Sobolev Spaces

546 Chapter 8 Fourier transforms of distributions and Sobolev spaces
8.10 Sobolev spaces on ¤ Rn revisited

We have already studied some elementary properties of Sobolev spaces H m ./ of
integral order m 2 N on arbitrary domains Rn in Section 2.15 of Chapter 2,
and in the previous section of this chapter we have defined Sobolev spaces H s .Rn /
of arbitrary real order s 2 R by means of Fourier transforms. Then, in Theorem 8.9.2,
we have shown that for s D m 2 N, these two different definitions give the same
Sobolev space H m .Rn / with norm equivalence. Now we study the case of ¤ Rn .
We again have two different definitions of Sobolev spaces on ¤ Rn for s D m 2 N:
Sobolev space H m ./ as the space of restrictions to of the (equivalent classes
of) elements of H m .Rn /;
Sobolev space H m ./ defined in Section 2.15 for Rn , i.e.
H m ./ D ¹u W @˛ u 2 L2 ./ 8j˛j mº
with
X 1=2
˛ 2
kukH m ./ D k@ ukL 2 ./ :
0j˛jm
Then the natural question arises:

Is H m ./ H m ./ for ¤ Rn , m 2 N? The answer is not an affirmative one,
i.e. in general, H m ./ 6 H m ./. But for some particular cases (for example, when
D RnC , is an angular sector, is a polygonal domain, or is a C m -regular
domain, has a Lipschitz continuous boundary, etc.), H m ./ H m ./ with norm
equivalence.
For this we first define H s ./.
8.10.1 Space H s ./ with s 2 R, Rn

Definition 8.10.1. Let Rn be an open subset of Rn with boundary . Then, by
means of H s .Rn / defined in (8.9.1)–(8.9.3), we define H s ./: 8s 2 R,
H s ./ D ¹u W u 2 D 0 ./ and 9w 2 H s .Rn / such that u D w# º (8.10.1)
equipped with the norm k kH s ./
kukH s ./ D inf kwkH s .Rn / ; (8.10.2)

w2H s .Rn /
w# Du
where
kwkH s .Rn / D k.1 C kk2 /s=2 wk
O L2 .Rn / (8.10.3)
with wO D F w D Fourier transform of w 2 H s .Rn /, w D w.x/, wO D w./.
O
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Section 8.10 Sobolev spaces on ¤ Rn revisited 547
If we let Rn , trivially
H s .Rn / H s .Rn /: (8.10.4)
Important properties of H s ./

Property 1
Proposition 8.10.1.
I. 8s 2 R; H s ./ defined by (8.10.1) and (8.10.2) is a Hilbert space. (8.10.5)
II. For s 0, H s ./ ,! L2 ./. (8.10.6)
Proof.
I. H s ./ is, obviously, a linear space. Define a subspace M of H s .Rn / by:
M D ¹w W w 2 H s .Rn / such that w# D 0º: (8.10.7)
M is a closed subspace of H s .Rn /: Let .wk /1kD1

be a sequence in M such
that wk ! w 2 H s .Rn / as k ! 1. We are to show that w 2 M. Since
H s .Rn / ,! S 0 .Rn / ,! D 0 .Rn /, wk ! w in H s .Rn / H) wk ! w in
D 0 .Rn / H) hwk ; iD 0 .Rn /D.Rn / ! hw; iD 0 .Rn /D.Rn / as k ! 1 8 2
D.Rn /. But wk 2 M 8k 2 N H) wk # D 0 H) hwk # ; i D 0 8 2
D./ 8k 2 N i.e. 8 2 D.Rn / with supp./ (see Definition 5.3.1)
H) limk!1 hwk # ; i D 0 D hw# ; i 8 2 D./, i.e. 8 2 D.Rn / with
supp./ H) w# D 0 in D 0 ./ with w 2 H s .Rn / H) w 2 H s .Rn /
with w# D 0 H) w 2 M H) M is a closed subspace of H s .Rn /.
Hence, M is a Hilbert space. Then H s ./ can be identified with the quotient
space H s .Rn /=M equipped with the norm
kukH s ./ D inf kwkH s .Rn / D inf kw0 C vkH s .Rn / (8.10.8)
w2H s .Rn / v2M
w# Du
for any fixed w0 2 H s .Rn / with w0 # D u. Hence, H s ./ is a Hilbert space.

II. From Remark 8.9.1, H s .Rn / ,! L2 .Rn / 8s 0, we get the continuous
imbedding H s ./ ,! L2 ./. In fact, u 2 H s ./ H) 9w 2 s n
R H .R 2/ with
w# 2 n 2
R D u 2H) w 2 L .R / with w# 2
D u 2 L ./, since ju.x/j d x
2
Rn jw.x/j d x < C1 H) kukL2 ./
kwkL 2 .Rn / H) kukL2 ./
kwkL2 .Rn / kwkH s .Rn /
H) kukL2 ./ inf kwkH s .Rn / D kukH s ./ :

w2H s .Rn /
w# Du
Property 2 For s D m, D Rn ,
H m .Rn / H m .Rn /; (8.10.9)
where H m .Rn / D ¹u W u 2 L2 .Rn /, @˛ u 2 L2 .Rn / 8j˛j mº ((2.15.1)–(2.15.3))

with
X Z 1=2
2
kukm;Rn D ˛
j@ u.x/j d x 8u 2 H m .Rn /: (8.10.10)
Rn
0j˛jm
The result follows from (8.10.4) with s D m and Theorem 8.9.2, the norms (8.10.3)
and (8.10.10) being equivalent ones.
Property 3 For m 2 N, Rn , we define H m ./ and H m ./ by
H m ./ D ¹u W u 2 D 0 ./ and 9w 2 H m .Rn / (8.10.10) such that u D w# º;

(8.10.11)
with
kukH m ./ D inf kwkH m .Rn / I (8.10.12)

w2H m .Rn /
w# Du
H m ./ D ¹u W u 2 L2 ./; @˛ u 2 L2 ./ 8j˛j mº, with

X Z 1=2
2
kukm; D ˛
j@ u.x/j d x 8u 2 H m ./: (8.10.13)

0j˛jm
Then we have:
Proposition 8.10.2. H m ./ ,! H m ./, ,! being a continuous imbedding.
Proof. Let u 2 H m ./ with m 1. Then, by the definition of H m ./; 9w 2

H m .Rn / such that w# D u 2 L2 ./ (by (8.10.6)). But w 2 H m .Rn / H) 8j˛j
m; @˛ w 2 L2 .Rn /
H) .@˛ w/# D @˛ .w# / 2 L2 ./: (8.10.14)
In fact, 8 2 D.Rn / with supp./ , i.e. 2 D./,

Z Z Z
h@˛ w; iD 0 .Rn /D.Rn / D .@˛ w/d x D .@˛ w/d x D .1/j˛j w@˛ d x
Rn
j˛j ˛ ˛ ˛
D .1/ hw# ; @ i D h@ .w# /; @ i D 0 ./D./ 8 2 D./: (8.10.15)
But h.@˛ w/# ; i D h@˛ w; iD 0 .Rn /D.Rn / 8 2 D.Rn / with supp./
H) h.@˛ w/# ; iD 0 ./D./ D h@˛ .w# /; iD 0 ./D./ 8 2 D./ (using
(8.10.15))
H) @˛ .w# / D .@˛ w/# 2 L2 ./ 8j˛j m (by (8.10.14))
H) @˛ u 2 L2 ./8j˛j m H) u 2 H m ./ H) H m ./ H m ./.
Continuity of ,!: Let u 2 H m ./ with kukH m ./ given by (8.10.12). Then u 2
H m ./ and
X Z X
kuk2m; D j@˛ uj2 d x D j@˛ .w# /j2 d x

0j˛jm 0j˛jm
X Z X Z
D ..@˛ w/# /2 d x j@˛ wj2 d x D kwk2m;Rn
Rn
0j˛jm 0j˛jm
H) kukm; kwkm;Rn 8w 2 H .Rn / m

with w# D u
H) kukm; inf kwkm;Rn D kukH m ./ .by (8.10.10)/ (8.10.16)
w2H m .Rn /
w# Du
H) ,! is continuous from H m ./ into H m ./: (8.10.17)
Remark 8.10.1. If we use the original norm kwkm;Rn defined in (8.10.3) instead of
that in (8.10.10), then (8.10.16) will be replaced by: kukm; C kukH m ./ for some
C > 0 by virtue of Theorem 8.9.2.
Property 4: Density result
Space D./
Definition 8.10.2. Let Rn be an open subset of Rn . Then D./ is the linear

space of restrictions to of elements of D.Rn /, i.e.
D./ D ¹ W 9 2 D.Rn / such that # D º: (8.10.18)
Theorem 8.10.1. 8s 2 R, D./ is dense in H s ./.

Proof. Let u 2 H s ./. Then 9v 2 H s .Rn / such that v# D u. But D.Rn / is
dense in H s .Rn / by Theorem 8.9.6. Hence, 9 a sequence .m /1 n
mD1 in D.R / such
1
that kv m kH s .Rn / ! 0 as m ! 1. Define a sequence . m /mD1 in D./ by
s
m D m # 8 m 2 N. Then m 2 H ./ 8 m 2 N and
ku m kH s ./ kv m kH s .Rn / ! 0 as m ! 1: (8.10.19)

Hence, for any u 2 H s ./, 9 a sequence . m /1
mD1 in D./ such that ku m kH s ./
! 0 as m ! 1, i.e. D./ is dense in H ./.s
Property 5: Imbedding results
Proposition 8.10.3.
n
I. For s 2 R, s 2 > k, k 2 N0 , H s ./ ,! C k ./. (8.10.20)
n
II. For s 2 R, s 2 D 2 0; 1Œ, H s ./ ,! C 0; ./. (8.10.21)
Proof.
I. 8s 2 R with s n2 > k, from Sobolev’s Imbedding Theorem 8.9.4, u 2
H s .Rn / H) u 2 C k .Rn / with kukC k .Rn / C kukH s .Rn / , i.e. H s .Rn / ,!
C k .Rn / equipped with uniform convergence on every compact subset of Rn
for all derivatives of order k, H s .Rn / being the space defined in (8.9.1)–
(8.9.3). Hence, by virtue of Definition 8.10.1, H s ./ ,! C k ./, since C k ./
is the space of restrictions to of elements of C k .Rn / equipped with uniform
convergence on every compact subset of Rn for all derivatives of order k.
II. Similarly, from Theorem 8.9.5, the result (8.10.21) follows.
Property 6 For m 2 N and Rn , H m ./ ¤ H m ./ in general, H m ./ being

the space defined in (8.10.13). We repeat again Property 2: H m .Rn / H m .Rn /.
Now, we will identify the additional property, called the m-extension property,
which Rn must possess so that H m ./ H m ./.
8.10.2 m-extension property of

Definition 8.10.3. Let Rn be an open subset of Rn . Then is said to possess
the m-extension property if and only if there exists a continuous, linear extension
operator P W H m ./ ! H m .Rn / such that .P u/.x/ D u.x/ a.e. on 8u 2
H m ./. (8.10.22)
Continuity of P : 9C > 0 such that
kP ukm;Rn C kukm; 8u 2 H m .//: (8.10.23)
m-extension operator P for : The continuous, linear extension operator

P W H m ./ ! H m .Rn / satisfying (8.10.22) and (8.10.23) is called an m-extension
operator for .
Theorem 8.10.2. If possesses the m-extension property satisfying (8.10.22) and

(8.10.23), then H m ./ H m ./ with norm equivalence: (8.10.24)
9C1 ; C2 > 0 such that
C1 kukH m ./ kukH m ./ C2 kukH m ./ ; (8.10.25)
where H m ./ D ¹u W 9v 2 H m .Rn / such that u D v# º (see (8.10.1)) with
kukH m ./ D inf kvkH m .Rn / 8u 2 H m ./:

v2H m .Rn /
v# Du
Proof.
H m ./ D H m ./: It has already been shown in Proposition 8.10.2 that H m ./ ,!
H m ./. Hence, for the equality H m ./ H m ./, we are to show only that
H m ./ H m ./. Let u 2 H m ./. Since has the m-extension property,
there exists a continuous, linear operator P W H m ./ ! H m .Rn / such that 8u 2
H m ./, P u D w 2 H m .Rn / with w# D .P u/# D u. Hence, u 2 H m ./
by Definition 8.10.1 and H m ./ H m ./. Thus, we have proved that H m ./
H m ./.
Norm equivalence (8.10.25): From the definition of H m ./,
kukH m ./ D inf kwkH m .Rn / kP ukH m .Rn / C0 kukH m ./ (8.10.26)
w2H m .Rn /
w# Du
for some C0 > 0 by the definition of the m-extension operator P for satisfying
(8.10.22) and (8.10.23),
H) C10 kukH m ./ kukH m ./ C kukH m ./ (by Proposition 8.10.2 and Re-
mark 8.10.1), from which the norm equivalence (8.10.25) follows with C1 D C10 > 0,
C2 D C > 0.
Remark 8.10.2.
Any arbitrary domain Rn does not possess the m-extension property (see
also [14]). For example, D ¹.x1 ; x2 / W 0 < jx1 j < 1, 0 < x2 < 1º R2 with
a slit/cut along the boundary segment 0 W 0 < x2 < 1 on the x2 -axis does not
possess the 1-extension property for m D 1, since it is locally a two-sided domain
along the slit/cut 0 (see Appendix D).The function u defined by u.x1 ; x2 / D 0 for
.x1 ; x2 / 2 1 D 0; 1Œ 0; 1Œ and u.x1 ; x2 / D 1 for .x1 ; x2 / 2 2 D 1; 0Œ 0; 1Œ
belongs to H 1 ./, but u can not be extended to H 1 .R2 /, i.e. À (there does not exist)
any w 2 H 1 .R2 / such that w# D u 2 H 1 ./. See Figure 8.1 for a diagram of this
scenario.
R R
u 2 H 1 ./: ju.x1 ; x2 /j2 dx1 dx2 D 2 12 dx1 dx2 D area meas.2 / D
1 H) u 2 L2 ./.
@u
The distributional derivative @x1
D 0 2 L2 ./. In fact, 8 2 D./, and @˛
vanish along the boundary with 0 8j˛j 2 N, i.e. #0 D 0, @˛ #0 D 0,
Z
@u @ @
; D u; D u dx1 dx2
@x1 D 0 ./D./ @x1 D 0 ./D./ @x 1
Z Z
@ @
D 0 dx1 dx2 1 dx1 dx2
1 dx 1 2 @x 1
Z 1 Z 0 Z 1
@
D dx2 dx1 D Œ.0; x2 / .1; x2 /dx2
0 1 @x1 0
Z 1
D 0dx2 D 0 8 2 D./
0
@u @u
H) @x1
D 0 2 D 0 ./ H) @x1
D 0 2 L2 ./ ,! D 0 ./.
@u @u
Similarly, h @x 2
; i D 0 8 2 D./ H) @x2
D 0 2 L2 ./. Hence, u 2 H 1 ./.
Àw 2 H 1 .R2 / with w# D u: Suppose that the contrary holds, i.e. 9w 2 H 1 .R2 /
with w# D u 2 H 1 ./. Then w D u a.e. on . But w 2 H 1 .R2 / H)
@w
w, @x 2 L2 .R2 / for i D 1; 2. Hence, for 0 D [ 0 D 1; 1Œ 0; 1Œ,
i
@w
w#0 D w0 2 L2 .0 /, #
@xi 0
2 L2 .0 / for i D 1; 2. (8.10.26a)
x2
1
· W = W1ÈW2
W2 W1 · W1= ]0,1[ ´ ]0,1[
G G0 G · W2=]-1,0[ ´ ]0,1[
u=1 u=0
· W0 = WÈG0= ]-1,1[ ´ ]0,1[
-1 O 1 x1
Figure 8.1 D ¹.x1 ; x2 / W 0 < jx1 j < 1, 0 < x2 < 1º R2 with a slit/cut along the
boundary segment 0 W 0 < x2 < 1
@w
Since #
@x1 0
2 D 0 .0 /, we have, 8 2 D.0 /,
Z Z
@w @w @
#0 ; D dx1 dx2 D w0 dx1 dx2
@x1 0
D .0 /D.0 / 0 @x 1 0 D[0 @x 1
Z
@
D w dx1 dx2 (since area meas.0 / D 0)
@x 1
Z
@
D u dx1 dx2
2 D1;0Œ0;1Œ @x1
(since w D u D 0 in 1 D 0; 1Œ 0; 1Œ)
Z 1 Z 0 Z 1
@
D dx2 dx1 D Œ.0; x2 / .1; x2 /dx2
0 1 @x1 0
Z 1
D .0; x2 /dx2 (since .1; x2 / D 0 8x2 2 0; 1Œ)
0
Z
D .x1 ; x2 /dx2 D hı0 ; i
0 Wx1 D0;0<x2 <1
(see Example 1.3.4 and Section 1.11 for details)

@w
H) @x #
1 0
D ı0 2 D 0 .0 /, ı0 being the Dirac distribution with concentra-
@w
tion on 0 , i.e. #
@x1 0
D ı0 is not a (locally summable) function by Proposi-
@w
tion 1.3.2, and consequently #
@x1 0
… L2 .0 /, which contradicts our hypothesis
@w
that @x # 2 L2 .0 / (by (8.10.26a)). Hence, our assumption is wrong, i.e. there
1 0
does not exist any w 2 H 1 .R2 / with w# D u 2 H 1 ./.
The m-extension results are powerful tools for extending several important results
valid for Rn to similar ones on domains Rn . Hence, we will give a good number
of examples of with the m-extension property.
m-extension property of D RnC

For the proof of the m-extension property of D RnC , we will need the following
density result:
Density of D.RnC / in H m .RnC / Define RnC ; Rn ; Rn0 ; Rn˛ by:
RnC D ¹x W x D .x1 ; x2 ; : : : ; xn1 ; xn / 2 Rn with xn > 0º;

Rn D ¹x W x 2 Rn with xn < 0º; Rn0 D ¹x W x 2 Rn with xn D 0º; (8.10.27)
Rn˛ D ¹x W x 2 Rn with xn > ˛º 8˛ > 0; and
RnC D RnC [ Rn0 ; Rn D Rn [ Rn0 ; Rn˛ D ¹x W x 2 Rn with xn ˛º:
(8.10.28)
For D RnC , D.RnC / is dense in H m .RnC / defined by (8.10.1)–(8.10.3) with

D RnC by Theorem 8.10.1. Now we show the density of D.RnC / in H m .RnC /
defined by (2.15.1)–(2.15.3) with D RnC :
Theorem 8.10.3. D.RnC / is dense in H m .RnC /, where H m .RnC / is defined by

(2.15.1)–(2.15.3) with D RnC , i.e. H m .RnC / D ¹u W @˛ u 2 L2 .RnC / 8˛ with
0 j˛j mº with
X 1=2
2
kukH m .RnC / D kukm;RnC D k@˛ ukL 2 .Rn / : (8.10.29)
C
0j˛jm
Proof. Let uQ be the null extension to Rn of u 2 H m .RnC /, i.e.
u.x/
Q D u.x/ for x 2 RnC and u.x/
Q D 0 for x 2 Rn n RnC : (8.10.30)
Hence,
Z Z
2
ju.x/j
Q dx D ju.x/j2 d x < C1 H) uQ 2 L2 .Rn /: (8.10.31)
Rn Rn
C
R
Let % 2 D.Rn / such that 8x 2 Rn , 0 %.x/ 1, Rn %.x/d x D 1, supp.%/ Rn ,
i.e. supp.%/ \ RnC D ; – see Figure 8.2. (8.10.32)
xn
n
ú+ : xn > 0
O ^x = (x1 , x2 , ...,xn-1 )
n
ú- : xn < 0
supp(r)
Figure 8.2 supp.%/ as defined in (8.10.32)
Define a family .%" /">0 of regularizing functions with the help

R of %, i.e. 8" >
0, %" .x/ D "1n %. x" / with %" 2 D.Rn /, %" .x/ 0 8x 2 Rn , Rn %" .x/d x D 1,
volume measure .supp.%" // ! 0 as " ! 0C . Then uQ 2 L2 .Rn / H) %" uQ 2
D.Rn /, since %" 2 D.Rn / 8" > 0 (by Corollary 6.2.1) H) .%" u/#Q Rn 2 D.RnC /
C
m n
8" > 0. Thus, 8u 2 H .RC / we have constructed a family ¹.%" u/# Q Rn º">0 in
C
D.RnC /. (8.10.33)
Hence, the proof will be complete if we can show that .%" u/#
Q R ! u in
n
C
H m .RnC / as " ! 0C .
From (8.10.30), uQ 2 L2 .Rn / D 0 .Rn / H) @˛ uQ 2 D 0 .Rn / 8j˛j 2 N, and u 2

H m .RnC / H) @˛ u 2 L2 .RnC / 8j˛j m H) its null extension @˛ u 2 L2 .Rn / e
e
D 0 .Rn / 8j˛j m, i.e. @˛ u D @˛ u in RnC and D 0 in Rn n RnC . Hence, their
e
difference @˛ uQ @˛ u will be a distribution T˛ 8j˛j m, i.e.
e
T˛ D @˛ uQ @˛ u 2 D 0 .Rn /: (8.10.34)
supp.T˛ / Rn0 : For this, it suffices to show that T #.Rn /{ D 0, (.Rn0 /{ D the
0
complement of Rn0 in Rn ). In fact, 8 2 D..Rn0 /{ /,
e
hT˛ ; i D h@˛ uQ @˛ u; iD 0 ..Rn /{ /D..Rn /{ /
e
0 0
˛
Q iD 0 ..Rn /{ /D..Rn /{ / h@˛ u; i
D h@ u; (8.10.35)
0 0
Z
j˛j ˛
D .1/ hu;Q @ iD 0 ..Rn /{ /D..Rn /{ / @˛ ud x (8.10.36)
0 0
Rn
C
Z Z
j˛j
D .1/ ˛
u@ d x @˛ ud x D 0 8 2 D..Rn0 /{ /:
Rn
C Rn
C
(8.10.37)
R R
Since u 2 H m .RnC / H) 8j˛j m, Rn @˛ ud x D .1/j˛j Rn u@˛ d x 8 2
C C
R R
D.RnC /, 8j˛j m, .1/j˛j Rn u@˛ d x Rn @˛ ud x D 0 8 2 D..Rn0 /{ / with
R C ˛
supp./ RnC and .1/j˛j Rn u@

R C
e
Q d x Rn @˛ ud x D 0 8 2 D..Rn0 /{ / with

supp./ Rn . (8.10.38)
n {
Hence, from (8.10.37) and (8.10.38), hT˛ ; i D 0 8 2 D..R0 / / with support in
RC or Rn 8j˛j m, i.e. 8 2 D.RnC [ Rn / H) T˛ D 0 in D 0 ..Rn0 /{ / by (5.1.1)
n
(see Figure 8.3)
H) T˛ #.Rn /{ D 0 H) supp.T˛ / ..Rn0 /{ /{ Rn0 8j˛j m: (8.10.39)

0
8" > 0, %" 2 E 0 .Rn / is a distribution with compact support in Rn H) 8" > 0,
T˛ %" is well defined and T˛ %" 2 C 1 .Rn / D 0 .Rn / 8j˛j m by Theo-
rem 6.4.1.
Moreover, 8 sufficiently small " > 0,
.T˛ %" /#Rn D 0 in D 0 .RnC /: (8.10.40)

C
Since supp.%/ Rn by (8.10.31), % can be chosen such that supp.%" / Rn for all
sufficiently small " > 0. Then, by Theorem 6.2.2, 8j˛j m,
supp.T˛ %" / supp.T˛ / C supp.%" / Rn0 C Rn Rn
Figure 8.3 T˛ D 0 in D 0 ..Rn0 /{ /
for all sufficiently small " > 0, since supp.T˛ / Rn0 and supp.%" / Rn for all
sufficiently small " > 0. Hence, for all sufficiently small " > 0, T˛ %" D 0 in
.Rn /{ RnC H) .T˛ %" /#Rn D 0 in D 0 .RnC /.
C
An alternative proof of (8.10.40) is as follows:
In fact, 8 2 D.Rn / with supp./ RnC , by the definition of convolution of
distributions in (6.3.14), we have, 8" > 0, 8j˛j m,
hT˛ %" ; iD 0 .Rn /D.Rn / D hT˛ .x/; h%" .y/; .x C y/ii
D hT˛ .x/; " .x/iD 0 .Rn /D.Rn / ;
where
Z
" .x/ D h% " .y/; .x C y/i 0 n n
D .R /D.R / D %" .y/.x C y/d y
Rn
Z
D %" .y/.x C y/d y:
supp.%" /\supp..xCy//
Since supp.%/ Rn by the definition of % in (8.10.32) and supp./ RnC ,

8y 2 supp.%" /, .x C y/ D 0 for x C y D .x1 C y1 ; : : : ; xn C yn / … supp./,
i.e. for x C y with xn C yn 0. Then 9ı > 0, dependent on the choice of the
support of % satisfying (8.10.32) and also on the choice of , such that 8" > 0,
Z
" .x/ D %" .y/.x C y/d y D 0 8x 2 Rn with jxn j ı:
supp.%" /\supp..xCy//
(8.10.41)
xn
y(x) = 0
d
n-1
O ^x 0 ú
d
y(x) = 0
Figure 8.4 supp. "/ the complement of ¹x W x 2 Rn with jxn j ıº
Hence, 8" > 0, " 2 D.Rn / with supp. " / complement of ¹x W x 2 Rn

with jxn j ıº (see Figure 8.4), hT˛ ; " iD 0 .Rn /D.Rn / D 0, since supp.T˛ /
Rn0 (by (8.10.39)) and " .x/ D 0 8x 2 Rn0 (by (8.10.41)) H) 8" > 0,
hT˛ %" ; iD 0 .Rn /D.Rn / D hT˛ ; " iD 0 .Rn /D.Rn / D 0 8 2 D.Rn / with
supp./ RnC H) 8" > 0, 8j˛j m, h.T˛ %" /#Rn ; iD 0 .Rn /D.Rn / D 0
C
8 2 D.RnC / (see (5.1.1)), H) 8 sufficiently small " > 0, 8j˛j m,
.T˛ %" /#Rn D 0 in D 0 .RnC /.
C
.@˛ Q Rn D .%" @˛
x .%" u//# C
e ˛
y u/#Rn with @x D C
@j˛j
, @˛ D
@x1 ˛1 : : : @xn ˛n y
@j˛j
@y1 ˛1 :::@yn ˛n
:
In fact, we have
Z Z
@˛
x .%" u/.x/
Q D @˛
x %" .x y/u.y/d
Q yD @˛x Œ%" .x y/u.y/d
Q y
Rn Rn
Z
D .1/j˛j @˛
y Œ%" .x y/u.y/d
Q y
Rn
Z
D .1/2j˛j %" .x y/@˛ u.y/d
Q y D .%" @˛ y u/.x/;
Q
Rn
since %" 2 D.Rn / 8" > 0.

Hence,
@˛ Q Rn D .%" @˛
x .%" u/# Q Rn D .%" .T˛ C @˛
y u/# y u//#Rn
e (by (8.10.34))
e
C C C
D .%" T˛ C %" @˛
y u/#Rn C
H) @˛ Q Rn D .T˛ %" /#Rn C .%" @˛

x .%" u/# C C y u/#Rn
C
e
D .%" @˛ y u/#Rn
C
, since e
.T˛ %" /#Rn D 0 8 sufficiently small " > 0 by (8.10.40). Then, for u 2 H m .RnC /,
@˛ u
C
e
2 L2 .RnC / 8j˛j m H) @˛ u 2 L2 .Rn / H) .%" @˛ u/#Rn ! @˛ u#Rn D
C
e C
e
@˛ u 2 L2 .RnC / as " ! 0C
H) 8j˛j m, @˛ .%" u/#
C C
e
Q Rn D .%" @˛ u/#Rn ! @˛ u 2 L2 .RnC / as " ! 0C
(by Theorem 6.8.2, Property II) H) .%" u/#Q Rn ! u in H m .RnC / as " ! 0C .
C
Hence, u 2 H m .RnC / and, from (8.10.33), 9.%" u/#

Q Rn 2 D.RnC / 8" > 0 such
C
Q Rn ! u in H m .RnC / as " ! 0C . Consequently, D.RnC / is dense in

that .%" u/#
C
H m .RnC /. For an alternative proof of this theorem using cut-off functions (but not
convolutions), see Lions [14].
8.10.3 m-extension property of RnC

Theorem 8.10.4. RnC has the m-extension property for m 0.
Proof.
Case m D 0: For u 2 H 0 .RnC / L2 .RC
n /, let u
Q be the null extension to Rn of u.
Then
Z Z Z Z
2
ju.x/j
Q dx D ju.x/j2 d x C 0d x D ju.x/j2 d x < C1
Rn Rn
C Rn nRn
C Rn
C
H) uQ 2 L2 .Rn / with kuk

Q L2 .Rn / D kukL2 .RnC / . Hence, define the 0-extension
operator P W L2 .RnC / ! L2 .Rn / by P u D uQ and .P u/#Rn D u with
C
kP ukL2 .Rn / D kukL2 .RnC / 8u 2 L2 .RnC /: (8.10.42)
Case m 1: First of all, we will show that 9P W D.RnC / ! H m .Rn / such that
8u 2 D.RnC /, P u 2 H m .Rn / and P is a continuous, linear operator from D.RnC /
equipped with the norm k kH m .RnC / defined in (8.10.29) into H m .Rn /. Then the
result will follow from the density of D.RnC / in H m .RnC / by Theorem 8.10.3.
Let u 2 D.RnC /. We set x D .x1 ; : : : ; xn1 ; xn / D .y; z/ 2 Rn with y D
.x1 ; : : : ; xn1 / 2 Rn1 and z D xn 2 R. Define P u by
´
u.y; z/ for z 0;
.P u/.y; z/ D (8.10.43)
v.y; z/ for z < 0;
where v.y; z/ is defined in terms of the values ¹u.y; kz/ºm kD1

with z < 0, which are
n
well defined for u 2 D.RC / as follows: 8y D .x1 ; : : : ; xn1 / 2 Rn1 , z D xn < 0,
m
X
v.y; z/ D 1 u.y; z/ C 2 u.y; 2z/ C C m u.y; mz/ D k u.y; kz/;
kD1
(8.10.44)
k being constants, which are to be determined from the condition that P u2H m .Rn /.
Remark 8.10.3. Other choices of v.y; z/ are also possible. For example,
m
X
1
v.y; z/ D k u y; z : (8.10.45)
k
kD1
j
In order that P u 2 H m .Rn /, the usual partial derivatives Œ @ @z .P u/
.y; z/ of order
j
j m 1 with respect to z in the pointwise sense must be continuous across the
m
boundary Rn0 , i.e. for z D 0, since otherwise the distributional derivative @ @z.Pmu/
of mth order with respect to z will involve the Dirac distribution ı concentrated on
m
(i.e. on Rn0 ), and then @ @z.Pmu/ will not belong to L2 .Rn / and, consequently, P u
will not belong to H m .Rn / (see Chapter 3 for more details). Thus, for u 2 D.RnC /,
we must have, for 0 j m 1,
j j j
@ .P u/ @ u @ u
.y; z/ D .y; z/ D .y; z/
@z j zD0 @z j zD0C @z j zD0
j j
@ v @ u
H) .y; z/ D .y; 0/ for 0 j m 1: (8.10.46)
@z j zD0 @z j
Then, using the definition of v.y; z/ in (8.10.44), we have:
m
X
j D0 H) v.y; z/#zD0 D lim v.y; z/ D k u.y; 0/I
z!0
kD1
m
X
@v @u
j D1 H) .y; z/ D .k/k .y; 0/ I
@z zD0 @z
kD1
::
:
m
X m1
@m1 v m1 @ u
j Dm1 H) .y; z/ D .k/ k .y; 0/ :
@z m1 zD0 @z m1
kD1
(8.10.47)
From (8.10.46) and (8.10.47), we have

m
X m
X
k u.y; 0/ D u.y; 0/ H) k D 1I
kD1 kD1
m
X m
X
@u @u
.k/k Œ .y; 0/ D .y; 0/ H) .k/k D 1I
@z @z
kD1 kD1
::
:
m
X m1 m
X
@m1 u @ u
.k/m1 k .y; 0/ D .y; 0/ H) .k/m1 k D 1;
@z m1 @z m1
kD1 kD1
which we write in matrix form:

2 32 3 2 3
1 1 1 1 1
6 1 2 m 7 6 2 7 617
6 76 7 6 7
6 .1/2 .2/ 2 .m/2 7 6 3 7 617
6 76 7 D 6 7: (8.10.48)
6 :: :: :: 7 6 :: 7 6 :: 7
4 : : : 5 4 : 5 4:5
.1/m1 .2/m1 .m/m1 m 1
This is the well-known Vandermonde system of equations with x0 D 1, x1 D 2,
: : : , xm1 D m, having a unique solution which completely determines .k /m
kD1
.
n
Since u 2 D.RC /,
u 2 C 1 .RnC / and v 2 C 1 .Rn / (8.10.49)

by definition (8.10.44). From the condition (8.10.46), the partial derivative
j .P u/
Œ @ @z j .y; z/ of order j m 1 in the usual pointwise sense is continuous in
RC [ Rn Rn , i.e. P u 2 C0m1 .Rn / with compact support in Rn , since u 2
n
D.RnC / has compact support in Rn . Hence, the distributional derivative
@˛ .P u/ 2 L2 .Rn / 8j˛j m 1: (8.10.50)

Moreover, the usual partial derivatives Œ@˛ P u.y; z/ 2 L2 .Rn / 8j˛j m (al-
though defined in Rn n Rn0 , the n-dimensional Lebesgue volume measure of Rn0 is
zero).
m
It remains to show that the mth-order distributional derivative @ @z.Pmu/ coincides
m
with the mth-order usual partial derivative Œ @ @z.Pmu/ .y; z/ in the pointwise sense,
m
Œ @ @z.Pmu/ .y; z/ being an element of L2 .Rn /. Then, combining with (8.10.50), we
shall have P u 2 H m .Rn /. Hence, we show that
m ´ @m u
@m .P u/ @ .P u/ Œ m .y; z/ for z > 0
m
D m
.y; z/ D @@zm v in D 0 .Rn /: (8.10.51)
@z @z Œ @z m .y; z/ for z < 0
In fact, 8 2 D.Rn /,
m1
@m m1 @ .P u/ @
P u; m D .1/ ;
@z D 0 .Rn /D.Rn / @z m1 @z D 0 .Rn /D.Rn /
Z m1 Z m1
m1 @ u @ @ v @
D .1/ .y; z/ d ydz C .y; z/ d ydz
RnC
@z m1 @z Rn

@z m1 @z
Z Z 1
@ .m1/
D .1/m1 dy .u .y; z/.y; z// dz
Rn1 0C @z
Z 1 m Z Z 0
@ u @ .m1/
m
.y; z/ .y; z/dz C d y .v .y; z/.y; z// dz
0C @z Rn1 1 @z
Z 0 m
@ v
m
.y; z/ .y; z/dz
1 @z
Z Z 1 m Z 0 m
@ u @ v
D.1/m m
.y; z/ .y; z/dz m
.y; z/ .y; z/dz dy
Rn1 0C @z 1 @z
Z
m1
C .1/ Œ.u.m1/ .y; z/.y; z//jzD1zD0C
C.v .m1/ .y; z/.y; z//jzD0 zD1 d y
R n1
Z m
@ .P u/
D .1/m .y; z/ .y; z/d ydz
Rn @z m
(using (8.10.51)), since .y; z/#zD˙1 D 0, .y; 0C / D .y; 0 / D .y; 0/, u.m1/
.y; 0/ D v .m1/ .y; 0 / by (8.10.46),
m m
H) hP u; @@z m i D .1/m hŒ @ @z.Pmu/ .y; z/; i 8 2 D.Rn /
m m
” @ @z.Pmu/ D Œ @ @z.Pmu/ .y; z/ 2 D 0 .Rn / (by the definition of distributional
derivatives) with
@m .P u/
2 L2 .Rn /: (8.10.52)
@z m
Hence, P u 2 H m .Rn / 8u 2 D.RnC /. From the definition (8.10.43)–(8.10.44) of

P u, it is obvious that P W D.RnC / ! H m .Rn / is linear. To complete the proof, we
are to show that kP ukm;Rn C0 kukm;RnC 8u 2 D.RnC / for some C0 > 0. In fact,
8j˛j m,
Z Z Z
2 2
˛
j@ .P u/j d x D ˛
j@ uj d ydz C j@˛ vj2 d ydz; (8.10.53)
Rn Rn
C Rn

where the distributional derivatives and the usual derivatives in the pointwise sense
are identical in L2 .Rn /8j˛j m.
Set y D y, z D k with 1 k m, < 0, Jacobian J D k given by:

ˇ ˇ
ˇ1 0 0 ˇ
ˇ ˇ
ˇ : : : : :: ˇ
ˇ0 : : : ˇ
J D ˇˇ : : ˇ D k:
ˇ
ˇ :: : : 1 0 ˇ
ˇ ˇ
ˇ0 0 k ˇ
Define u.y; z/ u.y; k/ vk .y; / with D k1 z < 0, y D .x1 ; x2 ; : : : ;

xn1 / 2 Rn1 .
@
Hence, @u
@z
.y; z/ D @v
@
k
.y; .z// @z D k1 @v
@
k
.y; /
˛n ˛n
H) @@z ˛nu .y; z/ D . k1 /˛n @@ ˛vnk .y; / H) 8˛ D .˛1 ; ˛2 ; : : : ; ˛n1 ; ˛n / with
j˛j m,
˛n ˛n
@˛1 CC˛n1 @ u 1 ˛n @˛1 CC˛n1 @ vk
˛1 ˛n1 ˛
.y; z/ D ˛1 ˛n1 .y; /
@x1 : : : @xn1 @z n k @x1 : : : @xn1 @ ˛n
1
H) j@˛ u.y; z/j2 D k 2˛ j@˛ vk .y; /j2 with < 0, y D .x1 ; : : : ; xn1 /, j˛j m.
R n
R 1
H) Rn j@˛ u.y; z/j2 d ydz D Rn k 2˛ n
j@˛ vk .y; /j2 jJ jd yd .
C
Replacing by z and putting jJ j D k, we get
Z Z
j@˛ vk .y; z/j2 d ydz D k 2˛n 1 j@˛ u.y; z/j2 d ydz: (8.10.54)
Rn
Rn
C
P
Then, from (8.10.44), (8.10.53) and (8.10.54), 8j˛j m, jv.y; z/j m kD1 jk j
jvk .y; z/j for z D xn < 0, and
Z Z
2
˛
j@ .P u/j d ydz j@˛ uj2 d ydz C 2m1 . max ¹jk jº/2
Rn Rn 1km
C
m
X Z Z
k 2˛n 1 j@˛ uj2 d ydz C j@˛ uj2 d ydz
Rn Rn
kD1 C C
with C D C.1 ; 2 ; : : : ; m ; ˛n ; m/ > 0

X Z X Z
2
H) ˛
j@ .P u/j d ydz C1 j@˛ uj2 d ydz
Rn Rn
j˛jm j˛jm C
p
H) kP uk2m;Rn C1 kuk2m;Rn 8u 2 D.RnC / H) 9C0 > 0 with C0 D C1 such
C
that kP ukH m .Rn / C0 kukH m .RnC / .
Thus, the linear operator P W D.RnC / ! H m .Rn / is continuous from D.RnC /
equipped with the norm k kH m .RnC / into H m .Rn /. But D.RnC / is dense in H m .RnC /
by Theorem 8.10.3. Hence, P has a unique, continuous, linear extension PQ (which
will be ultimately denoted by the earlier original notation P itself) from H m .RnC /
into H m .Rn /. Thus, RnC has the m-extension property.
Babitch–Nikolski extension The extension of u 2 D.RnC / to P u 2 H m .Rn / de-

fined by (8.10.43)–(8.10.44) will be called the Babitch–Nikolski extension ([16], [43])
here, although some authors, for example Grisvard [18], call this the Nikolski tech-
nique of extension by reflection.
m-extension property of RnC
Define
RnC D ¹x W x 2 Rn ; xi > 0; 1 i nºI

RnC D ¹x W x 2 Rn ; xi 0; 1 i nºI
Rn D ¹x W x 2 Rn ; xi < 0; 1 i nºI
Rn D ¹x W x 2 Rn ; xi 0; 1 i nºI
Rn0 D ¹x W x 2 Rn ; xi D 0; 1 i nºI
RnC D RnC [ Rn0 I Rn D Rn [ Rn0 : (8.10.55)
For n D 2, R2C is the first quadrant, R2 the third quadrant in R2 , R2C being the
upper half-plane in R2 . Then R2C; D ¹x W x 2 R2C , x1 < 0º is the second quadrant
in R2 (this last notation is not standard).
Proposition 8.10.4. D.RnC / is a dense subspace of H m .RnC / with

X 1=2
˛ 2
kukH m .RnC / D k@ ukL 2 .RnC / :
0j˛jm
Proof. The proof is exactly similar to that of Theorem 8.10.3 with minor modifica-
tions:
1
Choose % 2 D.Rn / with supp.%/ Rn and define %" D x
"n %. " / such that
supp.%" / Rn for all sufficiently small " > 0;
8j˛j m, T˛ %" 2 C 1 .Rn / with supp.T˛ %" / supp.T˛ / C supp.%" /
Rn H) T˛ %" #RnC D 0 8j˛j m and for all sufficiently small " > 0, the
other steps being almost the same, with RnC replaced by RnC .
Proposition 8.10.5. RnC has the m-extension property.
Proof. For the sake of simplicity, consider the case n D 2, i.e. R2C is the first quad-
rant in R2 . Let u 2 D.R2C /. Following the steps of the Babitch–Nikolski extension
procedure in (8.10.44)–(8.10.52), we define

8
ˆ
<u.x1 ; x2 / P for .x1 ; x2 / 2 R2C
.P1 u/.x1 ; x2 / D v.x1 ; x2 / D m k vk .x1 ; x2 /
:̂ PkD1
m
D kD1 k u.kx1 ; x2 / for x1 < 0; x2 > 0;
(8.10.56)
P
where ¹k ºm kD1
are uniquely determined by solving m j
kD1 .k/ k D 1 for j D
˛ 2 2
0; 1; : : : ; m 1 (see (8.10.48)) and @ .P1 u/ 2 L .RC / 8j˛j m with
Z Z
2
˛
j@ P1 uj dx1 dx2 D j@˛ uj2 dx1 dx2
R2C Wx2 >0 R2C Wx1 >0;x2 >0
Z
C j@˛ vj2 dx1 dx2
R2C; Wx1 <0;x2 >0
Z
C j@˛ uj2 dx1 dx2 ;
R2C
since from (8.10.56) and (8.10.54),

Z
j@˛ u.kx1 ; x2 /j2 dx1 dx2
R2C; Wx1 <0;x2 >0
Z
D k 2˛1 1 j@˛ u.x1 ; x2 /j2 dx1 dx2 .k .x1 ; x2 / D u.kx1 ; x2 //
R2C Wx 1 >0;x2 >0
8˛ D .˛1 ; ˛2 / with j˛j D ˛1 C ˛2 m (see (8.10.54)).

Hence, 8u 2 D.R2C /, kP1 ukH m .R2 / C0 kukH m .R2C / . Then, by virtue of the
C
density of D.R2C / in H m .R2C /, 9 a unique, continuous, linear extension of P1 to

H m .R2C /, which will still be denoted by P1 2 L.H m .R2C /I H m .R2C // such that
8u 2 H m .R2C /, P1 u 2 H m .R2C / with .P1 u/#R2C D u and kP1 ukH m .R2 /
C
C0 kukH m .R2C / . Again, by Theorem 8.10.4, 9 an m-extension operator P2 W P1 u 2
H m .R2C / 7! P2 .P1 u/ 2 H m .R2 / with .P2 .P1 ; u//#R2 D P1 u and
C
kP2 .P1 u/kH m .R2 / C1 kP1 ukH m .R2 / C1 C0 kukH m R2C 8u 2 H m .R2C /. De-
C
fine P D P2 ı P1 . Then P W H m .R2C / ! H m .R2 / with P u D P2 ı P1 u D
P2 .P1 u/ 2 H m .R2 /, P u#R2C D .P2 .P1 u//#R2C D .P1 u/#R2C D u, and
kP ukH m .R2 / C2 kukH m .R2C / with C2 D C1 C0 > 0. Hence P 2 L.H m .R2C /;
H m .R2 // is the required m-extension operator. See Figure 8.5 for an illustration of
this proof.
Remark 8.10.4. In many situations, repeated applications of the Babitch–Nikolski

extension technique, possibly including a change of variables, will give the required
m 2+ m
H (ú ) P1 2
H (ú+ ) (by Babitch-Nikolsky
extension by
reflection )
P=
P P2
2 BP
1
m 2
H (ú )
(by Babitch-Nikolsky extension
by reflection )
Figure 8.5 The m-extension operator P of R2C constructed by Babitch–Nikolsky extension
m-extension operator. For example, for D ¹x W x 2 Rn , xn1 > 0, xn > 0º, we

can define the m-extension operators P1 W H m ./ ! H m .RnC / with RnC D ¹x W
x 2 Rn ; xn > 0º and P2 W H m .RnC / ! H m .Rn / such that P D P2 ı P1 is the
required m-extension operator from H m ./ into H m .Rn /. Similarly, we have:
Proposition 8.10.6. Let be an infinite angular sector in R2 with angular measure

0 < ! < =2. Then has the m-extension property.
Proof. Without loss of generality, we consider the angular sector with vertex at the
origin and bounded by the x1 -axis, x2 D 0, x1 > 0, and the half-line x2 D mx1 ,
x1 > 0, m > 0, i.e. D ¹.x1 ; x2 / W x1 > 0, 0 < x2 < mx1 , m > 0º.
x2 x2
x1
m
=
x2 x = (x1, x2) F(x) = (x1, x2)
x2
x2
W F
w
O x1 x1 O x1 x1
· W = { (x1, x2) | x1 > 0, 0 < x2 < mx1, m>0}

· 0 < w < p/2
Figure 8.6 Defining an m-extension operator through a change of variables
Let F W R2 ! R2 be an invertible linear mapping (see Figure 8.6) defined, 8x D

.x1 ; x2 / 2 R2 , by:
! !
1 1=m x1 1
F.x/ D D 2 R2 (8.10.57)
0 1 x2 2
such that 8x 2 , F.x/ D 2 R2C ; 8 D .1 ; 2 / 2 R2C , F1 ./ D x 2 , where,

8 2 R2C ,
! !
1 1 1=m 1 x1
F ./ D D 2 : (8.10.58)
0 1 2 x2
Then the linear mappings F# D F W ! R2C , F1 W R2C ! are continu-
ously, infinitely differentiable, i.e. F and F1 are C 1 -diffeomorphisms.
Let u 2 D./. 8.x1 ; x2 / 2 , u.x1 ; x2 / D u.F1 .1 ; 2 // D .u ı F1 /.1 ; 2 /.
Define v D uıF1 and u D v ıF with u.x1 ; x2 / D v.1 ; 2 /. Then, for u 2 H m ./,
v 2 H m .R2C / with
kukH m ./ D kv ı FkH m .R2C / kvkH m .R2C / ;
kvkH m .R2C / D ku ı F1 kH m ./ kukH m ./ ;
where D .m; F; F1 / > 0.

By Proposition 8.10.5, 9 an extension operator P1 2 L.H m .R2C /; H m .R2 // such
that .P1 v/#R2C .1 ; 2 / D v.1 ; 2 / D u.x1 ; x2 / with .x1 ; x2 / 2 and
kP1 vkH m .R2 / C kvkH m .R2C / .
Define P u D P1 .u ı F1 / 2 H m .R2 / such that
.P u/# .x1 ; x2 / D .P1 .u ı F1 //#R2C .1 ; 2 /
D .P1 v/#R2C .1 ; 2 / D v.1 ; 2 / D u.x1 ; x2 /
for almost all x 2 , i.e. P u# D u. Moreover, kP ukH m .R2 / D kP1 vkH m .R2 /
C kvkH m .R2C / C kukH m ./ H) kP ukH m .R2 / C0 kukH m ./ . Hence,
P W H m ./ ! H m .R2 / is the required m-extension operator.
m-extension property of a non-convex planar sector with ! D 3=2

Now we will consider the example of a non-convex planar sector with angular measure
! D 3=2.
3
Proposition 8.10.7. Let be a planar sector with angular measure ! D 2 . Then
has the m-extension property.
Proof. We orient the coordinate axes in such a way that

D ¹.x1 ; x2 / W x1 > 0 or x2 > 0º (see Figure 8.7), (8.10.59)
1 D ¹x W x1 > 0º; 2 D ¹x W x2 > 0º D R2C ; 3 D ¹x W x1 > 0; x2 < 0º:
Let u 2 H m ./ such that v D u#2 2 H m .2 /. Since 2 D R2C , by Theo-
rem 8.10.4 9 an m-extension operator P1 2 L.H m .2 /I H m .R2 // such that P1 v D
v 2 H m .R2 / with v #2 D v. Then .u v # /#2 D u#2 v #2 D v v D 0.
e e e e
· w = 3p/2 · w=p · w=p

x2 x2 x2 x2 · w = p/2
· W : x1>0 or x2>0 · W1 : x1>0 · W2 : x2>0 · W3 : x1>0, x2<0
w w w
O x1 O x1 O x1 O w x1
· Case: w = 3p/2 · Case: w = p · Case: w = p/2
Figure 8.7 Planar sectors with angular measures ! with ! D =2, and 3=2
Define w D .u v # /#1 2 H m .1 / with w D 0 in 2 , i.e. for x2 > 0. Then,

e
again by Theorem 8.10.5, 9 an m-extension operator P2 2 L.H m .1 /I H m .R2 //
such that P2 w D w 2 H m .R2 / with w #2 D w D 0, i.e. for x2 > 0. Finally,
define P u D u byeu D v C w 2 H m .R e 2 /. Then P W H m ./ ! H m .R2 / is a
e e e e
continuous, linear operator. Moreover, for 3 W x1 > 0, x2 < 0 and 2 W x2 > 0,
u#3 D v #3 C w #3 D v #3 C w#3 1 D v #3 C .u#3 v #3 / D u#3
e
and u#2e D v #e C w #e D v C 0 D v D u#e2 , i.e. P u D u a.e.
e on (since
2 2
e e e m m 2
area meas. n .2 [ 3 // D 0) and P u 2 L.H ./I H .R // is the required
m-extension operator of W x1 > 0 or x2 > 0.
m-extension property of polygonal domains in R2

Since the extension results for planar sectors, quadrants, half-planes, etc. can be lo-
cally ‘patched’ or ‘glued’ together, the results given in the earlier Propositions and
Theorems can be used to construct the required extension for any polygonal domain
(see also Grisvard [18]).
Proposition 8.10.8. Every bounded polygonal domain R2 has the m-extension

property.
Proof. We will give the scheme of the proof using a partition of unity S (see Ap-
pendix C). Since is compact in R , 9 a finite open cover ¹i ºiD0 of N
2 N
iD0 i
S
such that N
iD1 i , i \ D i \ S i , 0 i N , where 0 R2 ,
S0 D R2 and Si , 1 i N , is an infinite angular sector, possibly also a quadrant
or a half-plane, etc., for which we have already shown the extension results – see
Figure 8.8 for an illustration.
With this finite open cover ¹i ºNiD0 of we associate a partition ¹i ºN
iD0 of unity
PN PN
with the properties: iD0 i D 1 in (i.e. iD0 i .x1 ; x2 / D 1 8.x1 ; x2 / 2 /;
i 2 D.Rn / with supp.i / i (i.e. i 2 D.i /, 0 i N ) (see Appendix C).
Let u 2 H m ./ and uQ be its null extension to R2 . Then, for 1 i N ,
denoting the restriction i u#Q Si by i u,
Q we have i u# Q Si D i uQ 2 H m .Si / with
supp.i u/ N
Q Si , ¹Si ºiD1 being infinite angular sectors. For i D 0, S0 D R2 and
let 0 uQ D w0 . Then w0 2 H m .R2 /, since supp.0 u/ Q D supp.0 / \ supp.u/ Q
Figure 8.8 Finite open cover ¹i ºN N

iD0 with i \ D i \ S i , 1 i N , ¹Si ºiD1 being
infinite angular sectors
supp.0 / 0 R2 , the result follows from Theorem 2.15.5. For i D 0, the

extension operator P0 2 L.H m ./I H m .R2 // is defined by P0 u D w0 2 H m .R2 /
with w0 D 0 uQ for u 2 H m ./. Hence, for 1 i N , 9 an extension operator Pi 2
L.H m .Si /I H m .R2 // and 9wi 2 H m .R2 / such that Pi .i u/ Q D wi 2 H m .R2 / with
Pi .i u/#
Q Si D wi #Si D i u, Q 8u 2 H m ./. Then the required m-extension opera-
P PN
tor P 2 L.H m ./I H m .R2 // is defined by P u D w0 C N iD1 wi D iD0 wi D
m 2
w 2 H .R /. In fact, .x1 ; x2 / 2 H) 9i with 0 i N such that .x1 ; x2 / 2 Si
and .Pi .i u//.x
Q 1 ; x2 / D wi .x1 ; x2 / D i u.x
Q 1 ; x2 /. Then
N
X N
X
.P u/.x1 ; x2 /Dw.x1 ; x2 / D wi .x1 ; x2 / D .i u/.x
Q 1 ; x2 /
iD0 iD0
X
N
D i .x1 ; x2 / u.x
Q 1 ; x2 /D1 u.x
Q 1 ; x2 / D u.x1 ; x2 /
iD0
for almost all .x1 ; x2 / 2 H) .P u/# D u a.e. on .
8.10.4 m-extension property of C m -regular domains

C m -regular domains
Definition 8.10.4. An open subset Rn with boundary is called C m -regular
with m 2 N if and only if
1. is bounded;
2. is locally on one side of its boundary (i.e. is a one-sided domain);
3. is an .n 1/-dimensional manifold belonging to C m -class (see Appendix D).
Some explanations on Properties 2 and 3 are in order.
Property 2 excludes the possibility of having a slit/cut/crack. For example, D
¹.x1 ; x2 / W 0 < jx1 j < 1, 0 < x2 < 1º R2 is a bounded domain in R2 with a slit/cut
along the boundary segment 0 W x1 D 0, 0 < x2 < 1 (see Remark 8.10.2). Hence, it
is locally on two sides of the boundary segment 0 , i.e. it is a two-sided domain locally
along 0 and Property 2 does not hold. Similarly, D ¹.x1 ; x2 / W x12 C x22 < 1,
x2 ¤ 0 for 0 < x1 < 1º R2 has a cut/crack along 0 W x2 D 0, 0 < x1 < 1 and is
locally on both sides of 0 . Hence, Property 2 does not hold in this case, either. For
more examples, see Dauge [44].
Property 3: we define an .n 1/-dimensional boundary of C m -class in a manner
suitable for Theorem 8.10.5 as follows (for an alternative definition and other details,
see Appendix D).
Boundary of C m -class
Definition 8.10.5. Let ¹i ºNiD0 be a finite open cover of the compact set D [
R such that 0 , and ¹i ºN
n
iD1 be an open cover of the boundary
of (see Appendix C). Then belongs to C m -class with m 2 N if and only if.
8i D 1; 2; : : : ; N , 9 an m-times continuously differentiable and bounded (i.e. the
derivatives of all orders m are continuous and bounded), invertible mapping ˆ i :
b Rn ;
ˆ i W x 2 i 7! ˆ i .x/ D 2 Q (8.10.60)
where Qb is a hypercube in Rn W Q b D ¹ W D .1 ; : : : ; n / 2 Rn , jj j < 1

b can be chosen (and will be chosen)
8j D 1; 2; : : : ; nº. 8i , the same hypercube Q
such that its inverse
ˆ 1 b 1
i W 2 Q 7! ˆ i ./ D x 2 i (8.10.61)
is also an m-times continuously differentiable and bounded mapping from Q b onto

i and the following additional conditions hold: ˆ i .i \ / D Q b \ Rn Q bC
C
with RC D ¹ W D .b
n
; n / 2 R with b
n D .1 ; : : : ; n1 / 2 R n1 , n > 0º,
b b b
ˆ i .i \ / D Q \ ¹ W D .; n / with 2 R n1 , n D 0º Q0 .b (8.10.62)
m-extension property of C m -regular bounded domain

Theorem 8.10.5. Let Rn be a bounded open subset of Rn with a C m -regular
boundary for m 1. Then has the m-extension property.
Proof. Since D [ Rn is a compact subset of Rn , 9 a finite open SNcover
¹i ºN of
iD0 S with open subsets i , 0 i N , such that 0 , iD0 i
N
and iD1 i ; see Figure 8.9.
Then, by Theorem C.1.1.1 (Appendix C), 9 a C01 -partition ¹i ºN iD0 of unity 1
PN
(i.e. iD0 i .x/ D 1 8x 2 ) subordinate to this finite open cover ¹i ºN iD0 with
i 2 D.i / and supp.i / D Ki i , 0 i N . Let u 2 H m ./. Considering
the null extension Qi to Rn of i and then taking the restriction Qi # 2 D./,
0 i N , we have ui D Qi # u 2 H m ./, which we agree to denote by
ui D i u 2 H m ./ with i 2 D.i /; u 2 H m ./,
supp.ui / D supp.i / \ supp.u/ supp.i / D Ki i ; 0 i N: (8.10.63)
Then
N
X X
N
ui D i u D 1 u D u in : (8.10.64)
iD0 iD0
SN SN
Figure 8.9 Finite open cover ¹i ºN
iD0 with 0 , iD0 i , iD1 i ,
SN
iD1 i
For i D 0, u0 2 H m ./ with supp.u0 / D K0 0 H) its null

e
extension uQ 0 D 0 u 2 H m .Rn / with uQ 0 .x/ D u0 .x/ for x 2 0 and uQ 0 .x/ D 0 for
x 2 Rn n 0 .
Define P0 W H m ./ ! H m .Rn / by

P0 u D uQ 0 8u 2 H m ./; (8.10.65)
since u 2 H m ./ 7! 0 u D u0 2 H m ./ with supp.u0 / D K0 0 , and
e
consequently uQ 0 D 0 u 2 H m .Rn / (see Theorem 2.15.5). Then P0 is a continuous,
linear operator from H m ./ into H m .Rn / with P0 u# D uQ 0 # D u0 a.e. on .
8i D 1; 2; : : : ; N , let ˆ i W i ! Qb (such a choice of Q b 8 fixed i can be made)
such that ˆ i .Ki / D Li with Ki D supp.i / i , Li Q, b Ki and Li being
compact subsets of i and Q, b respectively, where ˆ i is a C m -diffeomorphism5 from
i onto Qb such that the derivatives of all orders m of the components i and i
k k
(1 k n) of ˆ i D .ki /nkD1 and ‰ i D ˆ 1 i n b
i D . k /kD1 are bounded in i and Q,
respectively. Then, 8i D 1; 2; : : : ; N , ui ı ˆ 1 2 H m .Q/ b with supp.ui ı ˆ 1 /
i i
Li Q;b define vi D .ui ı ˆ 1 /# 8i D 1; 2; : : : ; N with bC D Q
Q b \ Rn .
i b
QC C
C
m b b b
Then vi 2 H .QC / with supp.vi / Li D Li \ QC Q, since ui 2 H ./ m
and ˆ i is a C m -diffeomorphism from i onto Q b and the derivatives of all orders

1
m of the components of ˆ i and of ˆ i are bounded in i and Q b respectively,
1 1
supp.ui / Ki D ˆ i .Li / and, consequently, supp.ui ı ˆ i / Li Q. b Then,
8i D 1; 2; : : : ; N , the null extension ui ı ˆ1 C
to Rn of ui ı ˆ1 is defined by
C
ui ı ˆ1 ./ D ui ı ˆ1 ./ for 2 Q
i
C i
b and ui ı ˆ1 ./ D 0 for 2 Rn n Q.
b Since
i
b
i
C i
ui ıˆi 2 H .Q/ and supp.ui ı ˆi / D supp.ui ıˆ1
1 m 1
i / Li
C
b ui ı ˆ1 2
Q,
H .R / (by Theorem 2.15.5), whose restriction ui ı ˆ1
m n
i #RC
n
C i
2 H m .RnC /. Then,
for vi D .ui ı ˆ1
i /#b
Q
, define vQi D ui ı ˆ1
C
C m n
i #R such that vQi 2 H .RC / with
n
C
C
supp.vQi / D supp.vi / Li , LC
D Li \ Q b C , LC D Li \ Q b C ; see Figure 8.10.
i i
Hence, by Theorem 8.10.4 on the m-extension property of RnC , 9 a unique Babitch–
Nikolski extension P vQ i 2 H m .Rn / of vQ i 2 H m .RnC / with
b
supp.P vQ i / D Li Q 8 fixed i; (8.10.66)
H) .P vQ i /#b b with supp.P vQ i / D L Q.

2 H m .Q/ b
Q i
But ˆ i W i ! Q b is a C m -diffeomorphism with the derivatives of the compo-
i
nents k ; 1 k n, of ˆ i bounded in i . Hence, 8i D 1; 2; : : : ; N , ..P vQ i /ıˆ i / 2
5 C m -diffeomorphism: 8 fixed i , 1 i N , ˆ i W i ! b
Q is called a C m -diffeomorphism from
i onto b
Q if and only if
1. ˆ i D .1i ; 2i ; : : : ; ni / is a bijection and of C m -class (i.e. the derivatives of all orders m of
the components ki , 1 k n, of ˆ i are continuous from i onto b Q);
2. its inverse ˆ 1
i D ‰i D . i
1;
i i b
2 ; : : : ; n / W Q ! i is also of C m -class (i.e. the derivatives
of all orders m of the i
components k , 1 k n, of ‰ i are continuous from b
Q onto i ).
D
H m .i / with supp.P vQ i ı ˆ i / i . Let .P vQ i ı ˆ i / be the null extension to Rn
D D
D
of P vQ i ı ˆ i , i.e. .P vQ i ı ˆ i /.x/ D .P vQ i ı ˆ i /.x/ for x 2 i and .P vQ i ı ˆ i /.x/ D 0
for x 2 Rn n i . Then .P vQ i ı ˆ i / 2 H m .Rn / (see the proof of Theorem 2.15.5).
8u 2 H m ./, define
C
Pi u D P vQ i ı ˆ i 2 H m .Rn /; (8.10.67)
C
with vi D .ui ı ˆ 1
i /#b
Q
, vQ i D .uC
ı ˆ /#
i
1
i Rn
C
8i D 1; 2; : : : ; N .
C
Figure 8.10 C m -regular bounded domain with .n 1/-dimensional boundary of C m -

class m 1
8 fixed i D 1; 2; : : : ; N , Pi W H m ./ ! H m .Rn / is linear and continuous with

the property
C
.Pi u/# D .P vQ ı ˆ i /# D ui a.e. on ; (8.10.68)
ui 2 H m ./ with supp.ui / i (by (8.10.63)).
Now we define Pm W H m ./ ! H m .Rn / by
N
X
Pm u D P0 u C Pi u 8u 2 H m ./; (8.10.69)
iD1
where P0 and Pi , 1 i N , are defined by (8.10.65) and (8.10.68) respectively.
P PN
Then, 8u 2 H m ./, .Pm u/# D .P0 u/# C N iD1 .Pi u/# D u0 C iD1 ui D
u a.e. on by (8.10.64), and Pm W H m ./ ! H m .Rn / is a linear, continuous
operator from H m ./ into H m .Rn / by virtue of the linearity and continuity of P0
and ¹Pi ºN
iD1 with .Pm u/# D u a.e. on . Hence, Pm is an m-extension operator of
. Thus, any C m -regular domain with m 1 has the m-extension property.
Justification of (8.10.66), supp.P vQ i / D Li Q b For fixed i , 1 i N ,

C
vQ i 2 H m .RnC / with supp.vQ i / D supp.v/ Li Q, b LC D Li \ Q b C , LC D
i i
Li \ Q b C , and let P vQ i 2 H m .Rn / be its Babitch–Nikolski extension to Rn . Then
supp.P vQ i / D L Q. b In fact, by virtue of the density of D.Rn / in H m .Rn /,
i C C
9 a sequence . k /1kD1
in D.RnC / such that k ! vQ i in H m .RnC / as k ! 1. But
n
8 k 2 D.RC /, its natural extension (denoted by k itself) k 2 D.Rn / may not
b Hence, we are to construct a new sequence .wk /1 in D.Rn /
have the support in Q. kD1
(wk #Rn 2 D.RnC / also denoted by wk itself) with the desired additional properties
C
C
as follows. Let 2 D.Rn / with D 1 in Li , 0 ./ 1 8 2 Rn , supp./
E0 E 0 Q b (see Theorem 6.2.4 for such a ). Then vQ i D vQ i 2 H m .Rn / 8
C
fixed i . Set wk D k 2 D.RnC / with supp.wk / supp./ E0 Q b 8k 2 N
and wk ! vQ i in H m .RnC / as k ! 1, since the mapping k 7! k D wk is
continuous on D.RnC / in the norm of H m .RnC /, k ! vQ i H) k ! vQ i D
vQ i 2 H m .RnC / as k ! 1. But for fixed i , 1 i N , by the construction of
Babitch–Nikolski extension (8.10.43), for wk D k 2 D.RnC /:
b 8k 2 N;
P wk 2 H m .Rn / with supp.P wk / E0 Q
P wk ! P vQ i in H m .Rn / (since P 2 L.H m .RnC /; H m .Rn // and wk ! vQ i in
H m .RnC /) H) P wk ! P vQ i in L2 .Rn / as k ! 1 H) supp.P vQ i / D Li
E0 Qb 8 fixed i .
In fact, for fixed i ,
Z Z
2
kP vQ i P wk kL 2 .Rn / D lim jP vQ i P wk j2 d C jP vQ i 0j2 d D0:
k!1 E0 Rn nE0
R
Hence, Rn nE0jP vQ i j2 d D 0 H) P vQ i D 0 a.e. on Rn n E0 H) Li D
b
supp.P vQ i / E0 Q.
8.10.5 Space H s ./ with s 2 RC , Rn

For an arbitrary open set Rn and s D Œs C with Œs D the integral part of s
D m 2 N0 and D the fractional part of s, 0 < < 1, an alternative definition of
H s .Rn / was given in Definition 8.9.4 as the set ¹u W u 2 H Œs .Rn /, @˛ u 2 H .Rn /
8j˛j D Œs D mº, where H .Rn / is defined by (8.9.38)–(8.9.39) for 0 < < 1:
² “ ³
ju.x/ u.y/j2
H .Rn / D u W u 2 L2 .Rn /; d xd y < C1 :
Rn Rn kx yknC2
x¤y
We will now extend this definition to arbitrary open sets Rn by replacing Rn

by (see Grisvard [17], [18], [19], Nečas [16], etc.).
Case 0 < s < 1 with s D
Definition 8.10.6. For an arbitrary open set Rn and 0 < s D < 1, H ./ is
defined by
² “ ³
ju.x/ u.y/j2
H ./ D u W u 2 L2 ./; d xd y < C1 ;
kx yknC2
x¤y
which is equipped with the inner product h ; i; , norm k k; and semi-norm
j j; , for u; v 2 H ./, given by:
“
.u.x/ u.y// .v.x/ v.y//
hu; vi; D hu; viL2 ./ C d xd yI
kx yknC2
x¤y
(8.10.70a)
“
ju.x/ u.y/j2
kuk2; D hu; ui; D kukL
2
2 ./ C d xd yI (8.10.70b)
kx yknC2
x¤y
“
ju.x/ u.y/j2
juj2; D d xd y: (8.10.70c)
kx yknC2
x¤y
Case s > 0
Definition 8.10.7. For an arbitrary open set Rn and for s D Œs C with Œs D
m 2 N0 , 0 < < 1, H s ./ is defined by (Grisvard [17], [18], [19], Nečas [16]):
H s ./ D ¹u W u 2 H m ./; @˛ u 2 H ./ 8j˛j D m D Œsº; (8.10.71)
which is equipped with the inner product h ; is; , norm k ks; and semi-norm
j js; :
hu; vis; D hu; viH m ./

X “ .@˛ u.x/ @˛ u.y// .@˛ v.x/ @˛ v.y//
C d xd y
kx yknC2
j˛jDm x¤y
X
D h@˛ u; @˛ viL2 .
0j˛jm
X “ .@˛ u.x/ @˛ u.y// .@˛ v.x/ @˛ v.y//
C d xd yI
kx yknC2
j˛jDm x¤y
(8.10.72)
X X “ j@˛ u.x/ @˛ u.y/j2
kuk2s; D 2
k@˛ ukL 2 ./ C d xd yI
kx yknC2
0j˛jm j˛jDm x¤y
(8.10.73)
X “ j@˛ u.x/ @˛ u.y/j2
juj2s; D d xd y: (8.10.74)
kx yknC2
j˛jDm x¤y
Theorem 8.10.6. For s > 0, H s ./ equipped with the inner product h ; is; is a
Hilbert space.
Proof. Let s D Œs C with the integral part Œs D m 2 N0 and fractional part ,
0 < < 1. Let .un /1 s
nD1 be a Cauchy sequence in H ./. We are to show that
s
.un / converges to u 2 H ./ as n ! 1. Since .un / is a Cauchy sequence in
H s ./, from the definition of H s ./, .un / is a Cauchy sequence in H m ./ with
m D Œs 2 N0 and, 8j˛j D m, I Œ@˛ ul @˛ un ! 0 as l; n ! 1, i.e.
“
˛ ˛ j@˛ .ul un /.x/ @˛ .ul un /.y/j2
I Œ@ ul @ un D d xd y ! 0
kx yknC2
x¤y
(8.10.75)
as l; n ! 1, 8j˛j D m, 0 < < 1.

Since H m ./ is a Hilbert space by Theorem 2.15.1, 9u 2 H m ./ such that un !
u 2 L2 ./ and @˛ un ! @˛ u in L2 ./ 8j˛j m. Then, we can apply the following
result.
Lemma 8.10.1 ([20, Theorem 2, p. 305], [27, Theorem 3.12, p. 68]). If .un /1 nD1
converges to u 2 Lp ./ such that ku un kLp ./ ! 0 as n ! 1, 1 p 1, then
9 a subsequence .unk /1 kD1
of the sequence .un / which converges pointwise almost
everywhere to u, i.e. limk!1 unk .x/ D u.x/ a.e. on .
Hence, by Lemma 8.10.1, 9 a subsequence .@˛ unk / of .@˛ un /1 2

nD1 in L ./ such
that
lim @˛ unk .x/ D @˛ u.x/ a.e. on 8j˛j D m: (8.10.76)
k!1
Then, for x ¤ y, 8 fixed ˛ with j˛j D m, the sequence

˛ ˛
j@ unk .x/ @˛ unk .y/j2 j@ u.x/ @˛ u.y/j2
! (8.10.77)
kx yknC2 kx yknC2
a.e. on as k ! 1.
In fact,
j.@˛ u.x/ @˛ u.y// .@˛ unk .x/ @˛ unk .y//j
j@˛ u.x/ @˛ unk .x/j C j@˛ u.y/ @˛ unk .y/j ! 0
a.e. in as k ! 1 8j˛j D m (by virtue of (8.10.76))
H) 8j˛j D m,
lim j@˛ unk .x/ @˛ unk .y/j D j@˛ u.x/ @˛ u.y/j
k!1
a.e. in
H) 8j˛j D m,
j@˛ unk .x/ @˛ unk .y/j2 j@˛ u.x/ @˛ u.y/j2
lim D
k!1 kx yknC2 kx yknC2
a.e. in for x ¤ y
H) 8j˛j D m,
j@˛ unk .x/ @˛ unk .y/j2 j@˛ u.x/ @˛ u.y/j2
lim inf D (8.10.78)
a.e. in for x ¤ y.
Since .un / is a Cauchy sequence in H s ./ satisfying (8.10.75), i.e. 8" > 0,
9n0 D n0 ."/ 2 N such that 8j˛j D m, I Œ@˛ ul @˛ un < " 8 l; n > n0 ."/ 2
N (8.10.78a)
˛ ˛
H) I Œ@ ul @ unk < " 8l > n0 , 8k > k0 with nk > nk0 > n0 , 8j˛j D m
H) I Œ@˛ unk is bounded 8k 2 N, i.e. 8k 2 N, 9M > 0 such that, 8j˛j D m,
“
˛ j@˛ unk .x/ @˛ unk .y/j2
I Œ@ unk D d xd y M < C1
kx yknC2
(8.10.79)
“ ˛ ˛ 2
j@ unk .x/ @ unk .y/j
H) lim inf I Œ@˛ unk D lim inf d xd y
k!1 k!1 kx yknC2
M < C1 8j˛j D m: (8.10.80)
j@˛ unk .x/@˛ unk .y/j2

1
Hence, for the sequence kxyknC2 kD1
of non-negative functions inte-
grable on satisfying (8.10.78) and (8.10.79), we can apply Fatou’s Lemma:
Lemma 8.10.2. R Let .fn / be a sequence of non-negative, integrable functions on

(i.e. fn 0, fn .x/d x M < 1 8n 2 N) such that
Z
lim inf fn .x/d x < 1; lim inf fn .x/ D f .x/ a.e. on :
n!1 n!1
Then
R
I. f is integrable on , i.e. f .x/d x < 1;
R R
II. f .x/d x lim infn!1 fn .x/d x.
R R
In other words, lim infn!1 fn .x/d x lim infn!1 fn .x/d x.
Remark 8.10.5. If limn!1 fn .x/ D f .x/ a.e. on , then lim infn!1 fn .x/ D
limn!1 fn .x/ D f .x/ a.e. on by the property of the limit inferior (see Defini-
tions A.0.8.1 and A.0.8.2 in Appendix A).
Consequently, by virtue of (8.10.78) and (8.10.79), I and II of Fatou’s Lemma 8.10.2
˛ u.x/@˛ u.y/j2
follow, i.e. j@ kxyk nC2 is integrable on 8j˛j D m and
“
j@˛ u.x/ @˛ u.y/j2
I Œ@˛ uD d xd ylim inf I Œ@˛ unk < 1; 8j˛j D m:
kx yknC2 k!1
x¤y
Hence, u 2 H m ./ with m D Œs and I Œ@˛ u < 1 8j˛j D m and for 0 < <
1 H) u 2 H s ./.
Now we are to show that for u 2 H s ./,
“
˛ ˛ j@˛ .u un /.x/ @˛ .u un /.y/j2
I Œ@ u @ un D d xd y ! 0
x¤y kx yknC2
as n ! 1, 8j˛j D m.
In fact, from (8.10.78a), we also have I Œ@˛ ulk @˛ un < " 8n > n0 , 8k >
k0 , with lk > lk0 > n0 8j˛j D m. We fix n > n0 . Then, 8 fixed n > n0 ,
I Œ@˛ ulk @˛ un < " 8k > k0 with lk > lk0 > n0 8j˛j D m
H) lim inf I Œ@˛ ulk @˛ un < " 8 fixed n > n0 ; 8j˛j D m: (8.10.81)
k!1
Applying (8.10.76) with lk D nk 8k 2 N, 8 fixed n > n0 , lim infk!1 @˛ .ulk
un /.x/ D @˛ .u un /.x/ a.e. on 8j˛j D m.
Then,
j@˛ .ulk un /.x/ @˛ .ulk un /.y/j2 j@˛ .u un /.x/ @˛ .u un /.y/j2
lim inf D
(8.10.82)
a.e. on 8 fixed n > n0 , 8j˛j D m (see (8.10.78)).
j@˛ .ulk un /.x/@˛ .ulk un /.y/j2

1
Again, for the sequence kxyknC2 kD1
8 fixed n > n0 sat-
isfying (8.10.81) and (8.10.82), we can apply Fatou’s Lemma 8.10.2 once more and
get, 8" > 0, 9n0 D n0 ."/ 2 N such that, 8j˛j D m,
“
˛ ˛ j@˛ .u un /.x/ @˛ .u un /.y/j2
I Œ@ u @ un D d xd y
kx yknC2
x¤y
lim inf I Œ@˛ ulk @˛ un < " 8n > n0

k!1
H) limn!1 I Œ@˛ u @˛ un D 0 8j˛j D m.

Thus we have proved that for u 2 H s ./, ku un kH m ./ ! 0 with m D Œs and
I Œ@˛ u @˛ un ! 0 as n ! 1 8j˛j D m H) un ! u in H s ./ as n ! 1.
Hence, H s ./ is a Hilbert space.
Equivalent norm in Hilbert space H s ./ with s > 0

In some situations it may be convenient to use the norm in H s ./ with s D Œs C ,
Œs D m 2 N0 , 0 < 1, defined by (see also Definition 8.9.4 and (8.9.41)):
X
2 2 2
kukH s ./ D kukH m ./ C k@˛ ukH ./
1j˛jm
X X “
˛ 2 j@˛ u.x/ @˛ u.y/j2
D k@ ukL 2 ./ C d xd y
kx yknC2
0j˛jm 1j˛jm x¤y
(8.10.83)
which is equivalent to the original norm:
X X “ j@˛ u.x/ @˛ u.y/j2
2 ˛ 2
kukH s ./ D k@ ukL 2 ./ C d xd y:
kx yknC2
0j˛jm j˛jDm x¤y
(8.10.84)
Hence, in the following we will use either of these two equivalent norms interchange-
ably, according to our convenience.
8.10.6 Density results in H s ./

Although D.Rn / is dense in H s .Rn / 8s > 0 (see Theorem 8.9.6) (in fact, this
density result holds 8s 2 R), D./ is not dense in H s ./ for ¤ Rn if s > 1=2
(see also (2.15.26d)). But we have:
Theorem 8.10.7. Let Rn be an open set of Rn with Lipschitz continuous bound-

N is dense in H s ./ 8s > 0,
ary (see Definition D.2.3.1, Appendix D). Then D./
where D./N D ¹ W 9 2 D.Rn / such that D # º (see Definition 8.10.2).
Proof. For Lipschitz continuous boundary of , the result follows from Theo-
rem 8.10.1 and Theorem 8.10.9 given later, since H s ./ H s ./ for s > 0.
For arbitrary ,
D./ \ H s ./ is dense in H s ./ (8.10.85)
for s > 0 [12].
Remark 8.10.6. Theorem 8.10.7 also holds for a continuous boundary [18]. Domains
with slits do not have a continuous boundary (see Appendix D). For example, D
¹.x1 ; x2 / W 0 < jx1 j < 1; 0 < jx2 j < 1º in Remark 8.10.2 has a slit along 0 W
x1 D 0; 0 < x2 < 1 and consequently does not possess a continuous boundary ,
and D./ is not dense in H s ./ for s > 0 [12].
Proposition 8.10.9 ([17, p. 5], [18]). Let Rn be a bounded domain with Lip-
schitz continuous boundary . Then D./ is dense in H s ./ for 0 s 1=2.
In particular,
D./ is dense in H 1=2 ./: (8.10.86)
8.10.7 Dual space H s ./

For ¤ Rn and s > 1=2, the dual space .H s .//0 of H s ./ cannot be identified
with a space of distributions (see Remark 4.2.1, Chapter 4), although .H s .Rn //0
H s .Rn / is a space of distributions 8s > 0 (see Theorem 8.9.7 and Theorem 8.9.6).
Consequently, we need:
8.10.8 Space H0s ./ with s > 0

Definition 8.10.8. For s > 0, H0s ./ D./ in the norm of H s ./, i.e. H0s ./ is
the closure of D./ in H s ./.
Theorem 8.10.8. For s > 0, H0s ./ is a Hilbert space equipped with the inner prod-
uct h ; is; induced by H s ./.
Proof. The result follows from Definition 8.10.8, since H0s ./ is a closed subspace
of Hilbert space H s ./.
Corollary 8.10.1. Let Rn be a bounded open subset with Lipschitz continuous

boundary . Then, for 0 < s 1=2, H0s ./ D H s ./.
Proof. The result follows from Proposition 8.10.9 and Definition 8.10.8.
Now we are in a position to define H s ./ for s > 0.
8.10.9 Space H s ./ with s > 0

Definition 8.10.9. For s > 0, H s ./ is defined as the (topological) dual space of
H0s ./, i.e. .H0s .//0 H s ./ ,! D 0 ./, i.e. for s > 0, H s ./ is a space of
distributions (D./ ,! H0s ./, the imbedding ,! being a dense, continuous one).
For with Lipschitz continuous boundary and for 0 < s 1=2, D./ is dense
in H s ./ H0s ./ and
H s ./ D .H0s .//0 D .H s .//0 ,! D 0 ./: (8.10.87)
N is dense in H s ./ 8s >

Proposition 8.10.10 ([18]). For arbitrary Rn , D./
0.
Imbedding result For 0 < s1 < s2 ,

H s2 ./ ,! H s1 ./ with dense, continuous imbedding ,!: (8.10.88)
Relation between H s ./ and H s ./ for s > 0

Theorem 8.10.9 ([18]). Let Rn be a bounded domain with Lipschitz continuous
boundary . Then, 8s > 0, 9 an s-extension operator P 2 L.H s ./; H s .Rn // such
that .P u/# D u, kP ukH s .Rn / C kukH s ./ 8u 2 H s ./ and for some C > 0.
Consequently,
H s ./ H s ./
N with norm equivalence; (8.10.89)
N is defined by (8.10.1).
where H s ./
For bounded polygonal domains R2 , the results of Theorem 8.10.9 hold, since
bounded polygons are Lipschitz continuous. For s D m, see the independent proof of
Proposition 8.10.8.
Remark 8.10.7. For integral m 2 N0 and 1 p 1, W m;p ./ has been defined
in (2.15.29)–(2.15.34) with W m;2 ./ H m ./, i.e. by giving a natural extension
to the definition of H m ./. Similarly, Definition 8.10.6 of H s ./ for s > 0 can be
given a natural extension to define the space W s;p ./ for real s > 0 and 1 p < 1
such that W s;2 ./ H s ./.
8.10.10 Space W s;p ./ for real s > 0 and 1 p < 1

Definition 8.10.10. For real s D Œs C with Œs D m 2 N0 , 0 < < 1, and
1 p < 1, W s;p ./ is defined as a subspace of W m;p ./ (see (2.15.28)) by:
² “
s;p m;p j@˛ u.x/ @˛ u.y/jp
W ./D u W u 2 W ./; d xd y<C1 8j˛jDmº
kx yknCp
x¤y
equipped with the Slobodetskii norm k ks;p; [45] and semi-norm j js;p; : 8u 2
W s;p ./,
X “ 1=p
p j@˛ u.x/ @˛ u.y/jp
kuks;p; D kukm;p; C d xd y I
kx yknCp
j˛jDm x¤y
(8.10.90a)
p p
X p
kukm;p; DkukW m;p ./ D k@˛ ukLp ./ (see (2.15.29))I (8.10.90b)
0j˛jm
X “ 1=p
j@˛ u.x/ @˛ u.y/jp
jujs;p; D d xd y :
kx yknCp
j˛jDm x¤y
(8.10.90c)
Remark 8.10.8. For p D 1, s D m C with m D Œs, 0 < < 1, modifying the

values of the functions on a set of points with measure zero, we can identify
W s;1 ./ C m; ./

¹u W u 2 C m ./; 8 open 1 with 1 ; u#1 2 C m; .1 /º:
(8.10.91)
Elements of C m; ./ are of C m -class such that all the mth-order derivatives are
locally -Hölder continuous functions in (see (8.9.35)–(8.9.36) and also Section
A.5.1, Appendix A).
Remark 8.10.9. For s D 0, we write W 0;p ./ Lp ./, 1 p 1 (see

(2.15.37)). Hence, we may omit the case s D 0, even when the result holds for
s D 0.
Important properties of W s;p ./ with s > 0

Here we collect the important properties of W s;p ./.
Property 1 Since, for p D 1, by modifying the values of the functions on a set

of points with measure zero, we can identify W s;1 ./ with C m; ./ and write
W s;1 ./ C m; ./ with s D m C , m D Œs (see Remark 8.10.8), for s > 0,
the case 1 p < 1 is of interest. Hence, for s > 0, we will discuss W s;p ./ for
1 p < 1 (in fact, for 1 0 and 1 p < 1, W s;p ./ equipped with the
Slobodetskii norm k ks;p; is a Banach space and separable.
Proof. See the proof of Theorem 8.10.6 for H s ./ W s;2 ./, i.e. p D 2, since the
proof for 1 p < 1 is similar to the one given for p D 2.
For 1 0, but
for p D 1; s > 0; W s;p ./ is not reflexive: (8.10.92)
Hence, in the following we will consider only 1 0, 1 p < 1 8u 2 W s;p ./,
X “
p p j@˛ u.x/ @˛ u.y/jp
kuks;p; D kukm;p; C d xd y (8.10.93)
kx yknCp
1j˛jm x¤y
defines a norm in W s;p ./ with s D Œs C , Œs D m 2 N0 , 0 < 1, equivalent

to the original Slobodetskii norm in (8.10.90a). Hence, (8.10.90a) and (8.10.93) will
be used interchangeably according to our convenience.
Property 2 For s D m 2 N0 , k km;p; is given by (8.10.90b).
s;p
Property 3: Space W0 ./ with s > 0, 1 1=p, the dual space .W s;p .//0 of W s;p ./ will
not be a space of distributions (see (4.2.8)). Hence, we need:
s;p
Definition 8.10.11. For s > 0 and 1 0, 1 0 and for 1 < p < 1, W0 ./ is a Banach space
equipped with the Slobodetskii norm (8.10.90a) or the equivalent norm (8.10.93) in-
duced by W s;p ./.
s;p
In general, W0 ./ ¨ W s;p ./.
s;p
D Rn H) W0 .Rn / W s;p .Rn / 8s > 0; 1 < p < 1;
Rn ; 0 s 1=2; p D 2; H0s ./ H s ./ (8.10.94)
(see Proposition 8.10.9).

1 1
For bounded with Lipschitz continuous boundary , H02 ./ H 2 ./ (see
(8.10.86) and also Property 6 below).
s;p
Equivalent norm in W0 ./ with s > 0, 1 < p < 1
X X j@˛ u.x/ @˛ u.y/jp 1=p
˛ p
kukW s;p ./ D k@ ukLp ./ C d xd y
0 kx yknCp
j˛jDm j˛jDm
(8.10.95)
s;p
defines a norm in W0 ./ with s D Œs C , Œs D m 2 N0 , 0 < < 1, equivalent
to the original norm induced by W s;p ./. Hence, (8.10.90a), (8.10.93) and (8.10.95)
will be used interchangeably according to our convenience, i.e. the notations k ks;p;
s;p
and k kW s;p ./ will mean any one of the equivalent norms in W0 ./.
0
1 1
Property 4: Dual space W s;q ./ with s > 0, p C q D 1, 1 0, 1 0, W s;q ./ is identified with the dual
s;p s;p
space .W0 .//0 of W0 ./ and is a space of distributions. Thus, for s > 0,
s;p
u 2 W s;q ./ H) hu; viW s;q ./W s;p ./ is well defined 8v 2 W0 ./, h ; i
0
s;p
being the duality pairing between W s;q ./ and W0 ./.
For p D q D 2 and D Rn , see Theorem 8.9.3.

For s > 0, p1 C q1 D 1, 1 < p < 1,
s;p
D./ ,! W0 ./ ,! W s;q ./ ,! D 0 ./: (8.10.96)
Property 5: Imbedding results For fixed p 2 Œ1; 1Œ and 0 < s1 < s2 , W s2 ;p ./
s ;p s ;p
,! W s1 ;p ./, W0 2 ./ ,! W0 1 ./ with dense, continuous imbedding ,!.
(8.10.97)
Property 6: Density results

s;p
D./ is dense in W0 ./ for s > 0, 1 0, 1 < p < 1. (8.10.98b)
For Rn with Lipschitz continuous boundary , D./ is dense in W s;p ./,
s;p
and consequently W0 ./ W s;p ./ for 0 < s 1=p, 1 0, 1 < p < 1. (8.10.98d)
Remark 8.10.10. Domains with slits do not have a continuous boundary. For
example, D ¹.x1 ; x2 / W 0 < jx1 j < 1, 0 < jx2 j < 1º in Remark 8.10.2 does not
have a continuous boundary owing to the slit along 0 W x1 D 0, 0 < x2 < 1, and
(8.10.98d) does not hold.
For arbitrary ,
N \ W s;p ./ is dense in W s;p ./
D./ (8.10.99)
8s > 0 [17], [18].
Property 7: Extension results
Theorem 8.10.12. Let Rn be a bounded open set with Lipschitz continuous

boundary . Then, 8s > 0 and for 1 p < 1, 9 a continuous, linear, extension
operator Ps W W s;p ./ ! W s;p .Rn / such that .Ps u/# D u and kPs uks;p;Rn
C kuks;p; 8u 2 W s;p ./ and for some C > 0.
N s > 0, 1 p < 1
Property 8: Space W s;p ./,
Definition 8.10.13. 8s > 0, 1 p < 1, let Rn be an open subset and

N be defined by (see also (8.10.1)):
W s;p ./
W s;p ./
N D ¹u W u 2 D 0 ./; 9w 2 W s;p .Rn / such that w# D uº: (8.10.100)
N equipped with the norm k k
Then W s;p ./ s;p; defined by (see also (8.10.1)):
kuks;p; D inf kwks;p;Rn 8u 2 W s;p ./

N (8.10.101)
w2W s;p .Rn /
w# Du
is a Banach space.
Theorem 8.10.13. Let Rn be a bounded open set with Lipschitz continuous

boundary . Then, 8s > 0 and for 1 p < 1, W s;p ./ D W s;p ./ N with
s;p
kuks;p; C kuks;p; for some C > 0, 8u 2 W ./.
Proof.
W s;p ./ W s;p ./: Let u 2 W s;p ./ for s > 0, 1 p < 1. Then, from
(8.10.100), 9w 2 W s;p .Rn / such that w# D u. Hence, kuks;p; D kw# ks;p;
kwks;p;Rn < 1 H) u 2 W s;p ./, i.e. W s;p ./ W s;p ./.
W s;p ./ W s;p ./: Let u 2 W s;p ./ for s > 0, 1 p < 1. Then, by
Theorem 8.10.13, 9Ps u 2 W s;p .Rn / with kPs uks;p;Rn C kuks;p; for some C >
0. Hence, from (8.10.101), kuks;p; kPs uks;p;Rn C kuks;p; < 1 H) u 2
W s;p ./, i.e. W s;p ./ W s;p ./.
Hence, combining these results, we get W s;p ./ W s;p ./ with kuks;p;
C kuks;p; .
s
8.10.11 Space H00 ./ with s > 0
In some problems, for example in dealing with traces of functions in polygonal do-
s
mains or domains with corners, we will require a subspace H00 ./ (also denoted by
e s s
H ./ in Grisvard [17], [18]) of H ./ for s > 0 defined in (8.10.71)–(8.10.72).
s ./ of Lions–Magenes [15].
We have accepted the notation H00
Definition 8.10.14. Let Rn be an open subset of Rn . Then, for real s > 0, the
space H00s ./ is defined by the set
s
H00 ./ D ¹u W u 2 H s ./ such that its null extension uQ 2 H s .Rn /º; (8.10.102)
which is equipped with the inner product h ; i00;s; and norm k k00;s; given by:
8u 2 H s ./ with
u.x/
Q D u.x/ 8x 2 and u.x/
Q D 08 x 2 Rn n ; (8.10.103)
1=2
hu; vi00;s; D hu;
Q vi
Q s;Rn I kuk00;s; D hu; ui00;s; D kuk
Q s;Rn : (8.10.104)
s ./ be defined by (8.10.102)–(8.10.104). Then
Theorem 8.10.14. For s > 0, let H00
s
H00 ./ is a Hilbert space.
s
Important properties of H00 ./ with s > 0
s
Property 1 H00 ./ ,! H s ./ ,! H s ./ 8s > 0, where H s ./ and H s ./ are
defined by (8.10.1) and (8.10.71), respectively, with
s
kuks; kuks; kuk00;s; 8u 2 H00 ./: (8.10.105)
Property 2 For s D m 2 N, H0m ./ H00 m ./ (see (8.10.113) for their equality
for with continuous boundary), since u 2 H0m ./ H) uQ 2 H m .Rn / by Theo-

m
rem 2.15.5 H) u 2 H00 ./ H) H0m ./ H00 m
./.
Property 3 The norm (8.10.104) is induced by H s ./ only when s D m 2 N. In

fact, we have the following result:
Lemma 8.10.3 (Grisvard [18]).

I. For s D m 2 N, kukH00
m
./ D kukm; . (8.10.106)
II. For s D m C , 0 < < 1, the norm k k00;s; in (8.10.104) is equivalent to
mapping
s
u 2 H00 ./ 7! kukH00
s
./
X Z 1=2
D kuk2s; C w .x/j@˛ u.x/j2 d x kuks; ; (8.10.107)

j˛jDm
where w .x/ is a suitable weight, i.e.
9 c1 ; c2 > 0 such that c1 kuk00;s; kukH00

s
./ c2 kuk00;s; : (8.10.108)
In order to distinguish the formulae for equivalent norms we have used k k00;s;
and k kH00
s
./ defined by (8.10.104) and (8.10.107), respectively.
III. For bounded Rn with Lipschitz continuous boundary , the weight func-
tion w in (8.10.107) satisfies the following equivalent condition: 9cQ1 ; cQ2 > 0
with cQ1 cQ2 such that
1 1
cQ1 2
w .x/ cQ2 2 for x 2 ; (8.10.109)
.x/ .x/
where .x/ D d.x; / D infy2 d.x; y/ D infy2 kx ykRn 8x 2 denotes

s
the distance from x 2 to the boundary of and we have, 8u 2 H00 ./,
X Z j@˛ uj2 1=2
cQ1 kuk2s; C 2ı
dx kukH00
s
./

j˛jDm
X Z j@˛ uj2
2
cQ2 kuks; C 2
dx ;

j˛jDm
(8.10.110)
where kukH00s ./ is defined by (8.10.107).
P R ˛ uj2
Consequently, .kuk2s; C j˛jDm j@2 d x/1=2 , kukH00
s
./ and kuk00;s;
s
are equivalent norms in H00 ./ for s D m C , 0 < < 1. Finally,
X Z j@˛ uj2 1=2
c1 2
kuks; C 2
dx kuk00;s;

j˛jDm
X Z j@˛ uj2 1=2
c2 kuk2s; C 2
dx

j˛jDm
(8.10.111)
with c1 ; c2 > 0.
Property 4: Density result
Theorem 8.10.15 (Grisvard [18]). Let Rn be an open subset of Rn with contin-

uous boundary . Then, 8s > 0, D./ is dense in H00 s ./ D D./ in the norm
k k00;s; . (8.10.112)
For s D m 2 N,
m
H00 ./ D H0m ./: (8.10.113)
In fact, H00m ./ D D./ in the norm k k m

00;m; , and H0 ./ D D./ in the norm
k km; , but k km; D k k00;m; (by Lemma 8.10.3). Hence, D./ D H00m ./ D
m
H0 ./.
s
Property 5: Alternative characterization of H00 ./ for bounded domains with
Lipschitz continuous boundary For s > 0 with s D m C , m 2 N, 0 < < 1,
˛
we define the space X s ./ by X s ./ D ¹u W u 2 H0s ./; @u 2 L2 ./ 8j˛j D mº
equipped with the norm k kX s ./ :
X Z j@˛ u.x/j2 1=2
2
kukX s ./ D kuks; C dx ; (8.10.114)
2
j˛jDm
where D .x/ denotes the distance of from x 2 ; being the Lipschitz contin-
uous boundary of bounded Rn .
1
Case s 2 ¤ an integer: Using Hardy’s inequality (Grisvard [18], Tartar [42]), we
have:
Theorem 8.10.16 (Grisvard [18]). For bounded Rn with Lipschitz continuous

boundary , and for s > 0, s 12 ¤ an integer and u 2 H0s ./,
@˛ u
2 L2 ./ 8j˛j s: (8.10.115)
sj˛j
1
In particular, for 0 < s < 2 and
u 2 H s ./ D H0s ./ (8.10.116)
u 1
(see Corollary 8.10.1), s 2 L2 ./, and for 2 < s 1 and u 2 H0s ./,
u
2 L2 ./: (8.10.117)
s
Corollary 8.10.2. Let Rn be a bounded open subset of Rn with Lipschitz con-
tinuous boundary .
Then, for s > 0 with s 12 ¤ an integer,
X s ./ H0s ./ H00
s
./ (8.10.118)
with norm equivalence.
In particular, for 0 < s < 12 ,
s
H00 ./ H0s ./ H s ./: (8.10.119)
Proof. Since X s ./ H0s ./ by definition, for X s ./ H0s ./ it is sufficient to
show that H0s ./ X s ./. In fact, let u 2 H0s ./. Then, for s 12 ¤ an integer,
˛
by Theorem 8.10.16, @u 2 L2 ./ 8j˛j D m, D s j˛j H) u 2 X s ./ H)
H0s ./ X s ./. Hence, X s ./ H0s ./ with norm equivalence, i.e. k kX s ./
and k ks; are equivalent.
For s 12 ¤ an integer, the norms k kX s ./ and k k00;s; are equivalent on
s
D./ by Lemma 8.10.3, since D./ H00 ./, D./ H0s ./ and k ks;
and k kX s ./ are equivalent on H0s ./. But D./ is dense in H00s
./ in the norm
s
k k00;s; (by Theorem 8.10.15) and dense in H0 ./ in the norm k kX s ./ (equiv-
alent to k ks; ). Hence, the completions D./ of D./ in two equivalent norms
k k00;s; and k kX s ./ (by Lemma 8.10.3) represent the same space, i.e. D./
s
H00 ./ H0s ./ X s ./ with norm equivalence.
For 0 < s < 12 , s 12 ¤ an integer H) H00s ./ H s ./ and H s ./ D H s ./
0 0
by Corollary 8.10.1, and the result follows.
Remark 8.10.11. For s 12 ¤ an integer, H00s

./ loses its importance by virtue of
(8.10.118).
For unbounded D RnC D ¹x W x D .x1 ; : : : ; xn1 ; xn / 2 Rn , xn > 0º, we have:
Theorem 8.10.17. Let D RnC . Then H00

m .Rn / D H m .Rn /.
C 0 C
Proof. From the following facts:

1. H0m .RnC / is a closed subspace of H00
m
.RnC /;
m
2. X00 .RnC / D ¹u W u 2 H00 m
.RnC /, supp.u/ RnC º is a dense subspace of
m n
H00 .RC /, which follows from Theorem 6.8.6 and Remark 6.8.1 with necessary
modifications;
m
3. X00 .RnC / H0m .RnC /, which is proved with the help of convolutions with
suitable regularizing functions, Theorem 6.2.2 and Remark 6.2.2;
m
and from X00 .RnC / H0m .RnC / H00
m
.RnC /, the closed subspace H0m .RnC / is dense
m n m n m n
in H00 .RC / H) H0 .RC / D H00 .RC /.
Case s 12 D an integer: This exceptional case arises in trace theorems on bounded

polygonal domains with corners and, hence, is a very important one. First of all, we
have
1
s 2 D an integer H) Corollary 8.10.2 does not hold
and X s ./ ¤ H0s ./. But we have the important result:
Theorem 8.10.18. Let Rn be a bounded open subset of Rn with Lipschitz

continuous boundary . Then, for s D m C 12 with D 12 , s 12 D an integer
s
m 2 N0 , H00 ./ X s ./ with norm equivalence (see Lemma 8.10.3), where
@˛ u
X s ./ D ¹u W u 2 H0s ./; p 2 L2 ./ 8j˛j D mº H0s ./ (8.10.120)

P R j@˛ u.x/j2 1
with kukX s ./ D Œkuk2s; C j˛jDm d x 2 .
Proof.
s
H00 ./ X s ./: Let u 2 H00 s
./ with s 12 D m 2 N0 . Then, by virtue of
s
the density of D./ in H00 ./ (Theorem 8.10.15) 9 a sequence .k /1
kD1
in D./
such that ku k k00;s; ! 0 as k ! 1. By Lemma 8.10.3, Œku k k2s; C
P R j@˛ u@˛ k j2 ˛
j˛jDm d x ! 0 as k ! 1 H) k ! u in H s ./, and @pk !
˛u
@p

in L2 ./ 8j˛j D m as k ! 1. But .k / is a sequence in D./, which is dense
˛
in H0s ./ H) u 2 H0s ./ and @pu 2 L2 ./ 8j˛j D m H) u 2 X s ./ H)
s
H00 ./ X s ./.
s
X ./ H00 s ./: Let u 2 X s ./ with kuk s
X ./ defined by (8.10.120). Then
˛u
@p
u 2 H0 ./ and 2 L ./ 8j˛j D m. But u 2 H0s ./ H) u 2 H0m ./, since
s 2
e
H0s ./ ,! H0m ./ H) @˛ uQ D @˛ u 8j˛j m (see the proof of Theorem 2.15.5).
e
But @˛ u 2 L2 ./ 8j˛j m H) @˛ u D @˛ uQ 2 L2 .Rn / 8j˛j m H) uQ 2
s
H m .Rn /. To show that u 2 H00 ./, we are to prove that uQ 2 H s .Rn / with s D
1
m C 12 . Hence, uQ 2 H m .Rn / will belong to H s .Rn / if @˛ uQ 2 H 2 .Rn / 8j˛j D m,
e 1
which implies that @˛ uQ D @˛ u 2 H 2 .Rn / 8j˛j D m (since we have already shown
e
that @˛ uQ D @˛ u 2 L2 .Rn / 8j˛j D m), i.e. @˛ u 2 H00
2
1
./ 8j˛j D m. For this,
˛
we are to prove that 8j˛j D m, k@ uk 1 < C1. From Lemma 8.10.3, 8 fixed
2
H00 ./
j˛j D m,
@˛ u
k@˛ uk2 1 D k@˛ uk2 1 C k p kL2 ./
2
H00 ./ H 2 ./
X @˛ u
kuk2s; C 2
k p kL2 ./ D kukX s ./ < C1 (by (8.10.120)).

j˛jDm
1
s 1
Hence, 8j˛j D m; @˛ u 2 H00
2
./ H) u 2 H00 ./ with s 2 D m 2 N0 .
s
An alternative definition of H00 ./ for s > 0
As a consequence of Theorem 8.10.18, Theorem 8.10.16 and Corollary 8.10.2, we
have:
Definition 8.10.15. For s > 0 with s D m C , m 2 N0 , 0 < 1 ( D 0 H)

s ./ is defined
s D m 2 N) and Rn with Lipschitz continuous boundary , H00
by:
² ³
s s s @˛ u 2
H00 ./ D X ./ D u W u 2 H0 ./; 2 L ./ 8 j˛j D m (8.10.121)

with equivalent norms k k00;s; , k kH00

s
./ and k kX s ./ defined by (8.10.104),
(8.10.107) and (8.10.120), respectively (see (8.10.111) also).
Then the following hold:

m
for s D m, with D 0, H00 ./ D X m ./ D H0m ./ with kuk00;m; D
kukm; (by (8.10.106));
for s 12 ¤ an integer, H00 ./DX s ./DH0s ./ (by (8.10.118)); (8.10.122)
1
for s 2 D an integer, i.e. D 12 , H00
s
./ D X s ./ H0s ./ with
X Z j@˛ uj2 2
1
2
kukH00
s
./ D kuk s
X ./ D kuk s; C ; (8.10.123)

j˛jDm
the norms k kH00

s
./ and k k00;s; being equivalent ones (see also Lemma
8.10.3).
Let Rn be a bounded open subset of Rn with Lipschitz continuous boundary
. Then, s D 12 ; 32 and so on H) s 12 D an integer and Theorem 8.10.18 is
applicable, and
1 1 1 1
u
2
H00 ./ D ¹u W u 2 H02 ./ H 2 ./, p

2 L2 ./º H02 ./ with
Z 12
2 ju.x/j2
kuk00; 1 ; D kuk 1 ; C dx I (8.10.124)
2 2 .x/
3 3 ˛u 3
@p
2
H00 ./ D ¹u W u 2 H02 ./,
2 L2 ./ 8j˛j D 1º H02 ./ with
X j@˛ u.x/j2 2
1
2
kuk00; 3 ; D kuk 3 ; C dx I (8.10.125)
2 2 .x/
j˛jD1
and so on.
s
8.10.12 Dual space .H00 .//0 for s > 0
s
Since D./ is dense in H00 ./ for s > 0 by Theorem 8.10.15, the dual space
s s
.H00 .// of H00 ./ is a space of distributions in D 0 ./. For bounded Rn
0
with Lipschitz continuous boundary , we have, for s > 0:

1
s 2 ¤ an integer,
s
H00 ./ D H0s ./ H) s
.H00 .//0 D .H0s .//0 D H s ./I
(8.10.126a)
1
s 2 D an integer,
s
H00 ./ H0s ./ H) H s ./ .H00
s
.//0 I (8.10.126b)
s
D./ ,! H00 ./ ,! H0s ./ ,! H s ./ ,! .H00
s
.//0 ,! D 0 ./ with
continuous imbedding ,!. (8.10.127)
s
For .H00 .//0 with s > 0, hu; vi.H00 s s
.//0 H00 ./ is well defined 8u 2
s .//0 and 8v 2 H s ./, h ; i s
.H00 00 .H00 .// H00 ./ being the duality between
0 s
s 0 s
.H00 .// and H00 ./. (8.10.128)
s;p
Remark 8.10.12. We can define W00 ./ for s > 0, 1 0, 1 0, 1 0, 1 < p < 1, W00 ./ W s;p ./ (see (8.10.100)–(8.10.101)),
m;p m;p
W0 ./W00 ./ for 1 0, 1 < p < 1, W00 ./ is a Banach space which is
separable and reflexive.
m;p
Lemma 8.10.4. For s D m 2 N and u 2 W00 ./, 1 0 with C1 C2 such that
X Z j@˛ u.x/jp p
1
p
C1 kuks;p; C dx
p
j˛jDm
X Z j@˛ u.x/jp p
1
p
kuk00;s;p; C2 kuks;p; C dx ; (8.10.132)
p
j˛jDm
where D .x/ D d.x; / is defined by (8.10.107).
Density result
For s > 0, 1 < p < 1, and Rn with a continuous boundary ,
s;p
D./ is dense in W00 ./: (8.10.133)
As a consequence of Lemma 8.10.4 and (8.10.130), for s D m, 1 < p < 1,

m;p m;p
W00 ./ D W0 ./: (8.10.134)
Space Xps ./

For s D m C , m 2 N0 , 0 < 1, 1 < p < 1, and Rn with Lipschitz
s;p ˛
continuous boundary , define Xps ./ D ¹u W u 2 W0 ./, @u 2 Lp ./ 8j˛j D
mº with
X Z j@˛ u.x/jp p
1
p
kukXps ./ D kuks;p; C dx : (8.10.135)
p
j˛jDm
For p D 2, X2s ./ D X s ./ defined by (8.10.120).

From Lemma 8.10.4 and (8.10.135),
s;p
C1 kukXps ./ kuk00;s;p; C2 kukXps ./ 8u 2 W00 ./: (8.10.136)
Theorem 8.10.20. Let s > 0, 1 0. (8.10.137)
1 s;p s;p
II. For s p ¤ an integer, W00 ./ D W0 ./ D Xps ./ with norm equiva-
lence. (8.10.138)
1 s;p s;p
III. For 0 < s < p, W00 ./ D W0 ./ D W s;p ./. (8.10.139)
s;p s;p
IV. For s p1 D an integer, W00 ./ D Xps ./ W0 ./ with equivalent norms
s;p s;p
and W00 ./ ¤ W0 ./. (8.10.140)
Proof. For I, we refer to Grisvard [18]. Proofs for II and III are exactly similar to those
given in the proof of Corollary 8.10.2 with p D 2 replaced by general p 2 1; 1Œ.
For IV, see the proof of Theorem 8.10.18 with L2 -spaces replaced by Lp -spaces and
H m ./ by W m;p ./, etc.
s;p
An alternative definition of W00 ./ is given by:
Definition 8.10.17. For s D m C , m 2 N0 , 0 < 1, 1 < p < 1, and Rn

with Lipschitz continuous boundary ,
² ³
s;p s s;p @˛ u p
W00 ./ D Xp ./ D u W u 2 W0 ./; 2 L ./ 8j˛j D m (8.10.141)

with kukW s;p ./ D kukXps ./ , the norms k kXps ./ and k k00;s;p; in (8.10.135) and
00
(8.10.129), respectively, being equivalent ones by Lemma 8.10.4. Finally, for p D 2,
s;2 s
W00 ./ D H00 ./ is a Hilbert space.
s;p
Dual space .W00 .//0 for s > 0, 1 0, 1 0, s p1 D an integer, 1 < p < 1 and Rn with Lipschitz continuous

boundary,
s;p s;p s;p
D./ W00 ./ W0 ./ W s;q ./ .W00 .//0 D 0 ./;
(8.10.143)
1 1
p C q D 1.
8.10.14 Restrictions of distributions in Sobolev spaces

Restrictions of distributions play an important role in the study of the differentiation
of functions in H s ./ (resp. W s;p ./), and in the study of traces of functions on a
part of the boundary.
Restrictions of distributions in Sobolev spaces defined on Rn

Theorem 8.10.21. Let Rn be a bounded open subset of Rn with Lipschitz
continuous boundary . For s > 0, let T 2 H s .Rn / be a distribution defined on
Rn and T # be its restriction to . Then
s
T # 2 .H00 .//0 ; (8.10.144)
s s
.H00 .//0 being the dual space of H00 ./ defined by (8.10.121).
s;q
For s > 0, 1 0, T 2 H s .Rn / H) jhT; vij kT kH s .Rn / kvkH s .Rn / 8v 2

H s .Rn /. Since D.Rn / is dense in H s .Rn / with s > 0, H s .Rn / is a space of
distributions in D 0 .Rn / (see Section 4.2, Chapter 4) with D.Rn / ,! H s .Rn / ,!
H s .Rn / ,! D 0 .Rn /. Hence, 8 2 D./ with its null extension Q 2 D.Rn /,
hT # ; iD 0 ./D./ D hT; i Q D 0 .Rn /D.Rn / and jhT # ; ij D jhT; ij Q
kT kH s .Rn / kkQ H s .Rn / D kT kH s .Rn / kk00;s; 8 2 D./ H) T # is a con-
s
tinuous, linear functional on D./ in the norm k k00;s; of H00 ./. But since Lip-
schitz continuity of the boundary of H) its continuity, D./ is dense in H00 s ./
by Theorem 8.10.15. Hence, T # can be given a unique, continuous, linear exten-

s s
sion to H00 ./, and this unique extended, continuous, linear functional on H00 ./
s
will still be denoted by the same notation T # , i.e. for s > 0, T # 2 .H00 .//0 with
hT # ; vi.H00 s s
.//0 H00 ./ D hT; vi
Q H s .Rn /H s .Rn / and jhT # ; vij
s
kT kH s .Rn / kvkQ H s .Rn / D kT kH s .Rn / kvkH00 s
./ 8v 2 H00 ./ with
kT # k.H00 s
.//0 kT kH s .Rn / .
For (8.10.145), we see that for s > 0, T 2 W s;p .Rn / D .W s;q .Rn //0 , p1 C q1 D 1.
But, 8 2 D./,
Q W s;q .Rn / D kT kW s;p .Rn / kkW s;q .Rn /
jhT # ; ij kT kW s;p .Rn / kk
00
(by (8.10.129)) H) jhT # ; vi.W s;q .//0 W s;q ./ D hT; vi

Q W s;p .Rn /W s;q .Rn / 8v 2
00 00
s;q
W00 ./ D./ (by (8.10.133)).
Restriction of distributions defined on open subsets of Rn

So far, we have considered restrictions of distributions defined on Rn . Now we will
consider restrictions of distributions defined on open subsets of Rn .
Theorem 8.10.22. Let 1 and 2 be open subsets of Rn with 1 2 . Then the

restriction mapping u 7! u#1 is continuous from:
I. W s;p .2 / into W s;p .1 / if s > 0, 1 p 1; (8.10.146a)
II. W k;q .2 / into W k;q .1 / if s D k 2 N, 1 < q < 1. (8.10.146b)
In particular, for p D 2, W s;2 .i / D H s .i /, i D 1; 2, and the restriction mapping

u 7! u#1 is continuous from
III. H s .2 / into H s .1 / if s > 0; (8.10.146c)
IV. H k . 2/ into H k . 1/ if s D k 2 N. (8.10.146d)
Proof.
I. The result follows from Definition 8.10.9, since ku#1 ks;p;1 kuks;p;2
8u 2 W s;p .1 / with s > 0; 1 p 1.
1 1 k;p
II. For s D k 2 N, 1 < p; q < 1, p C q D 1, u 2 W k;q .2 / .W0 .2 //0
H) jhu; vijW k;q . k;p

2 /W0 .2 /
k;p
kukW k;q .2 / kvkW k;p . 8v 2 W0 .2 /: (8.10.147)
0 2/
k;p
But D.i / is dense in W0 .i / 8k 2 N, 1 < p < 1 H) W k;q .i / ,!
D 0 .i / is a space of distributions on i , i D 1; 2, p1 C q1 D 1, 1 < p; q <
1. Hence, u 2 W k;q .2 / is a distribution on 2 and its restriction to 1
is defined by (5.3.1): hu#1 ; iD 0 .1 /D.1 / D hu; e
iD 0 .2 /D.2 / 8 2
D.1 /, with null extension e
to 2 belonging to D.2 / and
jhu#1 ; ij D jhu; e

ij kukk;q;2 ke
kW k;p . (by (8.10.147))
0 2/
D kukk;q;2 kkW k;p . 8 2 D.1 / with Q 2 D.2 /

0 1/
(see the proof of Theorem 2.15.5). Hence, u#1 is a continuous, linear func-
tional on D.1 / in the norm k kW k;p . / , D.1 / being a dense subspace of
0 1
k;p
W0 .1 /; 1 < p < 1. Therefore, u#1 can be given a unique, continuous
k;p
linear extension to W0 .1 / and will still be denoted by the same notation
k;p
u#1 2 W k;q .1 / .W0 .1 //0 , i.e. hu#1 ; viW k;q . /W k;p . / D
1 0 1
k;p
hu; vi
Q W k;q . k;p 8u 2 W k;q .2 / and 8v 2 W0 .1 / with the
2 /W0 .2 /
k;p
continuous null extension vQ 2W0 .2 / of v, since kvk
Q W k;p . / DkvkW k;p . /
0 2 0 1
(see the proof of Theorem 2.15.5).
Theorem 8.10.23. Let 1 and 2 be open subsets of Rn such that 1 2 and the
boundaries 1 and 2 of 1 and 2 , respectively, are Lipschitz continuous. Then the
restriction mapping u 7! u#1 is continuous from:
s;p s;p 1
I. .W00 .2 //0 into .W00 .1 //0 if s > 0, s p D an integer, 1 0, s p D an integer, 1 0, s p ¤ an integer, 1 < p; q < 1,
1 1
p C q D 1. (8.10.148c)
In particular, for p D 2, W s;2 .i / D H s .i /, i D 1; 2, and the restriction mapping
u 7! u#1 is continuous from:
s s 1
IV. .H00 .2 //0 into .H00 .1 //0 if s > 0, s 2 D an integer; (8.10.148d)
s 1
V. H s .2 / into .H00 .1 //0 if s > 0, s 2 D an integer; (8.10.148e)
1
VI. H s . 2/ into H s . 1/ if s > 0, s 2 ¤ an integer. (8.10.148f)
Proof.
s;p s;p
I. For s > 0, s p1 D an integer, 1 < p < 1, W00 .2 / ¨ W0 .2 / by
s;p
(8.10.140). u 2 .W00 .2 //0
H) jhu; vij.W s;p .2 //0 .W s;p .2 //

00 00
kuk.W s;p .2 //0 kvk.W s;p .2 //

00 00
D kuk.W s;p .2 //0 kvk

Q W s;p .Rn / (by (8.10.129)); (8.10.149)
00
s;p
where vQ is the null extension to Rn of v 2 W00 .2 /.
But, for s > 0, 1 < p < 1 and (Lipschitz) continuous boundary i , D.i /
s;p s;p
is dense in W00 .i / by (8.10.133). Hence, .W00 .i //0 ,! D 0 .i / is a
space of distributions on i (i D 1; 2) (see Section 4.3, Chapter 4). Hence,
s;p
u 2 .W00 .2 //0 is a distribution on 2 and its restriction to 1 is defined by
(5.3.1): 8 2 D.2 / with supp./ 1 ,
hu#1 ; iD 0 .1 /D.1 / D hu; iD 0 .2 /D.2 / : (8.10.150)
8 2 D.2 / with supp./ 1 , Q 2 D.Rn / is the null extension to Rn of

. Since supp./ 1 , considering D #1 2 D.1 /, Q 2 D.Rn / is
Q 2 D.2 /. Then, using
also the null extension of 2 D.1 / to Rn with # 2
(8.10.149) and (8.10.150), 8 2 D.1 /,
Q kuk.W s;p . //0 kk

jhu#1 ; ij D jhu; ij Q W s;p .Rn /
2 00
D kuk.W s;p .2 //0 kkW s;p .1 / : (8.10.151)

00 00
Hence, u#1 is a continuous, linear functional on D.1 / in the norm

s;p
k kW s;p .1 / , D.1 / being a dense subspace of W00 .1 / by (8.10.133).
00
s;p
Therefore, u#1 can be given a unique, continuous, linear extension to W00
s;p
.1 /, and this extended, continuous, linear functional on W00 .1 / will be
s;p
denoted by the same notation u#1 2 .W00 .1 //0 with
hu#1 ; vi.W s;p .1 //0 W s;p .1 /

00 00
s;p
D hu; vi
Q .W s;p .2 //0 W s;p .2 / 8u 2 .W00 .2 //0 ;
00 00
s;p s;p
8v 2 W00 .1 / with continuous null extension vQ 2 W00 .2 / (kvk Q W s;p .2 / D
00
Q
kvk
Q W s;p .Rn / D kvk Q
Q W s;p .Rn / D kvkW s;p .1 / , where vQ is the null extension to
00
Rn of v,
Q which is, in fact, the null extension to Rn of v).
s;p
II. First of all, D.i / is dense in W0 .i /, and for Lipschitz continuous i ,
s;p s;p
s p1 D an integer, 1 0,
s p1 D an integer, 1 < p; q < 1, p1 C q1 D 1. The composition of the
continuous mappings
continuous s;p continuous s;p
u 2 W s;q .2 / 7! u 2 .W00 .2 //0 7! u 2 .W00 .1 //0
(the continuity of the last mapping following from I) is continuous from
s;p
W s;q .2 / into .W00 .1 //0 .
III. For s > 0, s p1 ¤ an integer, 1 0 such that
s;p
C1 kvkW s;p .i / kvkW s;p .i / C2 kvkW s;p .i / 8v 2 W00 .i /:
0 00 0
(8.10.152)
Then u 2 W s;q .2 /
H) jhu; viW s;q .2 /W s;p .2 / j kukW s;q .2 / kvkW s;p .2 /
0 0
.C1 kukW s;q .2 / /kvkW s;p .2 /

00
s;p
D .C1 kukW s;q .2 / /kvk
Q W s;p .Rn / 8v 2 W0 .2 /:
s;p s;p
Since D.i / is dense in W0 .i /; W s;q .i / .W0 .i //0 ,! D 0 .i /
is a space of distributions on i . Hence, 8 2 D.1 / with null extension on
Q 2 D.Rn /, i.e. #
Q 2 D.2 /,
2
Q D 0 . /D. /
hu#1 ; iD 0 .1 /D.1 / D hu; i 2 2
H) Q C1 kukW s;q . / kk

jhu#1 ; ij D jhu; ij Q W s;p .Rn /
2
H) jhu#1 ; ij .C1 kukW s;q .2 / /kkW s;p .1 /

00
.C2 kukW s;q .2 / /kkW s;p .1 / 8 2 D.1 /

0
(by (8.10.151) and (8.10.152))

H)u#1 is a continuous, linear functional on D.1 / in the norm kkW s;p .1 / .
0
s;p
Hence, by virtue of the density of D.1 / in W0 .1 /; u#1 can be given a
s;p
unique, continuous, linear extension to W0 .1 /, and the extended, continu-
ous, linear functional will still be denoted by u#1 ; i.e. u#1 2 W s;q .1 /
with hu#1 ; viW s;q .1 /W s;p .1 / D hu; vi Q W s;q .2 /W s;p .2 / 8u 2
0 0
s;p QQ W s;p .Rn / D
W s;q .2 /, 8v 2 W .1 /, with kvk 0 Q s;p D kvk
W0 .2 /
kvk
Q W s;p .Rn / D kvkW s;p .1 / C2 kvkW s;p .1 / (by (8.10.152)).
00 0
Warning Under the assumptions of Theorem 8.10.23, the restriction mapping u 7!
u#1 is not continuous from:
1
H s .2 / into H s .1 / if s > 0, s 2 D an integer; (8.10.153)
s;q . s;q . 1
W 2/ into W 1/ if s > 0, s p D an integer, 1 < p; q < 1,
1 1
p C q D 1.
8.10.15 Differentiation of distributions in H s ./ with s 2 R

First of all, we refer to the results stated in (4.2.13) (Section 4.2, Chapter 4).
Case D Rn
Theorem 8.10.24. 8s 2 R, 8 multi-index ˛ with j˛j D m 2 N0 , the linear operator
@˛ W H s .Rn / ! H sj˛j .Rn / is continuous from H s .Rn / into H sj˛j .Rn /:

(8.10.154)
R
Proof. Let u 2 H s .Rn / for s 2 R. Then Rn .1 C kk2 /s ju./j O 2 d < C1 with
uO D F Œu. From Theorem 8.6.1, j@˛ u./j D F Œ@˛ b ˛

x u D .i 2/ F Œu D .i R 2/˛ u.
O
˛
We are to show that @ u 2 H sj˛j n
.R / 8 multi-index ˛, 8s 2 R, i.e. Rn .1 C
b
kk2 /sj˛j j@˛ u./j2 d < C1. In fact,
b
Z Z
.1 C kk2 /sj˛j j@˛ u./j2 d D .1 C kk2 /sj˛j .j.i 2/˛ j2 j/u./j
O 2
d
Rn Rn
Z
.1 C kk2 /sj˛j .2/2j˛j .1 C kk2 /j˛j ju./j
O 2
d
Rn
n
Y
(since 2˛
D i2˛i .1 C kk2 /j˛j by Lemma 8.9.1)
iD1
Z
C .1 C kk2 /s ju./j
O 2
d < C1
Rn
with C > .2/2j˛j > 0. Hence, 8u 2 H s .Rn /, p @˛ u 2 H sj˛j .Rn / 8˛, 8s 2 R,

and k@˛ ukH sj˛j .Rn / C1 kukH s .Rn / with C1 D C > 0. Thus, @˛ W H s .Rn / !
H sj˛j .Rn / is continuous from H s .Rn / into H sj˛j .Rn /.
Case Rn The situation is different in this case. In fact, an analogous result

holds if both s and s j˛j have the same sign. In other words, for positive s 0, if
s j˛j < 0 then the result does not hold, in general, but for s 0 and s j˛j < 0,
the result does hold.
Theorem 8.10.25. For s j˛j 0, the following results hold:

I. @˛ W H s ./ ! H sj˛j ./ is a continuous, linear operator from H s ./ into
H sj˛j ./. (8.10.155)
sj˛j
II. @˛ W H0s ./ ! H0 ./ is a continuous, linear operator from H0s ./ into
sj˛j
H0 ./. (8.10.156)
III. For s 0, 8 multi-index ˛, the linear operator @˛ W H s ./ ! H sj˛j ./
is continuous from H s ./ into H sj˛j ./. (8.10.157)
For bounded with Lipschitz continuous boundary , the linear operator
s sj˛j s sj˛j
IV. @˛ W H00 ./ ! H00 ./ is continuous from H00 ./ into H00 ./;
(8.10.158)
s .//0 ! .H sCj˛j s .//0 into
V. @˛ W .H00 00 .//0 is continuous from .H00
sCj˛j
.H00 .//0 8s > 0, 8j˛j 2 N. (8.10.159)
Proof.
I. For s j˛j 0, there are two cases: s D m 2 N0 and s D m C with m D Œs,
0 < < 1.
Case s D m 2 N0 : 8j˛j m with m j˛j 0, u 2 H m ./ H) @˛ u D
u˛ 2 H mj˛j ./, since u˛ D @˛ u 2 L2 ./ 8j˛j m H) @ˇ u˛ 2 L2 ./
8jˇ C˛j D jˇjCj˛j m, i.e. @ˇ u˛ D @ˇ .@˛ u/ 2 L2 ./ 8jˇj mj˛j H)
@˛ u 2 H mj˛j ./ 8j˛j m.
Case s D m C with m D Œs 2 N0 , 0 < < 1: From Definition 8.10.6
u 2 H s ./ H) u 2 H m ./ and @ˇ u 2 H ./ 8jˇj D m H) @˛ u 2
H mj˛j ./ and @ˇ .@˛ u/ 2 H ./ 8jˇ C ˛j D m, i.e. 8jˇj D m j˛j H)
@˛ u 2 H mj˛jC ./ D H mCj˛j ./ D H sj˛j ./ with k@˛ ukH sj˛j ./
kukH s ./ . Hence, @˛ W H s ./ ! H sj˛j ./ is a continuous, linear operator
from H s ./ into H sj˛j ./.
sj˛j
II. For s j˛j 0, D./ is dense in H0s ./ (resp. H0 ./) in the norm
k kH s ./ (resp. k kH sj˛j ./ ). Hence, 8u 2 H0s ./, 9.n / in D./ such
that n ! u in H s ./. But @˛ W H s ./ ! H sj˛j ./ is continuous for
s j˛j 0. @˛ W n 2 D./ H s ./ 7! @˛ n 2 D./ H sj˛j ./.

But n ! u in H s ./ H) @˛ n ! @˛ u in H sj˛j ./ as n ! 1 by virtue
of the continuity of @˛ from H s ./ into H sj˛j ./ for s j˛j 0 H) @˛ u 2
sj˛j sj˛j
H0 ./ for s j˛j 0. Hence, @˛ W u 2 H0s ./ 7! @˛ u 2 H0 ./ 8˛
with s j˛j 0.
III. For A 2 L.V1 I V2 /, V1 and V2 being Hilbert spaces, its unique transpose (also
called dual) A 2 L.V20 I V10 /, V10 and V20 being the topological and algebraic
duals of V1 and V2 , respectively, is defined by: hA u; viV10 V1 D hu; AviV20 V2
8u 2 V20 , 8v 2 V1 ([46]).
sCj˛j
Let V1 D H0 ./, V2 D H0s ./, in which D./ is dense in the norm
sCj˛j
k kH sCj˛j ./ and k kH0s ./ , respectively, such that V10 D .H0 .//0 D
0
H sj˛j ./ ,! D 0 ./; V20 D H s ./ ,! D 0 ./ are spaces of distri-
sCj˛j
butions for s > 0. Then @˛ W H0 ./ ! H0s ./ is continuous by II.
sCj˛j sCj˛j
For any v 2 H0 ./, 9.n / in D./ such that n ! v in H0 ./ as
n ! 1, which implies that @˛ n ! @˛ v in H0s ./ by II. Set A D .1/j˛j @˛ 2
sCj˛j
L.H0 ./I H0s .//. Then its transpose ..1/j˛j @˛ / 2 L.H s ./I
H sj˛j .// for s > 0 is given by:
h..1/j˛j @˛ / u; viH sj˛j ./H sCj˛j ./ D hu; .1/j˛j @˛ viH s ./H0s ./
0
j˛j ˛
D lim hu; .1/ @ n iH s ./H0s ./ D lim h@˛ u; n iD 0 ./D./
n!1 n!1
sCj˛j
D h@˛ u; viH sj˛j ./H sCj˛j ./ 8v 2 H0 ./;
0
sCj˛j
since n ! v in H0 ./ H) @˛ n ! @˛ v in H0s ./ by II H) @˛ n !
sCj˛j
@˛ v weakly in H0s ./ and a fortiori n ! v weakly in H0 ./, and
H sj˛j ./ ,! D 0 ./, H s ./ ,! D 0 ./ 8s > 0 as stated earlier. Hence,
@˛ u D ..1/j˛j @˛ / u in H sj˛j ./ 8u 2 H s ./ H) @˛ D ..1/j˛j @˛ / 2
L.H s ./I H sj˛j .//, i.e. @˛ W H s ./ ! H sj˛j ./ is a continuous,
linear operator from H s ./ into H sj˛j ./.
s
IV. Let u 2 H00 ./ for s j˛j 0. Then its null extension uQ 2 H s .Rn / and
˛ sj˛j .Rn / for s j˛j 0 (in fact, 8s 2 R, 8j˛j 2 N/ by (8.10.154).
e e
@ uQ 2 H
But for s j˛j 0, @˛ uQ D @˛ u 2 H sj˛j .Rn /, @˛ u being the null extension
e
to Rn of @˛ u, since 8 2 D./ with Q 2 D.Rn /, @˛ Q D @˛ 8j˛j 2 N and
s s
for u 2 H00 ./ ,! D 0 ./; D./ being a dense subspace in H00 ./,
h@˛ u; Q D .1/j˛j hu;

Q i Q D 0 .Rn /D.Rn / D .1/j˛j hu;
Q @˛ i e
Q @˛ iD 0 .Rn /D.Rn /
Z
D .1/j˛j u@˛ d x (since u 2 H00 s
.//

e
Z
D .@˛ u/d x D h@˛ u; i Q D 0 .Rn /D.Rn /

e
8 2 D./ with Q 2 D.Rn / ” @˛ uQ D @˛ u in D 0 .Rn / with @˛ uQ 2
e sj˛j
H sj˛j .Rn / H) @˛ u 2 H sj˛j .Rn / with s j˛j 0 H) @˛ u 2 H00 ./
for s j˛j 0.
s sj˛j
Thus, u 2 H00 ./ H) @˛ u 2 H00 ./ for s j˛j 0 and 9C > 0 such
that
00
e
k@˛ ukH sj˛j ./ D k@˛ ukH sj˛j .Rn / D k@˛ uk
Q H sj˛j .Rn /
C kuk
Q H s .Rn / D C kukH00
s
./ ;
since @˛ W H s .Rn / ! H sj˛j .Rn / is continuous by (8.10.154). Hence, 9 a

s
constant C > 0 such that 8u 2 H00 ./, k@˛ ukH sj˛j ./ C kukH00
s
./ for
00
s sj˛j
s j˛j 0, i.e. @˛ W H00 ./ ! H00 ./ is continuous for s j˛j 0.
V. The proof is almost identical to that of III. Replacing H0s ./ by H00 s
./,
sCj˛j sCj˛j s s 0 sj˛j sCj˛j
H0 ./ by H00 ./, H ./ by .H00 .// , H ./ by .H00
0 sCj˛j s
.// in the proof of III, using the density of D./ in H00 ./ (resp. H00 ./)
˛ sCj˛j s
8s > 0 and the continuity of @ W H00 ./ ! H00 ./ for s > 0 and the
sCj˛j s
imbeddings .H00 .//0 ,! D 0 ./, .H00 .//0 ,! D 0 ./, the result is ob-
tained.
8.10.16 Differentiation of distributions u 2 H s ./ with s > 0

The differentiation of distributions u 2 H s ./ with s > 0 (defined in (8.10.1))
is closely related to the properties of restrictions (see Theorem 8.10.21) and exten-
sion (see Theorem 8.10.9). In fact, for the distribution u 2 H s ./, 9 (extension)
w 2 H s .Rn / such that w# D u. But 8s 2 R, @˛ W 2 H s .Rn / 7! @˛ 2
H sj˛j .Rn / is continuous 8 multi-index ˛.
Hence, for u 2 H s ./, @˛ u D .@˛ w/# is the restriction of a distribution @˛ w 2
H sj˛j .Rn /, which will be governed by Theorem 8.10.21 for with a Lipschitz
continuous boundary . Indeed, for u 2 H s ./, 9 a distribution w 2 H s .Rn / such
that u D w# , which is defined, 8 2 D./ with Q 2 D.Rn /, by hw# ; i D

Q (see (5.3.1)). Thus,
hw; i
h@˛ u; i D .1/j˛j hu; @˛ i D .1/j˛j hw# ; @˛ i D .1/j˛j hw; @˛ i e

D .1/j˛j hw; @˛ i e
Q (since @˛ D @˛ Q for 2 D./ with Q 2 D.Rn /)
D h@˛ w; i
Q D h.@˛ w/# ; i 8 2 D./; 8˛
H) @˛ u D .@˛ w/# . But by Theorem 8.10.9, for bounded domains with Lip-
schitz continuous boundary , H s ./ D H s ./ 8s > 0. Hence, for s > 0 with
s j˛j < 0 the final results on differentiation on bounded Rn with Lipschitz
continuous boundary will follow from the restriction results of Theorem 8.10.21
(for s j˛j 0, see Theorem 8.10.25).
Theorem 8.10.26. For bounded Rn with Lipschitz continuous boundary and

j˛js
for s > 0 with s j˛j < 0, the linear operator @˛ W H s ./ ! .H00 .//0 is
j˛js
continuous from H s ./ into .H00 .//0 .
In particular,
1
for s 2 ¤ an integer, @˛ W H s ./ ! H sj˛j ./ for s j˛j < 0;
1 j˛js
for s 2 D an integer, @˛ W H s ./ ! .H00 .//0 for s j˛j < 0.
Proof. For s > 0, for with a Lipschitz continuous boundary, H s ./ D H s ./ by
Theorem 8.10.9. Hence, for s > 0, u 2 H s ./ H) u 2 H s ./ H) 9w 2 H s .Rn /
such that u D w# and @˛ u D @˛ .w# / D .@˛ w/# / (see the proof given earlier)
with @˛ w 2 H sj˛j .Rn / by Theorem 8.10.24. Since s j˛j < 0, i.e. .j˛j s/ < 0
j˛js
with j˛j s > 0, by Theorem 8.10.21, @˛ u D @˛ w# / 2 .H00 .//0 .
For s 12 ¤ an integer H) j˛j s 12 ¤ an integer H) by Corollary 8.10.2,
j˛js j˛js j˛js
H00 ./ D H0 ./ H) .H00 .//0 D H sj˛j ./ (by (8.10.126a)).
j˛js
For s 12 D an integer, j˛j s 12 D an integer H) by (8.10.123), H00 ./
j˛js j˛js
H0 ./ H) H sj˛j ./ .H00 .//0 (by (8.10.126b)).
By Theorem 8.10.25, for s 1 or s 0, @j W H s ./ ! H s1 ./ is continu-
ous. Hence, it remains to prove the result for 0 < s < 1 with s ¤ 12 , and also the
exceptional case s D 12 .
Theorem 8.10.27. For bounded Rn with Lipschitz continuous boundary and

0 < s < 1,
1 @
with s ¤ 2, @j D @xj
is a continuous, linear operator from H s ./ into
H s1 ./;
1 1
1
with s D 2,
2
@j W H 2 ./ ! .H00 .//0 is a continuous, linear operator
1 1 1 1
2
from H 2 ./ into .H00 .//0 (.H00
2
.//0 cannot be identified with H 2 ./ D
1 1 1
.H02 .//0 , although H 2 ./ D H02 ./ by Corollary 8.10.1).
Proof. First of all, by Theorem 8.10.9, for 0 < s < 1, H s ./ D H s ./. Con-
sequently, for H s ./ D H s ./, for u 2 H s ./, 9w 2 H s .Rn / with @j u D
.@j w/# , with @j w 2 H s1 .Rn /. Hence, 8 2 D./ with its null extension
Q 2 D.Rn /, h@j u; i D h@j w# ; i D h@j w; i Q H) jh@j u; ij k@j wkH s1 .Rn /
Q H .s1/ .Rn / D k@j wkH s1 .Rn / kk00;1s; 8 2 D./ H) @j u is a continu-
kk
ous, linear functional on D./ in the norm k k00;1s; of H00 1s ./ with 1 s > 0.
1s
But D./ is dense in H00 ./ in the norm k k00;1s; . Hence, @j u has a unique,
1s
continuous, linear extension, which will still be denoted by @j u, to H00 ./, i.e. for
s 1s 0
0 < s < 1, @j W u 2 H ./ 7! @j u 2 .H00 .// .
Now we consider the two cases s ¤ 12 , 0 < s < 1, and s D 12 .
s ¤ 12 , 0 < s < 1 H) 1 s > 0 and H00 1s
./ D H01s ./ by Corollary 8.10.2
and .H00 1s .//0 D .H 1s .//0 D H s1 ./, i.e. for 0 < s < 1 with s ¤ 1 ,
0 2
@j W u 2 H s ./ 7! @j u 2 H s1 ./.
1 1 1 1
1
sD 2
2
H) H00 ./ H02 ./ D H 2 ./ by Corollary 8.10.1 H) .H02 .//0 D
1 1
H 2 ./ .H00
2
.//0 (see (8.10.126b)), for s D 12 ,
1 1
2
@j W u 2 H 2 ./ 7! .H00 .//0 : (8.10.160)
1 1
d
Remark 8.10.13. For D 0; 1Œ, dx
2
W H 2 .0; 1Œ/ ! .H00 .0; 1Œ//0 , i.e. for u 2
1 1 1 1
du
H 2 .0; 1Œ/, dx
is not necessarily in H 2 .0; 1Œ/ D .H02 .0; 1Œ//0 D .H 2 .0; 1Œ//0 in
general.
Example 8.10.1. Consider the function u W R2 ! R in Example 8.9.1 defined by

u.x1 ; x2 / D ln j ln jxjj for kxk < 1=e, and 0 for kxk 1=e.
Let u1 D u#R be defined by u1 .x/ D ln j ln jxjj for jxj < 1=e, and 0 for jxj 1=e
where x D x1 . Then show that
du1
1. dx
D u01 2 H 1=2 .R/;
1=2
2. u01 #0;1=eŒ 2 .H00 .0; 1=eŒ//0 and u01 #0;1=eŒ … H 1=2 .0; 1=eŒ/.
Solution.
1. From Example 2.3.9, u 2 H 1 .R2 /. Then, by Trace Theorem C 8.9.11, for
j D 0, 0 u D u#R D u1 2 H 1=2 .R/ (see Example 8.9.1 also) with u1 .x/ D
ln j ln jxjj for jxj < 1=e and D 0 for jxj 1=e. But u1 2 H 1=2 .R/ H)
its distributional derivative du

dx
1
2 H 1=21 .R/ by Theorem 8.10.24 for s D
1 0 1=2 .R/.
2 ; ˛ D 1, i.e. u1 2 H
2. For s D 12 > 0 and u01 2 H 1=2 .R/ and D 0; 1=eŒ R (Lipschitz continu-
ity of the boundary consisting of two points ¹0; 1=eº vacuously holds), by Theo-
1=2
rem 8.10.21, u01 #0;1=eŒ 2 .H00 .0; 1=eŒ//0 and u01 #0;1=eŒ … H 1=2 .0; 1=eŒ/.
Remark 8.10.14. Similar results (8.10.154)–(8.10.157) hold for W s;p ./; 1 < p <
1, and we have: the mappings
1. @˛ W W s;p .Rn / ! W sj˛j;p .Rn / 8s 2 R, 1 < p < 1;
2. @˛ W W s;p ./ ! W sj˛j;p ./ for s j˛j 0, 1 < p < 1;
s;p sj˛j;p
3. @˛ W W0 ./ ! W0 ./ for s j˛j 0, 1 < p < 1;
4. @˛ W W s;q ./ ! W sj˛j;q ./ for s 0, 1 < p; q < 1, p1 C q1 D 1

are all continuous, linear operators from the left-hand side space into the right-hand
s;p sj˛j;p
space in all cases, for example from W0 ./ into W0 ./ in (3).
For bounded with Lipschitz continuous boundary and for s > 0 with s j˛j <
0, the linear operator
j˛js;q
5. @˛ W W s;p ./ ! .W00 .//0
is continuous for 1 < p < 1, p1 C q1 D 1, which follows from the restriction results
(8.10.145).
For s 1 or s 0, the results of Theorem 8.10.25 hold for W s;p ./ with 1 <
p < 1. Hence, it suffices to show it for 0 < s < 1, 1 < p < 1, for which
W s;p ./ D W s;p ./ for a bounded domain with Lipschitz continuous boundary
, by Theorem 8.10.13.
Theorem 8.10.28. For bounded 2 Rn with Lipschitz continuous boundary and

for 0 < s < 1 with s ¤ p1 , 1 < p < 1, @j D @x@ is a continuous, linear operator
j
1
from W s;p ./ into W s1;p ./, and for 0 < s < 1 with s D p, 1 < p; q < 1, with
1
q ;q
1
1
C 1
D 1, @j W W p ;p ./ ! .W00 ./0 / is a continuous, linear operator from
p q
1
1 ;q
W p ;p q
./into .W00 .//0 .
Proof. Let u 2 W s;p ./ with 0 < s < 1, 1 < p < 1. 9w 2 W s;p .Rn / such
that u D w# and @j u D .@j w/# with @j w 2 W s1;p .Rn / (see the proof of
Theorem 8.10.26). Then, for s ¤ p1 with p1 C q1 D 1, 1 < p < 1; 0 < s < 1,
Q W 1s;q .Rn / D k@j wkW s1;p .Rn / kk 1s;q
jh@j u; ij k@j wkW s1;p .Rn / kk W ./ 00
(8.10.161)
Section 8.11 Compactness results in Sobolev spaces 605
1s;q
8 2 D./ with Q 2 D.Rn /, and D./ is dense in W00 ./ with 0 < s < 1,
1 < q < 1, s ¤ p1 . Hence, for s ¤ p1 , 0 < s < 1, 1 < p < 1, u 2 W s;p ./ H)
1s;q 1s;q
@j u 2 .W00 .//0 D .W0 .//0 D W s1;p ./ by (8.10.142) and (8.10.138).
1 1s;q
Finally, for s D 1 p ;p .//0 with 1s D 1 p1 D
p;u 2W ./ H) @j u 2 .W00
1
q.
Multiplication by a function
In Theorem 6.8.7, we have proved that u 2 H m ./ 7! u 2 H m ./ for 2
C m ./ with bounded usual derivatives @˛ in 8j˛j m. Moreover, we have
shown in Section 4.2, Chapter 4, that for Banach spaces V , W with D./ dense in
V , V dense in W , if the mapping u 2 V 7! u 2 W is continuous and linear,
then the mapping is continuous and linear from W 0 into V 0 . Obviously, a complete
answer will be possible with the help of the imbedding results. Meanwhile, we state
the following results (see, for example, Grisvard [18]). For k 2 N0 , 2 Œ0; 1,
define C0k; ./ by C0k; ./ D ¹ W 9 2 C k; .Rn / such that # D and
supp. / Rn is compactº.
Theorem 8.10.29 (Grisvard [18]). Let 2 C0k; ./ with k C jsj, when s 2 Z
(resp. k C > jsj, when s … Z). Then the following continuous, linear mapping
u 7! u holds with:
I. u 2 W s;p ./ 8u 2 W s;p ./ with kuks;p; c1 kuks;p; ;
s;p s;p 1
(II. u 2 W0 ./ 8u 2 W0 ./, s 0; s p … Z; 1 < p < 1, with
kuks;p; c2 kuks;p; ;
III. u 2 W s;p ./ 8u 2 W s;p ./, s 0, 1 < p < 1, with
kuks;p; c3 kuks;p; ;
s;p s;p 1
IV. u 2 W00 ./ 8u 2 W00 ./, s 0, s p 2 Z, 1 < p < 1, with
kuk00;s;p; c4 kuk00;s;p; .
8.11 Compactness results in Sobolev spaces

The compact6 imbedding results are of extreme importance in many applications, es-
pecially in the spectral theory of elliptic boundary value problems. From the classical
theory of separable Hilbert spaces, which are always reflexive, we know the following
result (see the Eberlein–Schmulyan Theorem A.11.1.2, Appendix A):
6 Let
X and Y be Banach spaces and A W X ! Y be a linear operator from X into Y . Then, A
is called compact from X into Y if and only if xn * x weakly in X implies Axn ! Ax strongly
in Y as n ! 1. For X ,!,! Y , the imbedding operator ,!,! W X ! ,!,!X Y is called
compact from X into Y if and only if xn * x weakly in X implies xn ! x in Y as n ! 1, since
xn 2 X 7! ,!,!xn D xn 2 Y , x 2 X 7! ,!,!x D x 2 Y .

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546 Chapter 8 Fourier transforms of distributions and Sobolev spaces

8.10 Sobolev spaces on ¤ Rn revisited

Then the natural question arises:

8.10.1 Space H s ./ with s 2 R, Rn

kukH s ./ D inf kwkH s .Rn / ; (8.10.2)

H s .Rn /  H s .Rn /: (8.10.4)

Important properties of H s ./

M D ¹w W w 2 H s .Rn / such that w# D 0º: (8.10.7)

M is a closed subspace of H s .Rn /: Let .wk /1kD1

for any fixed w0 2 H s .Rn / with w0 # D u. Hence, H s ./ is a Hilbert space.

kwkL2 .Rn / kwkH s .Rn /

H) kukL2 ./ inf kwkH s .Rn / D kukH s ./ :

H m .Rn /  H m .Rn /; (8.10.9)

where H m .Rn / D ¹u W u 2 L2 .Rn /, @˛ u 2 L2 .Rn / 8j˛j mº ((2.15.1)–(2.15.3))

Property 3 For m 2 N, Rn , we define H m ./ and H m ./ by

H m ./ D ¹u W u 2 D 0 ./ and 9w 2 H m .Rn / (8.10.10) such that u D w# º;

kukH m ./ D inf kwkH m .Rn / I (8.10.12)

H m ./ D ¹u W u 2 L2 ./; @˛ u 2 L2 ./ 8j˛j mº, with

Proposition 8.10.2. H m ./ ,! H m ./, ,! being a continuous imbedding.

Proof. Let u 2 H m ./ with m  1. Then, by the definition of H m ./; 9w 2

H) .@˛ w/# D @˛ .w# / 2 L2 ./: (8.10.14)

In fact, 8 2 D.Rn / with supp./ , i.e. 2 D./,

H) kukm; kwkm;Rn 8w 2 H .Rn / m

H) ,! is continuous from H m ./ into H m ./: (8.10.17)

Property 4: Density result

Definition 8.10.2. Let Rn be an open subset of Rn . Then D./ is the linear

Theorem 8.10.1. 8s 2 R, D./ is dense in H s ./.

ku m kH s ./ kv m kH s .Rn / ! 0 as m ! 1: (8.10.19)

Property 5: Imbedding results

Property 6 For m 2 N and Rn , H m ./ ¤ H m ./ in general, H m ./ being

8.10.2 m-extension property of

kP ukm;Rn C kukm; 8u 2 H m .//: (8.10.23)

m-extension operator P for : The continuous, linear extension operator

Theorem 8.10.2. If possesses the m-extension property satisfying (8.10.22) and

C1 kukH m ./ kukH m ./ C2 kukH m ./ ; (8.10.25)

where H m ./ D ¹u W 9v 2 H m .Rn / such that u D v# º (see (8.10.1)) with

kukH m ./ D inf kvkH m .Rn / 8u 2 H m ./:

vanish along the boundary with 0 8j˛j 2 N, i.e. #0 D 0, @˛ #0 D 0,

(see Example 1.3.4 and Section 1.11 for details)

m-extension property of D RnC

Density of D.RnC / in H m .RnC / Define RnC ; Rn ; Rn0 ; Rn˛ by:

RnC D ¹x W x D .x1 ; x2 ; : : : ; xn1 ; xn / 2 Rn with xn > 0º;

For D RnC , D.RnC / is dense in H m .RnC / defined by (8.10.1)–(8.10.3) with

Theorem 8.10.3. D.RnC / is dense in H m .RnC /, where H m .RnC / is defined by

Proof. Let uQ be the null extension to Rn of u 2 H m .RnC /, i.e.

Figure 8.2 supp.%/ as defined in (8.10.32)

Define a family .%" /">0 of regularizing functions with the help

From (8.10.30), uQ 2 L2 .Rn / D 0 .Rn / H) @˛ uQ 2 D 0 .Rn / 8j˛j 2 N, and u 2

complement of Rn0 in Rn ). In fact, 8 2 D..Rn0 /{ /,

(see Figure 8.3)

H) T˛ #.Rn /{ D 0 H) supp.T˛ / ..Rn0 /{ /{  Rn0 8j˛j m: (8.10.39)

.T˛ %" /#Rn D 0 in D 0 .RnC /: (8.10.40)

supp.T˛ %" / supp.T˛ / C supp.%" / Rn0 C Rn Rn

Figure 8.3 T˛ D 0 in D 0 ..Rn0 /{ /

Since supp.%/ Rn by the definition of % in (8.10.32) and supp./ RnC ,

Figure 8.4 supp. "/ the complement of ¹x W x 2 Rn with jxn j ıº

Hence, 8" > 0, " 2 D.Rn / with supp. " / complement of ¹x W x 2 Rn

since %" 2 D.Rn / 8" > 0.

H) @˛ Q Rn D .T˛ %" /#Rn C .%" @˛

Hence, u 2 H m .RnC / and, from (8.10.33), 9.%" u/#

Q Rn ! u in H m .RnC / as " ! 0C . Consequently, D.RnC / is dense in

8.10.3 m-extension property of RnC

H) uQ 2 L2 .Rn / with kuk

kP ukL2 .Rn / D kukL2 .RnC / 8u 2 L2 .RnC /: (8.10.42)

H s .Rn / H s .Rn /: (8.10.4)

H m .Rn / H m .Rn /; (8.10.9)

Proof. Let u 2 H m ./ with m 1. Then, by the definition of H m ./; 9w 2

vanish along the boundary with 0 8j˛j 2 N, i.e. #0 D 0, @˛ #0 D 0,

H) T˛ #.Rn /{ D 0 H) supp.T˛ / ..Rn0 /{ /{ Rn0 8j˛j m: (8.10.39)

Set y D y, z D k with 1 k m, < 0, Jacobian J D k given by:

Define u.y; z/ u.y; k/ vk .y; / with D k1 z < 0, y D .x1 ; x2 ; : : : ;

with C D C.1 ; 2 ; : : : ; m ; ˛n ; m/ > 0

such that 8x 2 , F.x/ D 2 R2C ; 8 D .1 ; 2 / 2 R2C , F1 ./ D x 2 , where,

where D .m; F; F1 / > 0.

m-extension property of a non-convex planar sector with ! D 3=2

where Qb is a hypercube in Rn W Q b D ¹ W D .1 ; : : : ; n / 2 Rn , jj j < 1

Case 0 < s < 1 with s D

H s ./ D ¹u W u 2 H m ./; @˛ u 2 H ./ 8j˛j D m D Œsº; (8.10.71)

lim inf I Œ@˛ ulk @˛ un < " 8n > n0

H) limn!1 I Œ@˛ u @˛ un D 0 8j˛j D m.