giant photo map of the contiguous
48 states could be pieced together with 595 cloud-free
black and white pictures taken by NASA's LANDSAT 1. The
Department of Agriculture's Soil Conservation Service assem-
bled the map on a scale of 1:1,000,000.
The satellite's capability was emphasized dramatically
in January 1975 when a doctor in Seattle, WA used two-way
television contact via the satellite to instruct a nurse
in Alaska's northern wilds as she performed surgery to
save the life of a badly injured Eskimo.
Ten Veterans Administration hospitals in the continental
states used Applications Technology Satellite-6 to provide
live, interhospital exchanges of medical data, patient
case studies and inservice training seminars for doctors
and medical personnel.
With the repositioning of Applications Technology Satellite-
6, in mid-1975, over Lake Victoria in East Africa it was
available as a major communications link for the joint
U.S.-U.S.S.R. manned space mission and for later use by
the Government of India in broadcasting subjects ranging
from basic literacy to agriculture, family planning and
hyg i ene

1
 ENERGY
The b r o a d g o a l of N A S A ' s e n e r g y p r o g r a m s is t o a s s u r e t h e
e f f e c t i v e u s e o f agency t e c h n o l o g i e s and e x p e r i e n c e s i n
support of n a t i o n a l e n e r g y research and development n e e d s
i n c o o r d i n a t i o n w i t h t h e Energy R e s e a r c h and Development
A d m i n i s t r a t i o n (ERDA) *.
E n g i n e e r s are improving and d e m o n s t r a t i n g s o l a r collector
s y s t e m s t h a t a b s o r b h e a t from t h e Sun t o h e a t and cool
b u i l d i n g s . I n t h i s area, NASA h a s t h r e e s p e c i f i c r e s p o n -
sibilities: (1) development of s y s t e m s d e m o n s t r a t i o n ;
( 2 ) t e c h n i c a l and management s u p p o r t of t h e ERDA commercial
d e m o n s t r a t i o n program; and ( 3 ) t h e d e s i g n and o p e r a t i o n o f
a n a t i o n a l solar h e a t i n g and c o o l i n g d a t a c o l l e c t i o n and
a n a l y s i s system.

AERONAUTICS
I n 1974, f u e l c o n s e r v a t i o n became a h o u s e h o l d f a c t of l i f e .
I n a e r o n a u t i c s , i n c r e a s e d f u e l costs and t h e p o s s i b i l i t y
of r e d u c e d s u p p l i e s r a i s e t h e s p e c t r e o f c u r t a i l e d a i r
t r a n s p o r t a t i o n i n t h e f u t u r e t h a t c o u l d h a v e serious econo-
nomic and social c o n s e q u e n c e s .
A 5 a r e s u l t , NASA i s s h a r p l y f o c u s i n g a t t e n t i o n on i d e n t i f y -
i n g and d e v e l o p i n g new t e c h n o l o g i e s t o a c h i e v e h i g h e r operat-
i n g e f f i c i e n c e s w i t h e x i s t i n g a i r c r a f t and t o p r o d u c e l a r g e
f u e l savings i n t h e next g e n e r a t i o n of a i r t r a n s p o r t s .
NASA h a s i d e n t i f i e d t e c h n o l o g i e s , b o t h near-term and those
t h a t can be ready i n 1 0 y e a r s , with t h e p o t e n t i a l of reducing
f u e l r e q u i r e m e n t s o f commercial j e t a i r c r a f t by a s much
as 50%. I f t h e s e a d v a n c e s were i n c o r p o r a t e d i n t o t h e number
of commercial a i r c r a f t f l y i n g i n t h e U.S. t o d a y - - a p p r o x i m a t e l y
2,10O--it would s a v e n e a r l y 350,000 b a r r e l s of o i l per
d a y . When b a s e d on estimates o f f l e e t s i z e i n t h e 1985-90
t i m e p e r i o d , s a v i n g s c o u l d reach as h i g h a s 45.6 b i l l i o n
l i t e r s ( 1 2 b i l l i o n g a l l o n s ) of j e t f u e l a n n u a l l y , or n e a r l y
1 m i l l i o n b a r r e l s of o i l e v e r y day. This translates into
a h e f t y $3 b i l l i o n each y e a r .
T h e s e s a v i n g s w i l l be a c h i e v e d t h r o u g h r e d u c e d a i r resistance
( d r a g ) , r e d u c e d w e i g h t , more e f f i c i e n t e n g i n e s and c o n t r o l
s y s t e m s , new d e s i g n c o n c e p t s and b e t t e r o p e r a t i n g p r o c e d u r e s
i n t h e a i r and on t h e g r o u n d .

*ERDA i s now a p a r t of t h e Dept. o f E n e r g y , l e a d agency

i n energy problems.
 43

S t u d i e s show t h a t a s u p e r c r i t i c a l wing d e v e l o p e d by NASA

c a n e f f e c t i v e l y r e d u c e b o t h d r a g and w e i g h t . A j e t a i r c r a f t
u s i n g t h e wing h a s been f l o w n s u c c e s s f u l J y , and v i r t u a l l y
a l l a i r c r a f t companies a r e p l a n n i n g t o u s e some v e r s i o n
of i t . S u p e r c r i t i c a l w i n g s c a n i n c r e a s e a i r c r a f t f u e l
e f f i c i e n c y by a b o u t 15%.
A n o t h e r NASA d e s i g n i n n o v a t i o n , t h e o b l i q u e wing, p o t e n -
t i a l l y c a n e n a b l e h i g h - s p e e d a i r c r a f t t o use l e s s f u e l
t h a n c u r r e n t swept-winged j e t s d u r i n g t a k e o f f and l a n d i n g
and w h i l e c r u i s i n g a t h i g h a l t i t u d e s . The wing crosses
t h e a i r p l a n e ' s f u s e l a g e a t r i g h t a n g l e s f o r t a k e o f f and
l a n d i n g and p i v o t s t o cross d i a g o n a l l y f o r h i g h - s p e e d f l i g h t .
O t h e r d e s i g n f e a t u r e s t o r e d u c e a i r f r i c t i o n and d r a g i n c l u d e
small w i n g l e t s mounted on t h e w i n g t i p s to b r e a k up s p i r a l i n g
wind p a t t e r n s and p o r o u s or s l o t t e d s k i n s for wing, t a i l
and f u s e l a g e s u r f a c e s .
An a d v a n c e d f l i g h t c o n t r o l s y s t e m , c a l l e d d i g i t a l f l y - b y -
wire, which is f a s t a c t i n g and computer c o o r d i n a t e d h a s
b e e n t e s t e d by NASA. Equipping a i r c r a f t with t h i s system
n o t o n l y w i l l improve h a n d l i n g q u a l i t i e s and e n h a n c e f l i g h t
s a f e t y , b u t can be used i n d i r e c t l y t o r e d u c e aerodynamic
l o a d s and s t r u c t u r a l w e i g h t . L i g h t w e i g h t wires replace
t h e heavy s y s t e m of metal rods, h i n g e s and h y d r a u l i c l i n e s
t h a t p r e v i o u s l y t r a n s l a t e d t h e p i l o t ' s s i g n a l from t h e
c o c k p i t t o t h e a i r c r a f t ' s c o n t r o l s u r f a c e s . The t o t a l
w e i g h t r e d u c t i o n c a n s i g n i f i c a n t l y i n c r e a s e p a s s e n g e r and
c a r g o c a p a c i t y per g a l l o n o f f u e l . I t is e s t i m a t e d t h a t
a i r c r a f t modified with fly-by-wire systems could f l y about
1 5 % f a r t h e r on t h e same amount o f f u e l . A i r p l a n e s b u i l t
w i t h t h e s y s t e m from t h e o u t s e t would d o e v e n b e t t e r .

VOYAGER

Voyager 2 was l a u n c h e d A u g u s t 20, 1 9 7 7 , and Voyager 1 o n

September 5 , s e n d i n g t h e two spacecraft on t h e most f a r -
r e a c h i n g m i s s i o n t o b e f l o w n by NASA. The m i s s i o n i n c l u d e s
a p o s s i b l e f l i g h t t o U r a n u s , which i s 2.87 b i l l i o n k i l o m e t e r s
from t h e Sun--19 t i m e s t h e d i s t a n c e from E a r t h t o t h e Sun.
A l s o i n t h e d i m l y - l i t o u t e r r e a c h e s of t h e S o l a r S y s t e m
a r e t h e g i a n t p l a n e t s J u p i t e r and S a t u r n and t h e e v e n more
remote N e p t u n e , P l u t o and U r a n u s . Voyager 1, now a h e a d
o f Voyager 2 , is s c h e d u l e d t o f l y by J u p i t e r i n March o f
1979 w i t h Voyager 2 t o f o l l o w i n J u l y . Following t h e J u p i t e r
s u r v e y , t h e s p a c e c r a f t w i l l r e a c h S a t u r n i n November o f
1980 (Voyager I) and A u g u s t of 1 9 8 1 (Voyager 2 ) .

.-
I f t h e o p t i o n t o j o u r n e y on t o Uranus is e x e r c i s e d , Voyager
2 w i l l s a i l w i t h i n r a n g e of Uranus i n J a n u a r y 1986, more
t h a n f o u r y e a r s after? l e a v i n g S a t u r n .
Uranus is m a r k e d l y d i f f e r e n t from J u p i t e r and S a t u r n .
I t is t i l t e d so f a r on i t s a x i s t h a t t h e poles l i e almost
i n t h e p l a n e o f t h e e c l i p t i c . Thus, i n c o n t r a s t t o t h e
o t h e r p l a n e t s , Uranus l i e s on i t s s i d e . I t c i r c l e s t h e
Sun o n c e i n 84 y e a r s . Once i n e a c h o r b i t t h e Sun s h i n e s
d i r e c t l y down on t h e n o r t h pole; 4 2 y e a r s l a t e r t h e s o u t h
pole is l i g h t e d . I n 1986, t h e o r i e n t a t i o n o f Uranus w i l l
allow Voyager 2 t o f l y almost p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o t h e e q u a t o r i a l
and s a t e l l i t e p l a n e . Voyager 2 w i l l g e t a good l o o k a t
any m a g n e t o s p h e r e and plasma c l o u d t h a t may b e p r e s e n t ,
and c o u l d p h o t o g r a p h t h e s u n l i t h e m i s p h e r e o f Uranus and
a l l i t s s a t e l l i t e s . The s p a c e c r a f t w i l l also p r o v i d e a
f i r s t close o b s e r v a t i o n of t h e newly d i s c o v e r e d r i n g s of
Uranus. Voyager 2 would t h e n s a i l o u t t h r o u g h t h e p l a n e t ' s
w a k e , l o o k i n g back a t t h e dark s o u t h e r n h e m i s p h e r e .
Years a f t e r l a u n c h , p e r h a p s 30 times f a r t h e r from t h e Sun
t h a n E a r t h is, t h e i r a t t i t u d e c o n t r o l g a s s p e n t , t h e t w o
Voyagers w i l l be u n a b l e t o r e s p o n d t o a t t i t u d e c o r r e c t i o n
commands from t h e i r E a r t h masters, and communications w i l l
f a d e and disappear as t h e y d r i f t o u t of r a n g e .

SPACE SETTELEMENTS, OTHER USAGES

A number o f n e w s p a p e r s , m a g a z i n e s , t e c h n i c a l j o u r n a l s and
o t h e r p u b l i c a t i o n s h a v e , i n t h e p a s t f e w y e a r s , reported
on v a r i o u s aspects o f e s t a b l i s h i n g s e t t l e m e n t s and o t h e r
u t i l i z a t i o n s of space, i n c l u d i n g m a u f a c t u r i n g f a c i l i t i e s
and s a t e l l i t e s t o t r a n s m i t solar e n e r g y t o E a r t h . M o s t
o f t h e a r t i c l e s d i f f e r as t o cost, t h e t e c h n o l o g y r e q u i r e d ,
t h e time f r a m e and t h e s i z e and f u n c t i o n a l c a p a b i l i t i e s
of i n d i v i d u a l or c l u s t e r s e t t l e m e n t s .

1. Space s e t t l e m e n t as a c o n c e p t is b e i n g s t u d i e d on a
modest and c o n t i n u i n g b a s i s .
2. N o f o r m a l a p p l i c a t i o n by NASA h a s been made t o
t h e P r e s i d e n t f o r space s e t t l e m e n t f u n d s .
3. P r e s i d e n t Carter h a s n o t d e t a i l e d h i s v i e w s on
t h e space s e t t l e m e n t c o n c e p t .
4. E s t a b l i s h i n g s e t t l e m e n t s i n space would be v e r y
 45

costly: both the hardware required and the technology

needed to launch have not been developed. Additionally,
we do not know now the number the background training
needed of the people who would occupy the first settlement,
should a settlement project be approved.
5. Because of the money and technology needed, a
settlement project could not be undertaken in the near
future.
6. While permanent settlements in space are not
currently being considered, NASA is investigating
applications of space uitilization which would involve
long-stay times for space crews.
Modest funding has been provided by NASA to investigate the
technical aspects of space settlements and the construction
of large structures derived from non-terrestrial materials.

SUPPORTIVE ORGANIZATIONS
Among NASA's supportive organizations--some student
oriented--with an interest in the future of aeronautics
and space exploration are:

American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics

1290 Avenue of the Americas
New York, NY 10019
The American Society for Aerospace Education
Suite 432
821 15th Street, NW
Washington, DC 20005
(Publishes monthly September through May JOURNAL OF AERO-
SPACE EDUCATION)
Aerospace Industries Association
1725 De Sales Street, NW
Washington, DC 20036
National Space Institute
Suite 408
1911 Ft. Myer Drive
Arlington, VA 22209

...
American Association for the
Advancement of Science (AAAS)
1515 Massachusetts Ave., NW
Washington, DC 20005
Forum for the Advancement of Students in Science
and Technology, Inc. (FASST)
2039 M Street, NW
Washington, DC 20036
(FASST works with both technical and non-technical students
to demonstrate available technical options, and the social
implications involved in science issues). FASST is an AAAS
affiliate.
***
Ideas, designs, inventions and related data should be directed
to:
NASA Inventions and Contributions Board
NB-g/NASA Headquarters
Washington, DC 20546
Designs must be to scale, in pen and ink and accompanied
by complete technical description in order to be processed.

Sources of Information
Reading Room--NASA Headquarters Information Center, 600
Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20546. Phone:
202/755-2320.
Contract and Small Business Information--Inquiries regarding
contracting or small business opportunities with NASA should
be directed to the NASA Small Business Advisor and Industry
Assistance Officer, NASA Headquarters, HB-l/Office of Procure-
ment, Washington, X 20546. Phone: 202/755-2288.
Em lo ment--Direct all inquiries to the Personnel Director
-E-Fiy--
of t e nearest NASA field installation or, for the Washington
Metropolitan area, to the Director of Personnel, A-l/NASA
Headquarters, Washington, DC 20546. Phone: 202/755-3363.
Speakers, Films, Publications, and Exhibit Services--Several
publications concerning these services can be obtained
by contacting the Public Affairs Officer of the nearest
NASA installation. Publications include NASA Film List,
and NASA Educational Publications List, NASA Headquarters
telephone directory, certain NASA publications, and NASA
 47

picture sets are available for sale from the Superintendent

of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, DC
20402. Telephone directories for NASA field installations
are available only from the installations. NASA publications
and documents not available for sale from the Superintendent
of Documents or the National Technical Information Service
(Springfield, VA 22151), may be obtained from NASA installation
Information Centers in ac'cordance with the NASA regulation
concerning freeedom of information (14 CFR 1206).
SOUVENIRS, MODELS, MISSION PATCHES, MAPS,
NASA-RELATED NOVELTIES
These items may be obtained at many commercial outlets
(hobby/novelty/specialty); NASA does not, for budgetary
reasons, distribute them. They may be purchased at NASA
Employee Stores at the agency's principal centers (see
listing of centers) by writing for price lists. A wide
selection is stocked by the Gift Shop of ths National Air
and Space Museum, Smithsonian Institution, Washington,
DC 20560.

.. .* *u.-.r-
UNIDENTIFIED FLYING OBJECTS
NASA's relationship to UFOs is to place under laboratory
analysis any physical evidence of their existence from
credible sources. NASA has no pictures, files of sighting
reports and is not conducting a continuing UFO investigation.
A number of private groups devote full time to aerial pheno-
mena research. Two of them are: The Center for UFO Studies,
Dr. J. Allen Hynek, Director, 924 Chicago Avenue, Evanston,
IL 60202; and National Investigations Committee on Aerial
Phenomena (NICAP), John L. Acuff, Director, 3535 University
Boulevard, West, Kensington, MD 20975.
***
HOW TO OBTAIN OFFICIAL NASA PHOTOGRAPHS
Official NASA photographs are distributed free only to
the news media. They are available, however, for purchase
from NASA's contract laboratory, Bara Photographs, Inc.,
P.O. Box 486, Bladensburg, MD 20710. A catalog of available
photos may be obtained by writing either Bara or LFB-lO/Audio-
visual Services Branch, NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC
20546. Both color and black-and-white material is available.

1
.-
 WHY EXPLORE SPACE?
ANSWERS TO OTHER OFTEN-ASKED QUESTIONS

The exploration of space is producing practical benefits

in the form of:
o Knowledge--Exploration advances scientific and
technical knowledge and thus contributes to understanding
and improving life on Earth.
o Applications--Spacecraft are already in constant
service for communications, navigation, weather observations,
and Earth environmental surveys.
o Technology--progress stimulated by the space program
is contributing to advances in medicine, transportation,
electronics, manufacturing, and nearly every other form of
human activity.
o Economics--The space program helps expand our
technological base, stimulating the development of improved
products and processes that increase our ability to compete
in world markets. In this way, the program makes a
significant contribution to the export, or plus, side of
our balance of trade.
***
What does the Space Proqram cost me as an individual?
About one cent of each Federal tax dollar goes to the
space program.
***
Why not use some of the money spent on space to solve social
problems such as hunger, poverty, ill health, and pollution?
The Federal Government is already spending over $100
billion a year on social programs, including those to alleviate
poverty, improve health, control pollution and eliminate
hunger. This is over 40 percent of the national budget. In
contrast, actual spending for space accounts for less than
2 percent of the budget. To divert funds from the space
program would not add significantly to the budget for social
programs, but it would be a severe blow to the advances in
technology, the growth of knowledge, the economic advantages,
and the practical benefits produced by the space program.
***
* U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1978- 261-371:64
 Major Space "Firsts"

EVEM 14 Jon 69 Sop. 4 ~m&zvouso f T r o h b n n d C m f h

DESCRIPTION 1 DATE
c,> 15Jon69 SopzS} h n a u t r excharged i n Orbit
141\p69 Nimbu3 Atmaphere Structure D . h r m i m d
ian Mode Earth Satellite
18 Moy 69 Apdio IO M o n n d Lunar Orbit Rendezvous
16 Jul 69 Apollo 1 1 h b n l r d L v m r Londiw
16 Jul 69 Apollo 1 1 Mon W d k d m L u n a Surface
16 Jul 69 Apollo 1 1 LUM S a m Deployed
,107 Cells on Sposecmft 16 Jul 69 Apollo 1 1 M D n n d Lunm Lihoff
n t h S h o p Meowred 16 Jul 69 Apollo 1 1 Luna Soil Sonpim Rsturned
14 Nov 69 Apoilo 12 Monmd l n r p c t i m of P r w i a n l y
Lmded Unmo-d L u n a SpocecmH

r a p d Earth's Grovity -' %_ X-d- m-

' L- J i-
q
x t h Photo from h t d l i t e Unnmnmd Lumr Landing o d Returr
inor Impact of Sompl.,
mor Picture (Dark S i d e ) IO N o v 70 Lumr 17 U n m m n d L v m r Rwiw V.hicle

, l o b i W e o t h r Photo
iavigotion Satellite
lirrile Detector
-12-Dcc
-- .- - -_ _ .-Orbiting
70 E-loror 4
--_---_____--
X-my Satellite

19 Apr 71 Sdyut I Space Station

19Moy71 Mom2 Mar Impact
o y l d Recovery 28Moy71 hbm3 Unmnned Mon Soft landing
m i i v e Commnicotionr Satellite 30 h b y 71 hbriner 9 Spacecroft i n Mom Orbit
V via Satellite 6Jun71 Soyur 11 M o n n d Trmrfsr to Space Station
Lir Smtch Payload Recovery 26 Jui 71 Apollo I 5 M o n n d Lunm Roving Vehicle
ecovery of Orbited Animoir 26 Jul 71 Apoilo 15 Live Color TV of Lumr EVA
26 Jul 71
- - - - -- - _ - - - - -
c t i v e Repeater Comrmnicotiorr Apoilo 15 Luna Sotellit. L W K M from
Monned Spancroft i n Luna Orbit
h n e d Flight and Recovery 26 Jul 71 Apallo 15 Live TV o f Monnd Lumr Lihoff
i o t o p Power i n Spocecmft 26 Jul 71
- - - _ ._- - --
*pollo 15 EVA During Tmnr-Eath Tmlectory

Xscovsy of 2nd Artificial Rodioti I 3 Ma 72 Pions, IO Rodioisotop Thermcelestric

lelt G e m a t a for P a a r

1
4mteur Hom Rodio Satellite AIZDec61 X ia
- --- _ - - _ - - _ - _ - ._._- - - - 3 ~ o 72
3Ma72
r Piaer
P I m n IO
T m v e d Astwoid &It
-
Jupiter Prdm i h t u m d Pictures
080-1 3rbiting Solar Observatory 5 7 Mar 67 X 3 M a 72 P i a n IO Phot- of Jupiter's k s
Mariner 2 ntnplonetor/ Probe - Venus Flyby 8 14 Dec 62 X 3 Ma 72 Pimew10 W i l l b. 1st k m o d e Oblect to
Anno 18' ;ecdetic Solei l i t e 5 31 O c t 62 X G c v t h Soior System
____
Mars i *or$ Flyby
____- _____ - _ _
5 Jun 63
.
23 Jul 72
21Aug72
ERTS-I
OAO-C
E o t h RMurcm h t e l l i h
Unmmned Ashonomkol T o l a s o p
lest Ford *It - Sotelite Relay Communicotion. P 12 Moy 63 X 10Nov 72 Anik 1 h t l c C m u n i c d i m n r Sotelllt.
)ipoic* ,io Microwove D i p o l e 7 D.c 72 Apollo 17 Monmd Nbht Launch
15 Jun 63 Transit 5A' Srovity Gmdient Stabilized Spoce- S 15 Jun 63 X 7D.c 72 Apollo 17 Geolcgirt m Moor (Schmltt)
croft
Voitok 6 Female i n orbit H 16 Jun 63 I
16 Jun 63
26 Jul 63 Syncom II 3 p r a t i o n o l Georynchromur Orbit A 26 Jul 63 , X
28 Sep 63
17 Oct 63
rontit 5BN
'el0 Hotel(
Nucisar Powered Spacecraft
Nusleor Explarion Detector
P
8
28 Sep 63 X
2 2 0 c t 63 x -M_i c r_a w_w_e Swnding
_ - _ _ _of _A k_n a_p h_e n
27 Nw 63 :entour 2 Hydrogen Fueled Rocket P 77 Nov 63 X Saturn R o b
21 Dec 63 Tiror 8 N a l d w i d e Meteorological Automatic A 21 Dec 63- X
I Jui 67 Mobnned Repair of Space Station
____ Picture Tmnrmiirion
k d i s o l D o c t a Astronwt (Kernin)
20 Jui 64 SERT-I Ion Engine Subabital Test P 20Jui 64 X k n m d O p m t e d Talescop
28 Jul 64 Ronger 7 Close-up Lumr Pictures 8 31 Jul 64 X Photcgraphd Sun's hbgnstic Field
i 2 Ost 64 Vorkhod i Multi-Manned Spacecraft N I 7 Oct 64 Spawcmft Used P l a n t m y Gmvity
5 15 Jul 65 X Assist to Encounter Two Plmetr
28 N o v 64
__--
Mariner 4 Mars Fly-by Pictures
.- - - - -- --
--- - - -..- -- - __ (Venus ond M e r s v y )
16 Feb 65 Pcgavr I Micrometeorite Satellite 5 16 Feb65 X Solar Radiotion S t o b i l i n d S p a e c r d
~- ___ Flyby TV Pictures of Venus
Identify V a v r Ahnolphrs
I8 Mor 65 Vorkhcd > h n e d Extravehicular Activity M 18 Mor 65 Flyby N Pictures of Mncury
23 Mor 65 Gemini 3 lamed Orbital hbn.uver P 23Mor65 X i h n t i f y H r s w y Atmapha.
3h.65 Snvhop iusiear Rsostar i n O r b i t P 3bpr.s x F w r Planetary Encounten on Sit+
3 Jun 65 Gemini 4 ontrolled Extrovehiculor Activity P 3 Jun 65 X -

t---I-----
Mission One to Venus a d Three h
16 Jul 65 Proton 1 Omic Ray k u r e m n h S 16Jul 65
21 k g 6 5
16 N o v 65
Gemini 5
Vemr.3 3
,el Cell Power
e n w lmpoct
P 21 Aug 65
5 1MorM
X
hbrcury
---- --________
17-74 SMS-l Synshmna. Orbit h b t w r o l c g i c a l
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ -------___-_________-
4Dec65 %mini6A, lamed Space Rs&rvous M 4Dec65 X 30- 74 ATS-6 Mobritim m d h m n r u t i s o l Comnuni
c o t i u u and Traffic Control
31 Jon 66 Lum 9 ~ m Soh
r Londing S 3 Fcb 64
E d u w t i w l TV Courses for Credits
31 Jon M Lumr 9 rmr PIC~WMfrom Surface S 4 Feb M
Soteliite Tmckitq Another Satellite
16 Mor 66 Gemini 8, lanned Docking of Two Cmft M 16 Mor 66 X
(GEOS-3)
31 Mot 66 Lum IO mor Orbiter 5 3Apr66 -
30 M o y 66 Surveyor 1 ontrolled Lunar Soft ladirq 5 2 Jun M X
18 Jul M Gemini 11
A*"a
ocksd Spocscmft Monsuvsr P I8 Jul M X _26 _Aug_ 74_ _Soyuz
_ _ _I 5_ -Mobnnsd ---
- - -Night - - - - -_ -
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10 Aug 66 Orbiter 1 ~ m Pictures

r from Orbiter 5 14 A u g M X 8 Jun 75 Venus 9 Spacecroft in Venus Orbit
7Dnc66 8 Jun 75 Venus 9 Photograph fmm Venus Surface
-___ -___ ATS-l lation Pictures of Wwthr System
- - - - - - _ - _ - - - - - - ._- - - - -
A 7 Dec 66 X
I 5 Jul 75 Apollo/Soyu Monned Internotiowl Coapemtivs
17 Apr 67 Surveyor : ~ m Surface
r Somplsr S20Apr67 X -
M i r i o n Rendsrvwr, Docking,
7 Apr 67 Surveyor : ,n/Eath E c l i p e Photo from Moon S 4 Moy 67 X ______________
and Transfer of C r e w

I
1 Jul 67 DC+' 111 E a t h Face Color Photo S 1 Jul 67 X Multiday operotion of Spocscmft
8 Sep 67 Surv.yor : ~ m Soil
r Chemical Analysis S 11 h p 67 X on Surface of Amther Planet
7 O c t 67 Cmu4& nmonnsd Docking o f Tm C m h P 16 Nov 67 In-situ analysis of rurfocs material
181 ond biological e-srirnnh conduct,
I
--- I m mother plmnct
-------_____-_
7 Nov 67 Surveyor 6 Unmonnd Lumr Liftoff
9 Now 67 Apollo 4 Lunor Return Vel osity Rsentry and
--__ _ _ _ _ Recowry
-_________---- Il/M-Monned Space Flight 8-Science ond Techmlogy
I 4 Sep 68 Zod 5 Cirsumiuna 6 Recovery of iim
Animals
7Decba OAO-2 -
Pointed Stabilized O A O
21 Dncba Apollo 8 hbbnmd Lunor Orbit P-Propulsion System A-Applicationr o d Operations * Deportment o f Defense
21 Des 68 Apollo 8 M o n n d LUMI Return Recover/
--__
21 Decba
-___ -_____ ________
Apol lo 8 Live TV from Lumr Orbit
~
“That’s One Small Step
for a Man, One Giant
Leap for Mankind”
First words of Apollo 1 1 Commander Neil A. Armstrong
when he became the first human to step on the
surface of the Moon-July 20, 1969.

August 1978
Information Sheet 78-2