THE

ORCHIDACEOUS PLANT SPECIES

of

PUERTO GALERA,
ORIENTAL MINDORO, PHILIPPINES
(with comments on illegal logging and deforestation in Puerto Galera in General)

by

Mario LUTZ
ZOOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF HERPAWORLD INC. PARADISE ZOO,
CONSERVATION BREEDING- & WILDLIFE RESCUECENTER
PUERTO GALERA – ORIENTAL MINDORO – PHILIPPINES
mario@herpaworld.com , +63 926-6422083

Ravan SCHNEIDER
ZOOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF HERPAWORLD INC. PARADISE ZOO,
CONSERVATION BREEDING- & WILDLIFE RESCUECENTER
PUERTO GALERA – ORIENTAL MINDORO – PHILIPPINES
ravan@herpaworld.com, +63 917-9001530

PUERTO GALERA:
HERPETOLOGICAL JOURNAL OF HERPAWORLD
ISSUE IV, JUNE 2007

1
Mindoro, Philippines ________________________________________________________ 3
Puerto Galera, Location and General Description ____________________________________4
Introduction about logging and deforestation ____________________________________ 5
Impact on the environment _______________________________________________________5
Economic impact _______________________________________________________________8
Characterization ________________________________________________________________8
Deforestation in Puerto Galera today _______________________________________________8
The orchids _______________________________________________________________ 9
Materials & Methods ____________________________________________________________9
The found Species ______________________________________________________________10
Species overview _______________________________________________________________14
Picture from all Orchids ________________________________________________________16
Conclusion _______________________________________________________________ 32
Literature: _______________________________________________________________ 32
Index____________________________________________________________________ 33

2
Mindoro, Philippines

Called the dark island by outsiders because of a virulent strain of malaria, Mindoro
is located between the large islands of Luzon and the Sunda-affiliated Palawan,
and it shares floral and faunal attributes of both islands. However, Mindoro was
isolated from Luzon and Palawan throughout the Pleistocene and retains its own
unique character, including an endemic water buffalo species. Unfortunately,
Mindoro is one of the most severely deforested islands in the country. Only the
most rugged portions of the island's central spine has been spared from
commercial logging, and the forest is still under pressure. Several of the
mountains on Mindoro are well over 2,000 metres in height and only one of these,
Mount Halcon, has had any sort of extensive botanical exploration.

Puerto Galera

Map, courtesy Worldatlas

3
Puerto Galera, Location and General Description

Puerto Galera is located on the northern part of the island of Mindoro in the
province Oriental Mindoro. It is about 130 kilometers south of Manila and 14
nautical miles from Batangas City. In total it has 12 coastal villages or Barangays
and one mountain district. It is bordered in the north by the Verde Island Passage,
in the northeast by the town of San Teodoro, in the northwest by Occidental
Mindoro and in the south by Mount Malasimbo and Mount Baco. It covers a total
land area of 23.247 hectares.

Puerto Galera has a very rugged topography. The land is generally mountainous
and is crisscrossed by numerous streams and rivers. Backed by the Cabarian
Ridge and the 680- meter high pyramid of Mt. Malasimbo, its 35.35 kilometer-long
hilly land mass extends towards the sea and spreads out to a maximum of 13.4
kilometers across.

Three mountain ranges covering a total of 11.755 square kilometers rise above
Puerto Galera's coastal barangays - or villages - : Mt. Alinyaban in Barangay
Balatero, Mt. Talipanan in Barangays Aninuhan and San Isidro and Mt. Malasimbo
in Barangay Aninuhan. These mountains reach peak elevations of 1.400 meters
above sea level and are home to rare animals and plants.

Popularly know as a tourist haven, Puerto Galera's coast is 42 kilometers long,

consisting of irregular shorelines rimmed with dazzling white beaches, coconut
plantations and delightful scenery. At the eastern side of the coast, crescents of
white beaches are interspersed with limestone cliffs and escarpments that are
penetrated by inland bays and coves. These numerous coves and water channels
support a rich marine life, forming "non-reef coral communities".

The bay of Puerto Galera has a total area of 4.2 square kilometers. It is framed by
the short projections and numerous points of Mindoro Island on the east and west,
and by two small islands, Medio and Paiquian on the north and northwest. These
two islands protect Puerto Galera's famous Muelle Bay from the open sea, thus
making it one of the world's safest natural harbors.

Puerto Galera has a tropical climate with a relatively high humidity. The average
annual humidity is 84.6%. There is no definite dry season, but from July until the
middle of October the occasional typhoon that usually passes the island of Mindoro
can bring heavy rainfall for about three consecutive days, which usually are
followed by up to two weeks of nice weather. The months of November till February
are cool, and dry with temperatures of about 28 degrees Celsius. March to June
are considered the Filipino Summer season with hot and dry weather.
Temperatures are usually above 30 degrees Celsius then.

4
Introduction about logging and deforestation
Impact on the environment

Generally, the removal or destruction of significant areas of forest cover has

resulted in a degraded environment with reduced biodiversity, so it does in Puerto
Galera. In many other countries, massive deforestation is ongoing and is shaping
climate and geography. Also within the area around Puerto Galera, deforestation
and illegal clear cutting is still ongoing.

20 different Orchid species was found just on this one Tree (collecting area in Puerto Galera, 730 meter Altitude), December 2006

5
Deforestation affects the amount of water in the soil and groundwater and the
moisture in the atmosphere. This year, for example, Puerto Galera runs out of
Water for almost 10 Weeks now. Forests support considerable biodiversity,
providing valuable habitat for wildlife; moreover, forests foster medicinal
conservation and the recharge of aquifers. With forest biotopes being a major,
irreplaceable source of new drugs (like taxol), deforestation can destroy genetic
variations (such as crop resistance) irretrievably.

the last Carped Tree left was cut down in February 2007, deforestation is completed at 640 meter Altitide already

Shrinking forest cover lessens the landscape's capacity to intercept, retain and
transport precipitation. Instead of trapping precipitation, which then percolates to
groundwater systems, deforested areas become sources of surface water runoff,
which moves much faster than subsurface flows. That quicker transport of surface
water can translate into flash flooding and more localized floods than would occur
with the forest cover. Deforestation also contributes to decreased
evapotranspiration, which lessens atmospheric moisture which in some cases
affects precipitation levels downwind from the deforested area, as water is not
recycled to downwind forests, but is lost in runoff and returns directly to the oceans.
According to one preliminary study, in deforested north and northwest China, the
average annual precipitation decreased by one third between the 1950s and the
1980s.

6
Long-term gains can be obtained by managing forest lands sustainable to
maintain both forest cover and provide a biodegradable renewable resource.
Forests are also important stores of organic carbon, and forests can extract carbon
dioxide and pollutants from the air, thus contributing to biosphere stability and
probably relevant to the greenhouse effect. Forests are also valued for their
aesthetic beauty and as a cultural resource and tourist attraction.

even Spot cutting, like this example, is affecting the Forest, the logged Trees getting smaller every Year (720 meter Altitude)

7
Economic impact

Historically utilization of forest products, including timber and fuel wood have play
a key role in human societies, comparable to the roles of water and cultivable
land. Today the Cityzens of Puerto Galera continue to utilize timber for building
houses. The people rely also on wood for cooking. The forest products industry is
a large part of the economy all over the World. Short term economic gains made
by conversion of forest to agriculture or over-exploitation of wood products often
leads to loss of long-term income. West African and Southeast Asian Countrys
have experienced lower revenue because of declining timber harvests. Illegal
logging causes billions of dollars of losses to our national economies annually.

Characterization

In the Philippines, human-caused deforestation and the degradation of forest

habitat is primarily due to expansion of agriculture, slash and burn practices, urban
sprawl, illegal logging, over harvest of fuel wood, mining, and petroleum
exploration. This is problematic in so-called hot-spots like Puerto Galera because
of the risk of irreversible loss of non-economic forest values for example valuable
habitat or species loss, especially at a place with a very high endemism.
The effects of human related deforestation can be mitigated through
environmentally sustainable practices that reduce permanent destruction of forests
or even act to preserve and rehabilitate disrupted forestland.

Growing demand for wood to be used for fire wood or in construction and furniture
- as well as clearing land for commercial and industrial development (including
road construction) have combined with the growing population in Puerto Galera
and their demands for agricultural expansion and wood fuel to endanger ever
larger forest areas.

Deforestation in Puerto Galera today

The largest cause as of 2006 is illegal logging in our Mountain Forests and slash-
and-burn activity in secondary Forest- or agricultural land. Slash-and-burn is a
method sometimes used by shifting cultivators to create short term yields from
marginal soils. When practiced repeatedly, or without intervening fallow periods,
the nutrient poor soils may be exhausted or eroded to an unproductive state.

8
The orchids

A considerable number of orchidaeceous species, have yet escaped observatin,

and remain furture determination. Of the philippine orchid species there are some
which have not been carfully examined as will be seen by the arrangement of the
evidence upon which his knowledge of species has been formed.

Materials & Methods

We will document several orchid species, some for the first time on Mindoro, three
of them even for the very first Time in the Philippines. All the Orchids was been
found around Puerto Galera, northern Mindoro. So far, we can report all in all 80
2
epiphytic orchids in a very small area (ca. 5 km ) around the so called Marbel
Quarry, above Ponderosa, Puerto Galera.

Following the Tracks of illegal logging leds us to big Carpet Trees recently logged
down, mostly (or all?) illegal, between 540m and 780 m altitude. Among those
Trees, several still hosted orchids and ferns. From every flowering orchids, picture
was taken. From orchids without flowers, sample was taken for later, propper
identification. The autors like to state; no plants was taken from any intact host-tree,
only plants, left from loggers, on the ground have been collected. Collected orchids
was brought to the paradise zoo in their plant nursery at the botanical departement.
Picture was taken as soon, as the orchids starts flowering. All neccessary datas
where collected, altitude and locality where noted. All the taken pictures was
forwarded to Jim Cootes, the author of „The Orchids of the Philippines“ and to the
Botanical Garden of the University Wien (Austria), for verification or identification. A
number of these species are very spectacular and are well worth mentioning
because they are new records for Mindoro or even the very first records for the
Philippines.

Research Site

9
The found Species
(see Table 1)

One of the most spectacular of all orchids is Epigeneium treacherianum. The

plants are very tough looking and the leaves, topping the squarish pseudobulbs,
are quite stiff and leathery. The inflorescences arch very gracefully and bear a good
number of blooms about 7 to 8 cm in diameter. These plants grow very high in the
old trees almost in full sun.

Another magnificent species that also occurs in the mountains of northern Mindoro,
though it is rarely seen in the wild now, is Grammatophyllum multiflorum. When a
large plant of this species flowers, it will stop most people in their tracks, just
because of the vast number of flowers produced on each inflorescence. The
inflorescences can reach lengths of more than one and a half metres and will arch
beautifully. The blooms have a base colour of yellowish-green, marked with varying
degrees of chestnut brown blotches. Inflorescences with more than 100 flowers
are common. Individual blooms are about 5 to 6 cm across the widest point. An
interesting feature of all Grammatophyllum flowerings is that the first few flowers
on every inflorescence are always malformed. That is the lateral sepals are usually
joined into one segment and there is no labellum. This species, because it is so
spectacular, is a very common garden plant in northern Mindoro.

Plocoglottis copelandii is a terrestrial species that is quite attractive and I have

never seen plants of it in cultivation outside of the Philippines.

Calanthe lyroglossa is another extremely beautiful terrestrial species that is quite

variable in the colour of its blooms. The colours range from orange to almost white.
It usually grows on the steep sides of embankments where the drainage is perfect.
The very large floral bracts are characteristic of this species.

One of the more spectacular dendrobiums to be found in this area is Dendrobium

sibuyanense. Sadly the blooms of this species are only short-lived, but fortunately
the plant will bloom many times throughout the year. This species was only named
last year from plants originally collected on the island of Sibuyan in the Visayan
Sea. This is a new locality record for this species.

Dendrobium anosmum is one of the more widely distributed species found

throughout south-east Asia and throughout the Philippines. The scent is very
noticeable when in the forest and often the plant can be smelled before it is seen!
There is also an albino form of this species known as variety dearei.

Dendrobium setigerum was only named in 2000 and was only known from a few
of the provinces on the island of Luzon. This species has recently been found on
the island of Mindoro, which is a new locality.

One of the more remarkable finds in the forests of northern Mindoro is a

Dendrobium species that seems to have affinities with the Java species
Dendrobium arcuatum. We have not been able to compare the Philippine plants
with those from Java. This species is quite common in its habitat. Once preserved

10
flowers have been examined we are certain a name will be arrived at in due
course.

Dendrobium uniflorum is another species that has been recorded from throughout
south-east Asia and many of the provinces within the Philippine archipelago. This
is a new locality record for Mindoro. The colour of this form also differs slightly from
the more commonly seen species, which has a cream labellum with three brown
stripes. As you can see the labellum of illustrated flower lacks the striping.

A number of Bulbophyllum species are also found around Puerto Galeras

Mountains and so far, the majority, are all plants that produce large blooms. The
largest flowers for the bulbophyllums belong to the widespread Bulbophyllum
antenniferum, and this is a new locality record for Mindoro.

Another plant not previously recorded from the Philippines, let alone Mindoro, is
Bulbophyllum megalanthum, which appears in cootes (200???) as Bulbophyllum
sp. aff. cheiri. The dorsal and lateral sepals are over 6 cm in length!

Bulbophyllum maxillare is another beautiful species with flowers of a similar

shape to a Masdevallia.

Bulbophyllum santosii, with it milky-white blooms is also a new record for Mindoro.
It produces up to 4 blooms on an upright inflorescence. The pseudobulbs are
spaced at intervals of up to 10 cm on the woody rhizome.

Bulbophyllum levanae is also found in Mindoro and it is a new locality record. This
species is quite remarkable for the variability of its colour. The flowers are
produced successively over a period of several weeks, or months on very large
plants.

Bulbophyllum odoratum and Bulbophyllum flavescens are species from the

section Aphanobulbon and they produce inflorescences bearing many, sometimes
sweetly perfumed flowers.

The genus Cirrhopetalum is only represented by one species (that we know of so

far) and that is the very lovely Cirrhopetalum makoyanum. It is quite common to
see the flowers of this species absolutely covered in small flies, which must be the
pollinator. The colour of the northern Mindoro form differs from the more frequently
examples by the very darkly coloured blooms. Further research is needed.

One of the most interesting recent finds has been a Vanilla species that appears
to have affinities to the long-lost Sulawesi species Vanilla platyphylla. The plant
does not flowers before it is at least 6 to 8 metres long. And then the only plants
that do flower are those that are growing vertically up a tree trunk

When one thinks of small flowered species, one of the first genera that will come to
mind is Dendrochilum. Even though some of the plants are quite large in this
genus, the flowers are seldom more than 1 cm across the widest point. There are
a number of species found in the mountains of Puerto Galera and two with larger
plants are Dendrochilum glumaceum and Dendrochilum macranthum, which are
well known in oversees collections. The small growing species are Dendrochilum
11
microchilum and a number that have so far still remained unidentified. An
interesting point about the Dendrochilum species found around northern Mindoro
is that they are what could be considered mid elevation plants. Normally
dendrochilums are plants of high elevations in the ever-damp mist forests. Just
shows how adaptable some species can become.

The pendulous-growing Trichoglottis rosea and its beautiful variety breviracema

are also found here. The plants can reach lengths of one metre and the flowers are
produced, often in large numbers, opposite the leathery leaves. The most attractive,
pink to purple flowered Trichoglottis latisepala is also seen here and it is a new
locality record for Mindoro.

Grosourdya appendiculata has a plant that resembles our own Sarcochilus

falcatus. Any other similarity to a Sarcochilus is quickly forgotten when one sees
the blooms of the Grosourdya. Sadly the flowers are only short-lived but they are
produced in succession and the inflorescences are horizontal to semi-pendulous.
To me the most interesting thing about this species is the labellum. This is a new
locality record for Mindoro.

Another vandaceous species producing a large number of small flowers that are
peculiar is Pteroceras longicalcarum. Numerous pendulous inflorescences are
produced bearing many prettily marked blooms with a very strange labellum.

Luisia teretifolia is found here too and the plant resembles a bunch of twigs
because of the terete foliage. The flowers are quite attractive and last in good
condition for several weeks.

The most common species to be found around Puerto Galera is Ceratostylis

senilis. This species is so named because of the fairly long, white hairs on the
back of the dorsal and lateral sepals. Anywhere there is a large tree this species is
always populating the branches. The flowers are not big but they are quite
attractive.

Another strange little plant occurring in Puerto´s Mountains is Thelasis capitata.

Without an inflorescence the plant resembles a bulbophyllum with much flattened
pseudobulbs. The inflorescences are upright and much longer than the leaves.
The tiny flowers which open successively are all concentrated on the capitate
(shaped like a pine cone) tip of the inflorescence. The flowers are also non-
resupinate (labellum uppermost.)

Another most attractive vandaceous species, that is a new locality record for
Mindoro, is Tuberolabium quisumbingii. This plant has very leathery leaves and
there are usually several pendulous inflorescences produced for each flowering.
The flowers last quite well for this species.

The genus Eria is well represented in northern Mindoro with at least 6 species,
plus a number of species that are yet to flower. One of the most beautiful species,
and a new locality record for Mindoro, is Eria propinqua. The flowers of this
species are produced in large numbers on a gently arching inflorescence.

12
Eria ovata, which bears numerous upright inflorescences, carries many, cream to
yellow flowers. It is also a new locality record for Mindoro. The small flowers are not
widely opening.

Eria ventricosa is a small-growing species that has very pretty greyish pink
flowers about 7 mm in diameter.

Eria bractescens is a very widely distributed species that varies considerably in

colour over its range. The clones from northern Mindoro have the most brightly
coloured flowers within this species. Normally the flowers are white to cream,
whereas the Mindoro form is bright yellow. It also lacks the reddish coloured side
lobes to the labellum.

Mycaranthes gigantea as the specific epithet implies is a large plant, reaching

lengths of one metre. Sadly the flowers are quite small, but they are produced in
large numbers from numerous terminal inflorescences. The outer surfaces of the
dorsal and lateral sepals are covered with tiny white hairs.

Some of the loveliest flowers are produced by the species in the genus
Flickingeria. Their only fault is that the blooms are so short lived, lasting less than
one day. Flickingeria fimbriata is a large plant that produces its flowers on the
underside of the leaf. The labellum of this species is very beautiful. It is also a new
locality record for Mindoro.

Flickingeria interjecta is a small-growing, upright plant that produces the most

colourful flowers in the genus (my opinion.) The colours of the labellum are most
striking. It is also another new locality record for Mindoro. I have seen this species
growing in full sun on the east coast of Luzon.

Flickingeria xantholeuca is a semi-pendulous grower that seems to grow in a little

more shade than the previously mentioned members of this genus. The flowers
are yellowish-green and appear from bract on the underside of the leaf. It is also
another new locality record for Mindoro.

Acanthephippium mantinianum is a large-growing terrestrial species, which has

previously been known only from the island of Luzon where it occurs at high
elevations. We recently found this species along side a dry creek bed at elevations
of around 600 metres. This is a new locality record for Mindoro.

13
 Species overview

Table 1 (all identified Species)

Species Status Comme nts

Acanthephippium mantinianum New record for Mindoro
Agrostophyllum luzoniense
Appendicula buxifolia
Appendicula micrantha
Appendicula pendula
Bulbophyllum antenniferum New record for Mindoro fremdbild
Bulbophyllum flavescens
Bulbophyllum levanae New record for Mindoro
Bulbophyllum maxillare
Bulbophyllum megalanthum New record for the Philippines
Bulbophyllum odoratum
Bulbophyllum santosii New record for Mindoro
Calanthe lyroglossa
Cirrhopetalum makoyanum
Cleisostoma uraiense
Cleisostoma subulatum
Dendrobium arcuatum New record for the Philippines
Dendrobium bullenianum
Dendrobium crumenatum
Dendrobium distichum
Dendrobium setigerum New record for Mindoro
Dendrobium sibuyanense New record for Mindoro
Dendrobium uniflorum New record for Mindoro
Dendrochilum compactum??
Dendrochilum glumaceum
Dendrochilum longifolium
Dendrochilum mircochillum
Dendrochilum niveum
Dipodium pictum New record for the Philippines
Eria bractescens New record for Mindoro
Eria gigantea
Eria javanica
Eria longissima
Eria ovata New record for Mindoro

14
Eria philippinensis
Eria propinqua New record for Mindoro
Eria ventricosa
Flickingeria fimbriata New record for Mindoro
Flickingeria interjecta New record for Mindoro
Flickingeria xantholeuca New record for Mindoro
Grammatophyllum m. var. tigrinum
Grammatophyllum multiflorum
Grastidium luzoniese
Grosourdya appendiculata?? New record for Mindoro
Luisia teretifolia
Macropodanthus philippinensis New record for Mindoro
Plocoglottis copelandii
Pteroceras cladostachyum
Pteroceras longicalcarum
Pteroceras unguiculatum
Spathoglottis plicata
Thelasis capitata
Thelasis carinata
Trichoglottis bataanensis
Trichoglottis geminata
Trichoglottis latisepala New record for Mindoro
Trichoglottis rosea
Trichoglottis rosea var. breviracema
Trichotosia spec. New species Furter research advised
Trichotosia vulpina
Tuberolabium quisumbingii New record for Mindoro
Vanda lamellata
Vanilla species New Species? appears to have affinities to the
long-lost Sulawesi species
Vanilla platyphylla
Var. Bulbophyllum species Still remains unidentified Further research is advised
Var. Dendrochilum species Still remains unidentified Further research is advised
Var. Eria species Still remains unidentified Further research is advised

15
 Acanthephippium mantinianum
terrestrial Orchid
Picture from all Orchids
First record for Mindoro

Agrostophyllum luzonense
epiphytic Orchid

CITES Appendix II

Appendicula buxifolia
epiphytic Orchid

CITES Appendix II

Appendicula micrantha
epiphytic Orchid

not yet CITES listed

16
 Appendicula pendula
epiphytic Orchid

CITES Appendix II

Bulbophyllum antenniferum (Lindley)

epiphytic Orchid

first Record for Mindoro

CITES Appendix II

Bulbophyllum flavescens (Blume)

epiphytic Orchid

CITES Appendix II

Bulbophyllum levanae
epiphytic Orchid

first Record for Mindoro

not yet CITES listed

17
 Bulbophyllum maxillare
epiphytic Orchid

not yet CITES listed

Bulbophyllum megalanthum (Griffith)

epiphytic Orchid
Distribution is recorded to Malaysia

Here, first Record for the Philippines

CITES Appendix II

Bulbophyllum odoratum (Blume)

epiphytic Orchid

CITES Appendix II

Bulbophyllum santosii
epiphytic Orchid

first Record for Mindoro

not yet CITES listed

18
Calanthe lyroglossa (Reichenb.f.)
terestrical Orchid

CITES Appendix II

Cirrhopetalum makoyanum
epiphytic Orchid

not CITES listed yet

Cleisostoma subulatum (Blume)

epiphytic Orchid

CITES Appendix II

Cleisostoma uraiense (Hayata)

epiphytic Orchid

CITES Appendix II

19
 Ceratostylis senilis
epiphytic Orchid

no CITES listing yet

Dendrobium arcuatum (J.J.Smith)

epiphytic Orchid

first Record for Philippines

CITES Appendix II

Dendrobium bullenianum (auct.non)

epiphytic Orchid

CITES Appendix II

Dendrobium crumenatum (Sw.)

epiphytic Orchid

CITES Appendix II

20
 Dendrobium distichum
epiphytic Orchid

no CITES listing yet

Dendrobium setigerum
epiphytic Orchid

first Record for Mindoro

no CITES listing yet

Dendrobium sibuyanense
epiphytic Orchid

first Record for Mindoro

no CITES listing so far

Dendrobium uniflorum
epiphytic Orchid

first Record for Mindoro

21
 Dendrochilum compactum
epiphytic Orchid

Dendrochilum glumaceum
epiphytic Orchid

Dendrochilum longifolium
epiphytic Orchid

Dendrochilum microchillum
epiphytic Orchid

22
 Dendrochilum niveum
epiphytic Orchid

Dipodium pictum
epiphytic Orchid

first Record for the Philippines

Eria bractescens
epiphytic Orchid

first Record for Mindoro

Eria gigantea
epiphytic Orchid

23
 Eria javanica
epiphytic Orchid

Eria longissima
epiphytic Orchid

Eria ovata
epiphytic Orchid

first Record for Mindoro

Eria philippinensis
epiphytic Orchid

24
 Eria propinqua
epiphytic Orchid

first Record for Mindoro

Eria ventricosa
epiphytic Orchid

Flickingeria fimbriata
epiphytic Orchid

first Record for Mindoro

Flickingeria interjecta
epiphytic Orchid

first Record for Mindoro

25
 Flickingeria xantholeuca
epiphytic Orchid

first Record for Mindoro

Grammatophyllum multiflorum var.

tigrinum

epiphytic Orchid

Grammatophyllum multiflorum
epiphytic Orchid

Grastidium luzoniense
epiphytic Orchid

26
 Grosourdya muscosa
epiphytic Orchid

first Record for Mindoro

Luisia teretifolia
epiphytic Orchid

Macropodanthus philippinensis
epiphytic Orchid

First Record for Mindoro

Plocoglottis copelandii
epiphytic Orchid

27
Pteroceras cladostachyum
epiphytic Orchid

Pteroceras longicalcarum
epiphytic Orchid

Pteroceras unguiculatum
epiphytic Orchid

Spathoglottis plicata
epiphytic Orchid

28
 Thelasis capitata
epiphytic Orchid

Thelasis carinata
epiphytic Orchid

Trichoglottis bataanensis
epiphytic Orchid

Trichoglottis geminata
epiphytic Orchid

29
 Trichoglottis latisepala
epiphytic Orchid

first Record for Mindoro

Trichoglottis rosea
epiphytic Orchid

Trichoglottis rosea var. breviracema

epiphytic Orchid

Trichotosia sp.
epiphytic Orchid

prohably a unknown species, further

research is advised.

30
 Trichotosia vulpina
epiphytic Orchid

Tuberolabium quisumbingii
epiphytic Orchid

first Record for Mindoro

no CITES listing so far

Vanda lamellata (Lindl.)

epiphytic Orchid

CITES Appendix II

Vanilla sp.
terrestrial climbing Orchid

Phohably a new species, but appears to

have affinities to the long-lost Sulawesi
species Vanilla platyphylla

31
Conclusion

All orchids mentioned here, are by no means a complete record of the species of
Puerto Galera or northern Mindoro. Almost every time we go to the forest we find
species they have not seen previously. As to how long this will continue to happen
is anyone’s guess, because of the destruction of the plant’s habitat.

We need to remember that it is not only the orchids that are losing their homes but
also rare, endemic animals.

Literature:

32
Index
A
Acanthephippium mantinianum ............ 13, 14
agricultural expansion............................................8
Agrostophyllum luzoniense ................................14
Aninuhan .................................................................4
Appendicula buxifolia...........................................14
Appendicula micrantha........................................14
Appendicula pendula ...........................................14
atmospheric moisture ..........................................6
B
Barangay Balatero ...............................................4
biosphere stability.................................................7
Botanical Garden of the University Wien .....9
Bulbophyllum ......................................................11
Bulbophyllum antenniferum ................... 11, 14
Bulbophyllum flavescens ....................... 11, 14
Bulbophyllum levanae.............................. 11, 14
Bulbophyllum maxillare ........................... 11, 14
Bulbophyllum megalanthum .................. 11, 14
Bulbophyllum odoratum........................... 11, 14
Bulbophyllum santosii.............................. 11, 14
Bulbophyllum sp. aff. cheiri ..........................11
Bulbophyllum species..........................................15
C
Calanthe lyroglossa .................................. 10, 14
carbon dioxide ......................................................7
Ceratostylis senilis ..........................................12
Characterization.........................................................8
Cirrhopetalum .....................................................11
Cirrhopetalum makoyanum .................... 11, 14
Cleisostoma subulatum.......................................14
Cleisostoma uraiense ..........................................14
climate .....................................................................4
Conclusion ...............................................................32
D
deforestation ..............................................................5
Dendrobium anosmum ....................................10
Dendrobium arcuatum .............................. 10, 14
Dendrobium bullenianum....................................14
Dendrobium crumenatum ...................................14
Dendrobium distichum.........................................14
Dendrobium setigerum............................. 10, 14
Dendrobium sibuyanense ..............................10
Dendrobium uniflorum .....................................11
Dendrochilum............................................... 11, 12
Dendrochilum compactum..................................14
Dendrochilum glumaceum...................... 11, 14
Dendrochilum longifolium ...................................14
Dendrochilum microchilum ...........................12
Dendrochilum mircochillum ................................14
Dendrochilum niveum..........................................14
Dendrochilum species .........................................15
Dipodium pictum ...................................................14
E
Economic impact.......................................................8
endemism................................................................8
environment ...............................................................5
33
environmentally sustainable practices..........8
Epigeneium treacherianum ...........................10
Eria ..........................................................................12
Eria bractescens ........................................ 13, 14
Eria gigantea .........................................................14
Eria javanica ..........................................................14
Eria longissima......................................................14
Eria ovata ...................................................... 13, 14
Eria philippinensis ................................................15
Eria propinqua ............................................. 12, 15
Eria species ...........................................................15
Eria ventricosa ............................................ 13, 15
F Pleistocene .............................................................3
Flickingeria ..........................................................13
Flickingeria fimbriata................................ 13, 15
Flickingeria interjecta .............................. 13, 15
Flickingeria xantholeuca......................... 13, 15
furture determination ...........................................9
G
genetic variations .................................................6
Grammatophyllum m. var. tigrinum ..................15
Grammatophyllum multiflorum ............. 10, 15
Grastidium luzoniese ...........................................15
greenhouse effect.................................................7
Grosourdya ..........................................................12
Grosourdya appendiculata ..................... 12, 15
growing population .................................................8
H Spathoglottis plicata.............................................15
Historically utilization .............................................8
humidity ...................................................................4
I
illegal logging .......................................................8
industrial development ..........................................8
L
Literature ...............................................................32
logging .....................................................................3
Luisia teretifolia .......................................... 12, 15
M
Macropodanthus philippinensis .........................15
managing forest ....................................................7
Marbel Quarry ........................................................9
Materials & Methods ................................................9
medicinal conservation ......................................6
Mindoro .....................................................................3
Mining ......................................................................8
Mount Baco ...........................................................4
Mount Malasimbo .................................................4
Mt. Alinyaban.........................................................4
Mt. Talipanan ........................................................4
Mycaranthes gigantea.....................................13
N
non-economic forest values..............................8
O
orchid species........................................................9
orchidaeceous species .......................................9
P
paradise zoo ...........................................................9
philippine orchid species ..................................9
Plocoglottis copelandii ............................ 10, 15
Ponderosa ...............................................................9
Pteroceras cladostachyum .................................15
Pteroceras longicalcarum ...................... 12, 15
Pteroceras unguiculatum ....................................15
Puerto Galera .............................................................4
Puerto Galera's coastal barangays .................4
S
San Isidro ................................................................4
San Teodoro ..........................................................4
Sarcochilus .........................................................12
Sarcochilus falcatus ........................................12
Shrinking forest ......................................................6
Slash-and-burn........................................................8
slash-and-burn activity ..........................................8
subsurface flows ....................................................6
T
Thelasis capitata ........................................ 12, 15
Thelasis carinata...................................................15
Trichoglottis bataanensis ....................................15
Trichoglottis geminata .........................................15
Trichoglottis latisepala ............................ 12, 15
Trichoglottis rosea ..................................... 12, 15
Trichoglottis rosea var. breviracema ................15
Trichotosia spec....................................................15
Trichotosia vulpina ...............................................15
Tuberolabium quisumbingii.................... 12, 15
V
Vanda lamellata ....................................................15
Vanilla ....................................................................11
Vanilla platyphylla ..................................... 11, 15
Vanilla species .....................................................15
variety dearei .......................................................10
W
wildlife ......................................................................6
34