CARNOT REFRIGERATION CYCLE ANALYSIS

REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING
REFRIGERATION
Refrigeration is that branch of science which deals with the process of reducing and
maintaining the temperature of a space or material below the temperature of the surrounding.
CARNOT CYCLE
UNIT OF REFRIGERATION CAPACITY

The standard unit of refrigeration is ton of refrigeration. It is denoted by the symbol
TR.
One ton of refrigeration (TR) is the rate of cooling required to freeze one ton of water
at 32ºF (0’C) to ice at 32ºF (0ºF) in twenty-four hours.
The heat of fusion either from solid to liquid or from liquid to solid is 144 btu/lb,
thus;
btu 2000 lb
144 x
lb ton
60 min
24 hr x
hr
thence,
Btu
1 TR = 200 English units
min
kcal
1 TR = 50.4 Metric units
min
KJ
1 TR = 211 S. 1 units
min
CARNOT REFRIGERATED CYCLE

The carnot refrigerated cycle performs the reverse effect of heat engine, because it
transfer energy from a low level of temperature rapture to high level of temperature.
THEORY and ANALYSIS:
Heat to high temp. sink, Qr
3 2
Expander
W turbine
t Wc
1 Compressor
Heat to low temp. source, Qa
3
P
2
4
1
P.V DIAGRAM V
CYCLE ANALYSIS:
Process 1 – 2: Isentropic compression, S1 = S2
Process 2 – 3: Isothermal heat rejection, T2 = T3
Process 3 – 4: Isentropic expansion, S 3 = S4
Process 4 – 5 : Isothermal heat addition, T4 = T1
HEAT ADDED, QA
QA = T1 (S1 –S4)
HEAT REJECTION, QR
QR = T2 (S2 - S3) = T2 (S1 - S4)
WORK NET, WNET
WNET = QR - QA = (S1 - S4 ) - T1 (S1 - S4 )
WNET = (T2 - T ) (S1 - S4 )
COEFFICIENT OF PERFORMANCE, COP

Coefficient of performance is the ratio of heat added to the network of the cycle.
T1 (S1- S4)
COP =
(T2 - T1) (S1 - S4)
T1
COP =
T2 - T1
PERFORMANCE FACTOR OF CARNOT HEAT PUMP, PF

Performance factor is the ratio of heat rejected to the network of the cycle.
T2 (S2 - S4)
PF =
(T2 - T2) (S2 - S4 )
also,
PF = COP + 1
APPLICATIONS;
1. A carnot refrigeration cycle absorbs heat at – 12ºC and reject it at 40ºC.

a. Calculate the coefficient of performance at this refrigeration cycle.
b. If the cycle is absorbing 15 kW at 12ºC temperature, how much power is
required?
c. If the carnot heat pump operates between the same temperature as the
above refrigeration cycle, what is the performance factor?
d. What is the rate of heat rejection at the 40’C temperature if the heat pump
absorbs 15 kW at the 12ºC temperature?
Solution:
SCHEMATIC DIAG.
3 2
SINK
Wc
Expander
Wt turbine compressor
1
HEAT SOURCE
4
a.) Coefficient of Performance, COP
T1 - 12 + 273
COP = =
T2 - T1 (40 + 273) – (-12 + 273)
COP = 5.02 ans.
b.) Power required. WNET
QA 15 kW
WNET = = = 2.99 kW ans.
COP 5.02
c.) Performance Factor,
PF = COP + 1 = 5.02 + 6.02 ans.
d.) Heat Rejected, Q
QR = WNET + 2.99 + 15 = 17.99 kW ans.
2. The coefficient of performance of a reversed carnot cycle is 5.35 when

refrigeration is done at 255K, s = 0.38 kJ/k during the isothermal heat interactions.
Find
a.) The heat added in the cycle.
b.) The temperature at which heat is rejected.
c.) The network
Solution:
S=0.3 8
TS DIAGRAM T KJ/KG
3 2
255 K
4 1
a.) The heat added in the cycle, QA

QA = T 1 s = 255 K (0.38 kJ/k) = 96.9 kJ ans.
b.) The temperature at which heat is rejected, QR
QA
COP =
QR - QA
thus,
QA (1 + 5.35) 96.9(6.35)
QR = = = 115.012 kJ
3.35 5.35
also,
QR = T2 ( S)
Therefore,
115.012
T2 = 0.38 = 302.66 K ans.
3. a refrigeration cycle operates on the carnot cycle between 244.4 k and 305.6 k
with an output of 7.46 kW. Sketch the cycle on the TS plane, and determine:
a.) The top

b.) The tons of refrigeration
Solution:
T 305.6 k
2
TS DIAGRAM 3
244.4 k
4 1
a.) Coefficient of performance, COP
T1 244.4
COP = =
T2 - T1 305.6 – 244.4
COP = 4.0 ans.

b.) The tons of refrigeration
QA
COP = = 4.0
WNET
then,
QA = 7.46 (4.0) = 29.84 kW
Therefore,
29.84 kW
Tons of refrigeration = = ton
3.516 kW
= 8.49 tons ans.

4.) a refrigeration system operates on the reversed carnot cycle. If the heat added and heat
rejected in the system are 5,000 kJ/min. and 6,500 kJ/min. respectively, draw the schematic
diagram and find:
b.) The ratio, TMAX/TMIN .
c.) The power required.
Solution:
SCHEMATIC DIAG.
Q 500 kJ/min
R
3 2
SINK
Wt EXPANDE
R
TURBINE COMP
1
Wc
HEAT SOURCE
4
Q = 6500 kJmin
A
QA 5,000
COP = = = 3.333 ans.
QR - QA 6,500 – 5,000
b.) The ratio, TMAX / TMIN
Let TMAX = T2
TMIN = T1
TMIN
COP =
TMAX - TMIN
3.333 (TMAX) – 3.333 (TMIN) = TMIN
TMAX 4.333
= = 1.30 ans.
TMIN 3.333
b.) The power required, WNET

WNET = QR - QA = 6,500 – 5,000
1,500 kJ/min. (min.)

= = 25 kW ans.
60 sec.
5.) A reversed carnot cycle is used for refrigeration and reject 1,000 kW of heat at 67°C
while receiving heat at – 23ºC. Determine (a) COP ; (b) the power required ; and (c) the
refrigerating effect.
Solution:
T T2 = (67 + 273) k = 340 k

TS DIAGRAM 3 T2 2
T1 = (-23 + 273) = 250 k
T1
4 1
a.) The COP
T1 250 K
COP = = = 2.778 ans.
T2 - T1 (340 - 250) K
c.) The power required

QA
COP = = 2.778 EQ. (1)
WNET
also,
WNET = QR - QA
WNET = 1,000 – QA EQ. (2)
Substituting EQ. (1) EQ (2),
WNET = 1,000 – 2.778 (WNET )
1,000
WNET = = 264.70 ans.
3778
d.) Refrigerating effect, RE

RE
COP =
WNET
RE = COP (WNET )
RE = 2.778 (264.70)
RE = 735.34 kW ans.
6.) A substance executes a reversed carnot during which it receives 105.50 kJ/min. of heat.
Determine the work required, if the adiabatic compression process triples the initial absolute
temperature.
Solution :
TS DIAGRAM T
3 3 T1 2
4
T1 1
T1 470
COP = = = 4.27 ans.
T2 - T1 580 – 470
b.) Heat rejected from the system in Btu / min., QR
RE
COP= = 4.27
WNET
20 tons (200 Btu / min.)

WNET = 4.27 = 936.77 Btu / min.
WNET = QR - QA
QR = 936.77 + 20 (200) = 4,936 Btu / min. ans.
c.) Net work, WNET
WNET = 936.77 Btu / min. ans.
d.) Horse Power
WNET = 936.77 Btu / min. = 22.09 hp ans.

42.4 Btu / hp – min.
REFRIGERATION SYSTEM:
VAPOR COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION SYSTEM:
In a vapor compression refrigeration system, the suitable refrigerants are ammonia

(NH3), R – 11, R – 12, R – 12, and etc. This is commonly used in air conditioning, cold
storage, and ice plant.
PRINCIPLE OPERATION
The low temperature vapor from the evaporator is drawn in by the compression and
discharge is to the condensers which cause to increase the temperature and pressure of vapor
due to mechanical compression.
In the condenser the vapor from the compressor at the condenser pressure or head
pressure of system in condensed by the available circulating water. After the heat rejection
has cause condensation, the liquid refrigerant may be stored in a receiver.
If the pressure on the resulting liquid is lowered, a portion of the liquid evaporates
immediately as the temperature drops, while the remaining liquid is vaporizing absorb heat
from its surroundings, thereby creating refrigerating effect.
In the evaporating coils the liquid refrigerant absorb heat from brine or water or
directly from the space being cooled, for this reason, the leaving refrigerant in the evaporator
become saturated vapor.
SIMPLE VAPOR COMPRESION CYCLE
THEORY and ANALYSIS
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
QR
CONDENSER
EXPANSION WC
VALVE
COMPRESSOR
EVAPORATOR
QA
P.h DIAGRAM T-S DIAGRAM
2
P T 3
3 2
4 1
4 1
H S
CYCLE ANALYSIS:
1.2. Reversible and adiabatic compression from saturated vapor to the condenser
pressure.
2.3. Reversible rejection of heat at constant pressure. (condensation and

desuperheating process).
3.4. Irreversible expansion at constant enthalpy.
4.1. Reversible addition of heat at constant pressure (evaporation to saturated

vapor pressure).
SYSTEM: EVAPORATOR
The vapor of the evaporator is to received low-pressure, low-temperature fluid from
the expansion valve and to bring it in close thermal contact with the load. The refrigerant
takes up its latent heat from the load and leaves the evaporator as dry gas. The heat absorbed
in the evaporator is commonly referred to as the refrigerating effect (RE).
4 1
EVAPORATION
First low M
energy:
rh4
Energy Balance Mrh4
QA + mrh4 = mrh4
QA = mr (h1 – h4)
Also,
RE = h1 – h4
SYSTEM COMPRESSOR
The purpose of the system compressor in a vapor compression cycle is to accept the
low-pressure dry gas from the evaporator and raise its pressure to that of the condenser.
Mrh2
2
1
Mrh4
WC
COMPRESSOR
First Low: Energy Balance
mrh1 + WC = mrh2
WC = mr (h2h1) theoretical compressor

power (kW)
WC = (h2h1) work of the compressor

(kJ/kg)
SYSTEM: CONDENSER
The purpose of condenser is to accept the hot, high pressure gas from the compressor
and cool it to remove first the superheat and then the latent heat, so that the refrigerant will
condense back to liquid.
QR
3 2
CONDENSER
Mrh3 Mrh2
SYSTEM: EXPANSION VALVE
The purpose of expansion valve is to regulate the flow of refrigeration. This is called
a throttling or wire-drawing process. There is reduction of pressure with no change of
enthalpy.
First Law: Energy balance

Mrh3 = mrh4
H 3 = h4
Where:
H1 = enthalpy of refrigerant entering the compressor.
H2 = enthalpy of refrigerant leaving the compressor.
H3 = enthalpy of refrigerant leaving the condenser.
H4 = enthalpy of refrigerant entering the evaporator.
Mr = mass flow rate of the refrigerant.
COEFFICIENT OF PERFORMANCE (COP)
The ratio of the useful refrigeration to the work required by the compressor.
RE
COP =
WC
also,
QA
COP =
WC
VOLUMETRIC EFFICIENCY (ev)
The ratio of the volume flow rate entering the compressor to the displacement rate of
the compressor.
Factors influencing the volumetric are:

1. The effects of valve and piston ring leakage, although these are expected to
be small.
2. The effect of surface and internal friction, ei.
3. The effect of superheating the refrigerant, es.
4. The effect of clearance, ec.
Therefore, the actual volumetric efficiency is the product of these separate efficiencies, or
ev = ei x es x ec
where:
t2 – t1
es = 1 English units, t2 and t1 in ˚F
1330
t2 – t1
=1 S.I units, t2 and t1 in ˚C
738.89
1/k V
P2 1
ec = 1 + c – c =1–c
P1 V2
volume flow rate entering compressor

ev =
displacement rate of compressor
V1 mrh1
ev = =
VD VD
Where:
VD = volume displacement (see the information in theory
and analysis of compressor)
V1 = specific volume of refrigerant entering the
compressor, liters/kg.
Note: For compressor efficiency refer to theory and

analysis of compressor.
APPLICATIONS:
1. An NH3 vapor compression refrigeration system has a condensing temperature of

25˚ C and an evaporating temperature of -10˚ C. The refrigerating capacity is 7 tons. The
liquid leaving the condenser is saturated and compression is isentropic. Determine:
a. The refrigerant flow rate, kg/sec.
b. The refrigerant volumetric flow at compression suction,
liters/sec.
c. The work of compression, kJ/kg.
d. The theoretical compressor power, kW.
e. The heat rejected from the system, kW.
f. The COP.
g. Quality of refrigerant before evaporator.
Solution :
SCHEMATIC DIAG. QR
3
CONDENSER 2
COMP. WC
EVAPORATOR
4
T-S DIAGRAM
QA
T 25˚C P2
P1
2
3
S
Properties of NH3: -10˚ C
4 1
h1 = 1,450.22 kJ/kg hg at 70˚C
v1 = 417.477 li/kg vg at – 10˚C
P1 = 291.57 kPa Psat at 25˚C
P2 = 1,004.60 kPa at 25˚C Psat at 25˚C
h2 = 1,630 kJ/kg from s1 = s2 and P2 = 1,004.60 kPa
h3 = h4 = 317.667 kJ/kg hf at 25˚C
a.) Refrigerant flow rate, mr
Qa = mr (h1 – h4) = mr (RE)

QA
Mr =
h1 – h4
whereas,
QA = 7 tons x 30516 kW/ton = 24.612 kW
Therefore,
24.612 kJ/sec
mr = = 0.0217 kg/sec
(1,450.22 – 317.667) kJ/kg
b.) Volumetric flow at compressor suction, V1
V1 = mrv1 = 0.0217 (417.477) = 9.059 li/sec ans.
c.) Work of compressor power, WC
WC = h2 – h1 = 1,630 – 1,450.22 = 179.78 kJ/kg ans.
d.) Theoretical compressor power, WC
WC = mrWC = 0.0217(179.78) = 3.90 kW ans.
e.) Heat rejected, QR
QR = mr(h2-h3) = 0.0217(1,630 – 317.)
f.) COP
COP = RE = QA = 24.612 =6.31 ans.

Wc Wc 3.90
g.) Quality of refrigerant before evaporator, X4

h4 = hf4 + (X4)( hfg4)
hf4 = 154.056 kJ/kg hf at -10˚ C
hfg4 = 1,296.164 kJ/kg hfg at -10˚ C
Therefore,
X4 = 317.667 – 154.05 (100%)

1,296.164
X4 = 12.62% ans.
2. A simple saturated refrigeration cycle for R – 12 systems operates at an

evaporating temperature of -5˚C and condensing temperature of 40˚C. Determine.
a.) The refrigerating effect, kJ/kg.

b.) The work of compressor, kJ/kg.
c.) The heat rejected in the system, kJ/kg.
d.) The COP. QR
Solution:
CONDENSER 2
1
COMP. WC
4
EVAPORATOR
QA
T 40˚C 2
3
-5˚ C
4 1
Properties of R – 12:
S
h1 = 349.321 kj/kg hg at -5˚C
v1 = 64.9629 li/kg vg at -5˚C
P1 = 260.96 kPa Psat at 40˚C
P2 = 960.65 kPa Psat at 40˚C
h2 = 372 kJ/kg from S1 = S2 and P2 =
960.65 kPa
h3 = h4 = 238.535 kj/kg hf at 40˚C
a.) Refrigerating effect, RE

RE = h1 – h4 = 349.321 – 238.535
RE = 110.786 kJ/kg ans.
b.) Work of compression, WC

WC = h2 – h1 = 372 – 349.321
WC = 22.679 kJ/kg ans.
c.) Heat rejected in the system, QR

QR = h2 – h4 = 327 – 238.535
QR = 133.465 kJ/kg ans.
d.) The COP.

h1 – h4 349.321 – 238.535
COP =
H2 – h1 327 – 349.321
COP = 4.19 ans.
3. An ice plant with the capacity of 12 tons of ice a day operates on NH3 compressor with a
suction pressure of 227.04 kPa and discharge pressure of 831.69 kPa.
a.) If 1.65 tons of refrigerant are required per ton of ice produced, what will be the
dimensions of twin cylinder, single acting, compressor operating at 300 rpm?
Volumetric efficiency is 82% and ratio of bore to stroke is 0.80.
b.) What is the size of the motor driving if the mechanical efficiency of the compressor is
85%?
Solution:
P.h DIAGRAM
P2 = 831.69 kPa
3 2
P
P1 = 227.04 KpA
4 1
Properties of Ammonia: h
h1 = 1,442.60 kJ/kg hg at p1 = 227.04 kPa

V1 = 528.257 x 10-3m3/kg Vg at P1 = 227.04 kPa
h4 = h3 = 289.005 Kj/kg hf at P2 = 831.69 kPa
h2 = 1,615.303 Kj/kg from S1 = S2 and P2 = 831.69 kPa
a.) Dimensions of twin cylinder, D x L
VD = LANn
But, D/L = 0.80 (L)
VD = (L) (π/4) (0.8L) 2 (300) (2) EQ. (1)
Mrv1
VD = EQ. (2)
ev
whereas,
QA 1.65 ton/ton ice (12 ton ice) (3.516 kW)
mr = =
h1 – h4 (1,442.60 – 289.005) kJ/kg
mr = 0.06035 kg/sec
from EQ. (1) and EQ (2)

0.06035 (528.257 x 10-3)(60)
L(π/4)(0.8L)2 (300)(2) =
0.82
L= 0.19690 m or 196.90 mm ans.

D = 0.15752 m or 157.52 mm ans.
b.) Size of motor, Mp
WC 0.06035(1,615.303 -1,442.60)
MP = =
0.85 0.85
12.262 kW
MP = x Hp = 16.436 Hp ans. 0.746 kW
Note: From the power plant Engineering by Federick T Morse, page 667, the nearest motor
size is 20 Hp.
4.) An ammonia refrigerating cycle operates at 247.14 kPa suction and 1,230.70 kPa
condenser pressure. Other data are the following:
Refrigerating capacity ……………………… 29 kW

Compressor clearance ……………………… 4 %
Compression Efficiency ……………………... 85 %
Mechanical efficiency ………………………. 78 %
Actual Volumetric efficiency ……………….. 80 %
Determine the following:

The clearance volumetric efficiency.
a.) The ideal and actual COP.
b.) The mass flow rate of ammonia.
c.) The brake work.
Solution:
P
A P2 = 1230.7 kPa
2
3
P1 = 247.14 kPa
4 1
h
Propertis of Ammonia:
h1 = 1,445.20 kJ/kg hg at P1 = 247.14 kPa

h4 = h3 = 346.614 kJ/kg hf at P2 = 1,203.7 kPa
h2 = 1,673 kJ/kg from S1 = S2 and P2 =
1,203.7 kPa
a.) Clearance volumetric efficiency, ec

1/k
P2
ec = 1 + c – c
P1
1/1.304
1, 203.7
ec = 1.04 = 0.04
247.14
ec = 90.53 % ans.
b.) Ideal and actual COP
RE h1-h4 1,445.2 – 346.614

Ideal COP = = =
h2-h1 h2-h1 1,673 – 1,445.2
= 4.82 ans.
RE
Actual COP =
Actuakl work of compression
1,445.2 – 346.614
=
(1,673 – 1,445.2) / 0.85
= 4.097 ans.
c.) Mass flow rate of ammonia, mr

QA
mr =
h1-h4
29 kJ/sec
mr =
(1,445.2 – 346.614) kJ/kg
mr = 0.0264 kg/sec ans.
d.) The brake power, BP

Indicated work of compression
BP =
em
WC (1,673-1,445.2) (0.0264)
BP = =
(ec)k(em) 0.85(0.78)
BP = 9.071 kW
COMPILATION OF PREVIOUS BOARD EXAMINITION FOR MECHANICAL

ENGINEERING
(Simple Vapor Compression Cycle)
M.E Board Examination, April 1986
PROMLEM No.1
An air conditioning system of a high rise building has a capacity of 350 kW of
refrigeration, uses R-12. The evaporating and condensing temperatures are 0˚ and 35˚C,
respectively. Determine the following.
a.) Mass of flash gas per kg of refrigerant circulated.

b.) Mass of R – 12 circulated per second.
c.) Volumetric rate of flow under suction condition.
d.) Work compression in kW.
e.) COP.
SOLUTION:
QR
3 CONDENSER 2
1
COMP. WC
EVAPORATOR
4
QA
T 35˚C 2
3
0˚ C
4 1
Properties of R – 12: S
h1 = 351.477 kJ/kg hg at 0˚C

V1 = 55.3892 li/kg Vg at 0˚C
P2 = 847.72 kPa Psat at 35˚C
h2 = 368 kJ/kg from S1 = s2 and p2 = 847.72 kPa
h4 = h3 233.498 kJ/kg hf at 35˚C
hf4 = 200 kJ/kg hf at 0˚C
hfg4 = 151.477 kJ/kg hfg at 0˚C
a.) Mass of flash gas per kg of refrigerant circulated

h4 = hf4 + x4hfg4
h4 – hf4 233.498 200
x4 = = = 0.2211
hfg4 151.477
therefore,
Mass of flash gas = 0.2211 kg/kg
b.) Mass of R – 12 circulated per second
QA mr (h1 – h4)
QA
Mr =
(h1 – h4)
Where:
QA = 350 kW
Thence,
350 kJ/sec
m r=
(351.477 – 233.498) kJ/kg
c.) Volumetric rate of flow under suction condition
V1 = mrv1 = 2.97 kg/sec (55.3892 l1/kg)

V1 = 164.506 li/sec ans.
d.) Work of compression, WC]
WC = mr(h2-h1) = 2.97(368-351.477)
WC = 49.07 kW ans.
e.) COP
QA 350
COP = = = 7.132
WC 49.07
PROBLEM No. 2
A simple vapor – compression cycle develops 13 tons of refrigeration. using
ammonia as refrigerant and operating at a condensing temperature of 24˚C and
evaporating temperature of -18˚C and assuming that the compression are isentropic and
that the leaving the condenser is saturated. Find the following:
a.) Draw the P-h diagram.
b.) Refrigerating effect in kJ/kg
c.) Circulation flow in kg/min.
d.) Power requirement.
e.) Volume flow in cubic meter per minute per ton.
f.) Coefficient of performance.
g.) Power per ton.
SOLUTION:
P – h DIAGRAM
P
P2 2
3
24˚C
P1 1
4
-18˚C
Properties of ammonia:
h1 = 1,439.94 kJ/kg hg at -18˚C

v1 = 572.875 li/kg vg at -18˚C
P2 = 974.03 kPa Psat at 24˚C
h2 = 1,657 kJ/kg from s1 = S2 and p2 = 974.03 kPa
h4 = h3 = 312.870 kJ/kg hf at 24˚C
a.) Refrigerating effect, RE
RE = h1 – h4 = 1,439.94 – 312.87
RE = 1,127.07 kJ/kg ans.
b.) Circulated flow in kg per minute, mr

QA
mr =
h1-h4
where:
kW
QA = 13 tons x 3.516
Ton
QA = 45.708 kJ/sec
Therefore,
47.708 kJ/sec 60 sec
mr = = 0.0423 kg/sec x
1,127.07 kJ/kg min
mr = 2.538 kg/min ans.
d.) Power requirements, WC
WC = mr(h2-h1) = 0.0423(1,657 – 1,439.94)
WC = 9.18 kW ans.
e.) Volume flow in cubic meter per min per ton, V1

mrV1 2.538 kg/ min (572.875x 10 -3 m -3 m3/ k
V1 = 13 tons = 13 tons
f.) Coefficient of performance, COP

COP = QA = 47.708
Wc 9.18
COP = 5.20 ans.

g.) Power per ton, Wc/ ton
Wc/ton = 9.18/13 = 0.706 kW/ton ans.
M.E Board Examination, October 1987
PROBLEM
In an ammonia refrigerator the pressure in the evaporator 2.72 kg/ m2 and the
ammonia at entry is 0.12 dry while at exit 0.91 dry. During compression the work done
per kg of ammonia 17,033 kg-m. Calculate the coefficient of performance. If the rate of
ammonia circulation is 5.64 kg/min, calculate the volume of vapor entering the
compressor per minute. The compressor is single acting, its volumetric efficiency is 80%
and it runs at 120 rpm. The ratio of stroke to bore is 1.0. Calculate the bore and stroke.
It is give the latent enthalpy and specific volume of ammonia at 2.72 kg/m2 are 320
kcal/kg and 0.436 m3/kg, respectively.
SOLUTION:
P.h DIAGRAM
P P2
3 2
P1
4 1
Properties of ammonia:
Hfg1 = 320 kcal/kg

Vfg1 = 0.436 m3/kg
h1 = hf1 + x1hfg1
h4 = hf4 + x4hfg4
hfg1 = hf4 and hfg1 = hfg4
a.) A coefficient of performance, COP

RE QA
COP = =
WC WC
Whereas,
RE = h1 – h4 = (hf1 + 0.91 hfg1) – (hf1 + 0.12 hfg1)
RE = (0.091 – 0.12) hfg1

kcal 4.1868 kJ
RE = 0.79 x 320 x
kg kcal
RE = 1,058.423 kJ/kg
Kg-m N kN
WC = 17,033 x 9.80665 x
kg kg 1,000 N
Wc = 167.037 kJ/kg
Therefore,
COP = 1,058.423 =6.34 ans.

167.037
b.) Volume of vapor entering the compressor, V1
V1 = Mr V1
where:
V1 = Vf1 + X Vfg1
P1 = 2.72 kg x (100)2cm2 x 9.80665 x kN
m2 m kg 1,000 N
P1 = 266.74 kPa
Vf1=1.52697 x 10-3 m3/kg Vf at 266.74 kPa
( interpole )
Thence,
V1 =1.52697 x 10-3 + 0.91(0.436) = 0.39828 m3/kg
Thus,
V1 = 5.64 (0.39828) = 2.246 m3/min
Also,
Vp = V1 = 2.246 = 2.8075 m3/min

ev 0.80
Vp = LANn = 2.8075 m3/min
L (π/4) (L2 ) (120/min) (1) = 2.8075 m3/min
Therefore,
L = 0.310 m and D = 0.310 m

D x L =31 cm x 31 cm ans.
EFFECTS OF OPERATING CONDITIONS:
1. An NH3 vapor compression refrigeration system has a condensing

temperature of 25° C and an evaporating temperature of -10° C. The
refrigerating capacity of 7 tons.
a.) Show the effects of increasing the vaporizing temperature
to 4° C.
b.) Show the effects of increasing the condensing temperature to
45 temperature to 45° C.
c.) Show the effects of sub – cooling the liquid from 25° C to 15°
C before reaching the expansion value.
d.) Show the effects of superheating the suction vapor from -10° C
to 10° C.
Solution:
P·h DIAGRAM
3 P2 2
P1 25° C
4
1 -10°
C
h
Properties of Ammonia:
h1 = 1,450.22 kJ/kg hg at -10° C

v1 = 417.477 li/kg Vg at -10° C
p1 = 291.57 kPa psat at -10° C
h2 = 1,630 kJ/kg from s1 =s2
and
p2 = 1,004.6 kPa
p2 = 1,004.6 kPa psat at 25° C
h4 = h3 = 317.667 kJ/kg hf at 25° C
i. Refrigerant flow rate, mr
mr = 7 ton (3.516 kW/ton)

h1 – h4
mr = 7 ton (3.516 kW/ton) = 0.0217 kg/sec
1,450.22 – 270.05
ii. Volumetric flow at compressor suction, V1
V1 = mr (v1) = 0.0217(417.477) = 9.059 li/sec

iii. Theoretical powered acquired, Wc
Wc = mr(h2-h4) = 0.0217(1,630-145.32)=3.9 kW
iv. Heat rejected in the condenser, QR
QR = mr(h1-h4) = 0.0217(1,630-317.667)=28.48 kW
v. Refrigerant effect, RE
RE = h1-h4 = 1,450.22 -317.667 = 1.132.55 kJ/kg

vi. Coefficient of Performance, COP
COP = QA = 7(3.516) = 6.31

Wc 3.9
a.) Show the effect of increasing the vaporizing temperature to 4°

C.
P2 2
P1 25° C
4
1 4° C
h
h1 = 1,465 kJ/kg hg at 4° C
v1 = 251.216li/kg Vg at 4° C
p2 = 1,004.60 kPa psat at 25° C
h2 = 1,562 kJ/kg from s1 =s2
and
p2 = 1,004.6 kPa
h4 = h3 = 317.667 kJ/kg hf at 25° C
1.) Refrigerant flow rate, mr

mr = 7(3.516 kW/ton) =7 (3.516 kW/ton) = 0.02145 kg/sec
h1 – h4 1,450.22 – 317.667
2.) Volumetric flow at compressor suction, V1
V1 = mr (v1) = 0.02145(251.216) = 5.388 li/sec
3.) Theoretical powered acquired, Wc
Wc = mr(h2-h1) = 0.02145(1,562-1465)=2.08 kW
4.) Heat rejected in the condenser, QR
QR = mr(h2-h3) = 0.02145(1,562-317.667)=26.69 kW
5.) Refrigerant effect, RE
RE = h1-h4 = 1,465 -317.667 = 1.149.33 kJ/kg
6.) Coefficient of Performance, COP
COP = QA = 7(3.516) = 11.8

Wc 2.08
b.) Show the effects of increasing the condensing temperature to 45° C.
3 P2 2
P1 -10° 45° C
4 1
C
h1 = 1,450.22 kJ/kg hg at -10° C

v1 = 417.477 li/kg Vg at -10° C
p2 = 1,784.3 kPa psat at 45° C
h2 = 1,720 kJ/kg from s1 =s2
and p2 = 1,784.3 kPa
h4 = h3 = 415.362 kJ/kg hf at 45° C

h1 – h4 1,450.22 – 415.362
V1 = mr (v1) = 0.0238(417.477) = 9.40 li/sec
Wc = mr(h2-h1) = 0.0238(1,720-1,450.22)=6.42 kW
QR = mr(h2-h3) = 0.0238(1,720-415.362)=31.05 kW
RE = h1-h4 = 1,720 - 415.362 = 1.034.858 kJ/kg
COP = QA = 7(3.516) = 3.84

Wc 6.42
c.) Show the effects of sub-cooling the liquid from 25° C to

15° C before reaching the expansion valve.
P 15° C
3 P2 2
P1 25° C
4
1 -10°
C
h1 = 1,450.22 kJ/kg hg at -10° C

v1 = 417.477 li/kg Vg at -10° C
p2 = 1004.60 kPa psat at 25° C
h2 = 1,630 kJ/kg from s1 =s2
and
p2 = 1,004.6 kPa
h4 = h3 = 317.667 kJ/kg hf at 15° C

h1 – h4 1,450.22 – 270.053
V1 = mr (v1) = 0.0208(417.477) = 8.706 li/sec
Wc = mr(h2-h1) = 0.0208 (1,630-1,450.22)=3.74 kW
QR = mr(h2-h3) = 0.0208(1,630-317.667)=27.296 kW

RE = h1-h3 = 1,450.22 – 270.053 = 1,180.167 kJ/kg
COP = QA = 7(3.516) = 6.58

Wc 3.74
d.) Show the effects of superheating the suction vapor from
-10°C to 10° C
Assume superheating takes place outside the refrigerated space, therefore,

superheating occurs without useful cooling.
P2
3 2
P1 5 25° C
1
4
10° C
-10°
C
H5 = 1,450.22 kJ/kg hg at -10° C

p1 = 291.57
H1 = 1,500 kJ/kg h at 10° C & p
v1 = 417.477 li/kg Vg at 10° C & p
p2 = 1004.60 kPa psat at 25° C
h2 = 1,700 kJ/kg from s1 =s2
and
p2 = 1,004.6 kPa
h4 = h3 = 317.667 kJ/kg hf at 15° C

h1 – h4 1,450.22 – 317.667
V1 = mr (v1) = 0.0217 (450) = 9.765 li/sec
Wc = mr(h2-h1) = 0.0217 (1,700 – 1,500)=4.34 kW
QR = mr(h2-h3) = 0.0217(1,700-317.667)=30.0 kW
RE = h1-h3 = 1,450.22 – 317.667 = 1,132.55 kJ/kg
COP = QA = 7(3.516) = 5.67

Wc 4.34
Assume superheating takes place inside the refrigerated space, therefore,

superheating produces useful cooling.
P 15° C
3 P2 2
P1 25° C
4
1 -10°
C

h1 – h4 1,450.22 – 270.053
V1 = mr (v1) = 0.0208(450) = 9.36 li/sec
Wc = mr(h2-h1) = 0.0208 (1,700-1,500)=4.16 kW
QR = mr(h2-h3) = 0.0208(1,700 – 317.667)=28.75 kW
RE = h1-h4 = 1,500 – 317.667 = 1,182.333 kJ/kg
COP = QA = 7(3.516) = 5.90

Wc 4.16
SUMMARY :
a.) Effects of increasing the vaporizing temperature

1. Refrigerant flow rate decreases.
2. Volumetric flow at compressor suction decreases.
3. Theoretical power required decreases.
4. Heat rejected in the condenser decreases.
5. Refrigerating effects increases.
6. Coefficient of performance increases.
b.) Effects of increasing the condensing temperature

1. Refrigerant flow rate increases.
2. Volumetric flow at compressor suction increases.
3. Theoretical power required increases.
4. Heat rejected in the condenser increases.
5. Refrigerating effects decreases.
6. Coefficient of performance decreases.
c.) Effects of sub-cooling the liquid
1. Refrigerant flow rate decreases.
2. Volumetric flow at compressor suction decreases.
3. Theoretical power required decreases.
4. Heat rejected in the condenser decreases.
5. Refrigerating effects increases.
6. Coefficient of performance increases.
d.) Effects of superheating the vapor
Superheating occur without useful cooling
1. Refrigerant flow rate same.

5. Refrigerating effects same.
Superheating produces useful cooling.
1. Refrigerant flow rate same.

5. Refrigerating effects same.
REFRIGERATION SYSTEM WITH LIQUID TO SUCTION HEAT

EXCHANGER:
Function of Heat Exchanger:

1. To ensure that no liquid enters the compressor.
2. To sub-cooled the liquid from the condenser to prevent bubbles of
vapor from impending the flow of refrigerant through the
expansion valve.
A R – 22 vapor compression system includes a liquid such heat

exchanger in the system. The heat exchanger warm saturated vapor coming
from the evaporator from -10° C to
5° C with liquid which comes from the condenser at 30° C. The compression
isentropic.
a.) Calculate the COP

b.) If the compressor capacity is 12 li/sec measured at the
compressor suction, what is the refrigeration capacity of the
system?
c.) Calculate the amount of water coolant if tw = 10K.
Solution:
SCHEMATIC DIAG.
3 CONDENSER 2
1
COM
HEAT P WC
EXCHANGER
4 6
EVAPORATOR
5
QA
P-H DIAGRAM
Properties of R – 22
H6 = 401.555 kJ/kg hg at -10º C

H1= 412.00 kJ/kg at 5 º C and p1 = 354.3 kPa
H2= 447.00 kJ/kg at s1=s2 and
P1=1,191.90kPa
H3= 236.664 kJ/kg hf at 30º C
V1= 0.065 m3/kg at 5 º C and p1 = 354.3 kPa
SYSTEM: Heat Exchanger

First Law: Energy balancer
Mrh3 + mrh6 = mrh1 + mrh4

H4 = h3 + h6 – h1
H4 = 236.664 + 401.555 – 412.00
H4 = 226.22 kJ/kg
a.) The COP
COP = RE= h6 –h4 = 401.555-226.22 = 5.009 ans.

Wc h2-h1 447.0-412.0
b.) Refrigeration capacity, TR
TR = mr (h6 –h4)
Whereas,
mr = 12 li/sec. =0.1846 kg/sec

65 li/sec
Therefore,
TR = 0.1846(401.555 – 226.22) =9.2056 tons ans.

(3.516 kJ/sec)/ton
SYSTEM: CONDENSER
CONDENSER
c.) Amount of water coolant, mW.

Mrh2 + mwCpwta = mr h3 + mwCpwtb
Mw = mr(h2 – h3) = 0.01846 (447 – 236.664)
Cpw (tw) 4.1868 (10)
Mw = 0.9274 kg/sec ans.
ACTUAL VAPOR COMPRESSION CYCLE:

ACTUAL REFRIGERANT CYCLES
Factors to be considered in actual refrigerating cycles.
1. The effects of superheating of the suction vapor superheating of the suction
may take place in any one or in any combination of the following places:
a.) In the end of the evaporator.
b.) In the suction piping installed inside the refrigerated place.
c.) In the suction piping located outside of the refrigerated space.
d.) In a liquid –suction heat exchanger.
2. The effects of sub- cooling the saturated liquid leaving the condenser.
3. The effects of pressure drops in the condenser and evaporator.
4. The compression is no longer isentropic and it will be polytropic due to
friction and other losses.
APPLICATION:
1. An actual vapor compression cycle uses ammonia as a refrigerant with a
capacity of 5TR. The system operates with a condensing temperature of 40ºC
and an evaporating temperature 18º C. The other data are listed below:
Temperature leaving evaporator ………….. – 8ºC
Temperature entering compressor …………. – 6ºC
Temperature leaving compressor …………... ..96ºC
Temperature entering condenser ……………. 86ºC
Temperature leaving condenser ……………. ..43ºC
Temperature entering expansion valve ……. 37ºC
Pressure drop at suction valve ……………….. 20 kPa
Pressure drop at discharge valve ……………. 40 kPa
Revolution per minute (compressor) ………….400 RPM
Mechanical efficiency of compressor ………..84%
Volumetric efficiency of compressor ………….80%
Stroke – to – bore ratio …………………………… 1.25
A single cylinder, single acting compressor is to be used heat absorbed by jacket
water is 30% of the indicated work of the compressor. Determine the following:
a.) The schematic diagram.
b.) The matching P-h diagram.
c.) The bore and stroke.
d.) The brake power.
e.) The heat loss or gained between compressor and condenser.
f.) The heat rejected from the condenser.
Solution:
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
CONDENSER
EVAPORATOR
P8 = P9 = P10 = P11 = 208.26 kPa Psat at -18˚C

P6 = P7 = P5 = P4 = P4 = P3 = 157 kPa Psat at 40˚C
h6 = 361.195 kJ/kg hf at 34˚C
h8 = h7 = 375.851 kJ/kg hf at 37˚C
h10 = 1,455.0 kj/kg h at -8˚C and
P8 = 208.26 kPa
H1 = h11 = 1,468 kJ/kg h at -6˚C and
P8 = 208.26 kPa
H4 = 1,632 kJ/kg h at 86˚C and
P7 = 157 kPa
H2 = h3 = 1,658 kJ/kg h at 96˚C and
P7 = 157 kPa
V1 = 0.935 m/kg v at h1 and
P1 = 1888.26 kPa
c.) Bore and stoke
L/D = 1.25
VD = LANn EQ.(1)
Mrv1
VD = EQ.(2)
ev
whereas,
50 tons (3.516 kW/ton) 50 (3.516)
mr = =
(h10-h8) 1,455.0 – 375.851
mr = 0.1629 kg/sec
thus, from EQ. (1) and EQ. (2)

0.1629(0.935)
L ( /4)( /1.25)2(400/60) =
0.80
L = 384 mm and D = 307 mm ans.

d.) The brake power, BP
SYSTEM: Compressor
FIGURE
Mrh11 + Wc = mrh3 + 0.30Wc

mr(h3h11) 0.1629(1,658 – 1,468)
Wc = =
1 – 0.30 0.70
Wc = 44.22 kW
thus,
Wc 44.22
BP = = = 52.65 kW ans.
em 0.84
e.) heat loss or gained between compressor and condenser
SYSTEM: Piping between compressor and condenser
FIGURE
Q3-4 + mrh3 = mrh4
Q 3-4 = -4.235 kW (heat is rejected) ans.
f.) Heat rejected from the condenser
SYSTEM: Condenser
FIGURE
QR = mr(h4-h6)
QR = 0.1629(1,632 – 316.195)
QR = 207.014 kW ans.
2.) An actual vapor compression cycle has a 7.5 kW motor driving the compressor. The
compressor efficiency is 70% and has an inlet pressure and temperature of 50 kPa, a
discharge pressure of 900 kPa. The condenser exit is 60 kPa. Determine the following:
a.) Draw the schematic diagram, the matching P-h diagram, and T-S diagram indicating
all given data.
b.) The mass flow rate.
c.) The COOP.
d.) Tons of refrigerants for F-12.
Solution:
a.) Schematic diagram, the matching P-H diagram and T-S diagram.
FIGURE
Properties of Freon 12:
h8 = h1 = 181.04 kJ/kg h at 50 kPa and -20˚C

h6 = h5 = 67.20 kJ/kg hf at 800 kPa
h2 = h3 = 240.27 kJ/kg at s1 = s2 and p2 = 100 kPa
The compression is isentropic since there is no friction and other losses in the
compressor.
b.) The mass flow rate, mr
Wc = mr(h2-h1)
Whereas,
Wc = 7.5(0.70) = 5.25 kW
Thus,
5.25 kJ/sec
mr
(240.27 – 181.04) kJ/kg
c.) The COP.
mr(h8-h6) 0.08883(181.04 – 67.2)

COP = =
Wc 5.25
COP = 1.926 ans.

d.) Tons of refrigerant, TR
TR = mr(h8-h6)
0.08883(181.04 – 67.2) kW x ton

TR
3.516 kW
TR = 2.876 tons ans.

COMPILATION OF PREVIOUS BOARD EXAMINATION FOR MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING
(Actual Vapor Compression Cycle)
M.E Board Examination, October 1986
PROBLEM
Saturated vapor Freon 12 refrigerant at 219.12 kPa leaves the evaporator and enters
the compressor at -5˚C. The refrigerant leaves the condenser as saturated liquid at 25˚C and
enters the expansion valve at 22˚C. Heat rejected from the condenser amount t5o 75 kW. The
work to the compressor is 55.5 kJ/kg of heat are lost from the compressor is 4.2 kJ/kg. If 1.15
kJ/kg of heat are lost from the compressor and condenser, calculate the refrigeration capacity
in tons.
SOLUTION:
FIGURE
t7 = -10˚C tsat at 219.12 kPa

h7 = 347.134 kJ/kg hg at 219.12 kPa
h4 = 223.65 kJ/kg hf at 25˚C
h5 = 220.746 kJ/kg hf at 22˚C
h1 = 351.0 kJ/kg h at -5˚C
and p = 219.12 kPa
Refrigeration capacity in tons, TR

TR = mr(h7-h6)
i. Compute for h2
SYSTEM: Compressor
FIGURE
First law: Energy balance

h2 = Wc + h1 – 4.2
h2 = 55.5 + 351 – 402 = 402.3 kJ/kg
ii. Compute for h3

SYSTEM: Piping between compressor and condenser
FIGURE
Figure Law: Energy balance

h3 = h2 – 1.15 = 402.3 – 1.15 = 401.15 kJ/kg
iii. Mass flow rate of the refrigerant, mr
SYSTEM: Condenser
FIGURE

Qr 75 kJ/sec
mr = =
h3 – h4 (401.05 – 223.65) kJ/kg
therefore,
0.4225(347.134 – 220.746) kJ/sec x ton
TR =
3.516 kW
TR = 15.184 tons ans.
PROBLEM
A Vapor compression refrigerant system is designed to have a capacity at 100 tons of
refrigeration. It produces chilled water from 22˚C.
It’s actual coefficient of performance is 5.86 and 35% of the power supplied to the
compressor is lost in the form of friction and cylinder cooling looses. Determine:
a.) Size of the electric motor required to drive the compressor in kW
b.) Volume flow rate of the chilled water in liters per second.
c.) The condenser cooling water required in kg/sec for a temperature rise of 10˚C.
SOLUTION:
FIGURE
a.) size of electric motor to drive the compressor.

QA
COP =
WC
Since the actual COP is given
Actual COP = QA
Actual work of compression
Thus,
100 tons x 3.516 kW/ton
Actual Work =
5.86
= from Power Plant Engineering by Morse the

nearest standard motor size is 80 hp.
b.) Volume flow rate of chilled water
SYSTEM: Evaporator
QA = mwcpw ( T)
100(3.0516)
mw = = 4.1989 kg/sec
4.1868(22-2)
22 + 2
Ave. temp. Of chilled water = 2 = 12˚C
From steam table, Vf = 1.005 x 10-3m3/kg
thus,
Vol. flow rate = 4.1989 kg/sec (1.005 x 10-3m3/kg)

Vol. flow rate = 0.0042198 m3/sec (1,000 li/m3)
Vol. flow rate = 4.2198 li/sec ans.
c.) The condenser cooling water required

SYSTEM: Refrigeration system
First law: Energy balance
QA + Wc = QR + 0.35 Wc
thus,
QR = 100 (3.516) + 60 (1-0.35) = 390.60 kW

also,
QR = mwcpw ( T)
390.6kJ/sec
mw = = 9.33 kg/sec ans.
(4.1868 x 10) kJ/kg

PROBLEM
A vapor compression refrigerant system has a 30 kW motor driving the compressor.
The compressor inlet pressure and temperature are 64.17 kPa and minus 20˚C, respectively
and discharge pressure of 960 kPa. Saturated liquid enters the expansion valve:
Using Freon 12 as refrigerant, determine:
a.) The mass flow rate of the refrigerant in kg/sec.
b.) The capacity of the unit in tons of refrigerant.
SOLUTION:
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
FIGURE

h1= 345 kJ/kg at -20ºC and 64.17 kPa
h2 = 398 kJ/kg h at S1 = D2 and 960 kPa
h3 = h4 = 238.5 kJ/kg hf at 960 kPa
a.) The mass flow rate of refrigerant, mr
Wc = mr (h2 – h1) = mr (398-345) kJ/kg = 30 kJ/sec

Thus,
b.) Refrigeration capacity
Refrigeration capacity = mr(h1-h4)

0.566(345 – 238.5)
= 3.516
= 17.144 tons ans.

CARNOT REFRIGERATION CYCLE ANALYSIS

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REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING

UNIT OF REFRIGERATION CAPACITY

CARNOT REFRIGERATED CYCLE

THEORY and ANALYSIS:

Heat to high temp. sink, Qr

Heat to low temp. source, Qa

Process 1 – 2: Isentropic compression, S1 = S2

Process 2 – 3: Isothermal heat rejection, T2 = T3

Process 3 – 4: Isentropic expansion, S 3 = S4

Process 4 – 5 : Isothermal heat addition, T4 = T1

QR = T2 (S2 - S3) = T2 (S1 - S4)

WORK NET, WNET

WNET = QR - QA = (S1 - S4 ) - T1 (S1 - S4 )

WNET = (T2 - T ) (S1 - S4 )

COEFFICIENT OF PERFORMANCE, COP

PERFORMANCE FACTOR OF CARNOT HEAT PUMP, PF

1. A carnot refrigeration cycle absorbs heat at – 12ºC and reject it at 40ºC.

a.) Coefficient of Performance, COP

COP = 5.02 ans.

b.) Power required. WNET

c.) Performance Factor,

PF = COP + 1 = 5.02 + 6.02 ans.

d.) Heat Rejected, Q

QR = WNET + 2.99 + 15 = 17.99 kW ans.

2. The coefficient of performance of a reversed carnot cycle is 5.35 when

a.) The heat added in the cycle, QA

a.) The top

a.) Coefficient of performance, COP

COP = 4.0 ans.

= 8.49 tons ans.

a.) Coefficient of performance, COP

b.) The ratio, TMAX / TMIN

3.333 (TMAX) – 3.333 (TMIN) = TMIN

b.) The power required, WNET

1,500 kJ/min. (min.)

T T2 = (67 + 273) k = 340 k

a.) The COP

c.) The power required

WNET = 1,000 – QA EQ. (2)

Substituting EQ. (1) EQ (2),

WNET = 1,000 – 2.778 (WNET )

d.) Refrigerating effect, RE

a.) Coefficient of performance, COP

b.) Heat rejected from the system in Btu / min., QR

20 tons (200 Btu / min.)

QR = 936.77 + 20 (200) = 4,936 Btu / min. ans.

c.) Net work, WNET

WNET = 936.77 Btu / min. ans.

d.) Horse Power

WNET = 936.77 Btu / min. = 22.09 hp ans.

In a vapor compression refrigeration system, the suitable refrigerants are ammonia

SIMPLE VAPOR COMPRESION CYCLE

THEORY and ANALYSIS

2.3. Reversible rejection of heat at constant pressure. (condensation and

3.4. Irreversible expansion at constant enthalpy.

4.1. Reversible addition of heat at constant pressure (evaporation to saturated

First Low: Energy Balance

WC = mr (h2h1) theoretical compressor

WC = (h2h1) work of the compressor

First Law: Energy balance

COEFFICIENT OF PERFORMANCE (COP)

Factors influencing the volumetric are:

volume flow rate entering compressor