Manmade Disasters

Dr. U N Roy
Professor and Head, Rural Development
NITTTR Chandigarh
Email: unroy2000@yahoo.com
Mobile No: 09417581530
Manmade Disaster

A man-made hazard is a threat having an element

of human intent, negligence, error or involving a
failure of a system. Man-made disasters are the
result of man-made hazards for which adequate
emergency management measures have not been
adopted.
 Types of Manmade Disasters

• Sociological Hazards

• Technological Hazards

• Transportation Related Hazards

 Sociological Hazards

• Crime
• Arson

• Civil Disorder

• Terrorism

• War
 Technological Hazards

• Industrial Hazards

• Structural Collapse

• Power Outage

• Fire
• Hazardous Materials
• Radiation Contamination
• CBRNs
 Transportation

 Aviation

 Railroad

 Space Disasters
 Crime/Arson

• Arson is the criminal intent of setting a fire with intent to

cause damage. The definition of arson was originally limited
to setting fire to buildings, but was later expanded to
include other objects, such as bridges, vehicles, and private
property.

• Arson is the greatest cause of fires in data repositories.

Sometimes, human-induced fires can be accidental: failing
machinery such as a kitchen stove is a major cause of
accidental fires.
 Civil Disorder

• Civil disorder is a broad term that is typically used by law

enforcement to describe forms of disturbance.

• Although civil disorder does not necessarily escalate to a

disaster in all cases, the event may escalate into general
chaos. Rioting has many causes, from low minimum wage to
racial segregation.
Terrorism
• Terrorism is a controversial term with
multiple definitions. One definition means a
violent action targeting civilians
exclusively.

• Another definition is the use or threatened

use of violence for the purpose of creating
fear in order to achieve a political,
religious, or ideological goal.

• In the early 21st century, terrorism has

been considered by some a constant threat
to all people of the world, after the worst
disaster of its kind struck on September 11,
2001; 26th November 2008, Mumbai Terror
Attack
September 11 2001 Al-Quaida Attack
Mumbai Terror Attack 26th Nov 2008
Large scale killings and damage
• The September 11 attacks (often referred to as nine-eleven, written 9/11)
were a series of coordinated suicide attacks by al-Qaeda upon the United
States on September 11, 2001. On that morning, 19 terrorists
affiliated with al-Qaeda hijacked four commercial
passenger jet airliners.

• The hijackers intentionally crashed two of the airliners into

the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York
City, killing everyone on board and many others working in the building.
Both buildings collapsed within two hours, destroying at least two nearby
buildings and damaging others.

• The hijackers crashed a third airliner into the Pentagon.

• The fourth plane crashed into a field near Shanksville

in rural Somerset County, Pennsylvania, after some of its
passengers and flight crew attempted to retake control of the plane, which
the hijackers had redirected toward Washington, D.C. There are no
survivors from any of the flights.
United States attacked Afghanistan
• Excluding the 19 hijackers, 2,974 people died in the
attacks. Another 24 are missing and presumed dead.

• The overwhelming majority of casualties were

civilians, including nationals of over 90 different
countries.

• The United States responded to the attacks by

launching a War on Terrorism, invading Afghanistan
to depose the Taliban, who had harbored al-Qaeda
terrorists, and enacting the USA PATRIOT Act.
Manmade
devastation
Global Impact
• There were 2,974 fatalities, excluding the 19
hijackers: 246 on the four planes (from which there
were no survivors), 2,603 in New York City in the
towers and on the ground, and 125 at the Pentagon.

• An additional 24 people remain listed as missing.

All of the fatalities in the attacks were civilians
except for 55 military personnel killed at the
Pentagon.

• More than 90 countries lost citizens in the attacks

on the World Trade Center.
Tregdy tells something …

• A total of 411 emergency workers who responded to the scene died as they
attempted to implement rescue and fire suppression efforts.

• The New York City Fire Department (FDNY) lost 341 firefighters and 2 FDNY
paramedics.

• The New York City Police Department lost 23 officers. The Port Authority Police
Department lost 37 officers, and 8 additional EMTs and paramedics from private
EMS units were killed.
Spread

• Weeks after the attack, the estimated death toll was over 6,000. The
city was only able to identify remains for approximately 1,600 of the
victims at the World Trade Center.
 Attack by Boko Haram during 2013, 2015 ….

• The Baga massacre began on 16 April 2013 in the village

of Baga, Nigeria, in Borno State, when as many as 200
civilians were killed, hundreds wounded, and over 2,000
houses and businesses worth millions of Naira were
destroyed.

• The 2015 Baga massacre was a series of mass killings

carried out by the Boko Haram terrorist group in the
north-eastern Nigerian town of Baga and its environs, in
the state of Borno, between 3 January and 7 January
2015.
War

• War is conflict between relatively large groups of people, which

involves physical force inflicted by the use of weapons. Warfare has
destroyed entire cultures, countries, economies and inflicted great
suffering on humanity. Other terms for war can include armed
conflict, hostilities, and police action. Acts of war are normally
excluded from insurance contracts and disaster planning.
Industrial disasters

• Industrial disasters occur in a commercial context, such as mining

disasters. They often have an environmental impact.
Structural collapse

• Structural collapses are often caused by engineering failures. Bridge failures may
be caused in several ways, such as under-design (as in the Tay Rail Bridge), by
corrosion attack (such as in the Silver Bridge), and by aerodynamic flutter of the
deck (as in Galloping Gertie, the original Tacoma Narrows Bridge).

• Failure of dams was not infrequent during the Victorian period, such as the Dale
Dyke dam failure in Sheffield, England in the 1860s, causing the Great Sheffield
Flood. Other failures include balcony collapses.
Power outage

• A power outage is an interruption of normal sources of electrical power. Short-

term power outages (up to a few hours) are common and have minor adverse
effect, since most businesses and health facilities are prepared to deal with them.
Extended power outages, however, can disrupt personal and business activities as
well as medical and rescue services, leading to business losses and medical
emergencies.

• Extended loss of power can lead to civil disorder. Only very rarely do power
outages escalate to disaster proportions, however, they often accompany other
types of disasters, such as hurricanes and floods, which hampers relief efforts.
Hazardous materials: Radiation Contamination
• When nuclear weapons are detonated or nuclear
containment systems are otherwise compromised,
airborne radioactive particles (nuclear fallout) can scatter
and irradiate large areas. Not only is it deadly, but it also
has a long-term effect on the next generation for those
who are contaminated.

• During World War II, United States troops dropped atomic

bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
As a result, the radiation fallout contaminated the cities'
water supplies, food sources, and half of the populations of
each city were stricken with disease.
• The Soviet republics of Ukraine and Belarus are part of a scenario like this after a
reactor at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant suffered a meltdown in 1986. To
this day, several small towns and the city of Chernobyl remain abandoned and
uninhabitable due to fallout.

• Bhopal Gas Tragedy: Dec 3-4, 1984: A biggest Industrial Disaster due to leakage
of Methyl Isocyanate
Bhopal Gas Tragedy: Eyes burning and Chest Congestion
Medical Symptoms

• (i) Minor eye ailments, throat irritation and cough, (ii) Severe
conjunctivitis, keratitis, acute bronchitis and drowsiness, (iii) Severe
pulmonary oedema leading to cardio-respiratory distress, and (iv)
Convulsions, followed by cardio-respiratory arrest. Intense fatigue and
muscular weakness was another common feature.

• More than 2000 people died in first 4-5 days

CBRNs

• A catch-all initialism meaning Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear.

The term is used to describe a non-conventional terror threat that, if used by a
nation, would be considered use of a weapon of mass destruction. This term is
used primarily in the United Kingdom.

• Examples include the Halabja poison gas attack on the Kurdish purported by
Saddam Hussein, the Sarin gas attacks in Tokyo and the preceding test runs in
Matsumoto, Japan 100 kilometers outside of Tokyo and Lord Amherst giving
smallpox laden blankets to Native Americans.
Transportation Disaster
Aviation

• An aviation incident is an occurrence other than an accident, associated with the

operation of an aircraft, which affects or could affect the safety of operations,
passengers, or pilots.

• The category of the vehicle can range from a helicopter, an airliner, or a space
shuttle. One of the more devastating events occurred in 1977 on the island of
Tenerife of the Canary Islands, when miscommunications between and amongst
air traffic control and an aircrew caused two fully loaded jets to collide on the
runway, killing over 500 passengers.
Railroad disaster

• A railroad disaster is an occurrence associated with the operation of a passenger

train which results in substantial loss of life. Usually accidents with freight (goods)
trains are not considered disasters, unless they cause substantial loss of life or
property.

• One of the more devastating rail disasters occurred in 2004 in Sri Lanka when
1,700 people died in the Queen of the Sea train accident. Other notable rail
disasters are the 1989 Ufa accident in Russia which killed 574, and the 1917
Modane train accident in France which killed 540.
Space disaster

• Space disasters, either during operations or training, have

killed around 20 astronauts and cosmonauts, and a much
larger number of ground crew and civilians. These disasters
include either malfunctions on the ground, during launch,
or in orbit with technology, or of natural forces.
Space Disaster

• One of the worst manned space disasters, the

Space Shuttle Challenger explosion of 1986, cost
all of the lives on board. The shuttle exploded
several seconds after taking off from the launch
pad in Cape Canaveral, Florida. Another example is
the Space Shuttle Columbia, which disintegrated
during a landing attempt over Texas in 2003, with
a loss of all 7 astronauts on board.
Safety and Preparedness are the
Mantra to Reduce Disaster Risks
• Probability

• Forecasting

• Preparedness

• Capacity
Building