Fastener academy

basic
Introduction

Mahendra Jadhav Rajendra Nula

Manager - Engineering & Quality Head - Logistics
Wuerth Industrial Services India Pvt. Ltd. Wuerth Industrial Services India Pvt. Ltd.

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WÜRTH GROUP – A GERMAN FAMILY BUSINESS
since 1945
78,686
Employees Globally in 2019

14.2 Billion Euro 300,000

Sales Turnover in 2019 Number of Clients
We Visit Everyday
33,979
Number of Sales
Representative
125,000 Over 400
Core Products Independent Branch
Companies

World Market Leader

In Industry Equipment Tech

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European logistics center
The linchpin of Würth Industrial Service

56,500 square meters

650,000 storage spaces

Supply 20,000 customers

• Fully automated warehouses • Four different robots

• Multifunctional workstations • Bin washing system

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Würth Industrial Service –
leader in the field of C-parts management

122 650,000 500,000 6,000 1,640 13

Hectares Storage Circulation of System Employees Branch
headquarter spaces goods monthly customers offices
and logistics center

Provides industrial manufacturing customers with customized, logistical procurement and supply concepts

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WÜRTH INDUSTRIAL NETWORK –
WINWORK® service globalization

Over 56 Würth Industrial companies

in 40 countries

International supply for industrial

customers with worldwide production
sites

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WÜRTH INDUSTRIAL NETWORK IN
PACIFIC ASIA
China

Japan

India South Korea

Thailand China Taiwan

Vietnam
Cambodia

Philippines
Malaysia

Indonesia
Singapore
Australia

Central supply & service hub Local warehouse Sales team

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WueRTH industrial services in
India central supply & service hub
Headquarter & Warehouse
Pune, India

Central Functions
Warehouse, Logistic, Purchase, Sourcing, Inside Sales,
Key Account Management, Sales Controlling, Marketing,
Coordination, Virtual Reality Training, CAD Drawings,
Modular Office Space, etc.

Highlights:
Fully integrated SAP SYSTEM
• Provision of infrastructure and qualified staff
• Scalability of the transferred activities
Well equipped QC DEPARTMENT
• Everything from a single source
• Support from the first process survey to the takeover
ISO 9001:2015, ISO 14001:2015 &
OHSAS 18001:2007 Certified

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WueRTH industrial services in
India central supply & service hub

50000 10,000+
Square feet of Products permanently
total area on stock

FAST

FLEXIBLE
5000+ 15000+
Pallet locations Smart bin locations
RELIABLE

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WÜRTH CPS®SYSTEM SOLUTIONS
customized to reduce your costs
Without Würth CPS® Systems Solutions

Purchasing Volume
PO Handling
Costs
Number Of
Suppliers
Number Of
Items
How
B-PARTS,
20%
To
Reduce
C-PARTS,
5%
costs
C-PARTS C-PARTS C-PARTS
60% 75% 85%
A-PARTS,
75%

MINIMUM Procurement Share most management cost

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THE CLASSICAL WÜRTH PRODUCT RANGE
WE OFFER MORE THAN 1 MILLION PRODUCTS TO OUR CUSTOMERS

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INDUSTRY 4.0 SERVICE PROVIDER
IN INDIA

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Agenda

1 Introduction to fasteners

2 Different standards

3 Grade and material

4 Different surface finish

5 Securing fastener

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Würth Group laboratories
overview and global distribution

Germany

Switzerland

USA
 Over 10 labs worldwide in 8
Italy countries

Slovakia  Aligned by the 3rd-party association

IFEP
India

Brazil

China

A laboratory for our customers!

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The effectiveness of quality assurance

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Quality instruments at WISIPL:
LAB EQUIPMENT

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Introduction to fasteners

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Threaded fasteners

A fastener is a hardware device that mechanically joins or affixes two or more objects together.

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Fastening types:
Permanent
Welding Gluing Riveting

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Fastening types:
Temporary

Threaded fastener

• Bolts
• Studs
• Screws

Non-threaded fastener

• Keys
• Pin

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Topics to discuss Standard

Material

Thread

Drive
Finish

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Country standards
ISO International Standard Organization-ISO 4014
DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung-DIN 931
IS Indian standard-IS:1367
ANSI American National Standards Institute ANSI B18.2.1
IFI Industrial Fastener Institute IFI-115
GB Guobiao standards
UNI Italian Organization for Standardization
SN Swiss standards
DIN ISO German output of a original ISO-Norm
EN European norm
JIS Japanese Industrial Standards Institute
GOST Gosudarstvennyy standard (State standard)

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Country standards

DIN ISO GB NFE UNI ANSI

912 4762 70.1 25-125 5931 B 18.3.1 M

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Intention of standardization

Worldwide compatibility for fasteners

Uniform quality measurement methods for quality

assurance departments

Reduction of sort-variety

Global agreement on the standardization of description

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Thread terminology

EXTERNAL THREAD
(MALE)

INTERNAL THREAD
(FEMALE)

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Screw thread terminology

A thread cut on the outside of a

External (male) thread
cylindrical body.

A thread cut on the inside of a

Internal (female) thread cylindrical body.

External thread
Internal thread

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Screw thread terminology

Thread that will assemble when

Right-hand thread turned clockwise.

Thread that will assemble when

Left-hand thread turned counter-clockwise.

Turnbuckle use RH and LH thread at

each end to double displacement.

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Screw thread terminology

The distance between crests of

Pitch threads.

The distance a screw will advance

Lead when turned 360º.

External Thread Internal Thread

Pitch Pitch
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Screw thread forms

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Screw Coarse versus Fine Thread
Coarse thread

• They offer great resistance when it comes to cross-threading and stripping and are thus more
durable.
• They’re not as susceptible to being damaged or nicked, so they do not have to be handled with
special care like fasteners with fine threads do
• The flank engagement is also greater for coarse threads than fine threads
• Coarse threads are also faster to install, are not as negatively affected by plating buildup

Fine thread

• They are stronger in tension and shear than coarse threads

• Their small helix angle makes them less likely to loosen under vibration conditions
• Their finer pitch allows for finer adjustments when needed
• Fine threads can be more easily tapped into thin walled sections and difficult-to-tap materials

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Threads

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Threads

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Different types of threads
Self tapping

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Different types of threads
Self tapping

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Different types of threads
Self tapping

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Different types of threads
PT SCREW

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Thread checking
The threads described on a drawing as “6g” are to be inspected using the size limits for 6g before coating or
plating. This means that the class 6g GO and 6g NOGO limits and gauges must be used to inspect before the
threads are coated or plated. After the threaded parts are coated or plated, they must be inspected using the 6h
GO thread limits and gauges and the 6g NOGO limits and gauges for inspection and acceptance.

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Thread checking
The threads described on a drawing as “Class 2A” are to be inspected using the size limits for Class 2A BEFORE
PLATING OR COATING. This means that the Class 2A GO and 2A NOGO limits and gages must be used to
inspect and accept the pre-plated or coated threads.

After the threaded parts are plated or coated they must be inspected using the Class 3A GO thread limits and
gages and the 2A NOGO limits and gages for inspection and acceptance.

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Screw/bolt/stud

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Head style

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Different drive

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Material and grade

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Material and grade

Ferrous metals
A. Carbon Steels, over 90% of all fasteners are manufactured using carbon steel.
1.Low Carbon (Grades 1, 2,4.6 and 4.8), good workability, can not be case hardened, are weldable, have
good strength properties that can be substantially improved through cold working.
2.Medium Carbon (Grade 5, A325), heat treatable through metallurgical treatment that will increase the tensile
strength of a fastener significantly higher than that of its original material. It is the most attractive balance
between manufacturing convenience, supreme mechanical properties, and cost.
3.High Carbon (Spring Steels)

B. Alloy Steels (Grade 8, A490), the combination of two or more alloying

elements gives the steel the characteristic properties of each.
C. Tool Steels
D. Cast Irons

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Material and grade

Non-ferrous
A. Aluminum, has great versatility and can now equal or exceed the tensile strength of mild steel and at about 1/3
the weight.
B. Copper and copper alloys, one of the most malleable of all metals. It is useful and necessary in many types of
electrical applications.
1. Brass, relatively inexpensive, is easily molded into any shape or form and possesses strength, toughness and
good corrosion resistance.
2. Bronze, high resistance to corrosive influences, such as extreme temperatures, and atmospheric conditions.
C. Stainless steels, most common uses are where there are problems of corrosion, temperature, and strength.
Because of its high tensile strength, corrosion
resistant qualities and ability to attain a mirror-like finish, it is one of the
most versatile of all metals.

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Material as per ISO898-1

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Material and grade ISO898-1(Bolt/Scr)

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Grade hex screw family ISO-898-1

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Grade comparison

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Material as per ISO3506-Stainless steel

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Material as per ISO3506

The steel groups and the strength classes are designated with a four-character sequence of letters and digits.
Example:
A2–70
A Austenite steel
2 Alloy type in group A
70 Tensile strength not less than 700 MPa,strain-hardened
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Material and grade ISO898-2 (nut)

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Material and grade ISO898-2 (pairing)

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Material and grade ISO898-3 (washer)

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Material and grade ISO898-3 (pairing)

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Material and grade ISO898-5 (set screw)

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Material and grade - washer pairing ISO887

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Coating and plating

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Corrosion

Corrosion is the reaction of a metallic material with its environment that causes a measurable change to the
material and may lead to an impairment of the function of a component or of a complete system. This reaction
is usually of an electrochemical nature, but in some cases it may also be of a chemical or metal physical
nature.

Corrosion is unavoidable but the damage caused by corrosion can be avoided through the correct planning
of suitable corrosion protection measures.

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Corrosion types ref ISO8044

Surface corrosion Localized Crevice corrosion

corrosion

Contact corrosion Intercrystalline Stress corrosion

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Coating and plating

Coating is the application of a material, such as metal or an organic compound, to the surface of a fastener.
Plating is the application of a metallic deposit on the surface of the fastener by electrolysis, impact, or other
suitable means. Although the principle reason is to protect against corrosion, such treatments also enhance
appearance, control installation torque-tension relationships, minimize thread seizing (galling) and assist
product identification.

Plating's are the deposition of an adherent metal on to the surface of a base metal. Practically all deposition is
accomplished by hot dip galvanizing, metal spray, vacuum spheridizing, mechanical plating or electroplating
being the most common processes.

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Coating and plating

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Coating and plating

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Coating and plating

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Coating and plating

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Coating and plating

ISO4042 Fasteners — Electroplated coatings

ISO10683 Fasteners — Non-electrolytically applied zinc flake coatings
ISO10684 Fasteners - Hot dip galvanized coatings
DIN50979 Electroplated coatings of zinc and zinc alloys on iron or steel with supplementary Cr(VI)-
free treatment
ISO19598 Electroplated Coatings Of Zinc And Zinc Alloys On Iron Or Steel With Supplementary
Cr(Vi)-Free Treatment

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Coating and plating

Designation system in accordance with DIN EN ISO 4042

DIN EN ISO 4042 does not differentiate between surface coatings containing chromium (VI) and those without
chromium (VI).

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Coating and plating

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Coating and plating

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Coating and plating

Corrosion resistance

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Coating and plating

New designation system in accordance with DIN EN ISO 4042

Fastener with an electroplated coating (ISO 4042) of zinc (Zn), with a required coating thickness of 8 μm and
hexavalent chromium free transparent passivation (An), is designated as follows:
[fastener designation] – ISO 4042/Zn8/A

Fastener with an electroplated coating (ISO 4042) of zinc (Zn) and a required coating thickness of 12 μm, with a
hexavalent chromium free iridescent conversion coating (Cn), with a subsequent sealant with or without integral
lubricant (T2), is designated as follows:
[fastener designation] – ISO 4042/Zn12/Cn/T2

Fastener with an electroplated coating (ISO 4042) of zinc (Zn) and a required coating thickness of 8 μm, with a
hexavalent chromium free black conversion coating (Fn), where a subsequent sealant is left to the choice of the coater,
is designated as follows:
[fastener designation] – ISO 4042/Zn8/Fn
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Coating and plating

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Coating and plating

Designation system in accordance with ISO10683

What is Flzn and Flznnc/Flznyc?

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Plating contain chrome (VI) equivalent alternatives

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Plating contain chrome (VI) equivalent alternatives

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Plating contain chrome (VI) equivalent alternatives

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Plating contain chrome (VI) equivalent alternatives

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Plating contain chrome (VI) equivalent alternatives

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Plating contain chrome (VI) equivalent alternatives

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Coating and plating

Hot dip galvanizing

Hot dip galvanizing is methods of zinc coating which involves immersion of a fastener in molten zinc to provide
a corrosion protecting finish.

Hot-dip fasteners generally have about 10 times as much zinc on the surface and are suitable for use in all
exterior and interior applications. Zinc-plated fasteners will provide a disappointing performance if used
outside, especially when used to connect hot-dip galvanized structural steel members.

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Coating and plating

ISO10684-Hot dip galvanizing

AS PER ISO8991-tZn symbol

• A hexagon head bolt in accordance with ISO 4014, size M12 × 80, property class 8.8, thread tolerance
class 6az and hot dip galvanized is designated as follows
Hexagon head bolt ISO 4014 - M12 × 80 - 8.8U – tZn

• The mating hexagon nut in accordance with ISO 4032, size M12, property class 8, hot dip galvanized and
tapped to thread tolerance
class 6H is designated as follows
Hexagon nut ISO 4032 - M12 - 8 - tZn

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Coating and plating

ISO10684-Hot dip galvanizing

• Applies to coarse threaded steel fasteners from M8 up to and including M64 and for property
classes up to and including 10.9 for bolts, screws and studs and 12 for nuts.
• It is not recommended to hot dip galvanize threaded fasteners in diameters smaller than M8
and/or with pitches below 1,25 mm
• Also applied to non-threaded parts such as steel washers.
• The application of zinc coating by the hot dip process results in the deposition of a heavy
coating thickness of zinc (always in excess of 40 µm). Hence, it is necessary to manufacture
screw threads to special limits in order to accommodate such heavy coatings

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Coating and plating

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Coating and plating

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Coating and plating

Hydrogen embrittlement

Hydrogen embrittlement is the weakening or embrittlement of a fastener, which is caused by hydrogen gasses
being trapped under the surface of the fastener, most generally as a result of being electroplated. The fastener
becomes very brittle, the elasticity is lost. It is most commonly associated with carbon and alloy steels, not stainless
steel or other non-ferrous materials. The potential for hydrogen embrittlement in electroplated fasteners increases in
direct proportion to the amount of carbon in the steel and the hardness of the fasteners. Grade 8 and alloy steels
10.9 are most prone to hydrogen embrittlement because of their higher content of carbon. There may be no
external signs of corrosion or weakening before failure occurs. Hydrogen embrittlement is most generally prevented
by heat treating and baking these high carbon content fasteners after they have been electroplated.

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Securing element

Depending on the application, bolt loosening can have profound consequences. One loose bolt can bring a
whole production plant to a standstill and cost a company thousands, while in other applications loose bolts
can pose a significant safety hazard.

The main bolt loosening reasons:

Spontaneous bolt loosening - shock, vibration, dynamic load
Slackening - settlement, creep, relaxation

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Fastener used against vibration
Locking at the bearing Bonding in the thread

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Fastener used against vibration

Securing against loss

This group of securing devices comprises products that initially are unable to prevent automatic loosening, but
after a more or less large preload force loss prevent complete unscrewing, so that the connection does not
fall apart.

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Fastener used against vibration

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Fastener used against vibration

Ineffective securing elements

The products listed below have no securing effect whatsoever, either with regard to loosening, or with regard
to unscrewing. Use with screws in strength class ≥ 8.8 is not advised.

• Spring washers DIN 127, DIN 128, DIN 6905,DIN 7980

• Wave washers DIN 137, DIN 6904
• Toothed washers DIN 6797, DIN 6906
• Serrated lock washers DIN 6798, DIN 6907
• Tab washers with external tab or two tabs DIN 432,DIN 463
• Hex castle nuts DIN 935, DIN 937 with cotter pins DIN 94

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Fastener used against vibration

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Fastener used against vibration

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Fastener used against vibration

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Fastener used against vibration

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