Module 3: Agricultural Extension

Programme Management

WORKBOOK
Module 3: Agricultural Extension
Programme Management
Pre-assessment
Answer the following questions without going through the learning
content. This is to determine how much you already know about
the subject. You will also be asked to complete a post-assessment
after you have worked through the learning content. Rate your
knowledge on the topics on a scale of 1 to 5 by circling the
corresponding number.

Question Self-assessment
Low High
I am confident in my ability to define
1 1 2 3 4 5
management goals in my organisation.
I am able to explain the nature and
2 1 2 3 4 5
scope of management.
I am able to describe extension
programme types, need-driven
3 1 2 3 4 5
programmes and the common features
of extension programmes.
I am confident in my ability to identify
4 key tools for extension programmes 1 2 3 4 5
and programme planning.
I am able to identify different methods
5 of organising and departmentalisation 1 2 3 4 5
in extension organisations.
I understand the various theories
of management and personnel
6 1 2 3 4 5
management in extension
organisations.

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 Question Self-assessment
Low High
I am confident in my ability to motivate
7 1 2 3 4 5
staff within my extension organisation.
I am confident in my ability to manage
8 coordination and control within a 1 2 3 4 5
pluralistic system of extension.
I understand the management
9 information system and its role in 1 2 3 4 5
organisational management.
I am able to apply monitoring
10 and evaluation tools for effective 1 2 3 4 5
organisational management.

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Study unit 1: Theories and practice of
agricultural extension management
Session 1.1: Definition, theories and principles
of management
Activity 1.1 Individual activity: Basic concepts and
theories in extension management
Answer the following in your own words. Write your answer in the
space provided.
1. What does management involve? (3)
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2. Fill in the missing words to complete the statement. (2)

2.1. _________ management is responsible for managing all
production functions within an organisation.
2.2. ___________ management is responsible for
identifying consumer needs and making sure the
goods and services to meet those needs are
delivered.
2.3. ___________ management is responsible for
making sure that an organisation has enough
financial resources available for operation.
2.4. ____________ management is responsible for all
employee-related aspects in an organisation.
3. Briefly discuss the principles of management. (8)
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4. Briefly discuss different levels of management. (3)

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5. Name the different styles of management and give a brief

explanation of each. (4)
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6. List four core skills a good manager needs. (4)

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4  Total: 24 marks
Session 1.2: Functions of management
Activity 1.2 Individual activity: Improving efficiency
Answer the following in your own words. Write your answer in the
space provided.
1. Explain the functions of management in an organisation.
(5)
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2. What is the function of upper level management in an

organisation? (1)
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 Total: 6 marks

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 Summative assessment: Unit 1
Answer the following questions in your own words. Write your
answer in the space provided.
1. Which management style is the best one for a good manager
to use and why? (2)
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2. What is the purpose of different levels of management in an

organisation?(8)
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3. Discuss the management principles that are key to successful
management.
(10)
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 Total: 20 marks

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 Study unit 2: Approaches to management
strategies of extension organisations
Session 2.1: Publicly funded extension systems
Activity 2.1 Group activity: The relevance of publicly
funded systems
Discuss the roles of different public agencies involved in extension
activities in your country with your colleagues. List some of the
roles you have discussed below.
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Session 2.2: Privately funded extension systems

Activity 2.2 Individual activity: The relevance of privately
funded systems
Answer the following questions in your own words. Write your
answer in the space provided.
1. Name an example of a non-governmental organisation
involved in extension service provision.  (1)
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2. What is the advantage of having volunteer organisations

involved in extension programmes?  (1)
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3. What is a disadvantage of volunteer organisations in

extension service provision in India?  (2)
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 Total: 4 marks

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 Summative assessment: Unit 2
Theoretical assessment
Answer the following questions in your own words. Write your
answer in the space provided.
1. Explain the difference between publicly and privately funded
extension systems.  (3)
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2. What is the advantage of a pluralistic approach to agricultural

extension?  (4)
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3. What advantages do privately funded extension

systems have compared to publicly funded extension
systems?  (4)
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4. What was the main reason that the World Bank Training and
Visit System failed?  (2)
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 Total: 13 marks

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 Study unit 3: Leadership, motivation and
group dynamics
Session 3.1: Leadership
Activity 3.1 Individual activity: Leadership theories and
motivation
Answer the following questions in your own words. Write your
answer in the space provided.
1. Why is the understanding of leadership so important to
extension managers?  (2)
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2. What leadership style does an autocratic leader employ? (1)

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3. Does the leadership style mentioned in Question

2 change depending on the situation or problem the
leader faces? (1)
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4. Consider a task given to an employee by their superior. What

would motivate the employee to complete the task on time?(3)
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 Total: 7 marks
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Session 3.2: Work group dynamics and
creativity
Activity 3.2 Individual activity: Improving group
performance and interaction
Answer the following questions in your own words. Write your
answer in the space provided.
1. Briefly explain the roles in a group. (4)
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2. Is this statement true or false? If false, what is the correct

statement?
Good communication is the key to getting a job done well without
conflict.  (2)
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3. List the different types of leadership.  (3)

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4. Explain which leadership style is the best.  (1)

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 Total: 10 marks

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 Summative assessment: Unit 3
Answer the following questions in your own words. Write your
answer in the space provided.
1. What are the advantages and disadvantages of diversity in a
team or group?  (3)
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2. Briefly explain what motivation is and why it is important

within an extension organisation.  (2)
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3. Explain the different types of leadership and which

situations they are suited to.  (6)
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Total: 11 marks

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Study unit 4: Extension programmes and
programme planning
Session 4.1: The importance of extension
programmes and planning
Activity 4.1 Individual activity: Extension programme
planning
Answer the following questions in your own words. Write your
answer in the space provided.
1. Define what an extension programme is. (2)
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2. Fill in the missing words to complete the statements below.(5)

Programme planning starts with a _________ to identify issues.
It then uses a programme objective to find a ________to those
problems. Programme __________ moves the solution into
actuality. ___________ makes a continuous study of how
successful the extension methods have been. In the
reconsideration phase, the evaluation results are used as
a basis to __________ the extension programme.
Total: 7 marks

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 Session 4.2: Extension programmes, types,
assumptions and principles
Activity 4.2 Individual activity: Types and principles of
extension programme planning
Answer the following questions in your own words. Write your
answer in the space provided.
1. List the principles of outcomes-focused planning. (6)
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2. Briefly discuss the different types of extension

programmes. (4)
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Total: 10 marks

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Session 4.3: Programme development cycle and
steps in programme planning
Activity 4.3 Individual activity: The programme
development cycle
Answer the following questions in your own words. Write your
answer in the space provided.
1. List the eight steps you use in the programme planning cycle.
(8)
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2. Is this statement true or false? If false, what is the correct

statement?
The programme logic model is the foundation for programme
planning.  (2)
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3. Why is extension programme planning important? (1)

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Total 11: marks

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 Summative assessment: Unit 4
Answer the following questions in your own words. Write your
answer in the space provided.
1. Explain how extension programme planning is thought of as a
cycle.(5)
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2. Explain why the programme logic model is the foundation of

programme planning? (3)
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3. What is the ultimate aim of extension programme planning?

(1)
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4. Is the following statement true or false? If false, what is the
correct statement? (2)
When planning your project it is not important to follow a step-
by-step approach to make sure that all the needs of the target
clients are discovered and considered and addressed.
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Total: 11 marks

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 Study unit 5: Managing organisational
change and conflict resolution
Session 5.1: Organisational change
Activity 5.1 Individual activity: Management’s role in
organisational change
Answer the following questions in your own words. Write your
answer in the space provided.
1. Why is organisational change necessary?  (1)
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2. What is the role of management in organisational change? (2)

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3. Is this statement true or false? If false, what is the

correct statement? (2)
Change is necessary for growth and development.
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4. Is this statement true or false? If false, what is the

correct statement? (2)
Change is an easy and comfortable process.
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 Total: 7 marks
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Session 5.2: Conflicts and conflict management
Activity 5.2 Individual activity: Conflict resolution
Answer the following questions in your own words. Write your
answer in the space provided.
1. What are some situations in organisational change where
conflict may arise? (2)
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2. What is the most important tool in conflict management and

why?(2)
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3. What is the best way to manage conflicts with stakeholders?

(3)
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Total: 7 marks

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 Summative assessment: Unit 5
Answer the following questions in your own words. Write your
answer in the space provided.
1. Change is stressful. Describe the type of situations you may
encounter as a manager during organisational change that can
cause conflict. (4)
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2. Explain what the role of management is in organisational

change.(3)
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3. Change is necessary for growth and development.

Explain why you as a manager might encounter
resistance to change and how you would go about
resolving such a conflict. (3)
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Total: 10 marks

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Study unit 6: Involvement of farmers and
tools in programme planning
Session 6.1: Involving stakeholders in planning
extension programmes
Activity 6.1 Individual activity: The importance of
involving stakeholders
Answer the following questions in your own words. Write your
answer in the space provided.
1. Is this statement true or false? If false, what is the correct
statement?
It is not important to involve farmers in extension programme
planning.(2)
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2. Describe what methods you can use to involve farmers in

programme planning. (3)
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3. Why is it important to engage other stakeholders to become

involved in extension programme planning?  (2)
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 4. Fill in the missing words. (4)
Stakeholders can be engaged through _________or by written
____________. They can be offered material _________for their
input in the planning process. They may spontaneously want to
become involved so that the programme can address needs that
they have ___________ in their context.
Total: 11 marks

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Session 6.2: Tools in programme planning
Activity 6.2 Individual activity: Identify and apply
programme planning tools
Answer the following questions in your own words. Write your
answer in the space provided.
1. Explain the important things you will need to do that will
influence your extension planning approach? (5)
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Total: 5 marks

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 Summative assessment: Unit 6
Answer the following questions in your own words. Write your
answer in the space provided.
1. Explain the importance of stakeholder involvement in
extension programme planning. (2)
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2. Explain what you need to do before you can set up an action

plan for your programme and why. (5)
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3. Explain why it is important to involve farmers in

programme planning and how you can engage them to
become involved. (3)
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Total: 10 marks

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Study unit 7: Time management
Session 7.1: Good time management and
defining goals
Activity 7.1 Individual activity: Balancing time
management
Answer the following questions in your own words. Write your
answer in the space provided.
1. What is time management and why is it important in extension
programme management?  (2)
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2. Is this statement true or false? If false, what is the correct

statement?(2)
Procrastination is the biggest time waster.
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3. Which of the following aspects of time management

promote productivity in the workplace? Mark all
relevant answers with an X.  (3)
Delegation
Procrastination
Planning and organisation
Interruptions
Crisis management
Balancing time
Total: 7 marks
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 Session 7.2: Analysing energy allocation
Activity 7.2 Individual activity: Understand and ensure
good energy flow
Answer the following questions in your own words. Write your
answer in the space provided.
1. Describe what energy is in the context of the workplace? (2)
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2. How do you ensure good energy flow in the workplace? (3)

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3. Why is energy allocation important in the workplace? (1)

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Total: 6 marks

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Session 7.3: Identifying personal style
Activity 7.3 Individual activity: Managing your time
Answer the following in your own words. Write your answer in the
space provided.
1. Think of a project that you have recently completed. List
your personal motivators to complete a task, e.g. salary, job
satisfaction, sense of achievement, etc.
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2. Think of a project you recently worked on. Can you identify

any areas where you did not plan and use your time well, e.g.
planning, implementation, evaluation, etc.?
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3. What are the biggest time wasters that you are

faced with in your work context, e.g. procrastination,
interruptions, etc.?
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 Summative assessment: Unit 7
Answer the following questions in your own words. Write your
answer in the space provided.
1. List the biggest time wasters in the workplace and explain how
you can minimise wasted time.  (5)
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2. Why is energy flow important in the workplace?  (3)

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3. Explain why it is important for you to define your

goals, identify your strengths and your motivators.  (4)
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Total: 12 marks

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Study unit 8: Human resource
management
Session 8.1: Human resource management
functions
Activity 8.1 Individual activity: The function of HRM
Answer the following questions in your own words. Write your
answer in the space provided.
1. What function does human resource management serve in
globalisation?  (2)
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2. Is this statement true or false? If false, what is the correct

statement?  (2)
HRM needs to adapt their approaches to adapt to the increasing
diversity found in modern working environments.
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3. What management style is human resource

management likely to use? (1)
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Total: 5 marks

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 Session 8.2: Legal implications of human
resource management
Activity 8.2 Individual activity: Legal implications
Answer the following questions in your own words. Write your
answer in the space provided.
1. Is this statement true or false? If false, what is the correct
statement?(2)
Human resource management must perform their duties in
keeping with employment law and employee rights at all times.
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2. Is this statement true or false? If false, what is the correct

statement?(2)
Human resource management has a responsibility to inform an
employee of their rights according to employment law.
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3. Briefly explain why labour relations is an

important function of human resource management. (3)
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Total: 7 marks

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Summative assessment: Unit 8
Answer the following questions in your own words. Write your
answer in the space provided.
1. Is this statement true or false? If false, what is the correct
statement?(2)
HRM has the task of monitoring staff turnover within an
organisation.
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2. Explain why it is important for human resource management

to monitor staff turnover.  (4)
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3. What role does human resource management play in

managing employee performance?  (3)
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 4. Is this statement true or false? If false, what is the correct
statement?(2)
Human resource management only deals with employees in
selected levels within an organisation.
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Total: 11 marks

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Study unit 9: Coordination and control in
agricultural extension management
Session 9.1: Organisational control
Activity 9.1 Individual activity: The concept and nature of
organisational contro
Answer the following questions in your own words. Write your
answer in the space provided.
1. What is organisational control?  (1)
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2. Is this statement true or false? If false, what is the correct

statement?(2)
Organisational control does not make plans effective and causes
the organisation to be inefficient.
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3. Fill in the missing words. (2)

Controls are a way of ________ the manager to problems.
It helps them make better ________ because it gives them
the _________ they need to make the necessary decisions to
________ the plan.
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Total: 5 marks
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 Session 9.2: The control process
Activity 9.2 Individual activity: Methods and obstacles of
organisational control
Answer the following questions in your own words. Write your
answer in the space provided.
1. List the components of the organisational control process.  (4)
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2. Name the control method that keeps the organisation’s

activities consistent.  (1)
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3. List the major obstacles for organisational control. (4)

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Total: 9 marks

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Session 9.3: Principles of, and barriers to
coordination
Activity 9.3 Individual activity: Aspects of coordination
Answer the following questions in your own words. Write your
answer in the space provided.
1. List the types of coordination.  (3)
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2. What is the advantage of coordination in relation to the

pluralism in extension?  (1)
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3. What are some of the barriers that can affect

coordination?  (3)
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Total: 7 marks

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 Summative assessment: Unit 9
Answer the following questions in your own words. Write your
answer in the space provided.
1. Explain what external coordination is and give an example of
this type that you might encounter in your work.  (8)
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2. Fill in the missing words. The control process involves

collecting _______________ on organisational
performance and then allocating, _________ and
regulating ________ on a _________ basis to achieve
the goals of an organisation.
Managers need to be aware of ____________ within an
organisation and it is the duty of management to __________
the performance standards to their employees.  (6)
Total: 14 marks

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Study unit 10: Management information
systems
Session 10.1: Basic information system
concepts
Activity 10.1 Individual activity: Digital aspects of an
information system
Answer the following questions in your own words. Write your
answer in the space provided.
1. What is the advantage of digital record storage in business?(1)
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2. Is this statement true or false? If false, what is the correct

statement?(2)
Extension programmes can benefit from having websites.
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3. Explain the concept of e-business and why it can be

beneficial to extension service provision.  (4)
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Total: 7 marks

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 Session 10.2: Working with management
information system staff
Activity 10.2 Individual activity: Ethical issues
Answer the following questions in your own words. Write your
answer in the space provided.
1. Why is it important to protect electronic information? (2)
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2. What methods can be used to ensure the security of

information systems?  (3)
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Total: 5 marks

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Session 10.3: Using computer applications
systems in management
Activity 10.3 Individual activity: Using application
software to solve business problems
Answer the following questions in your own words. Write your
answer in the space provided.
1. Explain the differences between the different MIS tools. (6)
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2. How are MISs useful in extension organisations? (1)

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Total: 7 marks

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 Summative assessment: Unit 10
Answer the following questions in your own words. Write your
answer in the space provided.
1. Explain what is meant by business information system
components.  (5)
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2. Explain the benefit of the e-business concept for extension

service provision. (3)
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3. Fill in the missing words.  (5)

Management has an _________to protect _________ they
work with and to ensure that the use of ________ products is
done in an ethical way. The more __________ the information,
the greater the need for __________ to be implemented.
Total: 13 marks

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Study unit 11: Monitoring and evaluation
Session 11.1: Monitoring for effective
management
Activity 11.1 Individual activity: The value of monitoring
Answer the following questions in your own words. Write your
answer in the space provided.
1. List the four performance indicators used in the monitoring
process.(2)
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2. Fill in the missing words. Monitoring means to _____ and

check the ______ of a project over time. (1)
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3. Is this statement true or false? If false, what is the

correct statement?
It is not necessary to know what the objectives of a
project are to be able to monitor progress.  (2)
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Total: 5 marks

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 Session 11.2: Evaluation for effective
management
Activity 11.2 Individual activity: Managing effectively
Answer the following questions in your own words. Write your
answer in the space provided.
1. Describe what the attainment of objectives model assumes.(1)
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2. Is this statement true or false? Is false, what is the correct

statement?(2)
Value for money should reflect results that are valued by farmers
as users of extension services.
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3. Fill in the missing words. (6)

________ gives a basis for _________ and improving the
extension programme. This process helps the extension
agents determine the ________ to which they are
__________ what they set out to do and gives them the
___________ to make a report to the public about their
activities or the value of a programme.
4. Is this statement true or false? If false, what is the
correct statement? (2)
Receiving feedback or complaints in response to these
progress reports ensures that the programme managers will be
accountable to the stakeholders.
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 Total: 11 marks
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Summative assessment: Unit 11
Answer the following questions in your own words. Write your
answer in the space provided.
1. What are the principles of monitoring and what requirement
must be met for monitoring to be effective?  (3)
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2. List the four performance indicators used to monitor progress.

Give an example of each type of indicator and describe how
you will be able to measure the quality of an indicator. (10)
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 3. List all the steps you need to follow for good evaluation. (8)
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Total: 21 marks

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Post-assessment
The post-assessment is to be done once you have read through
the module and completed all the activities. Compare your
answers to those in the post assessment to identify where
knowledge has been gained and where improvements can be
made. Rate your knowledge on the topics on a scale of 1 to 5 by
circling the corresponding number.

Question Self-assessment
Low High
I am confident in my ability to define
1 1 2 3 4 5
management goals in my organisation.
I am able to explain the nature and
2 1 2 3 4 5
scope of management.
I am able to describe extension
programme types, need-driven
3 1 2 3 4 5
programmes and the common features
of extension programmes.
I am confident in my ability to identify
4 key tools for extension programmes 1 2 3 4 5
and programme planning.
I am able to identify different methods
5 of organising and departmentalisation 1 2 3 4 5
in extension organisations.
I understand the various theories
of management and personnel
6 1 2 3 4 5
management in extension
organisations.
I am confident in my ability to motivate
7 1 2 3 4 5
staff within my extension organisation.

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 Question Self-assessment
Low High
I am confident in my ability to manage
8 coordination and control within a 1 2 3 4 5
pluralistic system of extension.
I understand the management
9 information system and its role in 1 2 3 4 5
organisational management.
I am able to apply monitoring
10 and evaluation tools for effective 1 2 3 4 5
organisational management.