微波電路講義

Microwave Circuits Notes

瞿大雄 教授
國立臺灣大學電機工程學系
微波電路講義
 General Information
1. Class: EE5009(921U0560) Tue. 9:10-12:10, EE-II 144
2. Textbook: Microwave Engineering, 4th ed., D.M. Pozar, John Wiley &
Sons, 2011
3. Scopes: basic principles and design formula of passive and active
microwave linear circuits using transmission line theory in terms of V(z)
and I(z) (V+(z), V-(z), I+(z), I-(z)) representation and microwave network
analysis in terms of S-parameters
4. Contents:
Ch.2 Transmission line theory, 2.1, 2.3-2.7
Ch.3 Transmission lines and waveguides, 3.1, 3.5, 3.7, 3.8, 3.11
Ch.4 Microwave network analysis, 4.1-4.6
Ch.5 Impedance matching and tuning, 5.1-5.9
Ch.6 Microwave resonators, 6.1, 6.2, 6.5, 6.6
Ch.7 Power dividers and directional couplers, 7.1-7.3, 7.5-7.9
微波電路講義
1
 Ch.8 Microwave filters, 8.3-8.8
Ch.9 Theory and design of ferrimagnetic components, 9.6
Ch.10 Noise and nonlinear distortion, 10.1-10.4
Ch.11 Active RF and microwave devices, 11.1-11.4
Ch.12 Microwave amplifier design, 12.1-12.5
Ch.13 Oscillators and mixers, 13.2, 13.5
Ch.14 Introduction to microwave systems, 14.1-14.6
5. Estimated time table: 48hrs
Date Notes Date Notes
1 9/13 ~2-9 10 11/15 university carnival
2 9/20 ~2-34 11 11/22 ~8-53
3 9/27 ~4-11, Quiz#1(ch.2) 12 11/29 ~10-16, Quiz#4(ch.7)
4 10/4 ~4-27, Quiz#2(ch.3) 13 12/6 APMC
5 10/11 ~5-5 14 12/13 ~11-11. Quiz#5(ch.8)
6 10/18 ~5-36, Quiz#3(ch.4) 15 12/20 ~11-38
7 10/25 ~6-20 16 12/27 ~12-36, Quiz#6(ch.10,11)
8 11/1 ~7-25 17 1/3 ~14-14
9 11/8 Midterm Exam (~ch.6) 18 1/10 Final Exam

2 微波電路講義
6. Grades: review quiz 15%, midterm exam. (Ch.2-Ch.6) 40%, final
exam. (Ch.7-Ch.14) 45%
7. Office hour: Tue. 14:00~16:00 @room 541, or thc@ntu.edu.tw
8. Related readings:
(1) Foundations of interconnect and microstrip design, 3rd ed., T.C. Edwards, M.B. Steer,
John Wiely & Sons, 2000.
(2) Microwave engineering using microstrip circuits, Fooks and Zakarevicius, Prentice
Hall, 1990.
(3) RF/microwave circuit design for wireless applications, U.L. Rohde and D.P. Newkirk,
John Wiley & Sons, 2000.
(4) Microwave and rf design, 2nd ed., M. Steer, Scitech, 2013.
(5) Radio frequency and microwave electronics, M. M. Radmanesh, Prentice Hall, 2001.
(6) Microwave and RF engineering, R. Sorrentino and G. Bianchi, John Wiley & Sons,
2009.
*(7) Foundations for microwave engineering, R.E. Collin, McGraw-Hill, 2nd ed., 1992.

9. Notes (including solved problems and ADS examples) are available at

http://cc.ee.ntu.edu.tw/~thc/ or comm.ntu.edu.tw/faculty.htm

3 微波電路講義
 Chapter 1 Introduction
1. Definition
Microwave: designating or of that part of the electromagnetic
spectrum between the far infrared and some lower frequency limit:
commonly regarded as extending from 300,000 to 300 megahertz.
(Webster’s dictionary)
f: 300MHz - 300GHz  l : 100cm - 0.1cm
electromagnetic spectrum (p.2, Fig.1.1)
2. Why use microwaves?
(1) Antenna gain is proportional to the electric size of the antenna.
 f ↑, gain ↑(p.665, eq.(14.12)) Dmax  2
4 A
miniature microwave system possible l
(2) f ↑  available bandwidth ↑(p.671, Sec.14.2)
e.g., TV BW=6MHz
10% BW of VHF @60MHz for 1channel
1% BW of U-band @60GHz for 100 channels
1-1 微波電路講義
 (3) Line of sight propagation and not affected by cloud, fog,…
 frequency reuse in satellite and terrestrial communications
(frequency division duplexing, FDD)
(4) Radar cross section (RCS) is proportional to the target electrical size.
 frequency ↑, RCS ↑(p.696, Table 14.3)   Ps (14.39)
radar application, see p.690 St
(5) Molecular, atomic and nuclear resonances occur at microwave
frequencies (p.703, Fig.14.29)
 astronomy, medical diagnostics and treatment, remote sensing
and industrial heating applications
3. Biological effects and safety
non-ionized radiation  thermal effect
IEEE standard C95.1-2005 (p.707, Fig. 14.32)
Excessive radiation may be dangerous to brain, eye, genital, stomach
organs,…..  cataract, sterility, cancer,…..
http://www.fda.gov/Radiation-
EmittingProducts/RadiationEmittingProductsandProcedures/HomeBusinessandEntertainment/CellPhones/default.htm
1-2 微波電路講義
 Chapter 2 Transmission Line Theory

2.1 The lumped-element circuit model for a transmission line

transmission line or telegrapher equation,
traveling wave solution
2.3 The terminated lossless transmission line
Zin, G, VSWR
time-average power flow
2.4 The Smith chart
Zin-plot conformal mapped on G-plot
2.5 The quarter-wave transformer
frequency response, TDR
2.6 Generator and load mismatches
impedance match, conjugate match
2.7 Lossy transmission lines
low loss line, distortionless line
perturbation method
2-1
微波電路講義
 2.1 The lumped-element circuit model for a transmission line

• Transmission line equation

TEM lines: coaxial line, parallel line and stripline
i(z, t) i(z+ z, t)
i(z, t)
+ + R z L z +
v(z, t) v(z, t) v(z+ z, t)
- z G z C z
- -
z
z
R, L: conductor resistance, inductance/unit length (series elements)
G, C: dielectric conductance, capacitance/unit length (parallel elements)
v( z , t ) i ( z , t )
  Ri ( z , t )  L
z t
KVL, KCL (2.1)  i ( z , t )
 Gv( z , t )  C
v( z , t )
z t
time-domain form of transmission line equation, or telegrapher equation
微波電路講義
2-2
  time-harmonic form ejwt  wave equation
v( z,t )  Re[V ( z )e jwt ], i( z,t )  Re[ I ( z)e jwt ]
d 2V ( z ) 2 d 2 I ( z) 2
dV ( z )   V ( z )  0,   I ( z)  0
 ( R  jwL ) I ( z ) dz 2 dz 2
dz   ( R  jwL)(G  jwC )    j
dI ( z )
 (G  jwC )V ( z ) propagation constant
dz
• Traveling wave solution
I+(z)
V ( z )  V  ( z )  V  ( z )  Vo e  z  Voe z incident I¯(z) reflected
I(z) wave
    z 1
 z wave
I ( z)  I ( z)  I ( z)  I e o I e 
o (Vo e  z  Voe z )
Zo
 
V+(z)V(z) V¯(z)
R  jwL V V
 Zo    o

o
: characteristic impedance

G  jwC I I o o z
(derivation )
dV ( z )  G  jwC   z
 Vo e  z  Vo e z =  ( R  jwL) I ( z )  I ( z )  (Vo e  z  Voe z )= (Vo e  Voe z )
dz R  jwL R  jwL
1 R  jwL R  jwL
 (Vo e  z  Vo e z )=I o e  z  I o e z  I  ( z )  I  ( z )  Z o  
Zo  G  jwC
微波電路講義
2-3
 time-domain solution
v( z,t )  Vo e  αz cos( wt  βz  Vo )  Vo eαz cos( wt  βz  Vo )
i ( z,t )  I o e  αz cos( wt  βz  I o )  I o eαz cos( wt  βz  I o )

Discussion:
1. attenuation constant

V  (1m)  V  (0m) e 
V  (0m) V  (0m)
  ln 
(Neper)  20log 
(dB),1Np  20log edB  8.68dB
V (1m) V (1m)

V  (z )
P ( z )  P  (0) e2z
e z

z
0m 1m 微波電路講義
2-4
 2 w 2
2. phase constant   wavelength l
l vp 
vp 
w d  1
phase velocity group velocity vg  ( )
 dw
3. characteristic impedance (wave impedance)
Vo V  ( z) Vo V  ( z)
Zo   (   )    (   )
Io I ( z) Io I ( z)
input impedance
V ( z ) V  ( z )  V  ( z ) Vo ez  Voe z
Zin ( z )  (  
  z  z )
I ( z) I ( z)  I ( z) Io e  Io e
4. * Vo
2
V
P  ( z )  V  ( z ) I * ( z )  Vo e z I o*ez  Vo e z o
e z  e 2  z
Zo Zo
*  2
V V
P  ( z )  V  ( z ) I * ( z )  Vo ez I o*ez  Vo ez ( )e z   e 2 z
o o

Zo Zo
5. Transmission line equation can be derived from the Maxwell’s
equations (Sec. 2.2 on coaxial line example).
2-5 微波電路講義
2.3 The terminated lossless transmission line

Zo I(-l)

Zo,β + V(-l)
Vg Gs=0 G(-l) GL ZL
-
Zin (l )
source matched to line -l 0 z
(Zg=Zo) Pinc (l ) Pin (l ), or Ptrans (l )
Prefl (l )  Prefl (0)
standing wave solution
V ( z )  Vo e  jz  Vo e jz
  jz  j z Vo  jz Vo jz
I ( z)  I e
o I e
o  e  e
Zo Zo

2-6 微波電路講義
 • Reflection coefficient (applications in measurement, radar, and
remote sensing)
V  (l ) Vo e  jl
G(l )     jl  G L e  j 2l  e jl G L e jl
V (l ) Vo e
Vo
G(0)    G L
Vo
• Input impedance (application in circuit design)
V (l ) Z  jZ o tan l
Zin (l )   Zo L
I (l ) Z o  jZ L tan l
(derivation)
V (l ) V  e jl  Vo e  jl Vo e jl (1  G L e 2 jl ) 1  G L e 2 jl
Z in (l )   Z o o jl  Z  Z
I (l ) Vo e  Vo e  jl Vo e jl (1  G L e 2 jl ) 1  G L e 2 jl
o o

l 0 V (0) 1  GL Z  Zo
 Z in (0)   Z L  Zo  GL  L
I (0) 1 GL Z L  Zo
e jl  G L e  jl ( Z L  Z o )e jl  ( Z L  Z o )e  jl Z L (e jl  e  jl )  Z o (e jl  e  jl )
Z in (l )  Z o jl  Zo  Zo
e  G L e  jl ( Z L  Z o )e jl  ( Z L  Z o )e  jl Z L (e jl  e  jl )  Z o (e jl  e  jl )
Z L cos  l  jZ o sin  l Z  jZ o tan  l
 Zo  Zo L
jZ L sin  l  Z o cos  l Z o  jZ L tan l

2-7 微波電路講義
 Vmax 1  ΓL
• Voltage standing wave ratio VSWR  
Vmin 1  ΓL
( derivation )
Vo GL
V ( l )  Vo e jl  Vo e  jl  Vo e jl (1  G Le  j 2l )  Vo e j e jl (1  G L e j e  j 2 l )
GL
V ( l )  Vo 1  G L e j e  j 2l

 2n Vmax  Vo 1  G L  l

G L  2l    , 2l    l  
(2n  1)  Vmin  Vo 1  G L 2(2  / l ) 2

• Time-average input or transmitted power flow

 2
1 T 1 1V
Pin ( z )   v(z, t )i (z,t )dt  Re V (z )I (z )   (1  G L )  Pinc  Prefl  Ptrans
* o 2

T o 2 2 Zo
constant time-average incident power time-average reflected power
(lossless line)

2-8 微波電路講義
(derivation )
1 T 1 T
Pin (z )   v (z, t )i (z,t )dt   Re[V (z )e jwt ]Re[ I ( z )e jwt ]dt
T 0 T 0
1 T1 1
  [V (z )e jwt  V * ( z )e  jwt ] [ I ( z )e jwt  I * ( z )e  jwt ]dt
T 0 2 2
1 T

 j 2 wt
= [V ( z ) I ( z ) e j 2 wt
 V *
( z ) I *
( z ) e  V ( z ) I *
( z )  V *
( z ) I ( z )]dt
4T 0

1 T 1
 [V ( z ) I * ( z )  V * ( z ) I ( z )] dt  2 Re[V ( z ) I * ( z )]T
4T 0 4T
1
 Re[V ( z ) I * ( z )]
2
1 1
 Re{(V   V  )( I   I  )*}  Re{V  I *  V  I *  V  I *  V  I *}
2 2
 *  *
Im
 V  I *}  Re{V  I *  V  I *}  Re P   P  
1 V V V V 1 1
 Re{V  I *  
2 Zo Zo 2 2
 2  2  2
lossless line
V V V Vo Z L  Zo
   (1  G L )  Pinc  Prefl , G L  
o o o 2

2Zo 2Zo 2Zo Vo Z L  Zo

2-9 微波電路講義
• Discussion 1  G( z ) Zin ( z )  Zo
1. Zin G Zin ( z )  Zo , G(z) 
1  G( z ) Zin ( z )  Zo
Vo Po
2. Return loss RL  20 log Γ L (dB)  20 log    10 log 
Vo Po
e.g., Γ L  1 0.1 0
RL  0dB 20dB dB
VSWR  1.22 1
all incident power is reflected matched load
"no return loss" " return loss"
3. 1  VSWR  
Q:VSWR for a lossy line?
matched load G L  0  VSWR  1 “N”
4. passive load 0  G L  1, eg. o.c. G L  1, s.c. G L  1, matched load G L  0
active load G L  1

2-10 微波電路講義
 5. Impedance match
Zin(z)=Zo  no reflected wave G(z)=0, VSWR=1, RL= dB
Pin=Pin,max: maximum power delivered to the load
6. l=l/2, Zin(l)=ZL,
l=l/4, Zin(l)=Zo2/ZL impedance inverter or quarter-wave “transformer”
1:n or n:1 l/4
n  VSWR Zo
Rin RL
Rin RL
R
1: n  Rin  2L , n :1  Rin  n 2 RL
n
RL  Z o  RL  Zo RL Z o2 RL RL
1   , R   
1  GL RL  Z o  1:n Z o
in
RL RL2 / Z o2 VSWR 2
VSWR   
1  GL RL  Z o  RL  Zo Z o Z o2 R
1  , Rin   2 L 2  VSWR 2 RL
RL  Z o 
 n:1 RL RL RL / Z o

2-11 微波電路講義
 I o  I o
7. Mismatch loss (ML)
@ z  0, Vo  Vo  VL  IL 
Vo Zo
Zo,β Vo  Vo
V
GL  
, T  L Vg VL
Vo Vo
RL
 Vo (1  G L )  VoT  1  G L  T  
 2  2  2  2
1 V 1 V V 1 V Prefl
Pinc 
o
, Prefl 
o

o
2
o
 GL
2
Pinc  G L
2
 z
2 Zo 2 Zo Vo 2 Zo Pinc
2 2  2
1 VL Z V 1 Vo Zo Ptrans Z
  o L  Pinc  TP Pinc  TP   o T
2 2 2 2
Ptrans 2
T
2 RL RL V  2 Zo RL Pinc RL
o

Zo
Pinc  Prefl  Ptrans  Pinc  G L
2
Pinc  TP
2
Pinc  1  G L
2
 TP
2
 GL
2

2
T
RL
Ptrans
ML(mismatch loss )  10 log  20 log TP
Pinc
Prefl
RL( return loss )  10 log  20 log G L
Pinc
RL  , G L  1, RL  0dB, T  2, TP  0, ML  dB
RL  0, G L  1, RL  0dB, T  0, TP  0, ML  dB
1 3 50 9 3
RL  150, Z o  50, G L  , RL  6dB, T  , TP 
2
 , ML  1.25dB
2 2 150 4 4
50 1 1 50 1 3
RL  , Z o  50, G L   , RL  6dB, T  , TP 
2
 , ML  1.25dB
3 2 2 50 / 3 4 4
RL  50, Z o  50, G L  0, RL  dB, T  1, TP
2
 1, ML  0dB
2-12 微波電路講義
 e.g. transmission line junction T
(p.62, Fig.2.9)
Zo,1 G Zo,2
@ junction, V1  V2  Vo,1  Vo,1  Vo,2
Vo,1 Vo,2
G 
,T  
 Vo,1 (1  G)  Vo,2  Vo,1T  1  G  T
V o ,1 V o ,1

 2  2 2 2
1 Vo ,1 1 Vo ,1 Vo,1 1 Vo,1 Prefl
 , Prefl    G G 
2 2
Pinc 2
Pinc ,
2 Z o ,1 2 Z o ,1 Vo,1 2 Z o ,1 Pinc
 2   2 2
1 Vo ,2 Z o ,1 Vo ,2 1 Vo ,1 Z o ,1 Ptrans Z
   Pinc  TP   o ,1 T
2 2 2 2
Ptrans T Pinc , TP
2 Z o ,2 Z o ,2 V  2 2 Z o ,1 Z o ,2 Pinc Z o ,2
o ,1

Z o ,1
Pinc  Prefl  Ptrans  Pinc  G Pinc  TP Pinc  1  G  TP  G 
2 2 2 2 2 2
T
Z o ,2
Z o ,1  50, Z o ,2  50, G  0, RL  dB, T  1, TP  1, ML  0dB
2

1 3 3
Z o ,1  50, Z o ,2  150, G  , RL  6dB, T  , TP  , ML  1.25dB
2

2 2 4

2-13 微波電路講義
 8. Open-circuited line

, Zo O.C. GL= 1
l l l l V / 2Vo
V  2Vo cos l z

l
j 2V
I sin l
o IZ o /  2 jVo
Zo
Z0
Z in    jX in
j tan l X in / Z o
l

l l
C 
wZ o Zoc
Zo Z
Z in  j o
 j tan l l
1 w w r
j ,   微波電路講義
wC vp c 2-14
 9. Short-circuited line

, Zo S.C. GL= -1
l l l l V / j 2Vo

-l z

V  j 2V sin l
o
IZ o / 2Vo
2Vo
I cos l
Zo
Z in  jZ o tan l  jX in X in / Z o

l

Z ol Z o  r l
L 
w c
Z in  jwL  jZ o tan l
  jZ ol ,  
w w r

vp c
2-15 微波電路講義
(derivation of the y-axis scales in Figs.2-6 and 2-8)
open  circuited transmission line
V  Vo (e  jz  e jz )  2Vo cos z z  0
V
z  l , V  2Vo cos  l , or 
 cos  l
2Vo
Vo  jz jz  j 2Vo j 2Vo IZ o
I (e e )  sin  z  sin  l , or   sin  l
Zo Zo Zo -j 2Vo
Z0 X 1
Z in    jX in , or in 
j tan l Z0 tan l
similarly, for short  circuited transmission line
V
V  Vo (e  jz  e jz )   j 2Vo sin z  j 2Vo sin l , or  sin l
j 2Vo
Vo  jz jz 2Vo 2Vo IZ o
I (e e )  cos  z  cos  l , or 
 cos  l
Zo Zo Zo 2Vo
X in
Z in  jZ o tan l  jX in , or  tan l
Z0
2-16 微波電路講義
 10. Standing wave expression

V ( z )  Vo e  jz  Vo e jz  Vo e  jz (1  G L e j 2z )  Vo e jVo e  jz (1  G L e jG L  j 2z )
V ( z )  Vo 1  G L e jG L  j 2z

 Vo [1  G L cos(G L  2 z )]2  G L sin 2 (G L  2 z )

2

 Vo (1  G L ) 2  2 G L [1  cos(G L  2 z )]
G L
 Vo (1  G L ) 2  4 G L sin 2 ( z  )
2
Vmax  Vo (1  G L )  n
G L 
V ( z)  , z   1
Vmin  Vo (1  G L ) 2  ( n  )
 2
 2n   l
 G L  2 z  G L  2 l   , l   
(2n  1)  2 2(2  / l ) 2

An ADS example of a terminated transmission line is given in Ex1 in

Ch2_prj.
2-17 微波電路講義
 11. Measurable quantities
eg. an open  circuited transmission line
V (l )  Vo e jl  Vo e  jl  2Vo cos l  v(l , t )  Re[Ve jwt ]  2 Vo cos l cos( wt  Vo )

j 2Vo 2 Vo 
2 Vo 
I (l )  sin l  i(l , t )  Re[ Ie ]  
jwt
sin l sin( wt  Vo )  sin l cos( wt  Vo  )
Zo Zo Zo 2
(1) Z in (l ) : most difficult
V (l )
measure v(l , t ) and i ( l , t )  V ( l ) and I ( l )  Z in ( l ) 
I (l )
(2) Gin ( l ) : less difficult
    V  (l )
separate v(l , t ) into v ( l , t ) and v ( l , t )  measure V ( l ) and V ( l )  G in ( l )    1e  j 2l
V (l )
(3) VSWR: least difficult

 Vmax vamp ,max

measure vamp ,max , vamp ,min , vamp (l )  2 V o cos l  VSWR  
Vmin vamp ,min

2-18 微波電路講義
2.4 The Smith chart
Map rectangular plot of z  Z Z o  r  jx onto the polar plot of
G  G e jG (  Gr  jGi ), G  1,  180 o  G  180 o
j

Z o, γ
G x=1 r=1
G GL L
G(-l) inductive G
S.C. O.C.
capacitive
Z (l ) ZL L x= -1
-j
(derivation)
Z  Zo z  1 1  G 1  G r  jGi 1  G r2  G i2  j 2G i
G   z  r  jx   
Z  Zo z  1 1  G 1  G r  jG i (1  G r ) 2  G i2
r 2 1 2 1 1
 (G r  )  Gi2  ( ) , (G r  1) 2  (G i  ) 2  ( ) 2
1 r 1 r x x
2-19 微波電路講義
 微波電路講義
2-20
 Discussion
G ( l ) G L e j 2 l
1. Z L  z L  G L G(l )  z (l )  Z (l )
2. r-circle  x-circle
3. VSWR  rmax
( derivation )
Vmax 1  GL R Vmax 1  GL
VSWR   , rmax  max  
Vmin 1  GL Zo I min Z o 1  G L
Vo GL
V ( l )  Vo e jl  Vo e  jl  Vo e jl (1  G Le  j 2l )  Vo e j e jl (1  G L e j e  j 2 l )
Vo
V ( l )  V o

1  GL e j G L  j 2 l
, I ( l )  1  GL e j G L  j 2 l G
Zo
ZL 2l
 V 
Vmin

 0  Vmax  Vo (1  G L ), I min  (1  G L )
o Vmax
 Zo Imax Imin
G L  2 l  
 
Vo Rmin Rmax
   Vmin  Vo (1  G L ), I max  Z (1  G L )
 o

4. l  λ 2  G  360o
2-21 微波電路講義
 Y
5. z 1 ( y   YZ o )  G  180o
Yo z
(derivation)
1  G 1 1 1  G 1  Ge j 180o
1 G '
z ,z     , G '  Ge j 180o
z-1=y
1 G z 1  G 1  Ge j 180o
1 G '

6. VSWR, lmin  G L V
Vmax GL

Vmin Vmax

Vmin L
lmin 2  lmin
1  GL VSWR  1
VSWR   GL 
1 GL VWSR  1
180o  2lmin  G L
微波電路講義
2-22
7. Ex. 2.4 VSWR=1.5, find ΓL
lmin=4.2-2.72=1.48cm=0.37λ
V

S.C.
load
GL
0.2 2.2 4.2
V Vmin
Vmax
Vmin
unknown L 2  lmin
0.72 2.72 4.72 load
l
 2cm  l  4cm
2
1  GL VSWR  1 1.5  1
VSWR   GL    0.2
1  GL VWSR  1 1.5  1
2  180o
G L  180  2 lmin  180  2
o o
 1.48  360o
4
 180o  266.4o  360o  86.4o 微波電路講義
2-23
 2.5 The quarter-wave transformer

l
4
rL ' rL
Zo Z1 RL

Z in l /4
Z12 RL
matched condition: Zin ( f o )   Zo rL   rL '  rL1  RL '  rL ' Z1
RL Z1
RL ' rL ' Z1 Z1 Z12
    1
Zo Zo Z o rL Z o RL
Discussion
1. Ex.2.5, frequency response (p.73, Fig.2.17)
2. Analysis from multiple-reflection viewpoint (slide 2-28)

2-24 微波電路講義
 2.6 Generator and load mismatches
Iin 1
Zg Pin  Re(Vin I in* )
+ 2
Zo,  1 2 Rin
Vin  Vg
Gg GL ZL 2 ( Rin  Rg ) 2  ( X in  X g ) 2
Gin -
Vg
Zin , Pin Z L , PL lossless line  power delivered to the load
Discussion PL  Pin
1. Impedance match
load matched to the line Z L  Z o (GL  0)  Zin  Z o
1 2 Zo
Pin  Vg
( Z o  Rg ) 2  X g
2
2
source matched to the loaded line Z g  Zin (Gin  0)
1 2 Rg
Pin  Vg
2 4( Rg2  X g2 )
2-25 微波電路講義
( derivation )
time  average input power
1 1 Vin* 1 1
Pin  Re(Vin I in )  Re(Vin * )  Vin Re( * )
* 2

2 2 Z in 2 Z in
2
1 2 Z in Z in 1 2 Rin
 Vg Re( ) Vg
2 Z in  Z g
2
Z in
2
2 ( Rin  Rg ) 2  ( X in  X g ) 2
load matched to the line ( Z L  Z o )
1 2 Rin
Z in  Z o , Pin  Vg
2 ( Z o  Rg ) 2  X g 2
source matched to the loaded line ( Z g  Z in )
1 2 Rg 1 2 Rg
Pin  Vg  Vg
2 ( Rg  Rg ) 2  ( X g  X g ) 2 2 4( Rg 2  X g 2 )

2-26 微波電路講義
 2. Conjugate match
(given a fixed Z g )
 maximum power transfer from source
Zin  Z g (G g  0, Gin  0)
*

Pin Pin
(  0,  0)
Rin X in
1 2 1
Pin ,max  Vg
2 4 Rg (12.9)
 Pavs ( Pinc )  Pin Zin  Z g *
: maximum available power from source

Rg Xg Xin=-Xg Rg
Vg
Gin  0 Gg  0 Rin  G= 0 Rin
=Rg =Rg

Zin , Pin 2-27 微波電路講義

 3. Reflection coefficient (from multiple-reflection viewpoint)
Zo Zg
Zg G1 Γ2 G3 G1 
Z0 Zg
T2 T1 T1  1  G 1
Gg Gin Zo,  GL ZL Zg Z0
G2   G 1
Zg Z0
Z in Z out T2  1 G 2
ZL Z0
-l 0 z G3  GL
ZL Z0

Γ in  G1  T1e  j 2 l G3T2  T1e  j 2 l G3G2 e  j 2 l G3 T2  T1e  j 2 l G3G2 e  j 2 l G3G2 e  j 2 l G3 T2  ...

T1G3T2 e  j 2 l
 G1  T1e  j 2 l
G3T2  (e  j 2 l
G2 G3 )  G1 
n

1  G2 G3e  j 2 l
(1  G1 )G3 (1  G1 )e  j 2 l G1  G3e  j 2 l
 G1  
1  G1G3e  j 2 l 1  G1G3e  j 2 l
2-28 微波電路講義
 Zo  Z g Z L  Z o  j 2l
 e
G1  G 3e  j 2l Zo  Z g Z L  Zo
Γin  
1  G1G 3e  j 2l Z  Z g Z L  Z o  j 2l
1 o e
Zo  Z g Z L  Zo
( Z o  Z g )( Z L  Z o )e jl  ( Z o  Z g )( Z L  Z o )e  jl

( Z o  Z g )( Z L  Z o )e jl  ( Z o  Z g )( Z L  Z o )e jl
Z o Z L cos  l  Z o2 j sin  l  Z g Z L j sin l  Z g Z o cos l 1/ cos  l
 
Z o Z L cos  l  Z j sin  l  Z g Z L j sin  l  Z g Z o cos  l
2
o 1/ cos  l
Z o ( Z L  jZ o tan  l )  Z g ( Z o  jZ L tan  l )

Z o ( Z L  jZ o tan  l )  Z g ( Z o  jZ L tan  l )
ZL  jZ o tan  l
Zo  Zg
Zo  jZ L tan  l Z in  Z g Z  jZ o tan  l
  , Z in  Z o L
Z  jZ o tan  l Z in  Z g Z o  jZ L tan  l
Zo L  Zg
Zo  jZ L tan  l
Z L  Z out Z g  jZ o tan  l
ΓL  , Z out  Z o
Z L  Z out Z o  jZ g tan  l

4. Impedance match (source is matched to the loaded line)

Zin(z)=Zg(z): no reflected wave, Γin(z)=0, VSWR=1, RL= dB
2-29 微波電路講義
2.7 Lossy transmission lines

• low-loss line, R<<wL, G<<wC

1 R L
 (  GZ o ),   w LC , Z o 
2 Zo C
• distortionless line RC=LG
C 1 l
R : constant,   w LC  v p  : constant, t  : constant
L LC vp
L
Zo 
C
• perturbation method
low-loss line (assume Γ(z)=0)
P
P( z )  Po e2z  power loss per unit length: Pl    2P( z )
z
Pl ( z ) Pl ( z  0)
 
2 P( z ) 2 Po
2-30 微波電路講義
Discussion
1.    c   d (Ex. 2.6, 2.7 for a coaxial line, p.721 Appendix J)
a coaxial line
1 C L Rs 1 1 w " 
  (R G ) (  )  c   d
2 L C b a b 2
2 ln
a
2. Wheeler incremental inductance rule
 c  conductor loss  current flow inside conductor
 ΔH in the conductor  ΔL  ΔZ o
L Rs dZ o
c  
2Z o 2Z o  dl

2-31 微波電路講義
 Solved Problems
Prob. 2.16 Vg ,rms  15V , Z g  75, Zo  75, Z L  60  j 40, l  0.7l
calculate PL Iin IL
Zg
+ +
Zo, 
Vg,rms Vin VL ZL
- GL -
Zin Pinc PL
(Vg / 2) 2 Z L  Zo
(1) PL  Pinc (1  G L ), Pinc  , GL  ( Z g  Zo )
2

Zo Z L  Zo
2
Vg Z L  jZ o tan l
(2) PL  I in Rin  Re( Z in ), Z in  Z o
2

Z g  Z in Z o  jZ L tan l
2
V Vg
(3)PL  I L RL  L Re( Z L ),VL  V0 (1  G L ),V0  ( Z g  Z o )
2

ZL 2
 l l Z in Z L  Z o tanh l 
(3)
for a lossy line:Vin  V (e  G L e )  Vg , Z in  Z o  V0 VL  PL
Z in  Z g Z o  Z L tanh l
0

2-32 微波電路講義
 Prob. 2.18 Calculate Pinc, Prefl, Ptrans

50Ω P50 λ/2

P50 50Ω I
Pg Ptrans (Pin)
Pg Pinc
Pinc
10V Ptrans (Pin)  10V 75Ω
Prefl
Prefl
50Ω 75Ω
1 10 1 10 2
Pg  10  0.4W , Pinc  ( ) 50  0.25W
2 50  75 2 50  50
1 10 2 1 10 2
P50   ( ) 50  0.16W , Ptrans  Pin  ( ) 75  0.24W
2 50  75 2 50  75
75  50
2

Prefl  Pinc G  0.25  0.01W

2

75  50
Pinc  Prefl  Ptrans , Pg  P50   Ptrans ( Pin )  P50   Pinc  Prefl  Pg  Pinc  Pin
For conjugate match: Z in  Z g *, ( Rin  Rg ,impedance match)
Pavs  Pin Zin  Z g *
 0.25W ( 0.24W )  P50   0.25W , Pg  0.5W , Prefl  0W

2-33 微波電路講義
Prob. 2.27 Find b/a and Zo for a coaxial line to have minimal αc
Rs 1 1
c  (  )
2 ln b / a a b

c Rs 1 1 1 1 1 1 a
 [ ( )2 (  )  (  2 )]  0
a 2 a ln b / a a b ln b / a a b
1 1 b b b b b
a (  )  ln ,1   ln   3.59
a b a a a a a
 b
Zo  ln  77, for  r  1
2 a
ADS examples: Ch2_prj

2-34 微波電路講義