Trigonometric Ratios, Identities and Equations PDF

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7. TRIGONOMETRIC
R AT I O S , I D E N T I T I E S
A N D E Q U AT I O N S
1. INTRODUCTION
The equations involving trigonometric functions of unknown angles are known as Trigonometric equations e.g.
cos
= θ 0,cos2 θ − 4 cos
= θ 1,sin2 θ + sin
= θ 2cos2 θ − 4 sin
= θ 1.
2. TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS (CIRCULAR FUNCTIONS)
Function Domain Range

sin A R [–1, 1]
cos A R [-1, 1]
tan A R − ( 2n + 1 ) π / 2,n ∈ I  R= ( − ∞, ∞ )
cosec A R − nπ,n ∈ I  ( −∞, −1 ∪ 1, ∞ )
sec A
{
R − ( 2n + 1 ) π / 2,n ∈ I } ( −∞, −1 ∪ 1, ∞ )
cot A R − nπ,n ∈ I  ( −∞, ∞ )
We find, sinA ≤ 1, cos A ≤ 1,sec A ≥ 1 or sec A ≤ −1 and cosec A ≥ 1or cosec A ≤ −1
2.1 Some Basic Formulae of Trigonometric Functions Y
(a) sin2 A + cos2 A =

1. II quadrant I quadrant
(b) sec2 A − tan2 A =

1 cosec }
only sin
are + ve All t-ratios are + ve
2 2
(c) cosec A − co t A =
1 X’ X
(d) sinA
= cosec A tanA
= cot A cos
= A sec A 1 III quadrant IV quadrant
A system of rectangular coordinate axes divide a plane into four }

only tan
cot
are + ve only cos
sec } are + ve
quadrants. An angle θ lies in one and only one of these quadrants.

The signs of the trigonometric ratios in the four quadrants are shown in Y’
Fig 7.1. Figure 7.1
7 . 2 | Trigonometric Ratios, Identities and Equations
PLANCESS CONCEPTS
A crude way to remember the sign is “Add Sugar to Coffee”. This implies the 1st letter of each word gives
you the trigonometric functions with a +ve sign.
Eg. Add-1st word ⇒ 1st quadrant 1st letter=A ⇒ All are positive to-3rd word ⇒ 3rd quadrant 1st letter-t
⇒ tan θ (cot θ ) are positive.
Ravi Vooda (JEE 2009, AIR 71)
Sine, cosine and tangent of some angles less than 90º:
Trigonometric 0º 15º 18º 30º 36º

ratios
sin 0
6− 2 5 −1 1 10 − 2 5
4 4 2 4
cos 1
6+ 2 10 + 2 5 3 5 +1
4 4 2 4
tan 0
2− 3 25 − 10 5 1
5−2 5
5 3
37º 45º 53º 60º 90º
sin ≈ 3/5 1 ≈ 4/5 1
3
2
2
cos ≈ 4/5 1 ≈ 3/5 0

1
2 2
tan ≈ 3/4 1 ≈ 4/3 Not defined

3
Illustration 1: Prove the following identities:
(i) (1 + tan A ) +  1 + tan1 A  =

2
2 2
1
sin A − sin 4
A
2 (JEE MAIN)
1 + tan2 θ
 1 − tan θ 
(ii) = 
1 + cot θ  1 − cot θ 
2
Sol: (i) Simply by using Pythagorean and product identities, we can solve these problems.
 1 
(i) L.H.S. = (1 + tan2 A) +  1 +  = sec A + (1 + cot A)
2 2
 tan2 A 
1 1 sin2 A + cos2 A 
=sec2 A + cosec2=
A= + =  sin2 θ + cos2 θ 1
cos2 A sin2 A sin2 A.cos2 A  
M a them a tics | 7.3
1 1
= = = R.H.S.  cos2 θ = 1 − sin2 θ 
2
(
sin A 1 − sin A 2
) sin A − sin4 A
2  
Hence proved.
1 + tan2 θ sec2 θ sin2 θ
(ii) L.H.S. = = = = tan2 θ … (i)
1 + cot θ cosec θ cos2 θ
2 2
2 2
    2
2
 1 − tan θ   1 − tan θ   1 − tan θ   1 − tan θ 
Now, R.H.S. = =  =    =  . tan θ  = tan2 θ … (ii)
 ( )
 1 − cot θ  1 − 1   tan θ − 1   − 1 − tan θ 
    
 tan θ   tan θ 
From (i) and (ii), clearly, L.H.S. = R.H.S. Proved.
Illustration 2: Prove the following identities: (JEE MAIN)

sin2 A cos2 A 1
(i) =
+ = − 2 sec2 A cosec2 A − 2
2 2 2 2
cos A sin A sin A cos A
(ii) sec4 A (1 – sin4 A) – 2 tan2 A = 1
Sol: Use algebra and appropriate identities to solve these problems.
(sin A ) + (cos A )
2 2
2 2
sin2 A
cos2 A sin4 A + cos4 A + 2sin2 A cos2 A − 2sin2 A.cos2 A
(i) += =
cos2 A sin2 A sin2 A cos2 A sin2 A cos2 A
(sin )
2
2
A + cos2 A − 2sin2 A cos2 A 1 − 2sin2 A cos2 A
= =
sin2 A cos2 A sin2 A cos2 A
1 2sin2 A cos2 A
= − = sec2 A cosec2 A – 2 = R.H.S. Proved.
2 2 2 2
sin A cos A sin A cos A
sin4 A
(ii) L.H.S. = sec4 A (1 – sin4 A) – 2 tan2 A = sec 4 A − − 2 tan2 A = sec 4 A − tan4 A − 2 tan2 A
4
cos A
( )
2
= 1 + tan2 A − tan4 A − 2 tan2 A = 1 + 2 tan2 A + tan4 A – tan4 A – 2 tan2 A = 1 = R.H.S. Proved.
Illustration 3: Prove the following identities:
1 + cos α 1 + sin α
(i) = cosecα + cot α (ii) = secα + tan α (JEE MAIN)
1 − cos α 1 − sin α
Sol: By rationalizing L.H.S. we will get required result.
(1 + cos α )
2
1 + cos α 1 + cos α 1 + cos α
(i) L.H.S. = = × =
1 − cos α 1 − cos α 1 + cos α 1 − cos2 α
(1 + cos α=
)
2
1 + cos α 1 cos α
= = + = cosecα + cot
= α R.H.S. Proved.
sin α 2 sin α sin α sin α
(1 + sin α=)(1 + sin α ) (1 + sin α ) (1 + sin α )

2 2
1 + sin α
(ii) L.H.S. =
= =
1 − sin α (1 − sin α )(1 + sin α ) 1 − sin2 α cos2 α
1 + sin α 1 sin α
= = + = sec α + tan=
α R.H.S. Proved.
cos α cos α cos α
Illustration 4: In each of the following identities, show that:

cot Α + tanB sin2 A − sin2 B
(i) = cot A. tanB (ii) tan2 A − tan2 B = (JEE ADVANCED)
cotB + tanA cos2 A cos2 B
Sol: Apply tangent and cotangent identity.
cos A sinB cos A cosB + sinA sinB

+
cot A + tanB sinA cosB sinA cosB
(i) L.H.S. = = =
cotB + tanA cosB sinA cos A cosB + sinA sinB
+
sinB cos A sinBcos A
sinBcos A  cos A  sinB 

= =  =  cot
= A tanB R.H.S. Proved.
sinA cosB  sinA  cosB 
sin2 A sin2 B sin2 A cos2 B − cos2 A sin2 B

(ii) L.H.S. = tan2 A − tan2 B = − =
cos2 A cos2 B cos2 A cos2 B
=
( ) ( )
sin2 A 1 − sin2 B − 1 − sin2 A sin2 B
=
sin2 A − sin2 A sin2 B − sin2 B + sin2 A sin2 B
=
sin2 A − sin2 B
= R.H.S. Proved.
cos2 A cos2 B cos2 A cos2 B cos2 A cos2 B
1 1 1 1
Illustration 5: Prove the following identities: − = − (JEE ADVANCED)
cosecθ − cot θ sin θ sin θ cosecθ + cot θ
1 1 2
Sol: By rearranging terms we will get + = , and then using Pythagorean identity
cosecθ − cot θ cosecθ + cot θ sin θ
we can solve this problem.
1 1 1 1
We have, − = −
cosecθ − cot θ sin θ sin θ cosecθ + cot θ
1 1 1 1 1 1 2
⇒ + = + ⇒ + =
cosecθ − cot θ cosecθ + cot θ sin θ sin θ cosecθ − cot θ cosecθ + cot θ sin θ
1 1 cosecθ + cot θ + cosecθ − cot θ

Now, L.H.S. = + =
cosecθ − cot θ cosecθ + cot θ ( cosecθ − cot θ )( cosecθ + cot θ )
2cosecθ  cosec2 θ − cot2 θ =1

=
(cosec θ − cot θ)
2 2  
2cosecθ 2  1 
= = = R.H.S.  cosecθ =  Proved.
1 sin θ  sin θ 
Alternative Method
R.H.S
=
1
−
1
= cosec θ −
( cosec θ − cot θ )
sin θ cosec θ + cot θ cosec2 θ − cot2 θ
= cosec θ − cosec θ + cot θ
= cot θ Proved.
Illustration 6: Prove that:
(i)
(1 + cot A + tanA )( sinA − cos A ) = sin2 A.cos2 A
sec3 A − cosec3 A
sinA cos A
(ii) + 1
= (JEE ADVANCED)
sec A + tanA − 1 cosecA + cot A − 1
Sol: Using algebra and appropriate identities, we can prove this.
(i) L.H.S. =
(1 + cot A + tanA )( sinA − cos A )
sec3 A − cosec3 A
 cos A sinA 
1 + +  ( sinA − cos A )
sinA cos A 
= 
( sec A − cosecA ) ( sec
( )
 a3 − b3 = ( a − b ) a2 + ab + b2 
2
A + sec A cosec A + cosec A 2
)  
(sinA cos A + cos 2

)
A + sin2 A ( sinA − cos A )  sinA
( sinA cos A + 1)  sinA −
cos A


sinA cos A   cos A sinA cos A
= =
( sec A − cosecA )  2 + cos A1sinA + 12  ( sec A − cosecA )  sin A + sinA
 1   2
cos A + cos A 
2

 cos A sin A   sin2 A cos2 A 
=
( sinA cos A + 1)( sec A − cosecA ) × sin2 A cos2 A  sin2 θ + cos2 θ =1 = sin2 A cos2 A = R.H.S. Proved.
( sec A − cosecA )(1 + sinA cos A )  
sinA cos A
(ii) L.H.S. = +
sec A + tanA − 1 cosec A + cot A − 1
sinA cosecA + sinA cot A − sinA + cos A sec A + cos A tanA − cos A
=
( sec A + tanA − 1)( cosecA + cot A − 1)
1 + cos A − sinA + 1 + sinA − cos A 2
= =
 1 sinA  1 cos A   1 + sinA − cos A  (1 + cos A − sinA )
 + − 1 + − 1  
 cos A cos A   sinA sinA   cos A  sinA
2sinA cos A 2sinA cos A

= =
1 + ( sinA − cos A )  1 − ( sinA − cos A )  1 − ( sinA − cos A )2
  
2sinA cos A  ( a + b )( a − b ) = a2 − b2 
=
( 2 2
1 − sin A + cos A − 2sinA cos A )  
2sinA cos A 2sinA cos A 2sinA cos A

= =  sin2 θ + cos2 θ =1 = = 1= R.H.S. Proved.
1 − (1 − 2sinA cos A ) 1 − 1 + 2sinA cos A   2sinA cos A
Illustration 7: Prove that:

 1 1  2 1 − sin2 θ.cos2 θ
 +  sin θ.cos2 θ = (JEE ADVANCED)
 sec2 θ − cos2 θ cosec2 θ − sin2 θ  2 + sin2 θ.cos2 θ
Sol: Write L.H.S. in terms of cosine and sine functions.

 1 1  2
L.H.S. =  +  sin θ.cos2 θ
 sec2 θ − cos2 θ cosec2 − θ sec2 θ 
 
 
 1 1   cos2 θ sin2 θ  2
=  +  sin2 θ cos
= 2
θ  + 2
 sin θ cos θ
 1 1  4 4
 1 − cos θ 1 − sin θ 
 − cos2 θ − sin2 θ 
 cos2 θ sin2 θ 
 
cos2 θ sin2 θ
=  + ( )( )
 sin2 θ cos2 θ  a2 − b2 = a − b a + b 
( )(
 1 + cos2 θ 1 − cos2 θ
 ) (
1 − sin2 θ 1 + sin2 θ )( ) 


 
cos2 θ sin2 θ
=  +  sin2 θ cos2 θ
( )
 1 + cos2 θ sin2 θ cos2 θ 1 + sin2 θ
 ( ) 

=
cos4 θ
+ 
=
sin4 θ (
cos4 θ 1 + sin2 θ + sin4 θ 1 + cos2 θ 
 ) ( )
2 2
1 + cos θ 1 + sin θ 2
1 + cos θ 1 + sin θ2
( )( )
=
cos4 θ + sin2 θ cos4 θ + sin4 θ + sin4 θ cos2 θ
=
(
sin4 θ + cos4 θ + sin2 θ cos2 θ cos2 θ + sin2 θ )
(1 + cos θ)(1 + sin θ)
2 2
(1 + cos θ)(1 + sin θ)
2 2
(sin θ) + (cos θ) + 2sin θ cos θ − sin θ cos θ

2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
=
(1 + cos θ)(1 + sin θ)
2 2
=
(sin θ + cos θ) =
2 2
− sin θ cos θ 2 2
1 − sin θ cos θ
=
2 2
1 − sin2 θ cos2 θ
= R.H.S. Proved.
1 + sin2 θ + cos2 θ + sin2 θ cos2 θ 1 + 1 + sin2 θ cos2 θ 2 + sin2 cos2 θ
3. TRANSFORMATIONS
3.1 Compound, Multiple and Sub-Multiple Angles
Circular functions of the algebraic sum of two angles can be expressed as circular functions of separate angles.
sin (A ± B) = sin A cos B ± cos A sin B; cos (A ± B) = cos A cos B  sin A sin B
tanA ± tanB cot A cotB  1

tan ( A ± B ) = ; cot ( A ± B ) =
1  tanA. tanB cotB ± cot A
Circular functions of multiples of an angle can be expressed as circular functions of the angle.
2 tanA
sin2A 2sinA
= = cos A
1 + tan2 A
1 − tan2 A
cos2A = cos2 A − sin2 A = = 2 cos2 A – 1 = 1 – 2 sin2 A
1 + tan2 A
2 tanA
tan2A = ; = 3sinA − 4 sin3 A
sin3A
2
1 − tan A
3tanA − tan3 A
cos3A 4 cos3 A − 3cos A ;
= tan3A =
1 − 3tan2 A
Circular functions of half of an angle can be expressed as circular functions of the complete angle.
A 1 − cos A A 1 + cos A A 1 − cos A 1 − cos A sinA

sin = ; cos = ; tan
= = =
2 2 2 2 2 1 + cos A sinA 1 + cos A
3.2 Complementary and Supplementary Angles
sin ( −θ ) = − sin θ π 
cos  + θ  = − sin θ
 2 
cos ( −θ
= ) cos θ π 
tan  + θ  = − cot θ
2 
tan ( −θ ) = − tan θ sin ( π − θ=
) sin θ
π 
sin  − θ=
 cos θ cos ( π − θ ) = − cos θ
2 
π 
cos  − θ= sin θ tan ( π − θ ) = − tan θ
2 
π 
tan  − θ= cot θ sin ( π + θ ) = − sin θ
2 
π 
sin  + θ=
 cos θ cos ( π + θ ) = − cos θ
2 
tan ( π + θ=
) tan θ

3.3 Product to Sum and Sum to Product

C +D C −D C +D C −D
sinC + sinD =
2sin .cos ; sinC − sinD =
2cos .sin
2 2 2 2
C +D C −D C +D D−C
cosC + cosD =
2cos .cos ; cosC − cosD =
2sin .sin
2 2 2 2
π π
C + −D C − +D
π  2 2
Note: sinC + cosD = sinC + sin  − D  = 2sin .cos
2  2 2
sinC sinD sin ( C + D ) 1

tanC + tanD = + =
cosC cosD cosC.cosD
; sinA.cosB
=
2
{ }
sin ( A + B ) + sin ( A − B )
1 1
sinA.sinB
=
2
{ }
cos ( A − B ) − cos ( A + B ) ; cos A.cosB
=
2
{
cos ( A − B ) + cos ( A + B ) }
sin ( A + B ) .sin ( A − B=
) sin2 A − sin2 B ; cos ( A + B ) .cos ( A − =
B ) cos2 A − sin2 B
3.4 Power Reduction
1 1
sin2=
A
2
(1 − cos2A ) cos2=
A
2
(1 + cos2A )

1 − cos2A 3sinA − sin3A 3cos A + cos3A
tan2 A = ; sin3 A = ; cos3 A =
1 + cos2A 4 4
PLANCESS CONCEPTS
2 3
 sin2n A
• cos A.cos2A.cos2 .A cos2= A......cos2n−1 A  if A ≠ nπ
 2n sinA

 1 if A= 2nπ
 −1 if A = (2n+ 1)π

• sin
= ( A1 + A2 + .... + An ) cos A1 cos A2 ....cos An (S1 − S3 + S5 − S7 + .... )
• cos
= ( A1 + A2 + .... + An ) cos A1 cos A2 ....cos An (1 − S2 + S4 − S6 .... )
S − S3 + S5 − S7 + ....
• tan ( A1 + A2 + .... + An ) =1
1 − S2 + S 4 − S6 + ....
Where,
S1 = tan A1 + tan A2 + …. + tan An = The sum of the tangents of the separate angles.
S2 = tan A1 tan A2 + tan A1 tan A3 + …. = The sum of the tangents taken two at a time.
S3 = tan A1 tan A2 tan A3 + tan A2 tan A3 tan A4 + ….. = Sum of tangents three at a time, and so on.
If A1 = A2 = ….. = An = A, then S1 = n tan A, S2 = nC2 tan2 A. S3 = nC3 tan3 A, …..
Vaibhav Gupta (JEE 2009, AIR 54)
4. TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITY
A trigonometric equation is said to be an identity if it is true for all values of the angle or angles involved. A given
identity may be established by (i) Reducing either side to the other one, or (ii) Reducing each side to the same
expression, or (iii) Any convenient, modification of the methods given in (i) and (ii).
4.1 Conditional Identity

When the angles, A, B and C satisfy a given relation, we can establish many interesting identities connecting the
trigonometric functions of these angles. To prove these identities, we require the properties of complementary and
supplementary angles. For example, if A + B + C = π , then
1. sin (B + C ) = − cos ( C + A ) 2. cos ( A + B ) =

sinA,cosB = sin ( A + B )
− cosC,sinC =
A +B C C A +B
3. tan ( C + A ) = − cot (B + C ) 4.=
− tanB,cot A = cos sin
= ,cos sin
2 2 2 2
C+A B A B+C B+C A B C+A

5.=
sin cos
= ,sin cos 6.
= tan cot
= ,tan cot
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Some Important Identities: If A + B + C =π , then
tanA tanB tanC 2. cotB cot C + cot C cot A + cot A cotB =

1. tanA + tanB + tanC = 1
B C C A A B A B C A B C
3. tan tan + tan tan + tan tan =1 4. cot + cot + cot =cot cot cot
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
5. sin2A + sin2B + sin2C =

4 sinA sinB sinC 6. cos2A + cos2B + cos2C =−1 − 4 cos A cosB cosC
A B C
7. cos2 A + cos2 B + cos2 C =
1 − 2cos A cosB cosC 8. sinA + sinB + sinC =
4 cos cos cos
2 2 2
A B C
9. cos A + cosB + cosC =
1 + 4 sin sin sin
2 2 2
Illustration 8: Show that:
1
(i) sin ( 40º +θ ) cos (10º +θ ) − cos ( 40º +θ ) sin (10º +θ ) =
2
π  π  π  π 
 sin ( θ + φ )
(ii) cos  − θ  cos  − φ  − sin  − θ  sin  − φ= (JEE MAIN)
4  4  4  4 
Sol: Use sum and difference formulae of sine and cosine functions.
(i) L.H.S. = sin ( 40º +θ ) cos (10º +θ ) − cos ( 40º +θ ) sin (10º +θ )
1
{ }
= sin ( 40º +θ ) − (10º +θ )  sin ( A
= − B ) sinA cosB − cos A sinB  = sin30º
= = R.H.S.
2
Proved.
π  π  π  π 
(ii) L.H.S. = cos  − θ  cos  − φ  − sin  − θ  sin  − φ 
4  4  4  4 
 π  π   π 
= cos  − θ  +  − φ    cos ( A= + B ) cos A cosB − sinA =
sinB  cos  − ( θ + φ ) 
 4  4   2 
 π  
= sin ( θ + φ ) =R.H.S.  cos  − θ=  sin θ  Proved
  2  
1  3π  5 π 
Illustration 9: Find the value of tan ( α + β ) , given that cot α= , α ∈  π,  and sec β = − , β ∈  , π  .
2  2  3 2 
(JEE MAIN)
tan α + tan β
Sol: As we know, tan ( α + β ) = , therefore by using product and Pythagorean identities we can obtain
1 − tan α. tan β
the values of tanα and tanβ .
1
Given, cot α = ⇒ tan α =2
2
5 25 4
Also, sec β = − . Then tan β = sec2 β − 1 =± − 1 =±
3 9 3
π  4
But β ∈  , π  ⇒ tan β = −  tan β is − ve in II quadrant 
2  3
 4 2
2 + −  +
4  3  = 3 = + 2
Substituting tan α =2 and tan β = − in (1), we get tan ( α + β ) =
3  4  11 11
1 − (2)  − 
 3  3
Illustration 10: Prove that: tan3A tan2A tanA = tan3A − tan2A − tanA (JEE MAIN)
tan α + tan β
Sol: Here we can write tan3A as tan ( 2A + A ) , and then by using tan ( α + β ) = we can solve this
problem. 1 − tan α tan β
tan2A + tanA
We have: 3A = 2A + A ⇒ tan3A = tan ( 2A + A ) ⇒ tan3A =
1 − tan2A tanA
7 . 1 0 | Trigonometric Ratios, Identities and Equations
⇒ tan3A (1 − tan2A tanA ) =tan2A + tanA ⇒ tan3A − tan3A tan2A tanA = tan2A + tanA
tan3A tan2A tanA Proved.

⇒ tan3A − tan2A − tanA =
Illustration 11: Prove that: 2 + 2 + 2 + 2cos8θ = 2cos θ (JEE MAIN)
Sol: Use 1 + cos2

= θ 2cos2 θ , to solve this problem.
L.H.S. = 2 + 2 + 2 + 2cos8θ = 2 + 2 + 2 (1 + cos8θ )
= 2 + 2 + 2(2cos2 4θ)  1 + cos2

= θ 2cos2 θ 
 
= 2 + 2 + 2cos 4θ= 2 + 2 (1 + cos 4θ ) = (

2 + 2 2cos2 2θ = ) 2 + 2cos2θ
= 2(1 + cos2
= θ) 2.2cos
= 2
θ 4 cos2 θ = 2cos θ = R.H.S. Proved.
m 1 π
Illustration 12: If tan A = and tan B = , prove that A – B = (JEE ADVANCED)
m−1 2m − 1 4
tanA − tanB
Sol: Simply using tan (A – B) = , we can prove above equation.
1 + tanA. tanB
m 1
We have, tan A = and tan B =
m−1 2m − 1
tanA − tanB
Now, tan (A – B) = ... (i)
1 + tanA. tanB
Substituting the values of tan A and tan B in (i), we get

m 1
2m2 − m − m + 1 (m − 1 )( 2m − 1 )
−
tan (A – B) = m − 1 2m −1 = × 1
=
 m  1 
1+  
( m − 1 )( 2m − 1 ) 2m2 − 3m + 1 + m
 m − 1   2m − 1 
π  π  π
⇒ tan ( A − B ) =
tan  tan = 1 ⇒ A − B = Proved.
4  4  4
nsin α cos α
Illustration 13: If tan β = ; prove that tan ( α − β =
) (1 − n) tan α (JEE ADVANCED)
1 − nsin2 α
tan α − tan β
Sol: Same as above problem tan ( α − β ) = , therefore by substituting
1 + tan α tan β
nsin α cos α
tan β = , we can prove given equation.
1 − nsin2 α
tan α − tan β
L.H.S. = tan ( α − β ) = ... (i)
1 + tan α tan β
sin α nsin α cos α
−
nsin α cos α cos α 1 − nsin2 α  sin α 
Substituting tan β = in (i), we get L.H.S. =  tan α = 
2
1 − nsin α sin α nsin α cos α  cos α
1+ .
cos α 1 − nsin2 α
M a them a ti cs | 7.11
=
( )
sin α 1 − nsin2 α − nsin α cos2 α
=
3
sin α − nsin α − nsin α cos α 2
cos α (1 − nsin α ) + nsin α cos α

2 2 2 2
cos α − nsin α cos α + nsin α cos α
sin α − nsin α ( sin α + cos α ) sin α − nsin α

2 2
=
cos α cos α
 sin2 α + cos2 α =1 = (

1 − n) sin α
  cos α
= (1 − n) tan α= R.H.S. Proved.
k sin α sin α
Illustration 14: If θ + φ = α and sin=
θ k sin φ , prove
= that tan θ = ,tan φ (JEE ADVANCED)
1 + k cos α k + cos α
Sol: Here φ = α − θ , substitute this in sin=

θ k sin φ and then use compound angle formula to obtain required
result.
We have, θ + φ = α ⇒ φ = α − θ ... (i)
θ k sin φ
and sin= ... (ii)
⇒ sin
= θ k sin ( α − θ ) [Using = (i)] k sin α cos θ − cos α sin θ 
⇒ sin
= θ k sin α cos θ − k cos α sin θ ... (iii)
Dividing both sides of (iii) by cos θ, we get tan
= θ k sin α − k cos α. tan θ
k sin α
⇒ tan θ + k cos α. tan
= θ k sin α ⇒ tan θ (1 + k cos α=
) k sin α ⇒ tan θ = Proved.
1 + k cos α
Again, θ k sin φ
sin= ⇒ sin ( α −=
φ ) k sin φ θ + φ = α ⇒ θ = α − φ 
⇒ sin α cos φ − cos α sin
= φ k sin φ ... (iv)
Dividing both side of (iv) by cos φ , we get
sin α
⇒ sin α − cos α tan
= φ k tan φ ⇒ (k + cos α ) tan φ= sin α ⇒ tan φ = Proved.
k + cos α
α+β β+γ γ+α

Illustration 15: Prove that: cos α + cos β + cos γ + cos ( α + β + γ ) = 4 cos cos cos (JEE ADVANCED)
2 2 2
α+β α −β
Sol: Use cos α + cos β = 2cos   cos   , to solve this problem.
 2   2 
L.H.S = cos α + cos β + cos γ + cos ( α + β + γ ) = ( cos α + cos β ) + cos γ + cos ( α + β + γ ) 
α+β α −β α+β+ γ + γ α+β+ γ −γ

= 2cos   cos   + 2cos   .cos  
 2   2   2   2 
α+β α −β  α + β + 2γ  α+β

= 2cos   cos   + 2cos   cos  
 2   2   2   2 
 α + β   α −β  α + β + 2γ  
= 2cos   cos   + cos  
 2    2   2  
  α − β α + β + 2γ   α + β + 2γ α − β  
+ −
 α + β   
2 2
 
2 2 

= 2cos   2cos   cos  
 2   2   2 
   
     
 α + β   α+γ  β + γ   α+β β+ γ  γ+α

= 2cos   2cos   cos    = 4 cos  2  cos  2  cos  2  = R.H.S. Proved.
 2    2   2        
 2π   4π 
Illustration 16: If x cos
= θ y cos  θ +=  z cos  θ +  , then show that xy + yz + zx = 0. (JEE ADVANCED)
 3   3 
 2π   4π 
Sol: Consider x cos
= θ y cos  θ +=  z cos  θ + =  k , obtain the value of x , y and z in terms of k, and solve
L.H.S. of given equation.  3   3 
 2π   4π 
Let x cos
= θ y cos  θ +=  z cos  θ + =  k ... (i)
 3   3 
 2π   4π 
cos  θ +  cos  θ + 
1 cos θ 1  3  1  3 
=
⇒ = , = ,
x k y k z k
xyz xyz xyz 1 1 1 
Now, L.H.S. = xy + yz + zx = + + = xyz  + + 
z x y z x y
  4π   2π  
 cos  θ +  cos  θ + 
 3 + cos θ  3  xyz   4π   2π  
= xyz  + [Using
= (i)]  cos  θ +  + cos  θ +  + cos θ 
 k k k  k   3   3  
 
 
xyz  2θ + 2π π  xyz  π  xyz  1 

= 2cos cos + cos θ  = 2cos ( π + θ ) cos + cos θ  =  −2cos θ.   + cos θ 
k  2 3  k  3  k  2 
xyz xyz
=  − cos θ + cos θ  = 0  = 0 ⇒ xy + zy + zx =
0 Proved.
k  k  
Illustration 17: Prove that: cos θ cos2θ cos 4θ......cos2n−1 θ =

( )
sin 2n θ
(JEE ADVANCED)
2n ( sin θ )
Sol: Multiply and divide L.H.S. by 2sinθ and apply sin ( 2θ=
) 2sin θ cos θ .
Here, we observe that each angle in L.H.S. is double of the preceding angle.
L.H.S. = cos θ cos2θ cos 4θ......cos2n−1 θ
=
1
2sin θ
(
( 2sin θ.cos θ ) cos2θ.cos 4θ.....cos2n−1 θ = 2 1 ( 2sin2θ.cos2θ ) cos 4θ......cos2n−1 θ
2 sin θ
)
1
= ( 2sin 4θ.cos 4θ ) cos8θ cos16θ......cos2n−1 θ  sin=
2n θ 2 sin n θ cos n θ 
23 sin θ
=
1
( 2sin8 θ.cos8 θ)  cos16 θ......cos2n−1 
θ =
1 
2sin2n−1
θ cos2
=n−1 
θ
( )
sin 2n θ
= R.H.S. Proved.
24 sin θ   2n sin θ   2n sin θ
acos φ + b θ a−b φ
Illustration 18: If cos θ = , prove that tan = tan (JEE ADVANCED)
a + bcos φ 2 a+b 2
θ φ
1 − tan2 1 − tan2
2 2 acos φ + b
Sol: Substitute cos θ = and cos φ = in given equation i.e. cos θ = .
2 θ 2 φ a + bcos φ
1 + tan 1 + tan
2 2
 2 φ
 1 − tan 
a.  2 +b
1 − tan2
θ  1 + tan2 φ 
acos φ + b  
Now, cos θ = ⇒ 2 =  2 [Using (i)]
a + bcos φ θ  2 φ
1 + tan2  1 − tan 
2 a + b 2
 1 + tan φ 
2
 
 2
θ a 1 − tan2 φ  + b 1 + tan2 φ  φ φ
1 − tan2  2   2  a − atan2 + b + b tan2
⇒ 2 =     = 2 2
2 θ  2 φ  2 φ 2 φ 2 φ
1 + tan a 1 + tan  + b 1 − tan  a + atan + b − b tan
2  2  2 2 2
Applying componendo and dividendo, we get
θ φ φ
2 tan2
2
2atan2   − 2b tan2  
2 2
( a − b ) tan2 2φ θ a−b φ
= ⇒ tan = tan Proved
2 2a + 2b a+b 2 a+b 2
5. SOLUTION OF TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATION

A solution of a trigonometric equation is the value of the unknown angle that satisfies the equation.
1 π 3π 9π 11π
Eg.: if sinθ
= ⇒=
θ , , , ,......
2 4 4 4 4
Thus, the trigonometric equation may have infinite number of solutions (because of their periodic nature). These
solutions can be classified as:
(i) Principal solution (ii) General solution
5.1 Principal Solution

 , π ) are called principal solutions.
The solutions of a trigonometric equation which lie in the interval −π
Methods for Finding Principal Value

1
Suppose we have to find the principal value of θ satisfying the equation sin θ = − . Since sin θ is negative, θ
2
will be in 3rd or 4th quadrant. We can approach the 3rd and the 4th quadrant from two directions. Following the
anticlockwise direction, the numerical value of the angle will be greater than π . The clockwise approach would
result in the angles being numerically less than π. To find the principal value, we have to take the angle which is
numerically smallest.
Y
X’ /6 /6 X
B
Y’
Figure 7.2
For Principal Value

(a) If the angle is in the 1st or 2nd quadrant, we must select the anticlockwise direction and if the angles are in the
3rd or 4th quadrant, we must select the clockwise direction.
(b) Principal value is never numerically greater than π .
(c) Principal value always lies in the first circle (i.e. in first rotation)
π 5π π π
On the above criteria, θ will be − or − . Among these two − has the least numerical value. Hence − is the
6 6 6 6
1
principal value of θ satisfying the equation sin θ = −
2
From the above discussion, the method for finding principal value can be summed up as follows:
(a) First identify the quadrants in which the angle lies.
(b) Select the anticlockwise direction for the 1st and 2nd quadrants and select clockwise direction for the 3rd and
4th quadrants.
(c) Find the angle in the first rotation.
(d) Select the numerically least value among these two values. The angle thus found will be the principal value.
(e) In case, two angles, one with a positive sign and the other with a negative sign have the same numerical value,
then it is the convention to select the angle with the positive sign as the principal value.
5.2 General Solution

The expression which gives all solutions of a trigonometric equation is called a General Solution.
General Solution of Trigonometric Equations

In this section we shall obtain the general solutions of +1
trigonometric equations
sin
= θ 0,cos
= θ 0,tan
= θ 0 and cot θ =0 .
General Solution of sin θ =0 -2 -3/2 - -2
O
2

3/2
2
By Graphical approach:
The graph clearly shows that sin θ =0 at
-1
θ= 0, π, 2 π,......, − π, −2 π ..... Figure 7.3
So the general solution of sin θ =0 is θ = nπ : n ∈ I where n = 0, ± 1, ± 2 …………………..

Note: Trigonometric functions are periodic functions. Therefore, solutions of trigonometric equations can be
generalized with the help of periodicity of trigonometric functions.
PLANCESS CONCEPTS
A trigonometric identity is satisfied by any value of an unknown angle while a trigonometric equation is
satisfied by certain values of the unknown.
Vaibhav Krishnan (JEE 2009, AIR 22)
Method for Finding Principal Value

(a) First note the quadrants in which the angle lies.
(b) For the 1st and 2nd quadrants, consider the anticlockwise direction. For the 3rd and 4th quadrants, consider the
clockwise direction.
(c) Find the angles in the 1st rotation.

(d) Select the numerically least value among these two values. The angle found will be the principal value.
Illustration 19: Principal value of tan θ = −1 is (JEE MAIN)
Sol: Solve it by using above mentioned method.

Y
 tanθ is negative
B +
∴ θ will lie in 2nd or 4th quadrant 3
For the 2 quadrant, we will choose the anticlockwise direction and for the 4 quadrant,
nd th 4
we will select the clockwise direction. X’ X
-
π 3π + - 4
In the first circle, two values − and are obtained.
4 4
π A
Among these two, − is numerically least angle.
4 Y’
π
Hence, the principal value is − Figure 7.4
4
1
Illustration 20: Principal value of cos θ = is: (JEE MAIN)
2
Sol: Here cos θ is ( + ) ve hence θ will lie in 1st or 4th quadrant.
 cos θ is ( + ) ve ∴ θ will lie in the 1st or the 4th quadrant.
Y
B
For the 1st quadrant, we will select the anticlockwise direction and for the 4th quadrant,

we will select the clockwise direction.
3
π −π
As a result, in the first circle, two values and are found. X’
O
X
3 3 -
π π 3
Both and − have the same numerical value.
3 3
A
π
In such a case, will be selected as the principal value, as it has a positive sign. Y’
3
Figure 7.5
Illustration 21: Find the general solutions of the following equations:
3 
(i) sin2θ =0 (ii) cos  θ  =0 (iii) tan2 2θ =0 (JEE MAIN)
2 
Sol: By using above mentioned method of finding general solution we can solve these equation.
nπ
(i) We have, sin2θ = 0 ⇒ 2θ = nπ ⇒ θ = where, n = 0, ± 1, ± 2, ± 3......
2
nπ
Hence, the general solution of sin2θ =0 =
is θ ,n ∈ Z
2
(ii) We know that, the general solution of the equation cos θ =0 is =

θ ( 2n + 1) 2π ,n ∈ Z
 3θ 
Therefore, cos   = 0 ⇒
3θ π
= ( 2n + 1 ) ⇒ =
θ ( 2n + 1) 3π , where n = 0, ± 1, ± 2 …….
 2  2 2
 3θ 
Which is the general solution of cos   = 0
 2 
(iii) We know that the general solution of the equation tan θ =0 is θ = nπ , n ∈ Z
nπ
Therefore, tan2 2θ =0 ⇒ tan2θ =0 ⇒ 2θ = nπ ⇒ θ = , where n = 0, ± 1, ± 2 ………
2
Which is the required solution.
6. PERIODIC FUNCTION
A function f (x) is said to be periodic if there exists T > 0 such that f (x + T) = f (x) for all x in the domain of definition
of f (x). If T is the smallest positive real number such that f (x + T) = f (x), then it is called the period of f (x).
( 2nπ + x ) sinx,cos=
We know that, sin= ( 2nπ + x ) cos x , =
tan (nπ + x ) tanx for all n ∈ Z
Therefore, sinx, cosx and tanx are periodic functions. The period of sinx and cosx is 2π and the period of tanx is π .
Function Period
sin ( ax + b ) ,cos ( ax + b ) ,sec ( ax + b ) ,cosec ( ax + b ) 2π / a
tan ( ax + b ) ,cot ( ax + b ) π/a
sin ( ax + b ) , cos ( ax + b ) , sec ( ax + b ) , cosec ( ax + b ) π/a
tan ( ax + b ) , cot ( ax + b ) π / 2a
(a) Trigonometric equations can be solved by different methods. The form of solutions obtained in different
methods may be different. From these different forms of solutions, it is wrong to assume that the answer
obtained by one method is wrong and those obtained by another method are correct. The solutions obtained
by different methods may be shown to be equivalent by some supplementary transformations.
To test the equivalence of two solutions obtained from two different methods, the simplest way is to put
values of n = ……….. – 2, – 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ……. etc. and then to find the angles in [0, 2π]. If all the angles in both
the solutions are same, the solutions are equivalent.
(b) While manipulating the trigonometric equation, avoid the danger of losing roots. Generally, some roots are
lost by cancelling a common factor from the two sides of an equation. For example, suppose we have the
equation tan x = 2 sin x. Here by dividing both sides by sin x, we get cos x = 1/2.
(c) While equating one of the factors to zero, we must take care to see that the other factor does not become
infinite. For example, if we have the equation sin x = 0, which can be written as cos x tan x = 0. Here we cannot
put cos x = 0, since for cos x = 0, tan x = sin x / cos x is infinite.
(d) Avoid squaring: When we square both sides of an equation, some extraneous roots appear. Hence it is
necessary to check all the solutions found by substituting them in the given equation and omit the solutions
that do not satisfy the given equation.
For example: Consider the equation, sin θ + cos θ =1 …. (i)
Squaring, we get 1 + sin2θ =1 or sin2θ =0 …. (ii)
This gives θ= 0, π / 2, π,3π / 2 ………
Verification shows that π and 3π / 2 do not satisfy the equation as sin π + cos π = −1, ≠ 1 and
sin3π / 2 + cos3π / 2 =−1, ≠ 1 .
The reason for this is simple.
The equation (ii) is not equivalent to (i) and (ii) contains two equations: sin θ + cos θ =1 and sin θ + cos θ = −1 .
Therefore, we get extra solutions.
Thus if squaring is a must, verify each of the solutions.
Some Necessary Restriction: If the equation involves tan x, sec x, take cos x ≠ 0. If cot x or cosec x appear, take
sin x ≠ 0. If log appears in the equation, then number > 0 and base of log > 0, ≠ 1.
Also note that f ( θ )  is always positive. For example, sin2 θ = sinθ , not ± sin θ .
 
Verification: Students are advised to check whether all the roots obtained by them satisfy the equation and lie in
the domain of the variable of the given equation.
7. SOME TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS WITH THEIR GENERAL SOLUTIONS
Trigonometric equation General solution
If sin θ =0 θ = nπ
If cos θ =0 θ= (nπ + π / 2)= ( 2n + 1) π / 2
If tan θ =0 θ = nπ
If sin θ =1 θ= 2nπ + π / 2= ( 4n + 1) π / 2
If cos θ =1 θ= 2nπ
θ = nπ + ( −1 ) α where α ∈  −π / 2, π / 2 
n
If sin θ
= sin α
If cos=
θ cos α θ= 2nπ ± α where α ∈ 0, π 
If tan=
θ tan α θ = nπ + α where α ∈  −π / 2, π / 2 
If sin2=
θ sin2 α θ = nπ ± α
2
If cos= θ cos2 α θ = nπ ± α
2
If tan= θ tan2 α θ = nπ ± α
If sin θ= sin α θ= 2nπ + α

cos= θ cos α
If sin θ= sin α θ= 2nπ + α

tan= θ tan α
If tan=
θ tan α θ= 2nπ + α
cos=
θ cos α
Note: Everywhere in this chapter, “n” is taken as an integer.
Illustration 22: Solve: sinmθ + sinnθ = 0 (JEE MAIN)

α+β α −β
Sol: By using sin α + sin β = 2sin   cos   , we can solve this problem.
 2   2 
We have, sinmθ + sinnθ = 0
m+n m−n m+n m−n

⇒ sin   θ.cos   θ =0 ⇒ sin   θ =0 or cos   θ =0
 2   2   2   2 
m+n m+n
Now, sin   θ =0 ⇒   θ = rπ,r ∈ Z ... (i)
 2   2 
m−n m−n π
And cos   θ =0 ⇒ cos  2  θ =cos 2
 2   
m−n  2p + 1 
⇒ =θ ( 2p + 1) 2π , p ∈ Z=
⇒θ   π, … (ii)
 2   m−n 
2rπ  2p + 1 
From (i) and (ii), we have θ = or
= θ   π where, m,n ∈ Z
m+n  m−1 
Illustration 23: Solve: 4 sinx cos x + 2sinx + 2cos x + 1 =0 (JEE ADVANCED)
Sol: Simply using algebra and method of finding general equation, we can solve above equation.
We have, 4 sinx cos x + 2sinx + 2cos x + 1 =0
⇒ 2sinx ( 2cos x + 1 ) + 1 ( 2cos x + 1 ) =
0 ⇒ ( 2sinx + 1 )( 2cos x + 1 ) =
0
1 1
⇒ 2sinx + 1 =0 or 2cos x + 1 =0 ⇒ sinx = − or cos x = −
2 2
1  π π
sinx = − = sin  − 
⇒ sinx ⇒ x= − The general solution of this is
2  6 6
 −1 ) 
(
n+1
n π n+1  π 
x = nπ + ( −1 )  −  = nπ + ( −1 )   ⇒ x = 
π n+  … (i)
 6  6
   6 
 
1  π 2π 2π
and cos x = − ⇒ cos
= x cos  π − = cos ⇒ x=
2  3 3 3
2π  1
The general solution of this is x= 2nπ ± i.e. x = 2π  n ±  ... (ii)
3  3
 −1 ) 
(
n+1

From (1) and (2), we have π n +  and 2π  n ± 1  are the required solutions
  
6   3
 
8. METHODS OF SOLVING TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS
8.1 Factorization
Trigonometric equations can be solved by use of factorization.
sin2 x
Illustration 24: Solve: ( 2sinx − cos x )(1 + cos x ) = (JEE MAIN)
Sol: Use factorization method to solve this illustration.

( 2sinx − cos x )(1 + cos x ) = sin2 x ⇒ ( 2sinx − cos x )(1 + cos x ) − sin2 x = 0
( 2sinx − cos x )(1 + cos x ) − (1 − cos x )(1 + cos x ) =
0 ; (1 + cos x )( 2sinx − 1 ) =
0
1 + cosx = 0 or 2 sin x – 1 = 0
1
cos x = – 1 or sin x =
2
cos x = cos π or sin x = sin π / 6
( 2n + 1) π,n ∈ I or x = nπ + ( −1 ) π / 6,n ∈ I
n
⇒ x=
∴ The solution of given equation is ( 2n + 1 ) π,n ∈ I or nπ + ( −1 ) π / 6, n ∈ I
n
8.2 Sum to Product

Trigonometric equations can be solved by transforming a sum or difference of trigonometric ratios into their
product.
Illustration 25: If sin 5x + sin 3x + sin x = 0 and 0 ≤ x ≤ π / 2 , then x is equal to. (JEE MAIN)
α+β α −β
Sol: By using sum to product formula i.e. sin α + sin β = 2sin   cos  .
 2   2 
0 ⇒ sin3x ( 2cos2x + 1 ) =
sin 5x + sinx = – sin 3x ⇒ 2sin3x cos2x + sin3x = 0
⇒ sin3x = −1 / 2 ⇒ x = nπ, x = nπ ± ( π / 3)
0,cos2x =
0
Illustration 26: Solve cos3x + sin2x − sin 4x = (JEE MAIN)
Sol: Same as above illustration, by using formula

α +β α −β
sin α − sin β = 2cos   sin   We can solve this illustration.
 2   2 
cos 3x + sin 2x – sin 4x = 0 ⇒ cos3x + 2cos3x.sin − x =
0( )
0 ⇒ cos3x (1 − 2sinx ) =
⇒ cos3x − 2cos3x.sinx = 0
π 1
0 or 1 – 2 sin x = 0
⇒ cos3x = ⇒ 3x = ( 2n + 1 ) ,n ∈ I or sinx =
2 2
( 2n + 1) 6π ,n ∈ I or x = nπ + ( −1 )
π
n
⇒ x= ,n ∈ I
6
π n π
∴ Solution of given equation is ( 2n + 1 ) ,n ∈ I or nπ + ( −1 ) ,n ∈ I
6 6
8.3 Product to Sum

Trigonometric equations can also be solved by transforming product into a sum or difference of trigonometric
ratios.
Illustration 27: The number of solutions of the equation sin5x cos3x = sin6x cos2x, in the interval 0, π  , is:
(JEE MAIN)
Sol: Simply by using product to sum method.
1
The given equation can be written as
2
( sin8x + sin2x )= 12 ( sin8x + sin 4x )
⇒ sin 2x – sin 4x = 0 ⇒ – 2 sin x cos 3x = 0
π
Hence sin x = 0 or cos 3x = 0. That is, x = nπ (n ∈ I ) , or 3x = kπ +
2
(k ∈ I ) .
π π 5π
Therefore, since x ∈ 0, π  , the given equation is satisfied if x = 0, π, , or .
6 2 6
Hence, no. of solutions is 5.
8.4 Parametric Methods

General solution of trigonometric equation acos θ + b sin θ = c
b
To solve the equation acos θ + b sin θ = c , put a= r cos φ,b= r sin φ such that=
r a2 + b2=
, φ tan−1
a
Substituting these values in the equation, we have, r cos φ cos θ + r sin φ sin θ = c
c c
cos ( θ − φ ) =
r
(
⇒ cos θ − φ = )
a + b2
2
If c > a2 + b2 , then the equation acos θ + b sin θ = c has no solution.
c
If c ≤ a2 + b2 , then put = cos α , so that cos ( θ − φ=
) cos α
a2 + b2
⇒ ( θ − φ )= 2nπ ± α ⇒ θ= 2nπ ± α + φ
2
Illustration 28: Solve: sinx + 3 cos x = (JEE MAIN)
Sol: Solve by using above mentioned parametric method.
Given, 3 cos x + sinx =2 , dividing both sides by a2 + b2
3 1 2 1  π π
⇒ cos x + sinx = = ⇒ cos  x −  =
cos  
2 2 2 2  6 4
π π π π 5π π
⇒ x − = 2nπ ± ⇒ x= 2nπ ± + ⇒ x= 2nπ + , 2nπ − where n ∈ I
6 4 4 6 12 12
Note: Trigonometric equations of the form a sin x + b cos x = c can also be solved by changing sin x and cos x into
their corresponding tangent of half the angle. i.e t=tan x/2. The following example gives you insight.
Illustration 29: Solve: 3 cos x + 4 sin x = 5 (JEE MAIN)
x x
1 − tan2 2 tan
Sol: As we know, cos x = 2 and sinx = 2 . Therefore by substituting these values and solving we
2 x 2 x
1 + tan 1 + tan
will be get the result. 2 2
3 cos x + 4 sin x = 5 … (i)

x x
1 − tan2 2 tan
 cos x = 2 & sinx = 2 ∴ Equation (i) becomes
2 x 2 x
1 + tan 1 + tan
2 2
 2 x   x 
 1 − tan   2 tan 
⇒ 3 2  + 4 2 = 5 … (ii)
 1 + tan2 x   1 + tan2 x 
   
 2  2
x
Let tan = t ∴ Equation (ii) becomes
2
 1 − t2   2t 
5 ⇒ 4t2 − 4t + 1 = 0 ⇒ ( 2t − 1 ) = 0 ⇒ t = 1 / 2  t = tanx / 2
2
3  + 4 =
 1 + t2  2 
  1 + t 
x 1 x 1 x −1  1 
⇒ tan =⇒ tan = where, α tan   ,n ∈ I
tan α , where tan α = ⇒ = nπ + α ⇒ x= 2nπ + 2α =
2 2 2 2 2 2
8.5 Functions of sin x and cos x

Trigonometric equations of the form P (sin x ± cos x, sin x cos x) = 0, where P (y, z) is a polynomial, can be solved
by using the substitution sin x ± cos x = C.
Illustration 30: Solve: sin x + cos x = 1 + sin x. cos x (JEE MAIN)
Sol: Consider sin x + cos x = t, and solve it by using parametric method.

 sin x + cos x = 1 + sin x. cos x ... (i)
Let sin x + cos x = t
t2 − 1
⇒ sin2 x + cos2 x + 2sinx.cosx =
t2 ⇒ sinx.cos x =
2
t2 − 1 t2 − 1
Now, put sin x + cos x = t and sin x. cos x = in (i), we get t = 1 +
2 2
⇒ t2 − 2t + 1 =0 ⇒t=1  t = sin x + cos x ⇒ sinx + cos x =
1 … (ii)
Dividing both sides of equation (ii) by 2 , we get:
1 1 1  π π π π
⇒ sinx + cos x. = ⇒ cos  x −  = cos ⇒ x − = 2nπ ±
2 2 2  4  4 4 4
π
If we take the positive sign, we get x = 2nπ + , n ∈ I
2
If we take the negative sign, we get x = 2nπ, n ∈ I
8.6 Using Boundaries of sin x and cos x

Trigonometric equations can be solved by the use of boundness of the trigonometric ratios sinx and cos x.
PLANCESS CONCEPTS
(i) The answer should not contain such values of angles which make any of the terms undefined or
infinite.
(ii) Never cancel terms containing unknown terms on the two sides, which are in product. It may cause
loss of the general solution.
Suppose the equation is sin x = (tan x)/2. Now, cancelling sinx on both the sides, we get only
1
cos x = , sin x = 0 is not counted.
2
(iii) Check that the denominator is not zero at any stage while solving equations.
(iv) While solving a trigonometric equation, squaring the equation at any step must be avoided if
possible. If squaring is necessary, check the solution for extraneous values.
Suppose the equation is sin x = – sin x. We know that the only solution of this is sin x = 0 but on squaring,
we get (sin x)2=(sin x)2 which is always true.
(v) Domain should not change, it if changes, necessary corrections must be made.
Shivam Agarwal (JEE 2009, AIR 27)
Illustration 31: Solve: sin 3x + cos 2x = – 2 (JEE ADVANCED)
Sol: By using boundary condition of sin x and cos x.

Since sin3x ≥ −1 and cos2x ≥ −1 , we have, sin3x + cos2x ≥ −2
Thus, the equality holds true if and only if sin3x =
−1 and cos2x =
−1
n π nπ n π π
⇒ 3x = nπ + ( −1 )  −  and 2x = 2nπ ± π i.e. x = + ( −1 )  −  and x = nπ ± , n ∈ I
 2  3  6  2
   
∴ Solution set is, x | x = nπ + ( −1)n  − π   ∩ x | x = nπ ±  π  
 3  6     2  
Note: Here, unlike all other problems, the solution set consists of the intersection of two solution sets and not the
union of the solution sets.
 x   x 
Illustration 32: sinx  cos − 2sinx  +  1 + sin − 2cos x  ( cos x ) =
0 . Find the general solution. (JEE ADVANCED)
 4   4 
Sol: Open all brackets of given equation and then by using sum to product formula and method of finding general
solution we will get the result.
x x
sinx cos − 2sin2 x + cos x + sin cos x − 2cos2 x =
0
4 4
 x 5x 5x
sin  x +  + cos x =
2 ⇒ sin + cos x =2 ⇒ sin = 1 and cos x = 1
 4 4 4
5x 5x π π
sin = 1 ⇒ = 2nπ + =
⇒ x 2 ( 4n + 1 ) ; cos x = 1 ⇒ x = 2mπ
4 4 2 5
⇒ x = 2π,10π,18π ……..AP ⇒ x = 2π + m − 1 8π ( )
( )
⇒ x = 2π 4m − 3 m ∈ I
 π
Illustration 33: Find the general solution of 2sin  3x +  = 1 + 8 sin2x cos2 2x (JEE ADVANCED)
4

Sol: First square on both side and then using sum and difference formula we can solve this illustration.
2 2
 π  sin3x cos3x 
 = 1 + 8 sin2x cos 2x
2
4 sin2  3x +  = 1 + 8 sin2x cos2 2x ⇒ 4  +
 4   2 2 
4 sin2 3x 4 cos2 3x
⇒ + 1 + 8 sin2x cos2 2x
+ 4 sin3x cos3x =
2 2
⇒ 2sin2 3x + 2cos2 3x + 2sin6x =
1 + 8 sin2x cos2 2x
⇒ 1 + 2 sin 6x = 8 sin 2x cos2 2x ⇒ 1 + 2 sin 6x = 4 sin 4x cos 2x
⇒ 1 + 2 sin 6x = 2 (sin 6x + sin 2x) ⇒ 1 = 2 sin 2x ⇒ sin 2x = ½
π sin x cos4 x 1
4
⇒ x= + 2nπ x= + = n ∈ I
12 2 3 5
9. SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS
Two equations are given and we have to find the value of variable θ which may satisfy both the given equations,
like cos=
θ cos α and sin θ= sin α
So, the common solution is θ= 2nπ + α , n ∈ I
Similarly, sin θ= sin α and tan=
θ tan α
So, the common solution is θ= 2nπ + α , n ∈ I
1
Illustration 34: The most general value of θ satisfying the equations cos θ = and tan θ = −1 is: (JEE MAIN)
2
Sol: As above mentioned method we can find out the general value of θ .
1 π
cos=
θ = cos  
2 4
π 9π 7π
⇒ θ= 2nπ ± ; n ∈ I Put n = 1 θ = ,
4 4 4
 −π  3π 7π
tan θ = −1 = tan   ⇒ θ = nπ − π / 4 , n ∈ I Put n = 1, θ = ; Put n= 2, θ=
 4  4 4
 7π 
The common value which satisfies both these equation is   .
 4 
7π
Hence, the general value is 2nπ + .
4
1
Illustration 35: The most general value of θ satisfying equations sin θ = − and tan θ =1 / 3 are: (JEE MAIN)
2
Sol: Similar to above illustration.
We shall first consider values of θ between 0 and 2π
1 π  π
sin θ = − = − = sin  π +  or sin ( 2π − π / 6 )
2 6  6
∴ θ = 7π / 6,11π / 6 ; tan
= θ 1/ =3 tan ( π /= 6 ) tan ( π + π / 6 )
∴ θ = π / 6,7π / 6
Thus, the value of θ between 0 and 2π which satisfies both the equations is 7π / 6 .
Hence, the general value of θ is 2nπ + 7π / 6 where n ∈ I
PROBLEM SOLVING TACTICS

nπ + ( −1 ) A
n
A
(a) Any formula that gives the value of sin in terms of sin A shall also give the value of sin .
2 2
A 2nπ ± A
(b) Any formula that gives the value of cos in terms of cos A shall also give the value of cos .
2 2
A nπ ± A
(c) Any formula that gives the value of tan in terms of tan A shall also give the value of tan .
2 2
(d) If α is the least positive value of θ which satisfies two given trigonometric equations, then the general value
of θ will be 2nπ + α . For example, sin θ= sin α and cos= θ cos α , then, θ= 2nπ + α ,n ∈ I
sin (nπ + θ ) = ( −1) sin θ, n ∈ I
n
(i)
cos (nπ + θ ) = ( −1 ) cos θ, n ∈ I
n
(ii)
sin (nπ − θ ) = ( −1 ) sin θ, n ∈ I
n−1
(iii)
FORMULAE SHEET
Tangent and cotangent

sin θ cos θ
Identities tan θ = and cot θ =
cos θ sin θ
Product Identities sin θ× cosec θ = 1 , cos θ× sec θ = 1 , tan θ× cot θ = 1
Pythagorean Identities 2
+ 1 sec2 θ , 1 + cot=
sin2 θ + cos2 θ =1 , tan θ = 2
θ csc2 θ
sin ( −θ ) = − sin θ , cos ( −θ

= ) cos θ , tan ( −θ ) = − tan θ ,
Even/Odd Formulas
cot ( −θ ) = − cot θ , sec ( −θ
= ) sec θ , cosec ( −θ ) = − cosec θ
Periodic Formulas
sin ( 2n π + θ=
) sin θ , cos ( 2n π + θ=
) cos θ , tan(n π + =
θ) tan θ ,
(If n is an integer)
θ) cot θ , sec ( 2n π + θ=
cot(n π + = ) sec θ , cosec ( 2n π =
+ θ ) cosec θ
sin ( 2θ=
) 2sin θ cos θ , sin3
=θ 3sin θ − 4 sin3 θ
Double and Triple Angle
Formulas
cos ( 2=
θ ) cos2 θ − sin2 θ cos3
= θ 4 cos3 θ − 3cos θ
2 tan θ 3tan θ − tan3 θ

tan ( 2θ ) = , tan3θ =
1 − tan2 θ 1 − 3tan2 θ
π  π  π 
Complementary angles sin  ± θ=
 cos θ , cos  ±=θ   sin θ , tan  ±=θ   cot θ ,
 2   2   2 
π  π  π 
cot  − θ=
 tan θ , sec  = − θ  cosec θ , cosec  − θ=
 sec θ
 2   2   2 
1 1 1 − cos ( 2θ )
sin2=
θ 1 − cos ( 2θ )  , cos2=
θ 1 + cos ( 2θ )  , tan2 θ =
Half Angle 2   2   1 + cos ( 2θ )
sin ( α ± β=
) sin α cos β ± cos α sinβ ,
Sum and Difference
cos ( α ± β=
) cos α cos β  sin α sinβ ,
tan α ± tan β
tan ( α ± β ) = ,
1  tan α tan β
1
sin α=
sin β cos ( α − β ) − cos ( α + β )  ,
Product to Sum 2 
1
sin α =
cos β sin ( α + β ) + sin ( α − β )  ,
2 
1
cos α=
cos β cos ( α − β ) + cos ( α + β )  ,
2 
1
cos α=
sin β sin ( α + β ) − sin ( α − β )  ,
2 
α+β α −β
Sum to Product sin α + sin β = 2sin   cos  ,
 2   2 
α +β α −β
sin α − sin β = 2cos   sin  
 2   2 
α+β α −β
cos α + cos β = 2cos   cos  
 2   2 
α +β α −β
cos α − cos β = −2sin   sin  
 2   2 
Solved Examples
JEE Main/Boards
Example 1: Solve: 2cos2θ + 2sin θ = 2  1 − cos x  cos x + 1
⇒ 8=
  : cos x ≠ 0, −1
1  1 + cos x  cos x
Sol: Solve this example by using sin2=
θ 1 − cos ( 2θ )  .
2 
or (8 – 8 cosx)cosx = (cosx + 1)2
θ 2 (1 − cos2θ=
2sin= ) 4 sin2 θ or 8 cosx – 8 cos2x = cos2x + 2cosx + 1
4
∴ 2=
sin θ 16 sin θ : sin θ ≥ 4
or 9cos2x – 6 cosx + 1 = 0
1
sin θ =0 or sin3 θ = ∴ sin θ =0 or or (3cosx –1)2 = 0
8
1 n π
, θ= mπ : m ∈ I or θ = nπ + ( −1 ) : n∈ I or cosx =
1 1
= cos β, ( say ) , β =cos−1  
2 6 3 3
x ∴ x= 2nπ ± β : n ∈ I
Example 2: Solve: 8 tan2 = 1 + sec x
2
Sol: As we know that Example 3: Solve: sinx + cos x − 2 2 sinx cos x =
0
x 1 − cos x , substitute this to solve above
tan2 = Sol: We can write given equation a sinx + cosx =
2 1 + cos x
example. sinx + cos x = 2 sin2x , multiplying and dividing L.H.S. by 2 , we will
x get the result.
8 tan2 = 1 + sec x ... (i)
2
or
 1
2 sinx +
1 
cos x  =
2 sin2x (
a2 − 2a + 1 + tan2 π ( a + x ) =0 )
 2 2  2
or ( a − 1 ) + tan π ( a + x )  =
2
0
 π
or sin  x +  =sin2x
 4 ⇒ a−1 =0 and tan π ( a + x ) =
0
n π
⇒ 2x = nπ + ( −1 )  x +  : n ∈ I ⇒ tan (1 + x ) π =0 ⇒ (1 + x ) π = nπ : n ∈ I
 4
∴x = n−1 : n∈ I : a = 1
Example 4: Find the general value of θ which satisfies
3 1 Example 7: Solve the equation cos7 x + sin4 x =
1
both the equations cos θ = − and sin θ = .
2 2
Sol: Use the method for simultaneous equations. Sol: Here c os7 x ≤ cos2 x and sin4 x ≤ sin2 x , hence by
solving this we will get the result.
3 5π 7π
cos θ = − ⇒θ= , ….
2 6 6 cos7 x ≤ cos2 x and sin4 x ≤ sin2 x
1 π 5π ∴
= 1 cos7 x + sin4 x ≤ cos2 x + sin2 x =
1
sin θ = ⇒ θ = , .....
2 6 6 ∴ c os7 x =
cos2 x and sin4 x = sin2 x
Hence, the general solution is given by
5π
(
cos7 x = cos2 x ⇒ cos2 x cos5 x − 1 =
0 )
θ 2nπ+
= , n∈ I ∴ cos
= x 0 or cos
= x 1
6
Example 5: Show that the equation

∴ x= ( 2n + 1) 2π ; n∈I
x π or x = 2mπ; m ∈ I …(i)

2cos2   sin2 =
x x2 + x −2 for 0 < x ≤
2
  2
sin2 x = sin4 x ⇒ sin2 x cos2 x =
0
has no real solution.
⇒ cos= = 0
x 0 or sinx ... (ii)
x 1
Sol: Here 2cos2 sin2 =x x2 + holds only If x2 =1,
2 x2 Since (i) satisfies the system (ii),
hence by substituting x =1 in above equation we can
conclude that given equation has real solution or not. ∴ Solution set is given by (i)
1
x2 + ≥ 2∀x with equality for Example 8: Solve for x and y:
x2
x 12sinx + 5cos x = 2y 2 − 8y + 21
x2 = 1 alone. Since 2cos2 sin2 x ≤ 2 ,
2
Sol: Multiply and divide L.H.S. by 13 and solve to get
x 1
∴ 2cos2 sin2 x =
x2 + holds only the result.
2 x2
x 12sinx + 5cos x = 2y 2 − 8y + 21
If x2 =1 ∴ x = 1 and cos sinx = ±1
2
 1C 
 12 5 
(
∴ 122 + 52  sinx + cos x = 2 y 2 − 4y + 4 + 13
 13 13 
)
i.e. cos   sin1C = ±1 , which is not true.
 2 
  or 13cos ( x − α ) 2 ( y − 2) + 13
2
=
Hence, the given equation has no solution.
5 12
: cos α
= and
= sin α
13 13
Example 6: Determine ‘a’ for which the equation
Thus, cos ( x − α ) =1 and y = 2 or
( )
a2 − 2a + sec2 π ( a + x ) =
0 has solutions and find the
solutions. x − α= 2nπ : n ∈ I and y = 2
Sol: By using algebra and tangent of angle we can get ∴ x= 2nπ + α : n ∈ I and y = 2
the result.
JEE Advanced/Boards ⇒ 2x = nπ + ( −1 )
n π
: n ∈ I General solution is
6
Example 1: Solve for x, y: x cos3 y + 3x cos y sin2 y =
14 nπ n π
3 2 x= + ( −1 ) ,n ∈ I
x sin y + 3x cos y sin y =
13 2 12
Sol: Divide equation 1 by equation 2 and then by Example 3: Solve: 3tan ( θ − 15º
= ) tan ( θ + 15º )
applying componendo and dividendo we can solve this
problem. tan ( θ + 15º ) 3
Sol: We can write given equation as = ,
We note that, “x = 0; sin y = 0 or cos y = 0” do not yield tan ( θ − 15º ) 1
a solution to given system. hence by applying componendo and dividendo we will
3 2 get the result.
cos y + 3cos y sin y 14
=
3 2
sin y + 3cos y sin y 13 Given, 3tan ( θ − 15º
= ) tan ( θ + 15º )
By componendo and dividendo, tan ( θ + 15º ) 3
or =
3 2 2
cos y + 3cos y sin y + 3cos y sin y + sin y 3
tan ( θ − 15º ) 1
3 2 2 3
cos y + 3cos y sin y − 3cos y sin y − sin y
tan ( θ + 15º ) + tan ( θ − 15º ) 4
3 or =
=
14 + 13  cos y + sin y 
or  (3)
3 tan ( θ + 15º ) − tan ( θ − 15º ) 2
= 27
=
14 − 13  cos y − sin y 
sin ( θ + 15º +θ − 15º ) π
cos y + sin y 1 + tan y 3 or = 2 or sin2θ = 1 = sin
or = 3 or = sin ( θ + 15º −θ + 15º ) 2
cos y − sin y 1 − tan y 1
1 π nπ n π
⇒ 2θ = nπ + ( −1 ) + ( −1 )
n
tan y = = tan α ; y = nπ + α : n ∈ I : n ∈ I ∴=
θ : n∈ I
2 2 2 4
Since sin y and cos y have signs, we have the following
cases: Example 4: Find value of θ for sin2
= θ cos3θ , where
0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π ; Use the above equation to find the value
1 2 of sin 18º.
(i) sin y = and cos y = ; then
5 5
π 
 8 2 1 Sol: Here as we know= sin θ cos  − θ  , hence we can
x +3 .  = 14 ⇒ x = 5 5 2 
5 5
5 5 write given equation as cos3
=θ cos ( π / 2 ) − 2θ . { }
1 2
(ii) sin y = − and cos y = − ; then Therefore by comparing their angle we will get the
5 5 result.
 −8  −2  1 
x + 3   = 14 ⇒ x =−5 5 The given equation is sin2
=θ cos3θ or, cos3
=θ sin2θ
 5 5  5  5 
or, cos3
= {
θ cos ( π / 2 ) − 2θ }
7
Example 2: Solve: sin4 x + cos4 x =
2
sinx cos x or, 3θ= 2nπ ± {( π / 2) − 2θ} where n ∈ I
Taking + sign, 3θ= 2nπ + {π / 2 − 2θ}
Sol: By substituting 2sinx cos x = t and solving we will
be get the result. or 5=
θ ( 4n + 1)( π / 2)
7
sin4 x + cos4 x = sin2x ; ∴ sin2x > 0 θ ( 4n + 1 )( π / 10 ) , where n ∈ I
or, = … (i)
4
( ) 7 Again taking – sign, 3θ − 2nπ − {( π / 2 ) − 2θ}

2
sin2 x + cos2 x − 2sin2 x cos2 x = sin2x
4
or =θ ( 4n + 1 )( π / 2 ) … (ii)
t2 7t 2
∴1 − = or 2t + 7t − 4 =
0
2 4 Putting n = 0, 1, 2, 3, …….in (i) the values of θ in the
1 π interval 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π are given by
or ( 2t − 1 )( t + 4 ) =
0 ∴ sin2x =
t= sin
=
2 6
θ = π / 10,5π / 10,9π / 10,13π / 10,17π / 10 or 18º, 90º,
162º, 234º, 346º.
Again putting n = 0, ±1, ±2,......, in (ii) the value of θ in only for those (integral) values of k, n, m for which the
corresponding right members of the relations (i) are
the interval 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2 π is 3π / 2 i.e. 270º only.
positive.
Hence the required values of θ in 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π are 18º, It is easy to see that of the first equation of (i) that
90º, 162º, 234º, 270º, 306º. is positive for integer k > 0, the right side of second
equation of (i) is positive for integral n > 0; and the
Example 5: Solve the equation: right side of the third equation of (i) is positive for
m ≥ 0 . Thus, we have to solve (i) only for the indicated
( ) ( ) ( )
cos π3x − 2cos2 π3x + 2cos 4 π3x − cos 7π3x ( ) values of k, m, n. The resulting values of x are then the
roots of the original equation:
= sin ( π3 ) + 2sin ( π3 ) − 2sin ( 4 π3 )
x 2 x x
 1 2k 
x log3  − +  =
= ;k 1,2,......
+2sin ( π3 ) − sin ( 7π3 )
x +1 x
 6 6 
n 1 1 
= x log
= 3   ,n 1,2,...... = log3  +  m= 0,1,2
Sol: Substitute π 3x =
y , and then by using sum to 2 8 m
product formula we can solve this equation.
Example 6: Solve the equation:
Denote π 3x by y to get
cos y − 2cos2 y + 2cos 4y − cos7y 1 

x − 1  2 tanx (1 + 4 sinx )
17 sec2 x + 16  tanx sec=
2 
=sin y + 2sin2 y − 2sin 4y +2sin3y − sin7y …(i)
Transposing all terms to the left side, Sol: Solve it like algebra by using product and
Pythagorean identity.
we have, ( cos y − cos7y ) + ( sin7y − sin y )
The given equation is
+2 ( cos 4y + sin 4y ) − 2 ( sin3y + 1 ) =
0
1 
17 sec2 x + 16  tanx sec x − 1 
or, 2sin 4y sin3y + 2cos 4y sin3y 2 
+2 ( cos 4y + sin 4y ) − 2 ( sin3y + 1 ) =
0 = 2 tanx (1 + 4 sinx ) … (i)
[Use C & D formulae]
⇒ 17 sec2 x + 8 tanx sec x − 16 × 1
or, 2sin3y ( sin 4y + cos 4y ) + 2 = 2 tanx (1 + 4 sinx )
+2 ( cos 4y + sin 4y ) − 2 ( sin3y + 1 ) =
0
⇒ 17
⇒ 17 sec
2
sec2 xx +
+88 tanx
tanx sec
sec xx −− 16 (
16 ×sec
⇒ 17 sec2 x + 8 tanx sec x − 16 × 1
2 2
1 x − tan x )
or, ( sin3y + 1 )( sin 4y + cos 4y − 1 ) =
0 tanx(1 sinx))
= 2
=
=
tanx
22tanx (1+++444sinx
1 ( sinx )
This enables us to write down three groups of solutions:
π 2kπ nπ π mπ
⇒ 16 sec222 xx ++ 88tanx
17tan tanxsec ((
16 2sec
secxx +− sec x 2
2
x − tan2 x
⇒ 17 sec x + 8 tanx sec x − 16 sec x − tan2 x ))
y1 =− + , y 2= ,y= + = 2 tanx (1 + 4 sinx )
6 3 2 3 8 2 = 2 tanx (1 + 4 sinx )
where k, n and m are arbitrary integers. Recalling ⇒ 16 tan22 x + 8 tanx sec x + sec22 x
⇒ 16 tan x + 8 tanx sec x + sec x
that y = π3x , we obtain an infinity of equations for
determining the roots of the original equations:
= 2 tanx (1 + 4 sinx )
1 2k n
3x =− + , k = 0, ± 1, ± 2 ,…… 3x= ,n= 0, ± 2,
( 4 tanx ) + 2 × 4 tanx.sec x + sec2 x
2
6 3 2
1 m
… = + ,m = 0, ± 1, ± 2, .... = 2 tanx (1 + 4 sinx )
8 2
4 tanx + sec= x 2 tanx (1 + 4 sinx )
The equation 3x = a has a (unique) root only
for positive a and it is given by the formula
x = log3 a . Therefore, the equation (i) has a solution
⇒ 8 sinx. tanx − 2 tanx − sec x =

0 Example 8: Consider the system of linear equations in
2
sin x sinx 1 x, y and z:
⇒8 −2 − 0
=
cos x cos x cos x ( sin3θ ) x − y + z =0 … (i)
2
⇒ 8 sin x − 2sinx − 1 =0
( cos2θ ) x + 4y + 3z = 0 ... (ii)
1 1 π
∴ sinx =and sinx =
− 2x + 7y + 7z = 0 ... (iii)
2 4 4
 1 Find the value of θ for which the system has a non-

= sin π / 6 ⇒ x = sin–1  − 
sinx trivial solution.
 4
∴ Solution of (i) is given by Sol: Here we can write given linear equation in matrix
π 1 form, and as we know for the system having non-trivial
and x = nπ + ( −1 )
n+1
x = nπ ( −1 )
n
sin−1   ,
6 4 solution A must be 0.
where n ∈ I We can write the given linear equation in the form of
AX=O
x  0 
Example 7: Solve the equation:    
 sin3θ −1 1     
29  
sin10 x + cos10 x = cos4 2x A= cos2θ 4 3  , X =  y  and O = 0  .
16    
 2 7 7     

z  0 
Sol: we can represent given equation as    
5 5 As the system has a non-trivial solution,
 2sin2 x   2cos2 x  29
  +  = cos4 2x , then use half
 2   2  16 A must be 0
   
angle formula to solve this problem. sin3θ −1 1
29 ∴ cos2θ 4 3 =0
Given, sin10 x + cos10 x = cos4 2x
16 2 7 7
5 5
 2sin2 x   2cos2 x  29 ⇒ 7 sin3θ + 14 cos2θ − 14 = 0
  +  = cos4 2x
 2   2  16
    ⇒ sin3θ + 2cos2θ − 2 = 0 ,
(3sin θ − 4 sin θ) + 2 (1 − 2sin θ) − 2 =0 or

5 5
 1 − cos2x   1 + cos2x  29 3 2
  +  = cos4 2x
 2   2  16
4 sin3 θ + 4 sin2 θ − 3sin θ = 0
(1 − cos2 x)2 .(1 − cos2 x)3 + (1 + cos2 x)2 .(1 + cos2 x)3
32
( )
sin θ 4 sin2 θ + 4 sin θ − 3 = 0
29 4 sin θ ( 2sin θ − 1 )( 2sin θ + 3) = 0

= cos 2x
16
∴=sin θ 0 or= sin θ 1 / 2 or sin θ = −3 / 2
⇒ 10 cos 4 2x + 20 cos2 2x + 2 =
58 cos4 2x
1
But sin θ =0 sin θ = is possible
⇒ 48 cos 4 2x − 20 cos2 2x − 2 =0 2
−3
And sin θ = is not possible.
2
⇒ 24 cos 4 2x – 10 cos22x – 1 = 0
Now, sin θ =0 ∴ θ = nπ ; n ∈ I
⇒ (2 cos22x –1) (12 cos22x + 1) = 0 and sin= 2 sin ( π / 6 ) ,
θ 1 /=
∴ θ = nπ + ( −1 ) π / 6 ; n ∈ I
n
∴ 2 cos2 2x − 1 =0 12 cos2 2x + 1 ≠ 0 
 
⇒ cos 4x =
0 Therefore the required values of θ are
θ = n π and nπ + ( −1 ) ( π / 6 ) , where n ∈ I
n
π
⇒ 4x = nπ +
2
nπ π
⇒ x= + ,n ∈ I
4 8
Example 9: Find the value of x, 1
Minimum value of 2 cos2 x =2

1
cos2 x
1
2 y2 − y + ≤1 2 2
2  1 1 1
Minimum value of y −  +  =
 2 2
   2
Sol: Re-write the expression inside the square root and
then by using algebra we can find out the value of x. 1
⇒ Minimum value of (i) is 2 × = 1.
Given 2
1 2 2
1
1 cos2 x
 1 1 1
2 cos2 x 2
y −y+ ≤1 ...(i) ∴ 2 1 ⇒ cos2 x =
y −  +  = 1 and y =
2  2 2
   2
1 ⇒ cos2 2nπ =1
cos2 x
1 1
2 y2 − y + + ≤ 1 ∴ x= 2nπ
4 4
1 2 2
cos2 x
 1 1
2 y −  +  ≤ 1
 2 2
JEE Main/Boards
Exercise 1 Q.11 Solve the equation: tanx + sec x =

2cos x
Q.1 Solve the following trigonometric equations:

Q.12 Solve: 2sin2 x − 5sinx cos x − 8 cos2 x =
−2
1 1
(i) sin2θ = (ii) cos5θ = −
2 2 Q.13 Solve: 4 sinx sin2x sin 4x = sin3x
Q.2 Solve 7 cos2 θ + 3sin2 θ = 4

Q.14 Solve the equation
Q.3 Solve: tanx + tan2x + 3 tanx tan2x =

3 (1 − tan θ )(1 + sin2θ ) = 1 + tan θ
Q.4 Solve: 3tan ( θ − 15º

= ) tan ( θ + 15º ) Q.15 Solve sinx + 3 cos x =
2
Q.5 Solve the equations

Q.16 Find the general solution of the following
3 1 trigonometric equations:
sin ( x − y ) = and cos ( x + y ) =
2 2 1
(i) tan3θ = −1 (ii) cos5x = −
Q.6 Solve the equation sin x = tanx 2

Q.7 Solve the equation 2 tan θ − cot θ + 1 = 0
(i) 3cos2 θ + 7 sin2 θ = 4
Q.8 Solve the equations sinmx + sinnx =
0 (ii) tanx + tan2x + tan3x =
tan2x tan3x
π  π 
Q.9 Solve the equation sec2 2x= 1 − tan2x (iii) tan  + θ  + tan  − θ  = 4
4  4 
Q.10 Solve the equation: Q.18 Solve the equation tanx + cot x =
2
4 sinx cos x + 2sinx + 2cos x + 1 =0
Q.19 Find the general solution of the trigonometric Exercise 2

equation: tan3 x − 3tanx =
0
Single Correct Choice Type
A B 3
1 (ii) sec x − tanx =
(i) cos x + sinx = 3 Q.1 If in a triangle ABC, b cos2 + acos2 = c , then
a, c, b are: 2 2 2
1
(iii) sinx + cos x = (iv) cos x + 3 sinx =
1 (A) In A.P. (B) In G.P. (C) In H.P. (D) None
2
π 
Q.2 Given a2 + 2a + cosec2  ( a + x )  =
0
Q.21 Find the degree measures corresponding to the 2 
following radian measures.
then, which of the following holds good?
C C x
π  4π  (A) a = 1; ∈ I
 (iii) (1.2 )
C
(i)   (ii)  2
6  5  x
(B) a = –1; ∈ I
2
Q.22 The angles in a triangle are in A.P. and the ratio
of the smallest angle in degree to the greatest angle (C) a ∈ R; x ∈ φ
in radians is 60 : π . Find the angles of the triangle in (D) a, x are finite but not possible to find
degrees and radians.
C C
Q.3 In any triangle ABC, ( a + b ) sin2 + ( a − b ) cos2 =
2 2
Q.23 Assuming the distance of the earth from the 2 2

moon to be 38400 km and the angle subtended by the (A) c (a + b) (B) b (c + a) (C) a (b + c) (D) c2
moon at the eye of a person on the earth to be 31’, find
the diameter of the moon.
Q.4 If in a ∆ABC,sin3 A + sin3 B + sin3 C
Q.24 Assuming that a person of normal sight can read = 3sinA ⋅ sinB ⋅ sinC then
print at such a distance that the letters subtend an
(A) ∆ABC may be a scalene triangle
angle of 5’ at his eye, find the height of the letters that
he can read at a distance of 12 meters. (B) ∆ABC is a right triangle
(C) ∆ABC is an obtuse angled triangle
Q.25 Solve the equation 4 cos2 x sinx − 2sin2 x =
3sinx (D) ∆ABC is an equilateral triangle
Q.26 Solve the equation: Q.5 sin3

=θ 4 sin θ sin2θ sin 4θ in 0 ≤ θ ≤ π has:
θ (A) 2 real solutions (B) 4 real solutions
5cos2θ + 2cos2 + 1= 0, −π < θ < π
2
(C) 6 real solutions (D) 8 real solutions
Q.27 Solve the equation: 4 sin4 x + cos4 x =
1
Q.6 With usual notations, in a triangle ABC,

Q.28 Solve the equation: tan2θ tan θ =1 acos (B − C ) + b cos ( C − A ) + c cos ( A − B ) is equal to
abc abc 4abc abc

Q.29 Show that the equation: esin x − e− sin x − 4 =
0 has (A) (B) (C) (D)
2 2 2
no real solution. R 4R R 2R 2
2cos β − 1 α β
Q.30 Does the equation sin4 θ − 2sin2 θ − 1 = 0 has a Q.7 If cos α = then tan cot has the value
2 − cos β 2 2
solution?
equal to, where ( 0 < α < π and 0 < β < π )
(A) 2 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 3

 2π   4π  Q.17 The maximum value of

Q.8 If x sin
= θ y sin  θ + =  z sin  θ +  then
 3   3  ( 7 cos θ + 24 sin θ ) × ( 7 sin θ − 24 cos θ )
(A) x + y + z =0 (B) xy + yz + zx =
0 for every θ ∈ R .
625 625
(C) xyz + x + y + z =1 (D) None of these (A) 25 (B) 625 (C) (D)
2 4
nπ
Q.9 If acos2 α + 3acos α sin2 α =m Q.18 If x = , satisfies the equation
3 2
2
and asin α + 3acos α sin α =n . Then x x
sin − cos = 1 − sinx & the inequality
(m + n) + (m − n)
2/3 2/3
is equal to: 2 2
(A) 2 a2 (B) 2a1/3 (C) 2 a2/3 (D) 2 a3 x π 3π

− ≤ , then :
2 2 4
Q.10 The number of solutions of (A) n = –1, 0, 3, 5 (B) n = 1, 2, 4, 5
tan (5π cos=
θ ) cot (5π sin θ ) for θ in ( 0,2π ) is (C) n = 0, 2, 4 (D) n = – 1, 1, 3, 5
(A) 28 (B) 14 (C) 4 (D) 2
Q.19 The number of all possible triplets ( a1 ,a2 ,a3 )
B C 2
such that a1 + a2 cos2x + a3 sin x =
0 for all x is
Q.11 In a ∆ABC if B + C = 3A then cot .cot has the
value equal to 2 2
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 3 (D) Infinite
(A) 4 (B) 3 (C) 2 (D) 1
Q.20 If A and B are complimentary angles, then:
Q.12 The set of value of ‘a’ for which the equation,
2a 7 possess a solution is-
cos2x + asinx =−
 A  B
(A)  1 + tan  1 + tan  =
2
 2  2
(A) ( −∞ ,2 ) (B) [2, 6] (C) ( 6,∞ ) (D) ( −∞ , ∞ )
 A  B
(B)  1 + cot  1 + cot  =
2
A B  2  2
∑ cot2 2 .cot2 2
Q.13 In ∆ABC , the minimum value of
A  A  B
is ∏ cot2 2 (C)  1 + sec  1 + cosec  =
2
 2  2
(A) 1 (B) 2
(D) A set containing two values
(C) 3 (D) Non-existent
Q.14 The general solution of Previous Years’ Questions

sinx + sin5x = sin2x + sin 4x is:
x
(A) 2nπ (B) nπ Q.1 The equation 2cos2   sin2 =
x x2 + x −2 ,
2
 
(C) nπ / 3 (D) 2nπ / 3 Where n ∈ I π
0 < x ≤ has (1980)
2
Q.15 Number of values of θ ∈ 0,2π  satisfying the (A) No real solution
equation cotx – cosx = 1 – cotx. cosx
(B) One real solution
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
(C) More than one real solution
(D) None of above
Q.16 The exact value of
cos2 73º + cos2 47º + ( cos73º.cos 47º ) is
Q.2 The smallest positive root of the equation, tan
1 1 3 x – x = 0 lies in (1987)
(A) (B) (C) (D) 1
4 2 4  π π   3π   3π 
(A)  0,  (B)  , π  (C)  π,  (D)  ,2π 
 2 2   2   2 
Q.3 The number of solution of the equation Q.9 Given A = sin2 θ + cos4θ, then for all real values
( )
sin ex= 5x + 5− x is (1991)
of θ
3
(1980)
(A) 1 ≤ A ≤ 2 (B) ≤ A ≤ 1
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) Infinitely many 4
13 3 13
(C) ≤ A ≤1 (D) ≤A≤
Q.4 The number of integral values of k for which the 16 4 16
equation 7 cos x + 5sinx = 2k + 1 has a solution, is
(2002) Q.10 The expression (1986)
(A) 4 (B) 8 (C) 10 (D) 12
  3π  
3 sin4  − α  + sin4 ( 3π + α ) 
  2  
Q.5 The set of values of θ satisfying the in equation
2sin2 θ − 5sin θ + 2 > 0 , where 0 < θ < 2π , is (2006)  π  
−2 sin6  + α  + sin6 (5π − α )  is equal to
 π   5π   π   5π   2  
(A)  0,  ∪  ,2π  (B) 0,  ∪  ,2π 
 6   6   6   6  (A) 0 (B) 1
 π   2π  (C) 3 (D) sin 4α + cos6α

(C) 0,  ∪  ,2π  (D) None of these
 3  3  π
Q.11 If α + β = and β + γ = α , then tanα , equals
2 (2001)
Q.6 The number of solutions of the pair of equations
2sin2 θ − cos2θ = 0 and 2cos2 θ − 3cos θ = 0 in the (A) 2 ( tan β + tan γ ) (B) tan β + tan γ

interval 0,2π  is (2007)
(C) tan β + 2 tan γ (D) 2 tan β + tan γ
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 4
 π
( tan θ ) ,t2 =( tan θ )
tan θ cot θ
Q.7 Let P = {θ : sin θ − cos θ = }
2 cos θ and Q.12 Let θ ∈  0,  and t1 =
 4 
Q= {θ : sin θ + cos θ = }
2 sin θ be two sets. Then t3
= ( cos θ )
tan θ
and=
t4 ( cot θ )
cot θ
, then (2006)
(2011)
(A) P ⊂ Q and Q − P ≠ ∅ (A) t1 > t2 > t3 > t 4 (B) t 4 > t3 > t1 > t2

(B) Q ⊄ P (C) t3 > t1 > t2 > t 4 (D) t2 > t3 > t1 > t 4
(C) P ⊄ Q
(D) P = Q tan A cot A
Q.13 The expression + can be
1 − cot A 1 − tan A
Q.8 If α + β + γ = 2π , then (1979) written as (2013)
(A) secA cosecA + 1 (B) tanA + cotA
α β γ α β γ
(A) tan + tan + tan =tan tan tan
2 2 2 2 2 2 (C) secA + cosecA (D) sinA cosA + 1
α β β γ γ α
(B) tan tan + tan tan + tan tan =1 Q.14 If 0 ≤ x < 2 π , then the number of real values of
2 2 2 2 2 2
x, which satisfy the equation cosx + cos2x + cos3x +
(C) tan
α β γ α β γ cos4x = 0 is: (2016)
+ tan + tan =− tan tan tan
2 2 2 2 2 2
(A) 5 (B) 7 (C) 9 (D) 3
(D) None of these
JEE Advanced/Boards
Exercise 1  π
Q.13 2sin  3x +  = 1 + 8sin2x.cos2 2x
 4
Q.1 Solve the equation: sin5x = 16 sin5 x
Q.14 Find the number of principal solutions of the
equation.
Q.2 Find all the solutions, of 4cos2xsinx ﹘ 2sin2x = 3sinx
sinx − sin3x + sin5x = cos x − cos3x + cos5x
Q.3 Find the number of solutions of the equation

1 + cos x + cos2x + sinx + sin2x + sin3x =0. Q.15 Find the general solution of the trigonometric
π π equation
Which satisfy the condition < 3x − ≤ π .
2 2 1 
 +log3 ( cos x + sin x ) 
2 log2 ( cos x −sin x )
3  −2 2
=
Q.4 Solve for x, ( −π ≤ x ≤ π ) the equation;
2 ( cos x + cos2x ) + sin2x (1 + 2cos x ) =
2sinx Q.16 Find all values of θ between 0º & 180º satisfying
the equation; cos6θ + cos 4θ + cos2θ + 1 = 0
Q.5 Find the general solution of the following equation:
Q.17 Find the solution set of the equation,
2 ( sinx − cos2x ) − sin2x (1 + 2sinx ) + 2cos x =
0
log
− x2 −6x
( sin3x + sinx ) =
log 2
− x −6x
( sin2x )
Q.6 Find the values of x, between 0 & 2π . Satisfying the 10 10
3x x
equation cos3x + cos2x = sin + sin .
2 2
Q.18 Find the value of θ , which satisfy
2 2
Q.7 Solve: tan 2x + cot 2x + 2 tan2x + 2cot 2x =
6 3 ﹘ 2cos θ ﹘ 4sinθ ﹘ cos2θ + sin2θ = 0.
x Q.19 Find the sum of the roots of the equation

sec2
Q.8 Solve the equation: 1 + 2 cosecx = – 2 and cos 4x + 6 =7 cos2x on the interval 0,314  .
2
2cos7x
the inequality > 2cos 2x Q.20 Find the least positive angle measured in degrees
cos3 + sin3
satisfying the equation
sin3 x + sin3 2x + sin3 3x = ( sinx + sin2x + sin3x )

3
 x  x
Q.9 Solve sin   + cos  =2 sin x
 2   2 
   
Q.21 Find the number of solution of the equation
π 
Q.10 Find all values of ‘a’ for which every root of the sin ( π − 6x ) + 3 sin  + 6x  = 3 in 0,2π 
equation, a cos 2x + a cos 4x + cos 6x = 1 is also a 2 
1
root of the equation,= sinxcos2x
sinx cos2x = sin2x
sin2xcos3x
cos3x− sin5x
sin5x, Q.22 Find the general values of θ for which the
2
quadratic function
and conversely, every root of the second equation is
also a root of the first equation. ( sin θ ) x2 + ( 2cos θ ) x + cos θ 2+ sin θ
is the square of a linear function.
Q.11 Solve for x, the equation 13 − 18 tanx =6 tan x – 3,
where −2π < x < 2π .
Q.23 Prove that the equations
(a) sinx ⋅ sin2x ⋅ sin3x =
1
Q.12 Determine the smallest positive value of x which
satisfy the equation 1 + sin2x − 2 cos3x =
0 (b) sinx ⋅ cos 4x ⋅ sin5x =
−1 / 2
(c) sinx cos x cos2x + 1 / 2 =

0 Q.27
(d) 4 sin2x + cos x =
5
Column I Column II
(e) sin3x − cos x =
2
(A) The general solution of the (p) nπ(where n ∈ I)
Have no solution equation sin2 x + cos2 3x = 1 is
equal to
4
(
Q.24 Let f ( x ) = sin x + cos x + k sin x + cos x
6 6 4
) for (B) The general solution of the
nπ
some real number k. Determine equation (q)
4
(a) All real number k for which f(x) is constant for all 2θ
ecot + sin2 θ − 2cos2 2θ +=
4 4 sin θ, is
values of x.
cot θ 2
sin2 θ − 2cos2 2θ +=
(b) All real numbers k for which ethere +exists a real 4 4 sin θ, is
number ‘c’ such that f(c) = 0 (C) For all real values of a, the
π
(c) If k = – 0.7, determine all solutions to the equation general solution of the equation (r) nπ +
4
f(x) = 0 a2 sinx − asin2x + sinx = 0 , is
equal to
Q.25 If α and β are the roots of the equation, (D) The general solution of the
π
acos θ + b sin θ = c then match the entries of column I equation (s) (4n + 1)
2
with the entries of column II. 3
2 tan θ − 1 + 3 tan θ − 1 =1 , is
Column I Column II
(A) sinα + sinβ
(p) 2b Exercise 2
a+c
(B) sinα.sinβ Single Correct Choice Type

(q) c − a
c+a
Q.1 If in a ∆ABC, cos A. cos B + sin A sinB sin 2C =1
α β 2bc then, the statement which is correct?
(C) tan + tan (r)
2 2 a2 + b2 (A) ∆ABC is isosceles and right angled
α β c2 − a2 (B) ∆ABC is acute angled
(D) tan . tan (s)
2 2 2 2
(C) ∆ABC is not right angled
a +b
π
(D) Least angle of the triangle is
3
Q.26 Solve the equations for ‘x’ given in column I and
match the entries of column II. Q.2 The set of values of x satisfying the equation,
 π
 π sin2  x − 
Column I Column II tan x −   4
2  4 − 2 ( 0.25 ) cos 2x +1 =0 is
(A) cos3x.cos3 x + sin3x.sin3 x =
0 π
(p) nπ ±
3 (A) An empty set
(B) sin3
= (
α 4 sin α sin x + α ) (q) nπ +
π (B) A singleton
,n ∈ I
sin ( x − α ) 4
(C) A set containing two elements
Where α is a constant ≠ nπ
(D) An infinite set
nπ π
(C) 2 tanx − 1 + 2cot x − 1 =2 (r) + ,n ∈ I Q.3 The number of solutions of the equation,
4 8 5
29 nπ π ∑ cos (rx ) = 0 lying in (0, π) is:

(D) sin10 x + cos10 x =cos4 2x (s) ± r =1
16 2 4
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 5 (D) More than 5
1º 1º 1º 1º Q.11 The value of x that satisfies the relation

Q.4 The value of cot 7 + tan67 − cot 67 − tan7
is 2 2 2 2 x = 1 − x + x2 − x3 + x 4 − x5 + .............∞
(A) A rational number (B) Irrational number (A) 2cos36° (B) 2cos144°
(
(C) 2 3 + 2 3 ) (
(D) 2 3 − 3 ) (C) 2sin18° (D) None of these
Q.5 If A = 580º then which one of the following is true? Multiple Correct Choice Type
A Q.12 An extreme value of 1+4sin θ +3cos θ is:

(A) 2sin   = 1 + sinA − 1 − sinA
2 (A) -3 (B) -4 (C) 5 (D) 6
A
(B) 2sin   =− 1 + sinA + 1 − sinA 4
2 Q.13 It is known that =
sin β & 0 < β < π then the
value of 5
A
(C) 2sin   =− 1 + sinA − 1 − sinA 2
2 3 sin ( α + β ) − cos ( α + β )
π
A cos
(D) 2sin   = 1 + sinA + 1 − sinA 6 is:
2 sin α
(A) Independent of α for all β in (0, π /2)
x2 − x
Q.6 If tan α = and 5
x2 − x + 1 (B) for tan β >0
3
1
=tan β
2
( x ≠ 0,1) , where
2x − 2x + 1 3(7 + 24 cot α )
(C) for tan β <0
π 15
0 < α , β < , then tan ( α + β ) has the value equal to:
2
3 (D) None of these
(A) 1 (B) –1 (C) 2 (D)
4
1 1
Q.7 Minimum value of 8 cos2 x + 18 sec2 x ∀ x ∈ R Q.14 If sint +cost= then tan is equal to:
5 5
wherever it is defined, is:
(A) -1 (B) -1/3 (C) 2 (D) -1/6
(A) 24 (B) 25 (C) 26 (D) 18
Q.8 If 𐐭 is eliminated from the equations x=a cos(𐐭-∝) Previous Years’ Questions
x2 y 2 2xy
and y=b cos(𐐭- β ) then + − is
cos(α − β)isequalto
a2 b2 ab Q.1 Show that the equation esin x − e− sin x − 4 =
0 has no
equal to real solution. (1982)
(A) cos2 (α − β) (B) sin2 (α − β)
Q.2 Find the values of x ( −π, π ) which satisfy the
(C) sec2 (α − β) (D) cosec2 (α − β)
1 + cos x + cos2 x +.....
equation 2 =4 (1984)
Q.9 The general solution of the trigonometric equation
tanx + tan2x + tan3x =tanx.tan2x.tan3x is Q.3 If exp {(sin x + sin
2 4
) }
x + sin6 x + ..... + ∞ loge 2 ,
π 2
(A) x = nπ (B) nπ ± satisfies the equation x − 9x + 8 =0 , find the value of
3
cox π
nπ ,0 < x < . (1991)
(C) x= 2nπ (D) x = Where n ϵ I cos x + sinx 2
3
Q.10 Number of principal solutions of the equation Q.4 Determine the smallest positive value of x (in
tan3x-tan2x-tanx=0 , is degree) for which tan (x + 100º) = tan (x + 50º) tan (x)
tan (x – 50º) (1993)
(A) 3 (B) 5 (C) 7 (D) More than 7
Q.5 Find the smallest positive number p for which the  π π

equation cos (p sin x) –sin (pcos x)=0 has a solution Q.12 The number of values of θ in the interval  − , 
nπ  2 2
x ∈ 0,2π  (1995) such that θ ≠ for n = 0, ± 1, ± 2 and tan
= θ cot5θ
5
 π π as well as sin2
=θ cos 4θ is .... (2010)
Q.6 Find all value of θ in the interval  − ,  satisfying
the equation  2 2
2θ Q.13 The positive value of n > 3 satisfying the equation
(1 − tan θ )(1 + tan θ ) sec2 θ + 2tan =0 (1996)
1 1 1
= + is ...... (2011)
π  2π   3π 
Q.7 The values of θ lying between θ =0 and θ = π / 2 sin   sin   sin  
and satisfying the equation n  n   n 
1 + sin2 θ cos2 θ 4 sin 4θ

2 2 Q.14 The number of all possible values of θ , where
sin θ 1 + cos θ 4 sin 4θ 0
= (1988)
0 < θ < π , for which the system of equations
sin2 θ cos2 θ 1 + 4 sin 4θ
2cos3θ 2sin3θ
( y + z=
) cos3θ ( xyz ) sin3θ x=
sin3θ
y
+
z
7π 5π 11π π
(A) (B) (C) (D)
24 24 24 24 And ( xyz ) sin3θ= ( y + 2z ) cos3θ + y sin3θ
∞ have a solution ( x0 , y 0 , z 0 ) with y 0 z 0 ≠ 0 , is....(2010)
Q.8 For 0 < φ < π / 2 , if x = ∑ cos2n φ , y =
n= 0
 π π
∞ ∞ Q.15 The number of values of θ in the interval  − , 
∑ sin 2n
φ, z = ∑ cos 2n
φ sin φ , then
2n
(1993)
nπ
 2 2
n= 0 n= 0
such that θ ≠ for n = 0, ± 1, ± 2 and tan
= θ cot 5 θ
5
= xy + y (B) xyz
(A) xyz = xy + z
as well as sin=
2 θ cos 4 θ is (2010)
(C) xyz = x + y + z (D) xyz
= yz + x
Q.16 The maximum value of the expression
4xy 1
Q.9 sec2 θ = is true if and only if (1996) is (2010)
(x + y)
2
sin2 θ + 3sin θ cos θ + 5cos2 θ
(A) x= y ≠ 0 (B)=
x y, x ≠ 0
(C) x = y (D) x ≠ 0, y ≠ 0
Q.17 Let P = {θ : sin θ − cos θ = 2 cos θ }
and Q = {θ : sin θ + cos θ = }
2 sin θ be two sets. Then
sin4 x cos4 x 1 (2011)
Q.10 If + = , then (2009)
2 3 5 (A) P ⊂ Q and Q − P ≠ ∅ (B) Q ⊄ P
2 2 sin8 x cos8 x 1 (C) P ⊄ Q (D) P = Q
(A) tan x = (B) + =
3 8 27 125
Q.18 The positive integer value of n > 3 satisfying the
1 2 sin8 x cos8 x 2 equation
(C) tan x = (D) + =
3 8 27 125
1 1 1
= + is (2011)
π π  2π   3π 
Q.11 For 0 < θ < , the solution(s) of sin   sin   sin  
2 n  n   n 
6  (m − 1) π  cosec  θ + mπ  = 4
∑ cosec  θ + 4   
4 
2 is/are
m=1   
(2009)
π π π 5π
(A) (B) (C) (D)
4 6 12 12
Q.19 Let θ, φ ∈ 0, 2 π  be such that Q.21 The number of distinct solution of the equation
 θ 5
2 cos θ (1 − sin=
θ
φ ) sin2 θ  tan + cot  cos φ − 1 cos2 2x + cos4 x + sin4 x + cos6 x + sin6 x =
2
2 2 4
 ,
In the interval 0,2 π  is (2015)
3
tan ( 2 π − θ ) > 0 and −1 < sin θ < −
2
 π
Then φ cannot satisfy (2012) S x ∈ ( −π, π ) : x ≠ 0 , ±  .
Q.22 Let =
 2 
π π 4π
(A) 0 < φ < (B) < φ < The sum of all distinct solutions of the equation
2 2 3
3 sec x + cosec x + 2 ( tan x − cot x ) =
0 in the set S is
4π 3π 3π equal to (2016)
(C) <φ< (D) < φ < 2π
3 2 2
7π 2π 5π
(A) − (B) − (C) 0 (D)
9 9 9
Q.20 For x ∈ ( 0, π ) , the equation sin x + 2 sin 2x – sin
3x = 3 has (2014)
(A) Infinitely many solutions
(B) Three solutions
(C) One solution
(D) No solution
PlancEssential Questions
JEE Main/Boards JEE Advanced/Boards
Exercise 1 Exercise 1
Q.11 Q.17 Q.24 Q.7 Q.12 Q.17
Q.29 Q.21 Q.24 Q.26
Exercise 2 Exercise 2
Q.6 Q.9 Q.14 Q.4 Q.7 Q.8
Q.17 Q.19 Q.11
Previous Years’ Questions Previous Years’ Questions

Q.1 Q.4 Q.5 Q.4 Q.5 Q.6
Q.8 Q.10 Q.13 Q.8 Q.10 Q.12
Q.13 Q.14
Answer Key
JEE Main/Boards
5π π
Q.15 2nπ + ,2nπ − ,n ∈ I
Exercise 1 12 12
nπ π 2nπ 3π
nπ n π 2nπ 2π Q.16 (i) − ,n ∈ I (ii) ± ,n ∈ I
Q.1 (i) + ( −1 ) ,,nn∈∈II (ii) ± ,,nn∈∈II 3 12 5 20
2 12 5 15
n π nπ
Q.17 (i) n π + ( −1 )  ±  (ii)
= x ,n ∈ I
π 2π  6 3
Q.2 2nπ ± ,2nπ ± , n∈I
3 3 nπ
(iii) nπ,nπ ± ,n ∈ I
nπ π 3
Q.3 + ,n ∈ I
3 9 π
Q.18 nπ + ,n ∈ I
4
nπ n π
Q.4 + ( −1 ) ,n ∈ I π
2 4 Q.19 nπ,nπ ± ,n ∈ I
3
1 n π π π π
Q.5=
x nπ + ( −1 ) + 2mπ ±  ,n,m ∈ I, Q.20(i) 2nπ ± + ,n ∈ I i.e.
2 3 3 4 4
1 π n π
π π π
2nπ or 2nπ + ,n ∈ I (ii) 2nπ ± + ,n ∈ I
=y 2mπ ± − nπ − ( −1 )  ,n,m ∈ I 2 3 6
2 3 3
7π 2π
Q.6 x = nπ,n ∈ I (iii) 2nπ + ,n ∈ I (iv) 2nπ,2nπ + ,n ∈ I
12 3
1 Q.21 (i) 30º (ii) 144º (iii) 68º 43’ 37.8”
Q.7 tan α =
2 π π π
Q.22 30º, 60º, 90º and , ,
Q.8 x =
=
2aπ
or x
( 2b + 1) π ,a,b ∈ I
6 3 2
m+n m−n Q.23 3466.36 km
nπ mπ π Q.24 17.4 cm
Q.9 =
x , − ,n ∈ I
2 2 8 3π n π
Q.25 x = nπ,nπ + ( −1 ) ,nπ + ( −1 )
n+1
π 2π 10 10
Q.10 x = nπ − ( −1 )
n
,2nπ ± ,n ∈ I
6 3 where n = 0, ±1, ±2,.......
π π π −π 3
Q.11 x = nπ + ( −1 )
n
or (2n+ 1) ,n ∈ I Q.26
= θ , , π − cos−1  
6 2 3 3 5
2
3 Q.27 x = nπ, x = nπ ± α where sin α =
Q.12 x = nπ + tan ( − ) or x = n π + tan−1 (2)
−1
5
4
π
nπ π Q.28 θ = nπ ±
Q.13 nπ or ± , where n ∈ I 6
3 9
π Q.30 NO real Solution
Q.14 nπ,nπ − , where n ∈ I
4
Exercise 2
Q.1 A Q.2 B Q.3 D Q.4 D Q.5 D Q.6 A
Q.7 D Q.8 B Q.9 C Q.10 A Q.11 C Q.12 B
Q.13 A Q.14 C Q.15 B Q.16 C Q.17 C Q.18 B
Q.19 D Q.20 A
Previous Years’ Questions
Q.1 A Q.2 C Q.3 A Q.4 B Q.5 A Q.6 C
Q.7 D Q.8 A Q.9 B Q.10 B Q.11 C Q.12 B
Q.13 A Q.14 B
JEE Advanced/Boards Q.12 x = π / 16
Exercise 1 Q.13 x = n π +
π
;n ∈ I
12
π
Q.1 x = nπ or x = nπ ± Q.14 10 solutions
6
π n  3π  π
Q.2 nπ;nπ + ( −1 ) or nπ + ( −1 )  
n
Q.15 x= 2nπ +
10  10  12
Q.3 2 Q.16 30º, 45º, 90º, 135º, 150º
±π −π
Q.4 , , ±π Q.17 No Solution
3 2
π
π n n π Q.18 θ= 2nπ or 2nπ + ;n ∈ I
Q.5 x = 2nπ or x = nπ + ( −1 )  −  or x = nπ + ( −1 ) 2
 2 6
Q.19 4950 π
π 5π 9π 13π
Q.6 , ,π ,
7 7 7 7 Q.20 72º
Q.21 13
nπ π nπ π nπ 5π
Q.7 x = + , − , − π
2 8 2 24 2 24 Q.23 2nπ + or ( 2n + 1 ) π − tan−1 2;n ∈ I
4
π
Q.8 x= 2nπ −
2 3  1 nπ π
2 2
Q.24 (a) − ; (b) k ∈  −1, −  ; (c) =
x ±
 π  4mπ π  2  2 2 6
x  4nπ −  or=
Q.9 = x  + 
 2  3 2
Q.25 A → r; B → s; C → p; D → q
where m,n ∈ W
Q.26 A → s; B → p; C → q; D → r
Q.10
= x 0 or a < −1
Q.27 A → q; B → s; C → p; D → r
2
Q.11 α − 2π; α − π, α + π, where tan α =
3
Exercise 2
Q.1 A Q.2 A Q.3 A Q.4 B Q.5 C Q.6 A
Q.7 C Q.8 B Q.9 D Q.10 C Q.11 C
Multiple Correct Choice Type
Q.12 B, D Q.13 A, B, C Q.14 B, C
 π 2π  3 −1 π π
Q.2 ± , ±  Q.3 Q.4 30º Q.5 Q.6 θ = ± Q.7 A C
 3 3 2 2 2 3
Q.8 B, C Q.9 A, B Q.10 A, B Q.11 D Q.12 3 Q.13 7
Q.14 3 Q.15 3 Q.16 2 Q.17 D Q.18 7 Q.19 A, C, D
Q.20 D Q.21 8 Q.22 C
Solutions
JEE Main/Boards 2π
x = 2nπ ± ,n∈I
3
Exercise 1 2π
∴ 5θ = 2nπ ± ,n∈I
3
1
Sol 1: (i) sin 2 θ = 2n π 2 π
2 ⇒θ= ± ,n∈I
5 15
1
General solution of sinx = is
2 Sol 2: 7cos2θ + 3sin2θ = 4
π
x = nπ + (–1)n 6 , n ∈ I Since sin2θ + cos2θ = 1
π ∴ 4cos2θ + 3(cos2θ + sin2θ) = 4
∴ 2θ = nπ + (–1)n 6
⇒ 4cos2θ + 3 = 4
nπ π 1 1 1
⇒θ= + ( −1)n ,n∈I ∴ cos2θ = or cosθ = , −
2 12 4 2 2
1
(ii) cos 5 θ = – π 2π
2 ∴ θ = 2nπ ± , 2nπ ± ,n∈I
3 3
1
General solution of cosx = − is
2
Sol 3: tanx + tan2x + 3 tanx tan2x = 3 nπ n π

∴θ= + ( −1 ) ,n∈I
2 4
⇒ tanx + tan2x = 3 (1 – tanx tan2x)
tanx + tan2x 3 1
∴ 3
= Sol 5: sin(x – y) = , cos(x + y) =
1 − tan x tan 2 x 2 2
tanA + tanB π
∵ = tan(A + B) ∴ x – y = nπ + (–1)n n ∈ I. … (i)
1 − tanA tanB 3
Applying the above formula π

and x + y = 2mπ ± n ∈ I … (ii)
3
tan (x + 2x) = 3 ⇒ tan3x = 3 π π
∴ 2x = nπ + (–1)n + 2mπ ±
General solution of tanθ = 3 is 3 3
π [Adding (i) and (ii)]
θ = nπ + ,n∈I
3
1 n π π
π nπ π and x = nπ + ( −1) + 2mπ ± 
∴ 3x = nπ + ⇒x= + 2 3 3
3 3 9
Similarly,
Sol 4: 3tan(θ – 15°) = tan(θ + 15°)
1  π  3 π 
We can write it as =y 2n π ± −  n π + ( −1 )   , m,n ∈I
2  3  3 
 π 
tan  θ + 
tan ( θ + 15° )  12  [Subtracting (i) from (ii)]
= = 3
tan ( θ − 15° )  π 
tan  θ −  Sol 6: sinx = tanx
 12 
sinx sinx
sin θ ∵ tanx = ⇒sinx =
Applying tanθ = cos x cos x
cos θ
⇒ sin x cos x=sin x ⇒ sin x(cos x–1) = 0
 π   π 
sin  θ +  cos  θ −  ∴ sin x = 0 or cos x = 1 for sin x = 0
 12   12 
⇒ 3
= x = nπ, n ∈ I
 π   π 
sin  θ −  cos  θ + 
 12   12  and for cos x = 1, x = 2mπ, m ∈ I
1 As the equation is valid for sin x = 0 or cos x = 1, is the
Using sin A cos B = [sin(A + B) + sin(A – B)]
2 solution will be union of both.
Above expression can be written as ∴ x = nπ, n ∈ I
1  π π   π π 
sin  θ + + θ −  + sin  θ + − θ +  Sol 7: 2tanθ – cotθ + 1 = 0
2  12 12   12 12 
=3
1  π π   π π  1
cotθ =
sin  θ + + θ −  + sin  θ − − θ −  tanθ
2  12 12   12 12  
1
π ∴ 2tanθ – +1=0
sin2 θ + sin tanθ
⇒ 6 = 3
π 2 tan2 θ + tan θ − 1
sin2 θ − sin ⇒ 0
=
6 tan θ
π π (2 tan θ − 1)(tan θ + 1)
⇒ 2sin2θ = 4sin ⇒ sin2θ = 2 × sin =1 ⇒ =0
6 6 tan θ
∴ sin2θ = 1 1
⇒ tanθ ≠ 0 and tanθ = or tanθ = –1
General solution of sin x = 1 2
π ∴ From tanθ ≠ 0, θ ≠ nπ and
is x = nπ + (–1)n , n ∈ I
2 π
tanθ = –1, θ = nπ – n∈I
4
1 ∴ 1 + sinx = 2(1 – sin2x) = 2(1 – sinx) (1 + sinx)

∴ Solution of equation is tanθ = ,–1
2 ⇒ [2(1 – sinx) – 1] (1 + sinx) = 0
1 π
i.e. θ = nπ + tan 2 , nπ – n ∈ I
–1
4 ⇒ [(1 – 2sinx) (1 + sinx)] = 0
1
∴ sinx = or –1
Sol 8: sin mx + sin nx = 0 2
1 π
C +D  C −D  For sin x = x = nπ + (–1)n 6 n ∈ I
Qsin C + sin D = 2sin   cos  
 2   2  2
π
 x  x For sin x = –1 x = (2n + 1) n∈I
∴ 2sin  (m + n)  cos  (m − n)  =
0 2
 2  2 π π
∴ x = nπ + (–1)n or (2n + 1) n ∈ I
x  x 6 2
∴ sin(m + n) = 0 or cos  (m − n)  =0
2  2 
x x π Sol 12: 2 sin2x – 5sinx cosx – 8cos2x + 2 = 0
⇒(m + n) = aπ or (m – n) = (2b + 1) a,b ∈ I
2 2 2 We can write 2 as 2(cos2x + sin2x)
∴x=
2a
π or
(2b+ 1)
π a,b ∈ I ∵ cos2x + sin2x = 1
m+n m−n
∴ 2sin2x–5sinxcosx–8cos2x+2cos2x+2sin2x = 0
Sol 9: sec22x = 1 – tan2x ⇒ 4sin2x – 5sinx cosx – 6cos2x = 0
[1 + tan2θ = sec2q] 4sin2x – 8sinx cosx + 3sinx cosx – 6cos2x = 0
∴ 1 + tan22x = 1 – tan2x 4sinx(sinx – 2cosx) + 3cosx(sinx – 2cosx) = 0
⇒ tan22x + tan2x = 0 ∴ (4sinx + 3cosx) (sinx – 2cosx) = 0
⇒ tan2x(1 + tan2x) = 0 3
⇒ sinx = − cosx or sinx = 2cosx
4
tan2x = 0 or tan2x = –1
3
π or tanx = − or tanx = 2
2x = nπ or 2x = mπ – n, m ∈ I 4
4  3
nπ mπ π x = nπ + tan–1  −  or x = nπ + tan–1(2)
∴x= or − n, m ∈ I  4
2 2 8
Sol 13: 4sinx sin2x sin4x = sin3x
Sol 10: 4sinx cosx + 2sinx + 2cosx + 1 = 0
2sinA sinB = cos(A – B) – cos(A + B)
⇒ (2sinx + 1) × (2cosx + 1) = 0
2sinA cosB = sin(A + B) + sin(A – B)
1 1
⇒ sin x = − or cosx = − ∴ 2sinx[2sin2x sin4x] = 2sinx[cos2x – cos6x]
2 2
π 1 ⇒ 2sinx cos2x – 2sinx cos6x = sin3x
∴ x = nπ– (–1)n (when sin x = − )
6 2 ⇒ sin3x + sin(–x) – [sin7x + sin(–5x)] = sin3x
2π 1 ⇒–sinx = sin7x – sin5x
or x = 2nπ ± (when cos x = − )
3 2
–sinx = 2cos6x sinx
Sol 11: tanx + secx = 2cosx C +D   C −D 
sinC + sinD = 2sin   cos  
sinx 1  2   2 
tanx = , sec x =
cos x cos x ⇒ sinx(2cos6x + 1) = 0
1 + sin x 1
sinx = 0 or cos6x = −
∴ = 2 cos x 2
cos x
2π nπ π
⇒ 1 + sin x = 2cos2x x = nπ or 6x = 2nπ ± ⇒ x = nπ, ±
3 3 9
[∵ sin2x + cos2x = 1]
Sol 14: (1 – tanθ) (1 + sin2θ) = (tanθ + 1) 3π

θ = 2nπ ± n∈I
sin θ 4
tanθ =
cos θ 3π 2n π 3 π
∴ 5x = 2nπ ± ⇒x= ± ,n∈I
4 5 20
 cos θ − sin θ   cos θ + sin θ 
∴   (1 + sin2θ) =  
 cos θ   cos θ  Sol 17: (i) 3cos2θ + 7sin2θ = 4
cos θ + sin θ 3(cos2θ + sin2θ) + 4sin2θ = 4
⇒ (1 + sin2θ) =
cos θ − sin θ
⇒ 4sin2θ = 4 – 3 = 1
( cos θ + sin θ )
2
1 1 n π
= ∴ sinθ = , − ⇒ θ = n π + ( −1 )  ± 
( cos θ − sin θ )( cos θ + sin θ ) 2 2  6
cos2 θ + sin2 θ + 2sin θ cos θ (ii) tanx + tan2x + tan3x = tanx tan2x tan3x
∴ (1 + sin2θ) =
cos2 θ − sin2 θ ⇒ tanx + tan2x + tan3x (1 – tanx tan2x) = 0
1 + sin2θ tanx + tan2x
(1 + sin2θ) = ⇒ = –tan3x
cos2θ 1 − tanx tan2x
⇒ cos2θ (1 + sin2θ) – (1 + sin2θ) = 0 tanA + tanB
∵ = tan(A + B)
(cos2θ – 1) (sin2θ + 1) = 0 1 − tanA tanB
sin2θ = –1 or cos2θ = 1 ∴ tan(x + 2x) = –tan3x
π 2tan3x = 0
∴ 2θ = 2nπ – or 2θ = 2nπ, n ∈ I
2
i.e. tan3x = 0
π
∴ θ = nπ – or nπ n ∈ I nπ
4 ∵ 3x = nπ, n ∈ I or x = ,n∈I
3
Sol 15: sin x + 3 cos x = 2 π  π 

(iii) tan  + θ  + tan  − θ  = 4
4  4 
1 3 2
⇒ sinx + cosx = tanA ± tanB
2 2 2 tan (A ± B) =
1  tanA tanB
π π π
⇒ sin sin x + cos cos x =
cos
6 6 4 π  1 + tan θ
∴ tan  + θ  =
 π π 4  1 − tan θ
⇒ cos  x −  =cos
 6  4 π  1 − tan θ
and tan  − θ  =
π π 4  1 + tan θ
x − = 2n π ±
6 4
1 + tan θ 1 − tan θ
5π π ∴ + 4
=
∴ x = 2nπ + , 2nπ – n∈I 1 − tan θ 1 + tan θ
12 12
(1 + tan θ ) + (1 − tan θ )
2 2
Sol 16: (i) tan3θ = –1 ⇒ =4

General solution of tan x = –1 is
(1 − tan θ) 2
π ∴ (1 + tan2θ) × 2 = 4(1 – tan2θ) ⇒ 3tan2θ = 1

x = nπ – , n ∈ I
4 1 π
π nπ π tanθ = ± ⇒ θ = nπ ± ,n∈I
∴ 3θ = nπ – ⇒θ= − ,n∈I 3 6
4 3 12
1 Sol 18: tanx + cotx = 2
(ii) cos5x = −
2 1 1
1 cotx = ∴ tanx + =2
General solution for cos θ = − is tanx tanx
2
tan2x – 2tanx + 1 = 0 π π
⇒ x = 2nπ ± +
3 4
⇒ (tanx – 1)2 = 0 ⇒ tanx = 1
7x π
π 2nπ + or 2nπ –
∴ x = nπ + ,n∈I 12 12
4
(iv) cosx + 3 sinx = 1
Sol 19: tan3x – 3tanx = 0,
tanx (tan2x – 3) = 0 Divide the equation by 2
tanx = 0 or tanx = ± 3 1 3 1
cosx + sinx =
π 2 2 2
x = nπ or x = nπ ± ,n∈I
3  π π
⇒ cos  x −  = cos  
 3 3
Sol 20: (i) cosx + sinx = 1 π π
∴ x = 2nπ ± +
1 3 3
Multiply whole equation by
2 2π
i.e. x = 2nπ or 2nπ + ,n∈I
1 1 1 3
⇒ cosx + sinx =
2 2 2 π
C
Sol 21: (i)  
π π  π 1 6
cos cosx + sin sinx = cos  x −  =
4 4  4  2 180° = π radian
π π 0
∴ x – = 2nπ ± 180
4 4 ∴ 1 radian →
π
π π π π 180 π
∴ x = 2nπ ± + = 2nπ or 2nπ + ,n∈I → × = 30°
4 4 2 6 π 6
(ii) secx – tanx = 3  4π
C
(ii)  
1 tanx 1 − sinx  5 
⇒ sec x − 1 ⇒
= =1
3 3 3 cos x 4π 180 4 π
radian = × = 144°
5 π 5
⇒ 3 cosx + sinx = 1
(iii) (1.2)c
Divide the equation by 2
180
1.2 radian = × 1.2 = 68°43’37.8”
3 1 1 π
⇒ cos x + sinx =
2 2 2 Note: 1° = 60’, 1’ = 60”
 π π
cos  x −  = cos  
 6 3 Sol 22: a + b + c = 180°
π π B
∴ x = 2nπ ± + ,n∈I
3 6
b
π π
x = 2nπ – or 2nπ + , n ∈ I
6 2
1
(iii) sinx + cosx = a c
2 A C
1
Multiply the equation by Given angles are in A. P.
2
Let common difference = d
1 1 1
⇒ sinx + cosx = ∴ b = a + d, c = a + 2d
2 2 2
 π π ⇒ a + (a + d) + (a + 2d) = 3(a + d) = 180°
⇒ cos  x −  = cos  
 4  3
a + d = 60° … (i) i.e. x = nπ

π
Now if x ≠ nπ i.e. sinx ≠ 0 ⇒ 4cos2x = 3 + 2sinx
a a 60° 3 1
Also given = = = =
c a + 2d π π 3 ∴ 4 – 4sin2x = 3 + 2sinx ⇒ 4sin2x + 2sinx – 1 = 0
⇒ 3a = a + 2d ⇒ a = d … (ii) −2 ± (2)
2
− 4 ( 4 )( −1 ) −2 ± 20
sinx= =
From (i) and (ii) 2× 4 8
a = d = 30° −1 ± 5
⇒ sinx =
∴ a = 30°, b = 60°, c = 90° Ans. 4
∴ Possible solution is
Sol 23: 5 −1  π  π
sinx = = sin   ⇒ x = nπ + (–1)n 10
4  10 
A
−1 − 5  3π   3π 
O and sinx = = sin  −  = sin  π + 
d 31 man 4  10   10 
C
 3π  3π
B ∴ x = nπ + (–1)n  −  = nπ + (–1)n+1 10
 10 
moon 384400 km
Earth
π 3π
Line OC divides AB into two equal parts ∴ x = nπ, nπ + (–1)n 10 , nπ + (–1)n+1 10
In DOBC
θ
 31'  OB Sol 26: 5cos2θ + 2cos2 2 + 1 = 0 − π < θ < n
tan  = ∴ OB = 384400 × tan(15.5°)
 2  OC cos2θ = 2cos2θ – 1
0
15.5
= 384400 × tan = 173318 Km θ
60 ∴ 2cos2 = cos θ + 1
2
AB = 2(OB) = 346636 Km and cos2θ = 2cos2θ + 1
∴ Diameter of moon = 346636 Km. Putting both these in given equation
∴ 5(2cos2θ – 1) + cosθ + 1 + 1 = 0
Sol 24:
A 10cos2θ + cosθ – 3 = 0
10cos2θ – 5cosθ + 6cosθ – 3 = 0
O
Letter B 5’ man
(5cosθ + 3) (2cosθ – 1) = 0
3 1
C ⇒ cosθ = − or cosθ =
5 2
12 m
 3 π 3
Assuming letter to be symmetrically placed ∴ θ = cos–1  − 5  or θ = ± = π – cos–1 5
  3
BC
tanθ = 3
OB π π
∴θ= , – , π – cos–1 5 (As – π < θ < π)
BC 3 3
tan(2.5’) =
12
Sol 27: 4sin4x + cos4x = 1
∴ BC = 12tan (2.5’) = 0.0873 m
4sin4x = 1 – cos4x = (1 – cos2x) (1 + cos2x)
∴ Total length of letter = 2BC = 0. 174 m = 17.4 m.
4sin4x = sin2x(1 + cos2x)
Sol 25: 4cos2x sinx – 2sin2x = 3sinx One of obvious solution is sinx = 0 i.e. x = np
One of the obvious solution is sinx = 0 If sinx ≠ 0
⇒ 4sin2x = 1 + cos2x = 2 – sin2x Exercise 2

2
⇒ sin2x =
5 Single Correct Choice Type
2
sinx = ± A B 3
5 Sol 1: (A) b cos2 + a cos2 = c
2 2 2
2
∴ x = nπ ± sin–1 5
b
( cos A + 1) + a ( cosB+ 1) =
3
c
2 2 2
2
∴ x = nπ, nπ ± α,sinα = ,n∈I bcosA + b + acosB + a = 3c
5
⇒ a + b + (acosB + bcosA) = 3c
Sol 28: tan2θ tanθ = 1 ⇒ acosB + bcosA = c
2 tan θ
tan2θ = , ∴ a + b = 2c ⇒ a,b,c are in A.P.
1 − tan2 θ
Substitute this in given equation, we get π 
Sol 2: (B) a2 + 2a + cosec2  2 ( a + x )  =
0
 
2 tan2 θ [cosec2θ = 1 + cot2q]
∴ = 1 ⇒ 3 tan2 θ = 1
1 − tan2 θ π 
⇒ a2 + 2a +1 + cot2  2 ( a + x )  =
0
1 π  
tanθ = ± ∴ θ = nπ ±
3 6 π 
⇒ (a + 1)2 + cot2  2 ( a + x )  =
0
 
Sol 29: esinx – e–sinx – 4 = 0
1 For the above equation to be valid
esinx – =4
esin x π 
a + 1 = 0 and cot  ( a + x )  =
0
Max. Value of L. H. S. can be attained only when esinx is 2 
π π
max and
1
is min. ⇒ a = –1 and ( a + x ) = ( 2n + 1 )
sin x 2 2
e
⇒ a + x = 2n + 1 ⇒ x = 2n + 2
As max. Value of sinx is 1
x
1 1 ∴ a = –1 and ∈I
∴ esinx ≤ e1 and ≥ 2
esin x e
1 C C
Sol 3: (D) ( a + b ) sin2+ ( a − b ) cos2
2 2
∴Max. Value of LHS = e – ≈ 2 35
e 2 2
So there is no real value of x for which LHS = 4 C C
= (a2 + b2 + 2ab) sin2 + (a2 + b2 – 2ab) cos2
2 2
Sol 30: sin4θ – 2sin2θ – 1 = 0 π  c c
= (a2 + b2) + 2ab  sin2 − cos2 
Let sin2θ = t ⇒ t2 – 2t – 1 = 0 3  2 2
= a2 + b2 + 2ab(–cos C)
2
2 ± ( −2) + 4 × 1 2± 8 a2 + b2 − c2
∴t= = =1± 2 2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab = c2
2 2 2ab
∴ sin2θ = 1 + 2 or 1 – 2
Sol 4: (D) sin3A + sin3B + sin3C = 3sinA sinB sinC
Since –1 < sinθ < 1 and 0 < sin2θ < 1
a b c
∴ No real solution. ∵ In triangle = = = k
sin A sinB sinC
i.e. sinA ∝ a, sinB ∝ b, sinC ∝ c

∴ a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc
a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc = (a+b+c)(a2+b2+c2–ab–bc–ca)=0  β  β
2 1 − tan2  − 1 − tan2 
∴ a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ca = 0 2  2
⇒ = 
⇒ (a – b)2 + (b – c)2 + (c – a)2 = 0 ⇒ a = b = c β  β 
2(1 + tan2 ) − 1 + tan2 
2  2
∴ Triangle should be equilateral
β β
2 − 2 tan2− 1 − tan2
Sol 5: (D) sin3θ = 4sinθ sin2θ sin4θ θ ∈ [0, p] ⇒ = 2 2
2 β β
sin3θ = 2sinθ [cos2θ – cos6q] 2 + 2 tan − 1 + 2 tan2
2 2
sin3θ = sin3θ + sin(–θ) – [sin7θ + sin(–5θ)] α
1 − tan2
⇒ sin7θ – sin5θ = –sinq 1 − 3tan2 β / 2 2
⇒ =
2
1 + 3 tan β / 2 1 + tan2 α
∴ –sinθ = 2cos6θ sinq
2
−1
sinθ [2cos6θ + 1] = 0 ⇒ sinθ = 0 or cos6θ =
2  β  β
2π nπ π ⇒ 1 − 3 tan2  1 + tan2 
θ = nπ or 6θ = 2nπ ± ⇒θ= ±  2  2
3 3 9
 2 β  2 β
π 4π 7π 2π 5π 8π = 1 − tan  1 + 3 tan 
∴ θ=0, π, , , , , ,  2  2
9 9 9 9 9 9
β α α β
Sol 6: (A) acos(B–C)+bcos(C – A) + ccos(A – B) ⇒ 1 − 3tan2 + tan2 − 3tan2 tan2
2 2 2 2
= a(cosB cosC + sinB sinC) + b(cosC cosA + sinC sinA) β α α β
1 + 3 tan2
= − tan2 =− 3tan2 tan2
+ c(cosA cosB + sinA sinB) 2 2 2 2
α β
= cosC[acosB + bcosA] + c cosA cosB ⇒ 2 tan2 6 tan2
=
2 2
+ a sinB sinC + b sinC sinA + c sinA sinB
α β
⇒ tan2 3 tan2
=
a = 2RsinA, b = 2RsinB, c = 2RsinC 2 2
and acosB + bcosA = c α β
⇒ tan2 3 tan2
=
abc abc abc 2 2
= c cosC + c cosA cosB + + +
( 2R ) ( 2R ) ( 2R )
2 2 2
α β
⇒ tan2 ⋅ cot =3
3abc 2 2
= c[cos(π – (A + B)) + cosAcosB] +
4R 2
3abc  2π   4π
= c[–cosAcosB + sinAsinB + cosAcosB] + Sol 8: (B) x sinθ = y sin  θ +  =z sin θ + 
4R 2  3   3 
3abc abc 3abc abc 
= c sinAsinB + = + =  1 3
4R 2
4R 2
4R 2
R2 sin θ  −  + cos θ  + 
x  2  2 
⇒ =   = − 1 + 3 cot θ
2 cos β − 1 y sin θ 2 2
Sol 7: (D) cos α =
2 − cos β  1  3
sin θ  −  + cos θ  − 
 2 β x  2  2  1 3
1 − tan  =  = − − cot θ
2
2 −1 z sin θ 2 2
β
1 + tan2 x x
⇒ = 2 ∴ + =−1 ⇒ xz + xy + yz = 0
 2 β y z
1 − tan 
2
2− 
β Sol 9: (C) m = acos3α + 3acosα sin2a
1 + tan2
2
n = asin3α + 3acos2α sina
(m+n)=a(sin3α+cos3α+3cosα sinα(cosα+sinα)) B C s
∴ cot cot =
2 2 s − a
= a(sinα + cosα)3
(m–n)=a(cos3α–sin3α+3cosα sinα (sinα – cosα)) (a + b + c) ( a + 3a)

2 2 2a
= or =
= a(cosα – sinα) 3
(a + b + c) −a
 a + 3a 
 −a
2a − a
∴ (m + n)2/3 + (m – n)2/3 2  2 
B C
= a2/3(sinα + cosα)2 + a2/3(cosα – sinα)2 = 2a2/3 ∴ cot cot = 2
2 2
Sol 10: (A) tan(5pcosθ) = cot(5psinθ)

Sol 12: (B) cos2x + asinx = 2a – 7
sin(5π cos θ) cos(5π sin θ)
= 1 – 2sin2x + asinx = 2a – 7
cos(5π cos θ) sin(5π sin θ)
2sin2x – asinx + 2a – 8 = 0
⇒ cos(5pcosθ) cos(5psinθ) – sin(5pcosθ) sin(5psinθ) = 0
⇒ cos(5pcosθ + 5psinθ) = 0
a ± a2 − 4(2a − 8) × 2
sinx =
2×2
−2 ± 4 + 4 × 4 1± 5
⇒ 5π(cosθ + sinθ) = 2nπ ± = −
(a − 8)
2
2× 4 4 a± a ± | a− 8 |
 2n 1  ∴ sinx = =
⇒ cosθ + sinθ =  ±  4 4
 5 10  For a > 8
1 1 1  2n 1  a ± | a− 8 | 2a − 8
⇒ cos θ + sin θ =  ±  sinx = ⇒ sinx = or 2
2 2 2  5 10  4 4
Since sinx ≤ 1 no value of a > 8 satisfies the equation
 π 1  2n 1 
sin  θ +  =  ± n ∈ I For a < 8
 4 2  5 10 
a ± ( −a + 8 )
For this relation to satisfy sinx =
4
1  2n 1  2a − 8
 ±  ∈  −1,1 sinx = 2,
2  5 10  4
2n 1 2a − 8
∴− 2 ≤ + ≤ 2 ∴ –1 ≤ ≤1
5 10 4
2n 1 2≤a≤6
and − 2 ≤ − ≤ 2
5 10 ∴ The solution is a ∈ [2, 6]
From following both condition
A B
 1 5  1 5
− 2 −  ≤ n ≤  2 − 
∑ cot2 2 cot2 2 1 1 1
 10  2  10  2 Sol 13: (A) = + +
A C B C
 1 5  1 5
∏ cot2 2 cot2
2
cot2
2
cot2
2
and  − 2 ≤ n ≤  2 + 
 10 2  10  2 A B C
= tan2 + tan2 + tan2
Considering values of n and θ ∈ [0, 2p] total of 28 values 2 2 2
are possible. 2
 A B C A B
=  tan + tan + tan  – 2 ∑ tan + tan
B C s−a  2 2 2 2 2
Sol 11: (C) tan tan =
2 2 s A B
For triangle ∑ tan + tan = 1
2s = a + b + c 2 2
Given b + c = 3a  A B C
2
=  tan + tan + tan  − 2
 2 2 2
2 Sol 17: (C) (7cosθ + 24sinθ) × (7sinθ – 24cosθ)

∴ For LHS to be minimum  ∑ tan A  should take its
 2  7 cos θ + 24 sin θ   7 sin θ − 24 cos θ 
minimum value which is only possible for A = B = C =
π = 25   × 25  
3  25   25 
2 2
 A B C  1  = –625 sin(α + θ) cos(α + θ)
∴  tan + tan + tan  =  × 3 = 3
 2 2 2  3  24
7
Where sinα = , cosα =
∴ Min. Value of given function = 3 – 2 = 1 25 24
625
= − sin 2 ( α + θ )
2
Sol 14: (C) sinx + sin5x = sin2x + sin4x
∴ Maximum value occurs when
2sin3x cos2x = 2sin3x cosx
625
2sin3x(cos2x – cosx) = 0 sin2(α + θ) = –1 ∴ Maximum value =
2
∴ 3x = nπ or cos2x = cosx
x x
Sol 18: (B) sin – cos = 1 – sinx
nπ 2n π 2 2
x= or 2x = 2nπ ± x ⇒ x = , 2np 2
3 3  x x
We know that 1 – sinx =  sin − cos 
π 2π 4π  2 2
∴x= , , π, .........
3 3 3 2
x x  x x
nπ ⇒ sin – cos =  sin − cos 
∴General solution is 2 2  2 2
3
x x 1
= cos or sin  x − π  =
 
Sol 15: (B) cotx – cosx = 1 – cotx cosx ⇒ sin
2 2 2 4 2
 1 − sinx  sinx − cos2 x x π x π π
cosx   = ⇒ = mπ + or − = mπ + ( −1)m
 sinx  sinx 2 4 2 4 4
For sinx ≠ 0 i.e. x ≠ np π π π
⇒ x = (4m+ 1) or x = (4m + 1) + ( −1)m
cosx – cosx sinx = sinx – cos x2 2 2 2
(cosx – sinx) + cosx(cosx – sinx) = 0 x π 3π

Also − ≤
⇒(1 + cosx) (cosx – sinx) = 0 2 2 4
cosx = –1 or cosx = sinx 3π x π 3π 3π π x 3π π

⇒− ≤ − ≤ ⇒ − + ≤ ≤ +
x 3π 4 2 2 4 4 2 2 4 2
∴ x = π, ,
4 4 π x 5π π 5π
⇒ − ≤ ≤ ⇒ − ≤x≤
Qn ≠ π as sinx ≠ 0 4 2 4 2 2
x 3π π 3π 4 π 5π
∴x= , ∴x= , π, , ,
4 4 2 2 2 2
∴ Two solutions
i.e. n = 1, 2, 4, 5
Sol 16: (C) cos 73 + cos 47 + (cos73 cos47)
2 2
Sol 19: (D) a1 + a2cos2x + a3sin2x = 0

= (cos73 + cos47)2 – cos47 cos73
2 a1 + a2(1 – 2sin2x) + a3sin2x = 0
 120 26   cos120 + cos26 
⇒  2cos cos  −   ⇒ a1 + a2 + (a3 –a2)sin2x = 0
 2 2   2 
For all x of this function has to be zero
1 1 
= cos213–  − + 2cos2 13 − 1 
2 2  then a1 + a2 = 0, a3 – 2a2 = 0
1 1 1 1 3 As there are three Variables and two equations so

= cos213 + – cos213 + = + = infinite solution are possible.
4 2 4 2 4
 π A  B Sol 4: (B) We know

Sol 20: (A) Given A + B =1 + tan   1 + tan 
 2 2 2
 π  – a2 + b2 ≤ asinx + bcos x ≤ α2 + b2
  − A 
 A  B = 
1 + tan
A 
1 + tan 2 
 1 + tan   1 + tan     ∴ − 74 ≤ 7cos x + 5sinx ≤ 74
2 2 2  2
  
 π    i.e. ∴ − 74 ≤ 2k + 1 ≤ 74
  − A 
 A  2 
=  1 + tan   1 + 1tan A  Since, k is integer, −9 < 2k + 1 < 9
 2
A  
− tan 2
2=
 
 1 + tan  A  ( 2 )
=  1 + tan   1 + = 2 ⇒ −10 < 2k < 8 ⇒ −5 < k < 4
 2   A   2 A
 1 + tan  1 + tan
 2 2 ⇒ Number of possible integer values of k is equal to 8.
Sol 5: (A) Since, 2sin2 θ − 5sin θ + 2 > 0

⇒ ( 2sin θ − 1 )( sin θ − 2 ) > 0
Sol 1: (A) Given equation is
 Where, ( sin θ − 2 ) < 0 for all θ ∈ R 
 
x π
2cos2   sin2 =
x x2 + x −2 , x ≤
2
  9 ⇒ ( 2sin θ − 1 ) < 0
x 1
LHS = 2cos2   sin2 x < 2 and RHS = x2 + ≥2 y
2
  x2
∴ The equation has no real solution.
y= 1
2
( x ) tanx − x
Sol 2: (C) Let f= x’ 5 2
x
π 6 6
We know, for 0 < x < y’
2
1
⇒ tanx > x ⇒ sin θ <
2
∴ f(x) = tan x – x has no root in ( 0, π / 2 )  π   5π 
∴ From the graph, θ ∈  0,  ∪  ,2π 
For π / 2 < x < π , tan x is negative  6  6 
∴ f (x) = tan x – x < 0
2 2 1
π  Sol 6: (C) 2sin θ − cos2θ = 0 ⇒ sin θ =
So, f(x) = 0 has no root in  , π  4
2 
1
3π Also, 2cos2=
θ 3sin θ ⇒ sin θ =
For < x < 2π,tanx is negative 2
2
⇒ Two solutions exist in the interval 0,2π  .
∴ f ( x=
) tanx − x < 0
 3π
So, f ( x ) = 0 has no root in  ,2π 
 Sol 7: (D) P ={θ : sin θ − cos θ = }
2 cos θ
 2  ⇒ cos θ ( 2 + 1 ) = sin θ
 3π  3π 3π
We have, f ( π ) = 0 −π < 0 and f  =  tan − >0
 2 2 2 ⇒ tan=
θ 2 +1 …… (i)
3π
∴ f (x) =
0 has at least one root between π and
2
Q= {θ : sin θ + cos θ = } ⇒ sin θ (
2 sin θ )
2 − 1 = cos θ
( )
Sol 3: (A) Given equation is sin ex= 5x + 5− x is tan=
θ
1
2 −1
×
2 +1
=
2 +1
( 2 + 1) ….. (ii)

LHS = sin e ( )
x x
≤ 1 , for all x ∈ R and RHS = 5 + 5 −x
≥2 ∴P =Q
( )
∴ sin ex= 5x + 5− x has no solution.
Sol 8: (A) α + β + γ = 2 π = 1 − 2sin2 α cos2 α + 2 cos2 α sin2 α
tan ( α + β + γ ) = 0 =1
π tan α + tan β
tan ( α + β ) + tan γ Sol 11: (C) α + β= ⇒ tan ( α + β )= = 0
⇒ 0
= 2 1 − tan α tan β
1 − tan ( α + β ) tan γ
γ=α−β
tan α + tan β ⇒ tan α tan β =1

⇒ + tan γ =0
1 − tan α tan β γ=α−β
⇒ tan α + tan β + tan=
γ tan α tan β tan γ tan α − tan β
tan γ =
1 + tan α tan β
Sol 9: (B) A sin2 θ + cos4 θ
tan α − tan β
⇒ tan γ =
( ) 2
2
= sin2 θ + 1 − sin2 θ
⇒ 2 tan=
γ tan α − tan β
2 4 2
= sin θ + sin θ + 1 − 2 sin θ ⇒ tana = 2tang + tanb
= 1 + sin4 θ − sin2 θ
 π
2 Sol 12: (B) θ ←  0, 
 1 1  4
=  sin2 θ −  + 1 −
 2  4
⇒ tan θ∈ (1, 0 )
2
 1 3
=  sin2 θ −  +  1 
 2  4 ⇒ cos θ∈  , 1
 2 
1
For minimum, sin θ =
2 ⇒ cot θ∈ (1, 0 )
3
A=  π
4 As θ∈  0, 
 4
For maximum, sin θ =0
cot θ > tan θ
A=1
⇒ ( cot θ ) > ( tan θ )
cot θ cot θ
3
⇒ ≤ A ≤1
4
⇒ t 4 > t2
  3π  
Sol 10: (B) 3 sin4  − α  + sin4 ( 3 π + α ) 
  2   tan A cot A
Sol 13: (A) +
 6π   1 − cot A 1 − tan A
−2 sin  + 2  + sin6 (5 π − 2 ) 
 2   tan A 1 / tan A
= +
1 1 − tan A
= 3 cos2 α + sin4 α  − 2 cos6 α + sin6 α  1−
    tan A
= 3cos4 α + 3sin4 α − 2cos4 tan2 A 1

= +
( )
α 1 − sin2 α − 2sin4 α 1 − cos2 α ( ) 1 − tan A tan A (1 − tan A )
− tan3 A + 1
= sin4 α + cos4 α + 2cos4 α sin2 α + 2sin4 α cos2 α =
(1 − tan A ) tan A
(sin α + cos α ) − 2sin α cos α
2
2 2 2 2
=
(1 − tan A ) (1 + tan2 A + tan A )
+2cos α sin α ( cos α + sin α )
2 2 2 2 =
tanA (1 − tan A )
sec2 A + tanA 2π π
= ⇒ sin4x = ⇒ sinx = ±
tan A 3 3
π
sec2 A ∴ x = nπ ± , np
= +1 6
tan A
= sec A cosec A + 1 Sol 2: 4cos2x sinx – 2sin2x = 3sinx
One above solution is sinx = 0 i.e. x = np
Sol 14: (B) cos x + cos 2x + cos 3x + cos 4x = 0
If sinx ≠ 0
⇒ cos x + cos3x + cos2x + cos 4x =
0
4cos2x = 3 + 2sinx
⇒ 2cos 2x cos x + 2cos 3x cos x =
0 4(1 – sin2x) = 3 + 2sinx
⇒ 2cos x ( cos 2x + cos 3x ) =
0 4sin2x + 2sinx – 1 = 0
 5x x −2 ± 4 + 4 × 4 1 ± 5
⇒ 2cos x 2 cos cos  =
0 =sinx = =
 2 2 2×4 4
x 5x 3π π
⇒ cos= 0 or cos
= x 0 or cos= 0 x = nπ + (–1)n+1 or nπ + (–1)n
2 2 10 10
x π π 5x π
⇒
2
( 2p + 1 ) or x =
2
( 2q + 1 ) or
2 2
=( 2r + 1 )
2 Sol 3: 1 + cosx+cos2x+sinx+sin2x+sin3x = 0
π π
Given condition < 3x − ≤ π
⇒ x= ( 2p + 1) π or x= ( 2q + 1) 2π or x= ( 2r + 1) 5π 2 2
1+cosx + 2cos2x – 1 +(sinx + sin3x)+ sin2x = 0
π 3π 7 π 9 π π 3π
=⇒x , , , , , π,
5 5 5 5 2 2 cosx(2cosx + 1) + 2sin2x cosx + sin2x = 0
Total 7 solutions (cosx + sin2x) (2cosx + 1) = 0

(2sinx + 1) (2cosx + 1) cosx = 0
1 1
JEE Advanced/Boards sinx = − or cosx = − or cosx = 0
2 2
Exercise 1 According to given condition
π π
< 3x − ≤ π
Sol 1: sin5x = 16sin x 5
2 2
sin(3x + 2x) = sin3x cos2x + cos3x sin2x π π π π
⇒ < 3x − ≤ π and −π ≤ 3x − < −
= (3sinx – 4sin3x) (1 – 2sin2x) 2 2 2 2
+ (–3cosx + 4cos3x)2sinx cosx 3π π

⇒ π < 3x ≤ and − ≤ 3x < 0
2 2
= sinx[(3 – 4sin2x) (1 – 2sin2x)
 π  π π 
+ 2(3 – 4(1 – sin2x)) (1 – sin2x)] = 16sin5x ∴ common condition is x ∈  − , 0  ∪  , 
 6  3 2 
One of the obvious solution is Only two solutions are possible
sinx = 0 ⇒ x = np 1
sinx = − and cosx = 0
If sinx ≠ 0 2
⇒ 3 – 10sin2x + 8sin4x Sol 4: 2(cosx + cos2x) + sin2x (1 + 2cosx) = 2sinx

+ 2(– 1 + 4sin x)(1 – sin x) = 16sin x
2 2 4
2(cosx + 2cos2x – 1) + sin2x (1 + 2cosx) = 2sinx
⇒ 3 – 10sin2x + 8sin4x + 10sin2x – 8sin4x – 2 = 16sin4x 2cosx(2cosx + 1) – 2 + sin2x(1 + 2cosx) = 2sinx
⇒ 1 = 16sin4x 2(cosx + sin2x) (2cosx + 1) – 2(1 + sinx) = 0
2cosx(1 + sinx) (2cosx + 1) – 2(1 + sinx) = 0 Sol 7: tan22x+cot22x+2tan2x+2cot2x = 6

(1 + sinx) [cosx(2cosx + 1) – 1] = 0 Let tan2x = t
⇒ sinx + 1 = 0 or 2cos2x + cosx – 1 = 0 1 2
⇒ t2 + + 2t + =6
i.e. (2cosx – 1) (cosx + 1) = 0 t 2 t
⇒ t4 + 1 + 2(t2 + 1)t = 6t2
1
∴ sinx = –1 or cosx = or cosx = –1
2 ⇒ t4 + 2t3 – 6t2 + 2t + 1 = 0
π
x = (4n – 1) ⇒ (t – 1) (t – 1) (t2 + 4t + 1) = 0
2
π − 4 ± 16 − 4
x = 2nπ ± or x = (2n + 1) p ⇒ tan2x = 1 or = −2 ± 3
3 2
∵ x ∈ [–π, p] ∴ 2x = nπ +
π
or 2x = nπ –
π
or nπ –
5π
4 12 12
π π π
∴x= − , − , ; –π, +p nπ π nπ π nπ 5π
2 3 3 ⇒x= + , − , −
2 8 2 12 2 12
Sol 5: 2(sinx – cos2x) – sin2x(1 + 2sinx) + 2cosx = 0 x
− sec2
2(sinx+2sin2x) – 2 – sin2x(1 + 2sinx)+ 2cosx = 0 Sol 8: 1 + 2cosecx = 2
2
(2sinx – sin2x) (1 + 2sinx) – 2(1 – cosx) = 0
2 1 1
2sinx(1 – cosx) (1 + 2sinx) – 2(1 – cosx) = 0 1+ =− ×
sin x 2 x
cos2
2(1 – cosx) [sinx(1 + 2sinx) – 1] = 0 2
⇒ cosx = 1or 2sin2x + sinx – 1 = 0 2 + sinx 1
⇒ = −
1 x x x
2sin cos 2cos2
(2sinx – 1) (sinx + 1) = 0 ⇒ sinx = or –1 2 2 2
2
π π x x x
x = 2nπ or x = nπ + (–1)n 6 or x = (4n – 1) cos ≠0⇒ ≠ 2nπ ± ⇒ x ≠ 4nπ ± p
2 2 2 2
π π x
⇒ x = 2nπ, nπ + (–1)n+1 2 , nπ + (–1)n 6 ⇒ 2 + sinx = – tan
2
x
2 tan
3x x ⇒2+ 2 = − tan x (Let tan x = t)
Sol 6: cos3x + cos2x = sin + sin
2 2 x 2 2
1 + tan2
5x x x 2
⇒ 2cos cos = 2sinx cos 2t
2 2 2 ⇒2+ = − t ⇒ 2 + 2t2 + 2t = –t – t3
1 + t2
x  5x 
⇒ cos  cos − sinx  = 0
2 2  ⇒ t3 + 2t2 + 3t + 2 = 0
x 5x π  ⇒ (t + 1) (t2 + t + 2) = 0
cos = 0 or cos = sinx = cos  − x 
2 2 2  ⇒ t = – 1 or t2 + t + 2 = 0
x π 5x π  x
⇒ = 2nπ ± or = 2nπ ±  − x  ∴ tan = −1
2 2 2 2  2
x π π
π π π π = nπ – ⇒ x = 2nπ –
⇒ x =4nπ ± π or x = 4n + or 4n − n ∈ I 2 4 2
7 7 3 3
∵ x ∈ (0, 2π)  x  x
π 5π 9π 13π Sol 9: sin   + cos  =2 sin x
∴ x = π, , , ,  2   2 
   
7 7 7 7
1  x 1  x π 
sin  + cos   = cos  − x 
2  2  2  2  2 
   
 x π π  π 
⇒ cos  − =  cos  − x  ⇒ cos  − 2x  = cos6x
 2 4   2  2 
 
π
⇒ − 2x= 2nπ ± 6x
2
x π π 
∴ − = 2n π ±  − x  nπ π nπ π
2 4 2  ⇒x= + , −
4 16 2 8
4n π π π π
⇒ x= + , - 4nπ + ∴ Smallest positive value =
3 2 2 16
2 2
 4nπ π   π  π
∴x=  +  ,  4nπ −  n ∈ I Sol 13: 2sin  3x +  =
 3 2  2 1 + 8 sin2x cos2 2x
 4
 1 1 
Sol 10: As the roots are same both equations should ⇒ 2 sin3x + cos3x 
be same.  2 2 
Let us solve the second equation
= 1 + 4(2sin2x cos2x)cos2x
1
sinx cos2x = sin2x cos3x – sin5x
2 ⇒ [ 2 (sin3x + cos3x)]2 = 1 + 4sin4x cos2x
⇒ 2sinx cos2x=2sin2x cos3x – sin5x ⇒ 2(sin23x + cos23x + 2sin3x cos3x)
⇒ sin3x – sinx = sin5x – sinx – sin5x = 1 + 4sin4x cos2x
⇒ sin3x = 0 ∴ x = np ⇒ 2(1 + 2sin3x cos3x) = 1 + 4sin4x cos2x
Put x = nπ is given equation ⇒ 1 = 2(2sin4x cos2x) – 2(2sin3x cos3x)
a cos2x + |a| cos4x + cos6x = 1 = 2(sin6x + sin2x) – 2sin6x
a cos2nπ + |a| cos4nπ + cos6nπ = 1 1
⇒ sin2x =
⇒ a + |a| + 1 = 1 2
 π π
∴a≤0 ∴  2x −  = 2nπ ±
 2 3
5π π
Sol 11: 13 − 18 tan x = 6tanx – 3, –2π , x < 2p x = nπ + , nπ + ,n∈I
12 12
⇒ 13 – 18tanx = (6 tanx – 3)2 5π  π
If x = ⇒ sin  3x +  = –1
13 – 18tanx = 36tan2x + 9 – 36tanx 12  4
18 tan2x – 9tanx – 2 = 0 Which is not possible
⇒ (6tanx + 1) (3tanx – 2) = 0 π
∴ x = nπ +
12
1
Also 6tanx – 3 > 0 ⇒ tan x >
2
2 Sol 14: sinx – sin3x + sin5x = cosx – cos3x + cos5x
∴ tanx =
3 1 1
2 (sinx – cosx) – (sin3x – cos3x)
x = a – 2π, a – π, a, a + π, where a = tan–1 3 2 2
1
+ (sin5x – cos5x) = 0
Sol 12: ( 1 + sin 2x − 2 cos 3x =
0 ) 2
1 + sin2x = 2cos 3x = 2 (1 – sin 3x)

2 2  π  π  π
sin  x −  – sin  3x −  + sin  5x −  = 0
 4   4   4
⇒ 2sin23x + sin2x = 1
 π
⇒ 1 – cos6x + sin2x = 1  6x − 
2  x − 5x   π
⇒ 2sin   cos   − sin  3x −  =
0
⇒ sin2x = cos6x  2   2   4
 
 
 π Sol 17: log (sin3x + sinx) =

log 2 (sin2x)
⇒ sin  3x −  [2cos2x – 1] = 0 − x2 −6x − x −6x
 4 10 10
 π 1 ⇒ –x2 – 6x > 0 and –x2 – 6x ≠ 10

∴ sin  3x −  = 0 or cos2x =
 4  2 ⇒x(x + 6) < 0 and x2 + 6x + 10 ≠ 0
π π ∴ x ∈ (–6, 0)
⇒ 3x = nπ + or 2x = 2nπ ±
4 3
But if x is negative then sin2x will be negative.
nπ π π
∴x= + , nπ ± Hence no solution is possible.
3 12 6
π π 9 π 13 π
∴ Principle solution are , , , , Sol 18: 3 – 2cosθ – 4sinθ – cos2θ + sin2θ=0
12 12 12 12
3 – 2cosθ – 4sinθ – (1 – 2sin2θ) + 2sinθ cosθ = 0
17 π 21 π π 5 π 7π 11 π
, , , , , ⇒ 2cosθ(sinθ–1)+2sinθ (sinθ–1)–2(sinθ – 1) = 0
12 12 6 6 6 6
⇒ (sinθ – 1) (2cosθ + 2sinθ – 2) = 0
i.e. 10 solutions.
∴ sinθ = 1 or sinθ + cosθ = 1
1 
 +log3( cos x + sin x ) 
2 log2 ( cos x −sin x ) π  π π
Sol 15: 3  −2 2
= ⇒ θ = nπ + (–1)n 2 or cos  θ −  = cos  
 4 4
1
π π
∵ θ = 2nπ ±
log (cosx + sinx) log2 (cosx −sinx)
32 3 3 −2 2
= +
4 4
3 (cosx + sinx) – (cosx – sinx) = 2 π
∴ θ = 2nπ, 2nπ +
2
3 −1 3 +1 1
⇒ cos x + sinx =
2 2 2 2 2 Sol 19: cos4x + 6 = 7cos2x
cos4x – cos2x = 6(cos2x – 1)
 5π  π
cos  x −  = 2nπ ±
 12  3 ⇒ 2sin3x sin(–x) = 6(–2sin2x)
cosx – sinx and cosx + sinx > 0 ⇒ sin3x sinx = 6sin2x
π 3π sin3x sinx = 6sin2x
∴ x = 2nπ + , 2nπ +
12 4 sinx(sin3x – 6sinx) = 0
3π
∵ For x = 2nπ + , cosx + sinx < 0, which is not a sinx(3sinx – 4sin3x – 6sinx) = 0
solution. 4
⇒ sin2x(–3 – 4 sin2x) = 0
π
∴ x = 2nπ + −3
12 ⇒ sinx = 0 or sin2x =
4
Sol 16: cos6θ + cos4θ + cos2θ + 1 = 0 Which is not possible
2cos4θ cos2θ + cos4θ + 1 = 0 ∴ x = np
2cos4θ cos2θ + 2cos 2θ = 0 2
∴ Possible solutions are
2cos2θ (cos4θ + cos2θ) 0, π, 2π, 3π, . . . . . . . 99p
2cos2θ × 2cos3θ cosθ = 0 ∵ 100π = 314.159 > 314
⇒ cosθ = 0 or cos2θ = 0 or cos3θ = 0 99 × 100 π
∴ Sum = = 4950p
π π 2n π π 2
θ = 2nπ ± or θ = nπ + or θ = ±
2 4 3 6
π π π 5π 3π Sol 20: sin3x + sin32x + sin33x
∴θ= , , , ,
6 4 2 6 4 = (sinx + sin2x + sin3x)3
= 30°, 45°, 90°, 150°, 135° a3 + b3 + c3 = (a + b + c)3 – 3(a + b)
(b + c) (c + a) 2cos2x sin2x – 2cos4x sin2x = 4

⇒ (sinx + sin2x) (sin2x + sin3x) (sin3x + sinx) =0 ⇒ sin4x + sin2x – sin6x = 4
 3x x  5x x As maximum value of sinθ = 1 so if sin4x, sin2x takes
 2sin cos  2sin cos  (2sin2xcosx)=0 maximum value 1 and sin6x takes the value –1 even
 2 2  2 2
then LHS will be less than RHS so no solution possible.
3x 5x
⇒ sin = 0 or sin = 0 or sin2x = 0 or 1
2 2 (b) sinx cos4x sin5x = −
2
x
cos = 0 or cosx = 0 (cos4x – cos6x) cos4x = –1
2
2n π 2n π π 2cos24x – 2cos6x cos4x = – 2
∴x= , , nπ, 4nπ ± π, 2nπ ±
3 5 2 ⇒ 1+cos8x–cos10x–cos2x=– 2
2π ⇒ cos8x – cos10x – cos2x = –3
∴ Least positive angle would be = 72°.
5
For LHS = RHS
π 
Sol 21: sin(π – 6x) + 3 sin  + 6x  = 3 in [0, 2p] cos10x = cos2x = 1 and cos8x = 1
 2 
∴ 8x = 2nπ and 10x = (2m + 1) π and
1 3 3
sin6x + cos6x =
2 2 2 2x = (2m + 1)p
 π π nπ π π
cos  6x −  = cos   ⇒x= , x = (2m + 1) , x = (2m + 1)
 6 6 4 10 2
nπ π nπ π
π π nπ nπ π = (2m + 1) and = (2m + 1)
6x – = 2nπ ± ⇒x= , + 4 10 4 2
6 6 3 3 18
There is no integer value of n and m for which above
π 2π 4π 5π π
∴ x = 0, , , π, , , 2π, , results hold. So no solution.
3 3 3 3 18
(c) 2sinx cosx cos2x = –1
7 π 13 π 19 π 25 π 31 π
, , , , 2sinx[cos3x + cosx] = –2
18 18 18 18 18
⇒ sin4x + sin(–2x) + sin2x=– 2
∴ Total no. of solutions = 13
⇒ sin4x = –2
cos θ + sin θ
Sol 22: (sinθ)x2 + (2cosθ)x + ∴ No solution
2
(d)4sin2x + cosx = 5
For perfect square of linear equation D = 0
For this result to hold
⇒ b2 – 4ac = 0
sin2x = 1 and cosx = 1
 cos θ + sin θ 
4cos2θ – 4   sinθ = 0 π
 2  ∴ 2x = nπ + (–1)n 2 and x = 2mp
2cos2θ = (cosθ + sinθ)sinq
nπ π
⇒ 2cotθ = 1 + tanq ∴x= + (–1)n 2 and x = 2mp
2
⇒ tan2θ + tanθ – 2 = 0 There exist no m, n for which the above relation as
(tanθ + 2) (tanθ – 1) = 0 valid. No solution
tanθ = – 2, 1 (e) sin3x – cosx = 2
π For this
n π + , n π − tan−1 2 n ∈ I
4 sin3x = 1 and cosx = –1
π
Sol 23: (a) sinx sin2x sin3x = 1 3x = nπ + (–1)n 2 and x = (2m + 1)p
1 π
(cos(–2x) – cos4x)sin2x = 1 nπ
tanx x= + (–1)n 6 and x = (2m + 1)p
3
Both the values cannot be same for any integral value θ

2 tan
of m and n. So no. solution 2
sinθ = ,
θ
1 + tan2
Sol 24: (a) f(x) = sin6x + cos6x + k(sin4x + cos4x) 2
= (sin2x + cos2x)3 – 3sin4x cos2x θ

1 − tan2
cosθ = 2
– 3sin2x cos4x + k(1 – 2sin2x cos2x)
θ
1 + tan2
= 1 + k – 2ksin2x cos2x – 3sin2x cos2x 2
= (1 + k) –
( 2k + 3) sin22x Let tan
θ
=t
4 2
For f(x) = constant ∴ acosθ + bsinθ = c
2k + 3 3 a(1 – t2) + b(2t) = c(1 + t2)
=0 ⇒k= −
4 2 = (a + c)t2 – 2bt + c – a = 0
(b) (1 + k) –
( 2k + 3 ) sin22x = 0
α β 2b
4 ∴ tan + tan = (P) (sum of roots)
2 2 a+c
(1 + k)4
⇒ sin22x = α β c−a
(2k + 3) tan tan =
2 2 c+a
4 (1 + k )  −1  (Q) (Product of roots)
∴0≤ ≤ 1 ⇒ k ∈  −1, 
2k + 3  2
(c) If k = –0. 7 Sol 26:
2( −0.7) + 3 (A) cos3x cos3x + sin3x sin3x = 0

⇒ (1–0. 7)– sin22x= 0
4 ⇒ (4cos3x – 3cosx) cos3x+(3sinx – 4sin3x) sin3x = 0
0.3 × 4 3 ⇒ 4cos6x–4sin6x+3sin4x–3cos4x=0
⇒ sin22x = =
1.6 4
⇒ 4[(cos2x)3–(sin2x)3]
3
∴ sin2x = ± +3(sin2x–cos2x)(sin2x+ cos2x)=0
2
π nπ π ⇒ 4(cos2x – sin2x)(1 + cos2x sin2x) – 3cos2x = 0
⇒ 2x = nπ ± ⇒x= +
3 2 6 ⇒ 4cos2x(1 + cos2x sin2x) = 3cos2x
⇒ cos2x + 4cos2x(sin2x)2 = 0
Sol 25: a & b
⇒ cos2x(1 + sin22x) = 0
a cos θ + b sin θ =c
sin22x = – 1
⇒ a cos θ = c − bsin θ
Not possible (No real solution)
2 2 2 2 2
⇒ a cos θ= c − b sin θ − 2bc sin θ π nπ π
cos2x = 0 ⇒ 2x
= 2n π ± ⇒ =
x ±
⇒a 2
(1 − sin θ=) c + b sin θ − 2bc sin θ
2 2 2 2 2 2 4
(B) sin3α=4sinasin(x + α)sin(x – α)
⇒ ( a + b ) sin θ − 2bc sin θ + c − a =0
2 2 2 2 2
sin3α = 2sinα [cos2α – cos2x]

If α & β are roots, then
sin3α = sin3α + sin(–α) – 2sinacos2x
2bc
sin α + sin β = ⇒ sinα (1 + 2cos2x) = 0
a2 + b2
1
c2 − a2 cos2x = −
sin α .sin β = 2
a2 + b2 2π
2x = 2nπ ±
α β 3
(c) tan + tan
2 2 π
x = nπ ±
3
(C) |2tanx – 1| + |2cotx – 1| = 2 ⇒ 2cos22x – 1 = 0

For tanx > 2 ⇒ cos4x = 0
2tanx – 1 + 1 – 2cotx = 2 π nπ π
4x = nπ + or x = + n∈I
1 2 4 8
tanx – =1
tanx
Sol 27: (A) sin2x + cos23x = 1
tan2x – tanx – 1 = 0
cos23x = cos2x
1± 5
tanx = <2
2 ⇒ cos3x = ±cosx
∴ No. solution. ∴ 3x = 2nπ ± x or 3x = 2nπ ±(π – x)
1  nπ nπ π π
for tanx ∈  , 2  x = nπ, or x = + , nπ –
2  2 2 4 2
2tanx – 1 + 2cotx – 1 = 2 From options one can say that all the options which
2 satisfying the equation are p, q, r, s
2tanx + =4 2θ
tanx (B) ecot + sin2θ – 2cos22θ + 4 = 4sinq
tan2x – 2tanx + 1 = 0 ecot
2θ
is not possible at θ = nπ, n ∈ I
1  π
tanx = 1 ∈  , 2  So at θ =
2  4
π 1 4
∴ x = nπ + is one solution ⇒ e1+ – 2(0) + 4, =2 2
4 2 2
1
For x < L. H. S. ≠ R. H. S.
2
2 π
1 – 2tanx + –1=2 at θ =
tanx 2
⇒ e0 + 12 – 2(1)2 + 4 = 4(1)
tan2x + tanx – 1 = 0
1+1–x+4=4
−1 ± 5
tanx =
2 L. H. S. = R. H. S.
−1 − 5 π
tanx = is acceptable So Ans (s) (4n + 1)
2 2
(C) a2sinx – asin2x + sinx = 0
∴ From option (Q)
(a2 + 1)sinx = 2asinx cosx
29
(D) sin10x + cos10x = cos42x sinx[(a2 + 1) – 2acosx] = 0
16
5 5 a2 + 1
 1 − cos2x   1 + cos 2x  29 sinx = 0,cosx = ≥1
  +  = cos4 2x 2a
 2   5  16
From options Ans. (p)
Let cos2x = t
(D) 3 2 tan θ − 1 + 3 tan θ − 1 =1
5 5
1 − t  1 + t  29 4
  +  = t From all the given options we can directly reject P, Q, S
 2   2  16
π
as they are not satisfying the given equation and is
not in domain of tanθ. 2
24t4 – 10t2 – 1 = 0 or (2t2 – 1) (12t2 + 1) = 0
1
⇒t=±
2
1
∴ cos2x =
2
Exercise 2 ⇒ cos 3x =cos ( 2n + 1 )

0=
π
2
Single Correct Choice Type π π
⇒ x =,
6 2
Sol 1: (A) If B = C then ∠A = 90° ∠B = 45° ∠C= 45° ⇒ Two solutions
 π
 π sin2  x −  1 1 1 1
tan x −   4 Sol 4: (B) cot 7 ° + tan67 ° − cot 67 ° − tan7 °
Sol 2: (A) 2  4 − 2 ( 0.25 ) cos 2x +1 =0 2 2 2 2
   π  A B B A
π = cot + tan – cot – tan
sin2  x −   1 − cos2  x −   2 2 2 2
 4 1   4 
=
cos 2x 2 cos 2x A = 15°, B = 135°
1 (1 − sin 2x ) 1 π  1 − tan2
A B
tan2 − 1
= = tan  − x  2 + 2
2 cos 2x 2  4  =
A B
tan tan
 π 2 2
∴ Take tan  x −  = t
 4
= 2cotA – 2cotB = 2(cot15° – cot135°)
Then expression would be
= 2(2 + 3 + 1) = 2(3 + 3)
t/2
1
2t – 2   +1=0 Which is an irrational number.
4
1
t 2π
⇒ 2t – 2   + 1 = 0 Sol 5: (C) A = 580° = 3π +
9
2
A A A A
(2t)2 + (2)t – 2 = 0 1 + sinA= sin2 + cos2 + 2sin cos
2 2 2 2
(2t + 2) (2t – 1) = 0
2
⇒ 2t = – 2 (Not possible) or 2t = 1  A A A A
=  sin + cos  = sin + cos
⇒t=0  2 2 2 2
 π π 2π
∴ tan  x −  = 0 ; x = nπ + ∵ for A = 3π +
 4  4 9
1  A A
But in equation does not exist at 1 + sinA =
−  sin + cos 
cos2x  2 2
π
x = nπ + , therefore no value of x exists. A A A A
4 1 − sinA= sin2 + cos2 − 2sin cos
2 2 2 2
5
Sol 3: (A) ∑ cos r x = 0 A A
r =1 = sin − cos
2 2
cos x + cos 2x + cos 3x + cos 4x + cos 5x = 0
2π
For A = 3π +
⇒ cos x + cos 5x + cos 2 x + cos 4x + cos 3x =
0 9
⇒ 2 cos 3x cos 2x + 2 cos 3x cos x + cos 3x =

0  A A
1 − sinA =
−  sin − cos 
 2 2
⇒ cos 3 x 2 cos 2x + 2 cos x + 1 =
0
A
∴ 2sin = – 1 + sinA – 1 − sinA
 3x x  2
⇒ cos 3 x 2 × 2 cos cos + 1 =
0
 2 2 
 3x x 
⇒ cos 3x  4 cos cos + 1 =0
 2 2 
x2 − x 1
Sol 6: (A) tanα = and tanβ = xy x2 y2
2
x − x +1
2
2x − 2x + 1 ⇒ cos ( α − β=
) + 1− . 1−
ab a2 b2
1
⇒2(x2 – x) + 1 =
tanβ xy x2 y 2 x2 y 2
⇒ cos ( α − β=
) + 1− − +
ab a2 b2 a2 b2
 1 − tan β  1
x2 – x =  
 tan β  2 2  2 2 2 2 
2
 xy   1− x − y + x y
⇒  cos ( α − β ) − =  
1  1 − tan β  1  1 − tan β   ab   a2 b2 a2 b2 
     
2  tan β  2  tan β 
∴ tanα = =
1  1 − tan β  1  1 + tan β  x2 y 2 xy
  +1   ⇒ cos2 ( α − β ) + − 2 cos ( α − β ) ×
2  tan β  2  tan β  ab2 2 ab
1 − tan β  x2 y 2  x2 y 2
⇒ tanα = 1  +
=− +
1 + tan β  a2 b2  a2 b2
 
⇒ tanα + tanα tanβ = 1 – tanb
x2 y2 2xy
⇒ + − cos ( α − β ) = 1 − cos2 ( α − β )
tan α + tan β a2
b 2 ab
⇒ = tan(α +=
β) 1
1 – tan α tan β
= sin2 ( α − β )
Sol 7: (C) 8cos2x + 18sec2x

Sol 9: (D) tanx + tan2x + tan3x = tanx. tan2x. tan3x
18
f (X) = 8X + 2
let cos x = X
2
tanx + tan2x
X2 = − tan3x
1 − tanx tan2x
36
f’(X) = 16 X – =0 ⇒ tan3x = – tan3x ⇒ tan3x = 0
X3
1/ 4 ⇒ 3x = np
 36 
X=   = (2 25)1/4 > 1
 16  nπ
⇒ x=
3
∴ Min. Value of this function will be
When cosx = 1 Sol 10: (C) tan3x – tan2x – tanx = 0
∴ Min. Value = 8 + 18 = 26 tan(3x–2x)[1+tan3x tan2x] – tanx = 0
⇒ tanx tan2x tan3x = 0
=
Sol 8: (B) x a cos ( φ − α )
nπ nπ
∴ x = nπ, ,
=y b cos ( φ − β ) 2 3
π 2π 4 π 5π
x ∴ x = 0, , , π. , , 2p
⇒ cos−1   = φ − α …..(i) 3 3 3 3
a i.e. 7 solutions
y
⇒ cos−1   = φ − β …..(ii) π
b ∵x≠
2
(ii) – (i)
π
x y As at x = tan x, is not defined
⇒
= α − β cos−1   − cos−1   2
a b
 xy x2 y2  Sol 11: (C) x = 1 – x + x2 – x3 + x4 – x5 + . . . . . . . ∞
⇒ α − β cos−1 
= + 1− 1− 
 ab a2 b2  x = 1 – x(1 – x + x2 – x3 + x4 . . . . . . . ∞)

x = 1 – x. x
⇒ x2 + x – 1 = 0 2  12 7
=  cot α + 
−1 ± 5 35 10 
x= = 2sin18°
2
[24 cot α + 7]
= 3
15
Multiple Correct Choice Type
1
4 3  Sol 14: (B, C) sin t + cost =
Sol 12: (B, D) 1 + 4sinθ + 3cosθ = 1 + 5  sin θ + cos θ  5
 5 5  t t
4 2 tan1 − tan2
= 1 + 5sin(θ + α)cosα = 2 + 1
2 =
5 ⇒
t t 5
∴ Maximum value is 1 + 5 = 6 1 + tan2 1 + tan2
2 2
When sin(θ + α) = 1 t
Let tan =a
Minimum value is 1 – 5 = – 4 2
When sin(θ + α) = –1 5(2a + 1 – a2) = 1 + a2

⇒ 6a2 – 10a – 4 = 0 ⇒ 3a2 – 5a – 2 = 0
2 ⇒ (3a + 1) (a – 2) = 0
Sol 13: (A,B, C) 3 sin(α + β) − cos(α + β)
π
cos 1
6 ∴a= − ,2
sin α 3
t −1
tan = ,2
 3  2 3
 3× sin(α + β) − 2cos(α + β) 
=  2  2
 sin α  3
  Previous Years’ Questions
 
3  1
2 2(
sin α cos β + cos α sin β ) − 2(cos α cos β − sin α sin β)  Sol 1: Given, esin x − 4
=
sin x
=   e
3 sin α 
( ) ( )
2
  ⇒ esin x − 4 esin x − 1 =0
2 3 3 
=  cos β + cot αsinβ − 2cot α cos β + 2sin β  4 ± 16 + 4
3 2 2  ⇒ esin x = 2± 5
=
2
4 3 But since, e ~ 2.72 and we know, 0 < esin x < e
It sinβ = and cosβ =
5 5 ∴ esin x =
2 ± 5 is not possible.
 
i.e. tanβ > 0 i.e. β ∈  0, π  Hence, no solution.
 2
R. H. S. 1 + cos x + cos2 x + cos3 x +.....
Sol 2: Given, 2 = 22
2 3 3 3 4 3 4
=  × + cot α × − 2cot α × + 2 × 
1
3 2 5 2 5 5 5 1 − cos x 1
⇒2 = 22 ⇒ =2
1 − cos x
2  9 8 5 1
=  + = ⇒ cos x = ±
3 10 5  3 2
3 ( x ∈ ( −π, π))
If cosβ = − i.e. tanβ < 0
5
⇒ R. H. S. Thus, the solution set is
2 3  3  3 4 3 4  π 2π 
=   −  + cot α × + 2cot α × + 2 ×  + , ± 
3 2  5  2 5 5 5  3 3
Sol 3: Exp {(sin x + sin

2 4
) }
x + sin6 x + ..... + ∞ loge 2 ⇒ sin ( 4x + 100º ) + sin100º + sin200º =
0
sin2 x sin2 x
⇒ sin ( 4x + 100º ) + 2sin150º cos50º =
0
loge 2 loge 2
= e 1 −sin2 x = e cos2 x 1
⇒ sin ( 4x + 100º ) + 2. sin ( 90º −50º ) =
0
2
2x
⇒ 2tan satisfys x2 − 9x + 8 =0 ⇒ sin ( 4x + 100º ) + sin 40º =
0
⇒ x = 1, 8 ⇒ sin ( 4x + 100º ) + sin ( −40º )

tan2 x tan2 x
⇒ 4x n (180º ) + ( −1 ) ( −40º ) − 100º
n
∴ 2 = 1 and 2 =8 =
⇒ tan2 x = 0 and tan2 x = 3 1

n (180º ) + ( −1 ) ( −40º ) − 100º 
n
⇒x
=
2 
4 
 π
⇒ x = nπ and tan2 x =  tan  The smallest positive value of x is obtained when n = 1.
 3
1
⇒ x = nπ and x = nπ ±
π Therefore,=
x
4
(180º + 40º −100º )
3
π 1
Neglecting x = nπ as 0 < x < ⇒x
=
4
(120º
= ) 30º
2
π  π
⇒ x = ∈  0,  Sol 5: Given,
3  2
1
cos x 2 1 3 −1 cos (p sinx ) = sin (p cos x ) , ∀x ∈ 0,2π 
∴ = = ×
cos x + sinx 1 3 1+ 3 3 −1
+ π 
2 2 ⇒ cos (psinx ) =
cos  − pcos x 
 2 
cos x 3 −1 π 
⇒ = ⇒ psinx= 2nπ ±  − pcos x  , n ∈ I
cos x + sinx 2 2 
( cos θ= cos α ⇒ θ= 2nπ ± α ,n ∈ I )
Sol 4: tan ( x + 100º ) = tan ( x + 50º ) tanx tan ( x − 50º )
⇒ psinx + pcos x= 2nπ + π / 2
tan ( x + 100º ) or psinx − pcos x= 2nπ − π / 2 , n ∈ I
⇒ tan ( x + 50º ) tan ( x − 50º )
=
tanx
⇒ p ( sinx + cos x ) 2nπ + π / 2
sin ( x + 100º ) cos x sin ( x + 50º ) sin ( x − 50º )
⇒ ⋅ =
cos ( x + 50º ) cos ( x − 50º ) or p ( sinx − cos x )= 2nπ − π / 2 , n ∈ I
cos ( x + 100º ) sinx
 π π  π
⇒ p 2  cos sinx + sin cos x = 2nπ −
⇒ sin ( 2x + 100º ) + sin100º  cos100º + cos2x   4 4  2
= cos100º − cos2x  × sin ( 2x + 100º ) − sin100º   π π  π

or p 2  cos sinx − sin cos x = 2nπ − ,n ∈ I
 4 4  2
⇒ sin ( 2x + 100º ) ⋅ cos100º
⇒ p 2 sin ( x + π / 4 )  =
( 4n + 1) π
+ sin ( 2x + 100º ) ⋅ cos2x + sin100º cos100º 2
+ sin100º cos2x or p 2 sin ( x − π / 4=

) ( 4n − 1) 2π , n ∈ I
= cos100º sin ( 2x + 100º ) Now, −1 ≤ sin ( x ± π / 4 ) ≤ 1
− cos100º sin100º − cos2x sin
⇒ −p 2 ≤ p 2 sin ( x ± π / 4 ) ≤ p 2
( 2x + 100º ) + cos2x sin100º
⇒ −p 2≤
( 4n + 1) π ≤ p 2 , n∈ I
⇒ 2sin ( 2x + 100º ) cos2x +2sin100º cos100º =
0 2
Second inequality is always a subset of first, therefore, Sol 7: (A, C) Given,

we have to consider only first.
It is sufficient to consider n ≤ 0 , because for n > 0, the 2 2
sin θ 1 + cos θ 4 sin 4θ 0
=
solution will be same for n ≥ 0 .
2 2
sin θ cos θ 1 + 4 sin 4θ
If n ≥ 0, − 2p ≤ ( 4n + 1 ) π / 2
⇒ ( 4n + 1 ) π / 2 ≤ 2p Applying
For p to be least, n should be least. R3 → R3 − R1 and R 2 → R 2 − R1 we get
⇒n=0
⇒ 2p ≥ π / 2 −1 1 0 0
=
π −1 0 1
⇒ p≥
2 2
π Applying C1 → C1 + C2
Therefore, least value of p =
2 2
2 cos2 θ 4 sin 4θ
Sol 6: Given, ⇒ 0 1 0 0
=
2θ −1 0 1
(1 − tan θ )(1 + tan θ ) sec2 θ + 2tan =0
( )(
⇒ 1 − tan2 θ ⋅ 1 + tan2 θ + 2 ) tan2 θ
=0 ⇒ 2 + 4 sin 4θ =0
2θ
⇒ 1 − tan4 θ + 2tan =0 −1
⇒ sin 4θ =
2
Substitute tan2 θ =x
n π
∴ 1 − x 2 + 2x =
0 ⇒ 4θ = nπ + ( −1 )  − 
 6
⇒ x2 − 1 =2x nπ n+1  π 
⇒ 4=
θ + ( −1 )  
x 2
Note: 2 and x − 1 are incompatible functions, 4  24 
therefore, we have to consider range of both functions. 7π 11π
Clearly, θ = , are two values of θ lying between
Curvesy = x – 1 2
24 24
π
0º and
Andy = 2x 2
It is clear from the graph that two curves interest at one
point at x = 3, y = 8. Sol 8: (B, C) For 0 < φ < / π / 2 we have
∞
y x= ∑ cos2n φ = 1 + cos2 φ
n= 0
+ cos4 φ + cos6 φ + .....
x’ x It is clearly a GP with common ratio of cos2 φ which is

-1 O 1
≤1.
-1
1 1
y’ Hence, x = =
2
1 − cos φ sin2 φ
Therefore, tan2 θ =3
 a 
⇒ tan θ = ± 3  S=
∞ , −1 < r < 1
 1−r 
π 1
⇒θ=± Similarly, y =
3 cos2 φ
1
And z =
1 − sin φ cos2 φ
2
1 1 4
Now, x +=
y + 4 ± 16 − 4 × 5 ×
2 2
sin φ cos φ ⇒ sin2 x = 5
10
cos2 φ + sin2 φ 1
=
2 2
cos φ sin φ cos φ sin2 φ
2
4 ± 16 − 16
=
1 1 10
Again, = 1 − sin2 φ cos2 φ = 1 −
x xy 2
⇒ sin2 x =
5
1 xy − 1
⇒ = ⇒ xy = xyz − z 2
x xy ⇒ sin x =
±
5
⇒ xy + z =xyz
2
sin2 x =
Therefore, (b) is the answer from eq. (i) (putting the 5
value of xy)
3
⇒ cos2 x =
⇒ xyz = x + y + z 5
5
⇒ sec2 x =
Sol 9: (A, B) We know that, sec2 θ ≥ 1 3
4xy
⇒ ≥1 ⇒ tan2 x = sec2 x − 1
(x + y)
5 2
⇒ 4xy ≥ ( x + y )
2
= −1 =
3 3
⇒ ( x + y ) − 4xy ≤ 0
2
sin8 x cos8 x
Now, +
⇒ (x − y) ≤ 0 8 27
2
4 4
⇒ x−y =0 2 3
   
5 5 2 3 1
⇒ x=y =  +  = + =
8 27 5 4
5 4 125
Therefore , x + y = 2x (add x both sides)
But x + y ≠ 0 since it lies in the denominator, Sol 11: (D)
⇒ 2x ≠ 0
6
⇒ x≠0  mπ π  mπ 
∑ cosec θ + 4
−  cosec  θ +
4
 =4 2
4 
Hence, x = y, x ≠ 0 is the answer. m=1  
 m  m π π 
sin4 x cos4 x 1 sin  θ +  −  θ + − 
Sol 10: (A, B) + =
6
  π   4 4 
2 3 5 ∑ 2×
 mπ   mπ π 
4 2
=
m=1
sin  θ +  sin  θ + − 
3 sin4 x + 2 cos4 x 1  4   4 4
⇒ =
6 5
 m π  mπ π   m π  m π π
( 6
)
4 4 4
sin  θ +  cos  θ + −  − cos  θ +  sin  θ + − 
⇒ sin x + 2 sin x + cos x = 6 4 4 4 4 4 4
5 ∑   
 m π 



m π

π 

m=1
sin  θ +  sin  θ + − 
( 6
⇒ sin4 x + 2 1 − 2 sin2 x cos2 x  =
  5 ) 6
 4   4 4
  mπ π   m π 
∑ 2 x cot  θ + −  − cot  θ +  = 4 2
4 2
(
⇒ sin x + 2 − 4 sin x 1 − sin x =
6
5
2
) m=1   4 4  4 
6   3 π 
⇒ sin4 x + 2 − 4 sin2 x + 4 sin4 x = 2 cot θ − cot  θ +  = 4 2
5   2 
4  3π 
⇒ 5 sin4 x − 4 sin2 x + 0
= ⇒ cot θ − cot  + θ = 4
5
 2 
⇒ cot θ − tan θ = 4
Sol 13: Given, n > 3 ∈ Integer
1 1 1
⇒ tan2 θ − 4 tan θ + 1 = 0 and = +
π  2π   3π 
4 ± 16 − 4 sin   sin   sin  
⇒ tan θ = n
  n
   n 
2
1 1 1
4 ± 12 ⇒ − =
= π 3π 2π
2 sin sin sin
n n n
4± 2 3
=
2 3π π
sin − sin
⇒ n n = 1
⇒ tan θ = ± 2 3
π 3π 2π
sin .sin sin
5π n n n
⇒θ=
12 π 3π
 2π  sin .sin
π n n
⇒ 2cos   .sin =
Sol 12: Given, tan
= θ cot5θ n
  n 2 π
sin
n
π 
⇒=tan θ tan  − 5θ 
2 4π 3π
 
⇒ = π− ⇒ 7π = π ; ⇒ n = 7
π n n n
⇒ − 5θ = nπ + θ
2
π
⇒ 6θ= − nπ Sol 14: ( y + z ) =
cos 3 θ xyz sin 3 θ …..(i)
2
π nπ sin3 θ 2z cos 3 θ + 2y sin 3 θ
xyz= …..(ii)
⇒=θ −
12 6
π 
xyz sin3 θ= ( y + 2z ) cos 3 θ + y sin 3 θ ….(iii)
Also, cos 4=
θ sin2=
θ cos  − 2θ 
 2  From (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
π 
⇒ 4θ= 2nπ ±  − 2θ  ( y + z ) cos
= 3 θ 2z cos 3 θ + 2y sin 3 θ
2 
= ( y + 2z ) cos 3 θ + y sin 3 θ
Taking positive ∆ sign
⇒ y ( cos 3 θ − 2sin
= 3 θ ) z cos 3 θ and
π
⇒ 6θ= 2nπ + y ( cos 3 θ − sin 3 θ ) =0
2
nπ π
⇒=
θ + ⇒ cos =
3 θ sin 3 θ
3 12
π
Taking negative sign ⇒ tan 3 θ = 1 = tan
4
2π 2π 3π
⇒ 2sin .cos = sin π
n n n ⇒ 3 θ= n π +
4
4π 3π
⇒ sin = sin nπ π
n n ⇒=
θ +
3 4
π
⇒ 2θ= 2nπ − π 7 π 11 π
2 ⇒ , ,
4 12 12
π
⇒ θ = nπ − Total three solution in ( 0, π )
4
Above values of θ suggest that there are only 3
common solutions. Sol 15: tan
= θ cot5 θ
π 
tan θ tan  − 5 θ 
=
2 
π 1
⇒ θ= n π + − 5θ 1
2 is =2
2
sin θ + 3sin θ cos θ + 5cos θ 2 1/2
π
⇒6 θ = nπ +
2
nπ π π ±π ± 5 π
Sol 17: (D) P = {θ : sin θ − cos θ = 2 cos θ }
⇒θ = + ⇒θ= ± , , ..... …. (i)
6 12 12 4 12 ⇒ sin=
θ ( 2 + 1) cos θ
sin=
2 θ cos 4 θ
⇒ tan =
θ 2 +1
π 
⇒ cos
= 4 θ cos  − 2 θ 
2  Q= {θ : sin θ + cos θ = 2 sin θ}
π  ⇒ cos=θ ( 2 − 1 ) sin θ
⇒ 4=θ 2 m π ±  − 2θ
2  1
mπ π π ⇒ tan =
θ = 2 +1
⇒=θ + , m π− 2 −1
3 12 4
∴P =Q
π π 5π
⇒=
θ ,− , ….(ii)
12 4 12 1 1 1
Sol 18: = +
π 2π 3π
In (i) and (ii) only (iii) solutions are common sin sin sin
n n n
π π 5π
− , ,
4 12 12 3π π
sin− sin
n n 1
⇒ =
π 3π π
Sol 16: Given sin sin sin 2
n n n
1
sin θ + 3sin θ cos θ + 5cos2 θ
2  3π π   3π π 
 +   − 
n n n n
Let 2 cos  sin 
2 2 1
⇒ =
A sin2 θ + 3sin θ cos θ + 5cos2 θ
= π 3π 2π
sin sin sin
n n n
= 1 + 4 cos2 θ + 3sin θ cos θ
3 2π π
= 1 + 2 (1 + cos 2 θ ) + sin2 θ 2 cos
sin
1
2 ⇒ n n =
π 3π π
3 sin sin sin 2
= 3 + 2cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ n n n
2
a cos θ + b sin θ ≥ − a2 + b2  2π 2π 3π
  = 2=
sin cos sin
n n n
3
2 4π 3π
3 − 22 +  
Amin = ⇒ sin sin
=
n n
2
4π 3π
9 ⇒ sin − sin 0
=
=3 − 4 + n n
4
7π π
25 5 1 ⇒ 2 cos sin 0
=
=3 − =3 − = 2n 2n
4 2 2
7π π
The maximum value of given expression ⇒ cos = 0 or sin = 0
2n 2n
7  1 
⇒ n= ⇒ − 4 sin x cos2 x − − cos x  =3
2m + 1  2 
For integral values of n > 3  3
2
1
⇒ − 4 sin x  cos x −  −  =3
 2 4
Sol 19: (A, C, D) θ ∈ 0, 2 π   
2
 1 3 3
 θ θ ⇒  cos x −  − =−
2 cos θ (1 − sin =
φ ) sin2 θ  tan + cot  cos φ − 1  2 4 4 sin x
 2 2 
2
 θ   1 3 3
sin θ  tan2 + 1 
2
⇒  cos x −  = −
 2  cos φ − 1 2 4 4 sin x
⇒ 2cos θ (1 − sin φ )
= 
θ
tan 2
2  1 3 3 
⇒  cos x −  =  1 − 
θ  2 4 sin x 
sin2 θ.sec2
⇒ 2cos θ (1 − sin φ ) 2 cos φ − 1
= L.H.S. > 0 and R.H.S. < 0
θ
tan
2 ∴ No solution
⇒ 2cos θ (1 − sin=
φ ) 2sin θ ( cos φ ) − 1
5
Sol 21: cos2 2x + cos4 x + sin4 x + cos6 x + sin6 x =
2
⇒ 1 + 2 cos
= θ 2 sin ( θ + φ ) ….(i) 4
3 5
Now, given tan ( 2 π − θ ) > 0, − 1 < sin θ < − ⇒ cos2 2x + cos4 x + sin4 x + cos4 x
2 4
3π 5π 1 − sin2 x  + sin4 x 1 − cos2 x  =
2
⇒ tan θ < 0 and <θ<    
2 3
⇒
3π
2
<θ<
5π
3
⇒
5
4
( )
cos2 2x + 2 cos4 x + sin4 x − sin2 x cos2 x
 3 π 5π 
From (i), as θ ∈  ,
(sin x + cos x ) =
2 2
2

 2 3 
⇒ cos 2x + 2 ( sin x + cos x )
5 2  2 2
2 
− 2sin2 x cos2 x 
⇒ 1 < 2 cos θ + 1 < 2 4  
⇒ 1 < 2 sin ( θ + φ ) < 2 − sin2 x cos2 x =
2
1  π 5π  π
⇒ < sin ( θ + φ ) < 1 ⇒ θ + φ ∈  ,  ,θ + φ ≠ ⇒
5
cos2 2x − 5sin2 x cos2 x =
0
2 6 6  2 4
Or
5 5
⇒ cos2 2x = sin2 2x
 13 π 17 π  5π π 5π 4 4
θ+φ∈ ,  ,θ + φ ≠ ⇒ −θ < φ < −θ
 6 6  2 6 6
⇒ tan2 2x =
1
13 π 17 π
or −θ < φ < −θ  π
6 6 ⇒ tan 2x = ± = tan  ± 
 3π 2π   2π 7π   4
As, θ ∈  − ,−  or  ,  π
 2 3   3 6  ⇒ 2x= n π ±
4
Sol 20: (D) sin x + 2 sin 2x – sin 3x = 3 nπ π
⇒ x= ±
2 8
⇒ sin x − sin 3x + 2sin 2x =
3
π 3 π 5 π 7 π 11 π 13 π 15 π
=⇒x , , , , , , →
⇒ 2 cos 2x sin ( −x ) + 2sin 2x =
3 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
Total 8 solution.
⇒ − 2 sin x 2 cos2 x − 1 + 2 × 2 sin x cos x =3
 
Sol 22: (C) 3 sec x + cosec x + 2 ( tanx − cot x ) =

0
3 1  sin x cos x 
⇒ + + 2 − =0
cos x sin x  cos x sinx 
⇒ 3 sin x + cos x + 2 sin2 − cos2 x  =
0
 
⇒ 3 sin x + cos x =
2 cos 2x
3 1
⇒ sin x + cos x =
cos 2x
2 2
π π
⇒ sin sinx + cos cos x =
cos2x
3 3
 π
⇒ cos  x −  = cos 2x
 3
π
⇒ x − = 2n π ± 2x
3
 π 2n π π
⇒ x = −  2n π +  or x = +
 3  3 9
π π 5π 7 π
⇒x=− , ,− ,
3 9 9 9
Sum = 0

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2017-18 100 &

2500 + 1000 (New) Problems

5000+Illustrations and Solved Examples

Topic Covered Plancess Concepts

2. TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS (CIRCULAR FUNCTIONS)

Function Domain Range

2.1 Some Basic Formulae of Trigonometric Functions Y

(a) sin2 A + cos2 A =

(b) sec2 A − tan2 A =

A system of rectangular coordinate axes divide a plane into four }

quadrants. An angle θ lies in one and only one of these quadrants.

Sine, cosine and tangent of some angles less than 90º:

Trigonometric 0º 15º 18º 30º 36º

cos ≈ 4/5 1 ≈ 3/5 0

tan ≈ 3/4 1 ≈ 4/3 Not defined

Illustration 1: Prove the following identities:

(i) (1 + tan A ) +  1 + tan1 A  =

Illustration 2: Prove the following identities: (JEE MAIN)

(ii) sec4 A (1 – sin4 A) – 2 tan2 A = 1

Sol: Use algebra and appropriate identities to solve these problems.

Illustration 3: Prove the following identities:

Sol: By rationalizing L.H.S. we will get required result.

(1 + sin α=)(1 + sin α ) (1 + sin α ) (1 + sin α )

Illustration 4: In each of the following identities, show that:

Sol: Apply tangent and cotangent identity.

cos A sinB cos A cosB + sinA sinB

sinBcos A  cos A  sinB 

sin2 A sin2 B sin2 A cos2 B − cos2 A sin2 B

1 1 cosecθ + cot θ + cosecθ − cot θ

2cosecθ  cosec2 θ − cot2 θ =1

Illustration 6: Prove that:

Sol: Using algebra and appropriate identities, we can prove this.

(sinA cos A + cos 2

2sinA cos A 2sinA cos A

2sinA cos A 2sinA cos A 2sinA cos A

Illustration 7: Prove that:

Sol: Write L.H.S. in terms of cosine and sine functions.

(sin θ) + (cos θ) + 2sin θ cos θ − sin θ cos θ

3.1 Compound, Multiple and Sub-Multiple Angles

tanA ± tanB cot A cotB  1

A 1 − cos A A 1 + cos A A 1 − cos A 1 − cos A sinA

3.2 Complementary and Supplementary Angles

3.3 Product to Sum and Sum to Product

sinC sinD sin ( C + D ) 1

3.4 Power Reduction

Vaibhav Gupta (JEE 2009, AIR 54)

4.1 Conditional Identity

1. sin (B + C ) = − cos ( C + A ) 2. cos ( A + B ) =

C+A B A B+C B+C A B C+A

Some Important Identities: If A + B + C =π , then

tanA tanB tanC 2. cotB cot C + cot C cot A + cot A cotB =

5. sin2A + sin2B + sin2C =

Illustration 8: Show that:

tan3A tan2A tanA  Proved.

Illustration 11: Prove that: 2 + 2 + 2 + 2cos8θ = 2cos θ  (JEE MAIN)

Sol: Use 1 + cos2

L.H.S. = 2 + 2 + 2 + 2cos8θ = 2 + 2 + 2 (1 + cos8θ )

= 2 + 2 + 2(2cos2 4θ)  1 + cos2

= 2 + 2 + 2cos 4θ= 2 + 2 (1 + cos 4θ ) = (

Substituting the values of tan A and tan B in (i), we get

cos α (1 − nsin α ) + nsin α cos α

sin α − nsin α ( sin α + cos α ) sin α − nsin α

Illustration 2: Prove the following identities: (JEE MAIN)

tan3A tan2A tanA Proved.

Illustration 11: Prove that: 2 + 2 + 2 + 2cos8θ = 2cos θ (JEE MAIN)

Illustration 19: Principal value of tan θ = −1 is (JEE MAIN)

Illustration 22: Solve: sinmθ + sinnθ = 0 (JEE MAIN)

Illustration 29: Solve: 3 cos x + 4 sin x = 5 (JEE MAIN)

3 cos x + 4 sin x = 5 … (i)

Illustration 30: Solve: sin x + cos x = 1 + sin x. cos x (JEE MAIN)

Illustration 31: Solve: sin 3x + cos 2x = – 2 (JEE ADVANCED)

x π or x = 2mπ; m ∈ I …(i)