ACC Animal Husbandry

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Animal Husbandry
The term husbandry derives from the word “husband” which means ‘one who takes care’. When it incorporates
the study of proper utilization of economically important domestic animals, it is called Livestock Management.
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Some Important Points:
First livestock census in India was conducted as Dairy Cattle Census in 1919.
❖ Total livestock population in India- 512.05 million.
❖ Share of world livestock population in India - 15%
❖ Livestock Census takes place at every five years (Quinquennial)
❖ In India about 300 million bovines, 65.07 million sheep, 135.2 million goats and about 10.3 million pigs
as per 19th Livestock Census in the country
❖ In India cattle has 37%, buffalo: 21%, Goat: 26% and sheep has 13% out of total animal population.
❖ Poultry meat contribute 47%, buffalo: 20% and goat: 14%.
❖ Livestock sector employs 8 per cent of total Indian Workforce
❖ Percentage of livestock owned by marginal, small and semi-medium farmers: 87.7 per cent
❖ Percentage of area used for all types of livestock farming: 1.69 per cent
❖ Cannibalism is seen in poultry due to: Sodium chloride deficiency
❖ Cracked feet in poultry is caused by: Deficiency of biotin
❖ Degnala and Alkali diseases are caused due to toxicity of: Selenium
❖ Highest sheep population is in Andhra Pradesh.
❖ 18.5 per cent of total world milk is produced in India
❖ When separate hatcher is used temperature is maintained at about 98°F and relative humidity at 70 to 80
per cent to obtain good hatch.
❖ Deworming: Deworming starts at first week and then after every month for first six months.
❖ Brooder space of 7 to 10 sq inch (45-65 cm2) is recommended per chick and 1·80 m hover can hold 500
chicks.
❖ Floor space of 0·05 m2 should be provided per chick to start with, which should be increased by 0·05 m2
after every 4 weeks until the pullets are about 20 weeks of age. For broilers at least 0·1 m2 of floor space
for female chicks and 0·15 m2 for male chicks should be provided till 8 weeks of age.
❖ The shed shall be 15m (l) x 4m (w) x 3 m (h) and can accommodate not more than 60 ewes or does.
❖ The dimension is of 4m (l) ×2.5m (w) ×3m (h) and can accommodate about 3 rams/ bucks.
❖ The partition between each shed should not exceed one meter.
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❖ Lactation Period: is the period of milk production between birth of a young one and the next pregnancy
and it usually lasts about 300 days.
❖ The state which is second in milk production is: Rajasthan
❖ Fat globule in the milk are in the form of: Emulsion
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2 ❖ Protein present in the milk in the form of: Colloidal
❖ Lactose and Minerals are present in milk in the form of: Solution
❖ Gir, Red, Sindhi, Sahiwal and Tharparker are some high-yielding varieties of cows.
❖ Friesian, Jersey, Swiss are high-yielding exotic varieties of cows.
❖ Bikaneri, Kashmiri, Gaddi are some important breed of sheep.
❖ Aseel, Ghagus, Chittagong and Basra are some good varieties of Indian Poultry.
❖ ILS 82 and B 77 are improved varieties of Indian poultry.
❖ Best crop for silage making is: Maize
❖ Temperature of artificial vagina: 42 °C
❖ The carbohydrate or sugar constituent of the milk: Lactose
❖ In India wool production is maximum in: Rajasthan
❖ Milk leaves the udder at body temperature of about 38°C.
❖ When the milk leaves the udder, bacteria grow well at the ambient temperature (20-40°C)
❖ Critical temperature for bacterial growth is 10°C.
❖ Total number of slaughter houses in India: 3600
❖ Share of Uttar Pradesh in Total Milk Production in India: 16.8%
❖ Share of Tamil Nadu in Total Egg Production in India: 18.9%
❖ Share of Uttar Pradesh in Total Meat Production in India: 18.23%
❖ Share of Rajasthan in Total Wool Production in India: 32.9%
❖ Highest growth rate in milk production: Andhra Pradesh (12.6%)
❖ Highest growth rate in egg production: Himachal Pradesh (18.2%)
❖ Highest growth rate in meat production: Daman & Diu (65.4%) (Among states: Maharashtra (25.2%)
❖ Highest growth rate in wool production: Arunachal Pradesh (63.17%)
❖ Browsing is related to goat while grazing is related to sheep.

Salient Features of 19th Livestock Census

The total livestock population consisting of Cattle, Buffalo, Sheep, Goat, pig, Horses & Ponies, Mules,
Donkeys, Camels, Mithun and Yak in the country is 512.05 million numbers in 2012. The total livestock
population has decreased by about 3.33% over the previous census.
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3 ➢ Livestock population has increased substantially in Gujarat (15.36%), Uttar Pradesh (14.01%), Assam
(10.77%), Punjab (9.57%), Bihar (8.56%), Sikkim (7.96%), Meghalaya (7.41%), and Chhattisgarh
(4.34%).
➢ The number of milch animals (in-milk and dry), cows and buffaloes, has increased from 111.09
million to 118.59 million, an increase of 6.75%.
➢ The number of animals in milk, cows and buffaloes, has increased from 77.04 million to 80.52 million
showing a growth of 4.51%.
➢ The Female Cattle (Cows) Population has increased by 6.52% over the previous census (2007) and
the total number of female cattle in 2012 is 122.9 million numbers.
➢ The Female Buffalo population has increased by 7.99% over the previous census and the total number
of female buffalo is 92.5 million numbers in 2012.
➢ The exotic/crossbred milch cattle increased from 14.4 million to 19.42 million, an increase of 34.78%.
➢ Indigenous milch cattle increased from 48.04 million to 48.12 million, an increase of 0.17%.
➢ The milch buffaloes increased from 48.64 million to 51.05 million with an increase of 4.95% over
previous census.
➢ The total sheep in the country is 65.06 million numbers in 2012, declined by about 9.07% over census
2007.
➢ The Goat population has declined by 3.82% over the previous census and the total Goat in the country
is 135.17 million numbers in 2012.
➢ The total pigs in the country have decreased by 7.54% over the previous census and the total pigs in
the country are 10.29 million numbers in 2012.
➢ Horses & Ponies population has increased by 2.08% over the previous census and the total Horses
& Ponies in the country is 0.62 million numbers in 2012.
➢ The total Mules in the country have increased by 43.34% over the previous census and the total Mules
in the country are 0.19 million numbers in 2012.
➢ Camel population has decreased by 22.48% over the previous census and the total Camels in the
country is 0.4 million numbers in 2012.
➢ The total Donkey population in the country have decreased by 27.22% over the previous census and
the total donkeys in the country are 0.32 million numbers in 2012.
➢ The total poultry population in the country has increased by 12.39% over the previous census and
the total poultry in the country is 729.2 million numbers in 2012.
➢ The total Mithun and Yak in the country has registered a growth rates of 12.98% and -7.64%
respectively over the previous census and the Mithuns and Yaks in the country is 0.29 million and
0.07 million in numbers respectively.

ALL INDIA LIVESTOCK CENSUS (in thousands)

CATEGORY
Page | 2007 2012 % Change
4 1) Cattle
Exotic/Crossbred
• Male 6,844 5,971 -12.75
• Female 26,216 33,760 28.78
Total Exotic/Crossbred 33,060 39,732 20.18
Indigenous
• Male 76,779 61,949 -19.32
• Female 89,236 89,224 -0.01
Total Indigenous 1,66,015 1,51,172 -8.94
Total Cattle 1,99,075 1,90,904 -4.10
2) Buffalo
• Male 19,597 16,103 -17.83
• Female 85,745 92,599 7.99
Total Buffalo 1,05,342 1,08,702 3.19
3) Sheep
Exotic/Crossbred
• Male 1,144 1,207 5.51
• Female 2,586 2,574 -0.46
Total Exotic/Crossbred 3,730 3,781 1.37
Indigenous
• Male 16,730 13,916 -16.82
• Female 51,098 47,372 -7.29
Total Indigenous 67,828 61,288 -9.64
Total Sheep 71,558 65,069 -9.07
4) Goat
• Male 40,793 37,617 -7.79
• Female 99,744 97,556 -2.19
Total Goat 1,40,537 1,35,173 -3.82
India’s rank in the world:
India’s Rank Sector
1st Total Livestock Population, Milk Production, Total Bovine Population ,Cattle
Population, Buffalo Population, Carabeef Production, Goat Milk Production
2nd Goat Population, Bristle Production (a pig industry by-product), Fish Production

3rd Sheep Production, Egg Production
4th Chicken Production
Page | 5th Poultry Meat Production, Poultry Production

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8th Duck Production
9th Camel Population, Wool Production
Leading States in India for Livestock Production:

Feature State
Highest milk producing state Uttar Pradesh (25,198 L)
State with highest per capita availability of milk Punjab (1075 g)
State with highest per capita availability of eggs Andhra Pradesh (312 eggs)
Highest meat production Uttar Pradesh
Highest goat meat production West Bengal
Highest poultry and sheep meat production Andhra Pradesh
Highest wool production Rajasthan
Highest indigenous milch cows Madhya Pradesh
Highest Cross-bred or exotic cows Tamil Nadu
Highest number of poultry birds Andhra Pradesh
Highest number of livestock Uttar Pradesh
Highest cattle population Madhya Pradesh
Highest buffalo population Uttar Pradesh
Highest sheep population Andhra Pradesh
Highest goat population Rajasthan

Highest pig population Assam
Highest camel population Rajasthan
Page | Growth Rates of Livestock Products:

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Product Growth Rate
Meat 5.21 per cent
Broiler production 11 per cent
Egg production 6.28 per cent
Milk production 5.3 per cent
Wool production -0.08 per cent
Average Yield Rate for Milk in India:
1 Exotic Cows 11.21 (kg/ day)

2 Crossbred Cows 7.33 (kg/ day)
3 Indigenous Cows 3.41(kg/ day)
4 Non Descript Cows 2.16 (kg/ day)
5 Indigenous Buffalo 5.76 (kg/ day)
6 Non-Descript Buffalo 3.80 (kg/ day)
7 Goat 0.45 (kg/ day)
Terminology used in Animal Husbandry
Detail Cattle Buffalo Sheep Goat Pig Horse

Species Bovine Bovine Ovine Caprine Swine or sus Equine
Group Herd Herd Flock Flock/band Drove/Herd/ Pack
Stock
Adult Male Bull Buffalo Ram/Tup Buck Boar Stallion
Bull
Adult Cow She Buffalo Eve Doe Sow Mare
Female
Young Male Bull calf Buffalo bull Ram lamb/ Buckling/ Boarling Colt
calf
Tup lamb Male Kid
Young Heifer calf Buffalo Eve Lamb/ Goalting Gilt Filly

Female Heifer calf
Gimmer Lamb
Page | New-born Calf Buffalo calf Lamb Kid Piglet/Pigling Foal
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Castrated Bullock/Steer Buffalo Wether/Wedder Wether Hog/Stag/ Gelding/
Male bullock
Barrow Geld
Sterilised- Spayed Spayed Spayed Spayed Spayed Spayed
Female
Female with Calf at foot Calf at foot Suckling Suckling Suckling Foal at foot
its offspring
Parturition Calving Calving Lambing Kidding Farrowing Foaling
Mating Serving Serving Tupping Serving Coupling Covering
Body temperature, pulse rate and respiration of different animals
Kind of animal Temperature Rate per minute
0 0
C F Pulse Respiration
Buffalo 38.3 101 44-50 15-20
Dairy cow 38.5 101.4 50-60 20-25
Goat 39.8 103.8 70-90 12-30
Sheep 39.1 102.4 70-90 12-30
Pig 39.1 102.4 70-80 10-16
Chicken 41.7 107.2 128-140 12-28
Camel 36.3 97.4 32-50 5-12
Gestation period, Oestrous cycle, Heat period of various animals
Animal Age of Puberty Gestation period Oestrous cycle Heat period

(In months)
Cow 24- 30 285 21 Days 18 hours
Buffalo 28-30 310 21 Days 24 hours
Sheep 9-14 145-150 15-18 Days 1-3 Days
Goat 8-10 150-152 20 Days 2-3 Days
Camel 36-48 391 10 Days 3-5 Days
Swine 8-10 114 21 Days 1-5Days

Oestrus cycle:
❖ Proestrum (2 days): Period of building up growth of graffian Follicle which helps for the nourishment
Page | of ovum fluid contains hormone called “oestrogen”. It causes changes in uterus, blood supply.
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❖ Oestrum (1 day): During which the female is ready to receive male.
❖ Metoestrum (4 days): Implantation of the embryo takes place. C.L. takes place. Prevents the growth of
graffian follicle thereby arrests oestrus cycle.(RRB SO 18)
❖ Diestrum (14 days): Further development of uterus takes place. If the animal has not conceived
involution of uterus take place.
Animal Products Statistics:
Commodity Total Production (per Per Capita Availability ICMR

year) Recommendations
Milk 165.4 MT 355 grams/day 280 grams/day
Meat 7.4 MT 2.96 kg/year 11 kg/year
Eggs 88.1 billion 69 eggs/year 182 eggs/year
Species Wise Milk Contribution to Total Milk Production in India:

Species Percentage of Total Milk
Buffalo indigenous 35 per cent
Buffalo non-descript 14 per cent
Cow indigenous 11 per cent
Cow non-descript 9 per cent
Cow cross-bred 26 per cent
Cow exotic 1 per cent
Goat 3 per cent

Animal Breeding:
When breeding is between animals of the same breed it is called inbreeding, while crosses between different
breeds are called outbreeding.
Inbreeding :
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9 • Mating of closely related animals in the same breed such as brother – sister mating, parents off spring
mating.
• When the mates have common ancestors -within 4 generations this results in inbreeding.
• Advantage : A pure line of a particular breed can be maintained
• Disadvantage : Loss of vigour, size, production fertility problems
Out breeding :
• Mating of unrelated animals in the same breed but with no common ancestor for a minimum of 4-6
generations.
• After 5-6 generations the off springs will have 96.9 & 98.3% of the hereditary characters of “Pure
Breed”
• So grading is a process by which a few “Pure Breed” sires can rather quickly transform local variety of
animals into a Group resembling the pure breed
• However, continued inbreeding, especially close inbreeding, and usually reduces fertility and even
productivity. This is called inbreeding depression.
Close Breeding: Mating of full sister to full brother, Sire to his daughter or dam to her son.
Line Breeding:Mating of half-brother and half-sister, Cousin, Increase homozygosity and decrease
heterozygosity.
Out-crossing:
• This is the practice of mating of animals within the same breed, but having no common ancestors on
either side of their pedigree up to 4-6 generations.
• The offspring of such a mating is known as an out-cross. It is the best breeding method for animals that
are below average in productivity in milk production, growth rate in beef cattle, etc.
• A single outcross often helps to overcome inbreeding depression.
Cross-breeding:
• In this method, superior males of one breed are mated with superior females of another breed. Cross-
breeding allows the desirable qualities of two different breeds to be combined.
• The progeny hybrid animals may themselves be used for commercial production. Alternatively, they
may be subjected to some form of inbreeding and selection to develop new stable breeds that may be
superior to the existing breeds.
• Many new animal breeds have been developed by this approach.
• Hisardale is a new breed of sheep developed in Punjab by crossing Marino rams.And Bikaneri ewes.
Triple cross: In this method three breeds are crossed in a rotational manner it is also called rotational
crossing.

Back Cross: mating of a cross breed back to one of the pure parent.
Interspecific hybridization: In this method, male and female animals of two different related species are
mated. In some cases, the progeny may combine desirable features of both the parents, and may be of
considerable economic value, e.g., the mule
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Nutrient content of animal and poultry manure
Nutrients Nutrient content of manure (mg g dry weight-1)
Cattle Sheep Pig Horse Poultry

Nitrogen 25-40 20-45 20-45 17-30 28-62
Phosphorus 4-10 4-11 6-12 3-7 9-29
Potassium 7-25 20-29 15-48 15-18 8-29
Calcium 5-8 8-19 3-20 7-29 17-69
Magnesium 5-8 3-6 2-3 3-5 3-8
Sulphur 3-4 2-3 3-5 1-3 4-7
Indian Cow breed
Breed name Native of Place Features

Dairy breed
Sahiwal Montgomery (Pakistan) Highest and sweetest milk producing cow
breed in India.
Due to loose skin known as Lola' or multani,
Highest lactose in milk.
Gir Kathiawar (Gujarat) In Rajasthan found Ajmer & Bhilwara
districts.
Ears are long and pendulated and fore head is
long and bony.
Sindhi or red sindhi Karachi (Pakistan) Red brown in color and intelligent facial
expression, Red Sindhi averages over 1700 kg
of milk after suckling their calves but under
optimum conditions there have been milk
yields of over 3400 kg per lactation.
Draught breed
Malvi Malwa (MP) In Rajasthan found in Jhalawar district and in
M.P. found in Mansour and Bhopal districts.
Nagori Nagaur and Jodhpur (Raj•) Superior among drought breeds. Color is white
or grey
Amritmahal Mysore (Karnataka) Narrow face long horns, grey colored body.


Dual purpose breeds
Hariana Hissar/Rohtak (Haryana) Best dual purpose breed Horns are short &
stumpy
Kankrej Kutchh (Gujarat) Highest body weight in Indian cows, powerful
Page | body, famous for `swaichal.
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Rathi Alwar (Rajasthan) Found in Bikaner & Ganganagar districts of

Raj
Tharparkar Sindh (Pakistan) In Rajasthan found Jaisalmer & Jodhpur dist.
Also known as white sindhi.
Ongole Guntur (Andhra Pradesh/KR) Pure white in colour
Mewati Mewat, Haryana Also known as Kosi, dual purpose breed with
good milking and draft prowess, bulls are
known for their strength and endurance
Breed- Denotes and established group of animals / birds having the similar general body shape, colour,
structure and characters which produced offspring with same characters.
I. Cattle
➢ Indigenous.
a. Milch - Sindhi, Sahiwal, Gir and Deoni

b. Dual - Hariyana, Ongole, Tharparkar, Kankrej
c. Draught - Kangayam, Umblacherry, Amritmahal, Hallikar
➢ Exotic - Milch – Jersey, Holstein Friesian
Average composition of Milk of Different breeds of cow
Cow Breeds Water Fat Protein Lactose T.S. S.N.F.
Sindhi 86.07 4.90 3.42 4.91 13.93 9.03
Sahiwal 86.42 4.55 3.33 5.04 13.58 9.04
Gir 86.45 4.72 3.32 4.85 13.55 8.83
Tharparker 86.58 4.55 3.36 4.83 13.42 8.87
Haryana 86.54 4.92 3.21 4.58 13.46 8.54

Average composition of milk of some important milch breeds of cows (per

cent):
Breed Total solids Fat Protein SNF Lactose Ash
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Jersey 14.91 5.37 3.73 9.54 4.93 0.70
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Friesian 12.26 3.40 3.13 8.86 4.86 0.67
Crossbred 13.13 4.50 3.37 8.63 4.92 0.67
Red Sindhi 13.66 4.90 3.42 8.76 4.81 0.70
Some Indian Breeds and their Milk Yield
Breed Milk yield (litres) Per lactation period

Gir 1200-2200
Red Sindhi 700- 2200
Sahiwal 1100- 3100

Kankrej 1400
Tharparkar 700-2200
Mewati 1100
Ongole 700
Hariana 500
Hallikar 227-1134 litres
Kangayam 665 litres
Murrah 20-22 litre/day
Exotic cow breed:
Jersey English Channel Highest fat percentage in exotic breed (5.05%)
Holestein friesian Holand Heaviest exotic breed, heaviest milk producing cow in
the world (5000-6000 liter per year)
Guernsey Guernsey in France Milk golden colour due beta carotene, high butterfat
content of 5% and a high protein content of 3.7%,
Produce milk 6000 kg per lactation.

Ayrshire Scotland do not produce as much milk or butter fat (only 4%),
also known as Dunlop cattle or Cunningham cattle
Red Dane Denmark yield of Red Dane cattle varies from 3000 to 4000 kg
with a fat content of 4 per cent
Page | Brown Swiss Switzerland Average milk yield is 5000 kg per lactation with 4%
13 fat,
Important Points:
❖ The Karan Swiss is the excellent crossbred cattle obtained by crossing this breed with Sahiwal cattle at
NDRI, Karnal.
❖ Karan Fries: Holestein Friesian x Tharparkar Developed by NDRI.
❖ Sunandini is a cross breed of cattle developed in India by crossing nondescript cattle with Brown Swiss,
Jersey cattle and Holstein Friesian cattle, Developed by Kerala.
Housing Space Requirements for Crossbred cattle:

Age-group Manger Space (mtr.) Standing or covered area Open Space (sq.mtr.)
(sq.mtr.)
4-6 months 0.2-0.3 0.8-1.0 3.0-4.0
6-12 months 0.3-0.4 1.2-1.6 5.0-6.0
1-2 years 0.4-0.5 1.6-1.8 6.0-8.0
Cows 0.8-1.0 1.8-2.0 11.0-12.0
Pregnant cows 1.0-1.2 8.5-10.0 15.0-20.0
Bulls* 1.0-1.2 9.0-11.0 20.0-22.0
Average composition of Milk of Different breeds of cow
Cow Breeds Water Fat Protein Lactose T.S. S.N.F.

H.F. 87.74 3.40 3.22 4.87 12.26 8.86
Jersey 86.05 5.05 3.92 4.93 13.95 9.58
Brown Swiss 86.59 4.01 3.61 5.04 13.41 9.40
Ayrshire 87.10 4 3.58 4.67 12.90 9.80

Average composition of milk of different mammals (in per cent)
Species Water Fat Protein solids Total SNF Lactose Ash

Cow 86.61 4.14 3.58 13.19 9.25 4.96 0.71
Buffalo 82.76 7.38 3.60 17.24 9.86 5.48 0.78
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Goat 87.00 4.25 3.52 13.00 7.75 4.27 0.86
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Sheep 80.71 7.90 5.23 19.29 11.39 4.81 0.90
Camel 87.61 5.38 2.98 12.39 7.01 3.26 0.70
Buffalo
Murrah Punjab,Delhi,Rohtak Best in milk production, fat 7%. Jet black colored body
coat, short tightly curled horns.
Skin is soft. smooth with scanty hairs.

Bhadawari Agra (UP) Highest Fat % (13 %),
Copper colored body coat.
wedges shaped body.
Zaffrabadi Kathiawar (Gujarat) Heavy and loose body known
As mini elephant, very Prominent forehead and heavy
horns
Nili Ravi (Montgomery & White eyes known as 'Wall eyes'
Firozpur) Pakistan
Mehsana Baroda (Gujarat) Developed from Murrah & Surti.
Surati Baroda (Gujarat) Sickle shape horn is characteristic feature
Godavari Andhra Pradesh

Toda TN Native of tribes of Nilgiri (TN), large sized animals
Floor space requirements
Type of animal Floor space requirement Maximum no of animals / Height of the shed
(m2) pan
Covered area Open area ( cm)
Bulls 12.0 12/24.0 1 175 cm. in medium and

Cows 3.5 7.0 50 heavy rain fall and
Buffaloes 4.0 8.0 50 220 cm. in dry areas.
Pregnant Cow 4.0 8.0 1

Young – calves 1.0 2.0 30

Old – calves 2.0 4.0 30
Recommended floor space requirement for different age group of calves:

Page |
15 Age of Calves Floor space requirement Floor space Number of calves
(months) covered area(m2) requirement per pen
open area(m2)
0-3 1.0 2 24
3-6 1.5 3 16
6-12 2.0 4 12
Systems of housing-
Types of Housing –
Single row • Less than 15 animals.
• More than 15 animals.

Double row • Tail to tail system-28 animals.
• Head to head system-36 animals.
➢ Feed should be available to cows at least for 20 hours / day.

➢ Feed at least 60% of ration during night in the hot weather (Summer)
➢ Cow- reduce feed intake by about 3.3% for every 2.2 C rise in temperature over 24 C
➢ Forage dry matter consumption should be near 2% of the body weight.
➢ The fodder obtained from 1acre of land is sufficient to maintain 40 heads of goat with its followers.
➢ If weaning at birth is followed care should be taken to see that adequate colostrum is fed for the first 3-
4 days. If weaning is practiced 4 days after calving, then further ration has to be fed as per the schedule
described.
➢ Both the buds/horns are destroyed at the early age within 3 to 10 days.
➢ Body weight: Well fed cross bred calves on an average should gain 400 grams/day or 2.5-3 kg/week
➢ Dehorning or disbudding: Disbudding is carried out either by the use of hot iron, caustic sticks and
electrical dehorning cone. Both the buds are destroyed at the early age (within 3 to 10 days).
➢ Cross bred heifers show signs of heat as early as 10 months of age but none of them are mated until
attain the body weight of 225/275 body weight or a minimum of 14 months age. Age at first calving
25-28 months.

Care and management of Work Bullocks-

Body weight Normal work Heavy work
300 Kg. 2 Kg. 2.5Kg.
400 Kg. 2.5 Kg. 3 Kg.
Page | 500 kg 3 kg 3.5 kg
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METHOD OF HARVESTING THE TREE FODDER-
➢ Coppices: It is one of the most widely used harvesting method in which individual trees are cut at base
usually between 15-75 cm above ground level.
➢ Pollarding: In this system all the branches including top of the tree are removed at a height of 1-3 m
above ground level.
➢ Lopping: In this system most of the branches are removed.
CUTTING INTERVALS-
➢ In Humid climate- leaf production (6-10 weeks) and leaf + fuel wood(10-14 weeks)
➢ Fast growing trees- Up to 1.5 m for leaves and 2.5 for leaf + wood.
➢ Most of the long and medium rotation trees tolerate annual lopping (30-50%).
Reproductive and Productive Parameters (Traits) in Indian Cattle and Buffaloes:
Sr.No Name of the Age at Calving Lactation Lactation Dry Milk yield
breed first interval yield length period kg/day
calving (months) (kg.) (days) (days) during
(months) lactat-
ion
i) Cattle
a) Indian breeds
1 Dangi 54 17 600 300 210 2.0
2 Gir 48 16 1,350 270 210 5.0
3 Gaolao 46 16 600 300 180 2.0
4 Hallikar 46 20 600 300 300 2.0
5 Hariana 58 13 1,200 240 150 5.0
6 Kangayam 44 16 600 240 240 2.5
7 Kankrej 48 17 1,800 360 150 5.0
8 Rathi 40 19 1,815 330 240 5.5
9 Red Sindhi 42 14 1,620 270 150 6.0
10 Sahiwal 40 14 1,620 270 150 6.0
11 Tharparkar 50 14 1,620 270 150 6.0
12 Non-descript 60 19 405 270 300 1.5
Buffaloes
1 Bhadawari 50 15 1,080 270 180 4.0
2 Murrah 42 16 1,800 300 180 6.0

Sr.No Name of the Age at Calving Lactation Lactation Dry Milk

breed first interval yield length period yield
calving (months) (kg.) (days) (days) kg/day
Page | (months) during
17 lactat-
ion
Cattle
a) Indian breeds
1 Dangi 54 17 600 300 210 2.0
2 Gir 48 16 1,350 270 210 5.0
3 Gaolao 46 16 600 300 180 2.0
4 Hallikar 46 20 600 300 300 2.0
5 Hariana 58 13 1,200 240 150 5.0
6 Kangayam 44 16 600 240 240 2.5
7 Kankrej 48 17 1,800 360 150 5.0
8 Rathi 40 19 1,815 330 240 5.5
9 Red Sindhi 42 14 1,620 270 150 6.0
10 Sahiwal 40 14 1,620 270 150 6.0
11 Tharparkar 50 14 1,620 270 150 6.0
12 Non-descript 60 19 405 270 300 1.5
Buffaloes
1 Bhadawari 50 15 1,080 270 180 4.0
2 Murrah 42 16 1,800 300 180 6.0
3 Nili-Ravi 54 16 1,950 300 180 6.5
4 Surti 44 16 1,765 330 150 5.5
5 Mehsani 50 14 1,620 270 150 6.0
6 Jaffarabadi 50 14 1,620 270 150 6.0
7 Nagpuri 50 14 1,350 270 150 5.0
8 Non-descript 50 16 540 270 210 2.0
Economic Traits:
Particulars Local Exotic Cross breed

Birth weight 20Kg Jersey – 25-30kg.
Friesian – 30-35kg.
Age at maturity 33 Months 15 months 18-24 months
Age at 1st calving 42 months 24 months 30 months
Lactation yield 12000 Kg. 3000-6000Kg. 2100-2400
Lactation period 180-210 Days 305 days 240 – 270 days
Dry period 90-120 days 60 days 75 days
Inter calving period 18 months 12-13 months 13-14 months

METHODS OF MANUAL MILKING:
1. FISTING: It is the best method of hand milking though most of the milkmen follow knuckling
method.
Page | 2. KNUCKLING METHOD: This practice should be avoided as it is injurious to the teat.
18 3. STRIPPING: This method is followed where the length of the teat is small; it is normally practiced
towards the end of milking in order to evacuate the milk completely
Common Diseases of Farm Animals and their Control
1) Diseases caused by virus:
S.No. Disease Species affected Causal Transmission Symptoms Control

agent
1 Pox diseases Cow pox, A filterable Via broken Fever, Occular Yearly
(Chechak) biffalo pox, virus skin by contact and nasal mucous vaccination
Sheep pox, with material discharge, (Optional)
Goat pox, contaminated respiratory
Swine pox with discharge distress, pox
from lesions; lesion in un hairy
direct contact parts such as lips,
with infected thigh udder etc
animals
2 Rinderpest Cattle and bufflow A filterable Contact with High fever, blood vaccination
(Mata) specially exotic virus contaminated stained shotting
material diarrhea, High
mortality
3 FMD All Cloven footed A small Contact with Salivation, sores Vaccination
animals (Mainly filterable contaminated on feet and sanitary
Cattle) virus material or
animal
2) Diseases caused by bacteria:
S.No Disease Species Causal agent Transmission Symptoms Control

. affected
1 Anthrax All farm Bacillus Water and food History of sudden Annual
(Gorhi, Goli, animal and Anthracis contaminated with deaths in herd, vaccination
Gilt) men blood and high temperature, before rainy
excretions or by rapid breathing, season
wound infection swellings over body
-especially around
neck

S.No Disease Species Causal agent Transmission Symptoms Control

. affected
2 Black quarter Cattle, Clostridium Water and food Lameness, high Annual
or Black leg buffaloes, Chauvoei contaminated with temperature — vaccination
(Sujaa) less blood and blackemphacaema Before rainy
Page | frequently excretions or by tous season
19 Sheep wound infection swellings over
shoulders and
thighs, death in
three days
3 Mastitis (Than Cattle and Streptococci, Bacteria from Uneasiness in cow proper dry-
phuka buffaloes, Staphylococc dirty floors, when milked; hand milking,
mulch i, milkers' hands, udder swollen, hot washing or
goats Corynebacte- cow's body etc and painful in wiping of
sometimes riumpyogene enter into udder acute cases; milk udder and teats
sheep and s, through injuries whey-like with with mild
swine Mycobacteriu on udder and milk clots or even antiseptic
m teats blood clots, before and after
Tuberculosis temperature of milking, clean
animal rises. barns and
sheds, prevent
over-crowding
in cow
sheds,
4 Haemorrhagic Cattle, Pasteurella Ingestion through Sudden attack; Segregation,
septicaemia or buffaloes boviseptica in contaminated high fever, early avoidance of
Shipping fever sheep and cattle and P. food, water and death; painful, hot infected
(Golghotu) swine Bubaliseptica pastures; swellings on pasture, feed
in buffalos organisms throat, neck and and water
usually present in dewlap, may sources; pre-
the respiratory involve fore-legs monsoon
tract and shoulders; vaccination;
swollen tongue; adequate
laboured breathing sanitation
5 Tuberculosis All Mycobacter Infection Usually lungs and Periodical

(Kashava rog) Animals ium occurs either lymph glands Tuberculin test
tuberculoris directly or affected, often and removal
indirectly from infected animal of reactors
infected show no outward from herd;
animals, their symptoms; loss sanitation;
secretions or in weight; provision of
excretions - swelling of proper
bacteria enter joints; chronic ventilation in
system by cough and animal houses;
Ingestion or laboured B . C .G
inhalation breathing; fever; vaccination.
depression;

Nonspecific disorder
S.No. Disease Species Causal Transmission Symptoms Control
affected agent
1 Milk Cattle buffalo Metabolic Occurs at early Loss of appetite, constipation, Feed mineral
Page |
fever specially high disorder stage of general depression animal lies supplemt to digh
20 yielder due to fall lactation postrate with it head and resting yielders during
in blood on the chest wall and nose late pregnancy
calcium pointing toward the flank, and early
temperature subnormal, animal lactation to
May developed nervesness and prevent further
dead if unattended for 6-14 hours secrtaion of
milk, stop
milking.
Vaccination schedule
Disease Age Interval Month

FMD 3rd month Every six month Jan-Feb, June-July
BG 6th Month Every year Aug-Sep
HS 6th Month Every Year Sep-Oct
Anthrax 6th Month Every Year April - May
( Affected area only)
cellosis 4-8th month of Heifer -- Mar - April
DISEASES OF LIVESTOCK
A) Viral:-
1) FMD-
➢ Incubation period 2 – 5 days , Temperature 40 degree
➢ Control : Vaccination – once in 4months or varies with type of vaccine
Hoechst 3ml .oil adjuvant: IVPM – 20 ml for calves / 40ml for adults.
2) Rinderpest :
➢ Most destructive of the virus disease
➢ Incubation period of the disease 3-7 days, Temperature 40-41 C
➢ Symptom: Loss of Appetite : Lachrymation : dryness of muzzle, arching of back
Shooting diarrhea, Ulcers in the mouth 7-9 days.
➢ Death – 10th day after onset of symptom.

➢ Control: Vaccination 1.TCRV 2. GTV – Immunity – 3 years 1 ml s/c – Neck.

B) Bacterial:-
1. ANTHRAX :
➢ Forms:- i. Peracute ii. Acute iii. Chronic and iv. Cutaneous form.
➢ Treatment:-
Page | 1) Penicillin - 5 ml units twice daily.
21 2) Streptomycin – 8-10 g daily in 2 doses – cattle.
3) Oxytetracycline (5 mg/kg )
2) Black quarter:-
➢ Young stock mostly affected 6months-2years, disease out break which the onset of rainy season.
➢ Prevention : vaccination – before onset of rainy season – 5ml polyvalent s/c (clostridium sp.).
3) Haemorrhagic septicaemia (HS):-

➢ Symptoms:- : i. Acute form : Septicemia
ii. Sub acute form : edematous swelling
iii. Chronic form : with pulmonary infection
➢ Acute High temperature 106 F rapid and Difficult breathing, discharge from nostrils.
C) Metabolic:-
1. Milk fever:- cause :Serum calcium levels fall in cows after calving
2. Ketosis:-
➢ disturbance of carbohydrate metabolism in high producing dairy cattle– hypo glycaemia and
appearance of ketone bodies.
➢ usually appear in good milkers from 7 days to six weeks after calving.
3. Bloat (TYMPANY):- is a disease of ruminants in which rumen and reticulum is over distended with the
gases of fermentation.
D) Zoonotic diseases:- Anthrax, Tuberculosis, Brucellosis, and Rabies
Sheep
Sheep is the second largest species reared by mankind and it provides wool, meat, milk and hide.
Their droppings form good manure. Important breeds of sheep in India are as follows:

Gaddi J&K Fine quality wool.
Rampur-bushier J&K
Bhakarwal J&K Loei is obtained from
Bhakarwal
Lohi Pakistan Largest Sheep
Bikaneri/Pugal Rajasthan Best Carpet wool

Malpura Tonk, Rajasthan Suitable for meat

Page | Chokla Shekhawati region Known as 'Merino' of Rajasthan
22
Marwari Punjab and Rajasthan Black face
Jaisalmeri Rajasthan Desert bredd
Deccani Maharashtra, Karnataka, Good for mutton, fit for weaving kambal
Andhra
Nellore Andhra Pradesh Tallest breed
Mandya Karnataka White in colour

Shahbadi Muzzafarnagar UP Best wool producing breed in India
Hisardale Hisar Marino x Bikaner
Another important facts:
Sheep developed from CSWRI:
a. Avikalin= Ramboullet × Malpura

b. Avivastra= Ramboullet x Chokla
❖ Exotic breed of sheep:
➢ Marino: From spain, Fine wool breed, 80% wool comes from marino and its crosses
➢ Rambouillet: Native of spain, Dual purpose breed
➢ Wool potential:
a) a)Exotic breeds- 3.5-5 k

b) Indian breeds- 1-2 kg
Breeds:
There are 44 describe breeds of sheep
➢ Northern temperate region - Eg. – Gaddi, Kasmir Merino, Gurez

➢ North west Arid region - Eg. Chokla, Nali, Hissardale, Bharath merino
➢ Southern - Nellore, Mandya, Mecheri, Kilakarisal, Vembur, Coimbatore, Nilgiri, Ramnad White,
Trichy Black, Madras red.
➢ Eastern - Balangir, Shahdadi.
➢ Exotic breeds - Merino, Rambouillet, Dorset, Corriedale.
Nutrition:
➢ Water requirement adult sheep 2 – 4 liters
➢ Energy : Adult – Non pregnant sheep – 93 K cal. ME / kg.W 0.75

➢ Lactating - 102 K cal. ME / kg. W 0.75
➢ Protein – DCP requirement – 1 g for every 1kg live weight (adult non pregnant)
➢ Increases by 50% during pregnancy and 100% during lactation.
➢ Space requirement – 1 m2 space per head. shed measuring 18m x 6 m can accommodate 120 sheep.
Page |
23
Systems of rearing-Housing management- Type design- Floor diagram-Space
requirement for adult and young stock.
SPACE ALLOWANCE:
➢ Adult Male: 20- 25 sq.ft.

➢ Female: 15-20 sq.ft.
➢ Young: 10 sq.ft.
Intensive system:
➢ Breedable male shed :2.5 m x 2.0 m

➢ Segregation / Isolation shed / sick animal shed :10’ x 5’
➢ Leeward side
➢ Generally flock shed 50- 60 does
➢ Kid shed -20-30 nos.
Goat
Jamunapri Originated in barbera (somalia) Dual purposes breed, Pendulated curved long ears',
in India found in Etawa (UP) 'roman nose'or parrot mouth Appearance and
thick long hairs on hind legs are major
characters.
Barbari Somalia (Africa) Used for milking , Suitable for stall
feeding (Known as city goat). Usually give birth two
kids (twins) in one parturition
Beetul Gurdaspur, Punjab Resembles as `Jamunapari'.

Good dairy type breed, presence
of beard in male
Black Bengal Western Bengal Excellent for meat,
Skin color is black, meat is tender
Marwari Marwar (Raj) Disease resistant breed, good for
meat, color is jet black

Sirohi Sirohi, Rajasthan Dual purpose breed, ears are

flattened, drooping & leaf like
Jhakrana Alwar Dairy breed large sized, beetle
like in appearance.
Page |
24
Exotic breed of Goat:
Angora Turkey Hair used a wool, Called Mohair
Alpine Europe Milk Breed

Anglo Nubian England It is cross between jamunapri and Nubian, Known as
jersy cow, It is most dual purpose exotic breed of goat
Sanen Switzerland Beard present in male as well as female, Also known as
queen of milk
Toggenberg Switzerland Chocolate colored, Hornless breed, Skin is soft, Milk

breed
❖ Pashmina used in winter clothes is obtained from animal goats.

❖ Morroco: Fine leather prepared from skin
Breeds:
23 well defined breeds goats in India
➢ For meat and skin – Black Bengal, Kanni adu
➢ Meats, skin and milk – Barvari, Malabari (Tellicherry), Sirohi, Surti
➢ Meat, hair and skin – Gaddi, Kutchi, Marwari
➢ Milk, meat and skin – Beetal, Jamunabari
Recommended floor space requirements for sheep and goats in Indian conditions:
Age groups Covered space(sq.m) Open space (sq.m)

Up to 3 months 0.2-0.25 0.4-0.5
3 months to 6 months 0.5-0.75 1.0-1.5
6 months to 12 months 0.75-1.0 1.5-2.0
Adult animal 1.5 3.0
Male, Pregnant or lactating ewe/ 1.5-2.0 3.0- 4.0
doe

COMMON AILMENTS OF SHEEP AND GOAT
1) Enterotoxaemia – Ecto and Endo parasites.

2) Blue Tongue: Viral Disease
➢ Transmitted by Culicoides midges
Page |
25
3) Sheep pox: Viral Disease – pox virus
➢ Treatment: No specific treatment – Nursing is important. Tissue culture vaccines may be administered.
4) Enterotoxaemia: Bacterial Disease –

➢ Clostridium perfringens
➢ Treatment: Sulphadimidine 33 1/3% 1/r + antibiotic therapy- tetra cycline, streptomycin + Penicillin.
INTEGRATED FARMING SYSTEMS- ROLE OF LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY,

MANURE MANAGEMENT METHODS, DUCK/FISH/RICE CULTURE.
Lowland farming system

➢ Cropping + poultry + duck + pigeon + fishery + mushroom in all possible combinations
➢ Recycling reduces the cost of output
➢ one hectare 0.90 ha for crop + 0.10 for fish pond
➢ 1000 polyculture fingerlings
➢ 50 babcock layers or 100 pigeons feed requirement for 1000 fingerlings
➢ Pigeon open grazing ^ profitable
Other Combinations
➢ Crop + piggery + fish+ mushroom  crop + goat + fish
➢ Goat Unit 11.0 t more manure apart from feed requirement
➢ Employment for the farmers
➢ crop residue sand waste of horticulture for producing 5 kg of edible mushroom /day
➢ vermicomposting
OTHER INTEGRATION
➢ Rabbit farming
➢ One unit 10 females and one male – 200 kindling – weight around 1000 kgs meat
➢ coconut border planting on irrigation channels with 4 m interval – 50 trees – 5000 nuts per annum
➢ Nutrient enriched by growing sun hemp
➢ Vermicompost from plant good organic source
Dairy Product
Recombined Milk: It should contain minimum milk fat of 3% and minimum milk SNF of 8.5%.
S. No. Type Fat SNF

1 Toned Milk (TM) Minimum 3.0 Minimum 8.5
2 Double Toned milk (DTM) Minimum 1.5 Minimum 9.0

3 Standardized milk Minimum 4.5 Minimum 8.5

4 Skimmed milk (SM) Not more than 0.5 Minimum 8.7
5 Full cream milk (FCM) Minimum 6.0 Minimum 9.0
❖ When milk is offered for sale without any indication of the class, the standards prescribed for buffalo milk
Page | shall apply.
26
Processing of milk-Cooling-Pasteurization
Treatments Process Temperature (oC) Time(seconds)

Pasteurization LTLT 63 1800
- HTST(milk) 72 15-20
- HTST(cream) >80 15
Thermization - 57-68 15
Sterilization - 115-121 180-780
Ultra-pasteurization - 115-130 2-4
UHT - 135-150 1-6
❖ Thermization: The milk is heated to 63-65oC for 15 seconds and rapidly chilled to 4oC
❖ Microwave heating: Microwaves form part of the electromagnetic spectrum (frequency range 915 and
2450 MHz).
Evaporated milk
➢ This is the milk from which about 50-60% of the water has bee-n evaporated. Raw milk is clarified and
concentrated in a vacuum at a temperature of 74-77°C.
➢ It is fortified with vitamin D, homogenized, filled into cans sterilized in cans at a temperature of 118°C
for 15 minutes and cooled.
➢ This heat treatment gives evaporated milk a light -brown colour owing to sugar protein interaction and
its characteristic flavour.
Sterilized milk
➢ Standardized cow's or buffalo milk is sterilized in bottles by heating continuously to a temperature of
115°C for 15 minutes to ensure destruction of all microorganism and preservation at room temperature
for not less than 85 days from the date of manufacture.
➢ It shall be sold only in the container in which milk was sterilized.
Ice cream
➢ It is a frozen dairy product consisting of whole milk, skim milk, cream, butter, condensed milk products
or dried milk products.
➢ Milk fat and milk solids non-fat constitutes about 60% of the total solids of the ice cream.
Fermented milk products:

Butter
➢ The fat content of butter is generally about 80%.
➢ The non-fat components of butter consist of moisture, milk solids not fat and salt if added.
➢ Most of the butter produced in our country is converted to ghee.
Khoa: Khoa is a partially dehydrated whole milk product.
Composition
Characteristics Cow Buffalo

Moisture 25.6 19.2
Fat 25.7 37.1
Protein 19.2 17.8
Page | Lactose 25.5 22.1
27 Ash 3.8 3.6
Iron (ppm) 103 101
PANEER: Paneer refers to the indigenous variety of rennet-coagulated, small-sized, soft cheese.
Composition
Characteristics Cow (%) Buffalo (%)
Moisture 71.2 71.1
Fat 13.5 13.1
Total solids 28.8 28.9
PROCESSING:
Pasteurization of milk:
Temperature Time Pasteurization Type

63°C 30 minutes Batch Pasteurization (LTLT)
72°C 15 seconds High Temperature Short Time
Pasteurization (HTST)
138°C-145°C 2.0 (1-5) seconds Ultra-high temperature (UHT)
Sterilization
❖ Canned sterilization: This is a wet treatment of canned milk products in an autoclave/specialized

treatment chambers. Heat to between 115°C to 121°C for 10 to 20 minutes.
❖ Sterilization: Sterilization of milk is aimed at killing all microorganisms. Temperature and time: either
115°C for 15 min or at least 130°C for a period of one second
❖ Homogenization: Homogenization implies mechanical treatment to break fat globules into smaller size
of 2 µm or less and uniformly disperse them in milk. The average size of milk fat globule in milk is 2-12
µm. Homogenization is done at 65 degree C temperature for 30 minutes.
Nutrient Bacterial fermentation
Carbohydrate Streptococcus lactis
Protein Bacillus subtilis
Fat Pseudomonas fragi
Conversion of Milk into curd Lactobacillus thermophillus
Important Points:
➢ Rosalic acid test: Add 4 drops of freshly prepared alcoholic solution of 1% Rosalic acid to the above mixture
and mix gently
➢ Pink colour:- presence of either sodium hydroxide potassium hydroxide or calcium hydroxide
➢ Rose red colour:-presence of sodium carbonate or sodium bicarbonate

➢ Brownish colour:-absence of any of these neutralizers.

Detection of urea in milk:
➢ Take 2ml of milk and add 2ml of p-dimethyl amino benzaldehyde reagent
➢ Development of distinct yellow colour denotes the presence of urea.
Page | Detection of buffalo milk in cow milk:
28 ➢ The presence of buffalo milk in cow milk can be detected by Hansa test.
➢ The art of milking performed within 5-8 minutes.
Poultry
The term poultry is applied to bird to several species fowls/chicken, layers (Gallus domestica), ducks, turkeys,
geese, emo etc. that have been domesticated to reproduce and grow in captivity and rendered product of
economic value such as egg, meat, manure etc.
Term and Important points related to Poultry:

➢ Organized poultry sector in India: 70 per cent
➢ Poultry Capital of India: Andhra Pradesh
➢ Contribution of poultry sector to meat production in India: 45 per cent
➢ Crowding: Overcrowding increases mortality, stress, as well as production cost.
➢ Feeding: Always ensure adequate fresh feed. Birds that are without feed for six hours will record a drop
in production and a 12 hour starvation will result in moult of wing feathers.
➢ Lighting: The duration of light should be 16 hours per day, but not beyond 17 hours. No advantage is
obtained by exceeding this limit. The amount of light given to the flock in one day should never be less
than that given the day before. A decreasing day length can prematurely cause hens to go out to
production. One 40 watt electric bulb is sufficient for 200 sq.ft. area.
➢ Debeaking: Debeaking, is the partial removal of the beak of poultry, especially layer hens. Poor
debeaking can adversely affect egg production.
➢ Debeaking is done at 2nd week to prevent cannibalism and feed wastage
➢ Culling: Unsuitable and uneconomic birds should be timely culled.
Common terms used in Poultry:
Species Young Adult
Male Female
Chicken Chick Cock Hen
Duck Duckling Drake Duck
Turkey Poult Tom Hen
Swan Cygnet Swan Swan

Incubation period, Chromosome numbers and age at sexual maturity of different Species
of poultry:
S.No Species Incubation Chromosome Age at sexual maturity

period (days) number (weeks)
Page |
29
1. Chicken 21 39/78 18-20
2. Duck 28 40/80 28-30
3. Turkey 28 40/80 28-30
4. Ostrich 42 40/80 52
Nutrient content in Chicken and Egg
Particulars Chicken Egg

Water 66 % 65 %
Protein 21 % 12 %
Fat 9% 11 %
Mineral 3.5 % 12 %
Egg Science and Technology:

➢ Chicken egg has 58% of white portion, 30% of yolk and 8-11% of shell.
➢ Egg average weight: 50-60 gm.
➢ Egg contains yolk – 30%
➢ White or albumen – 58%
➢ Inner & outer shell membranes & shell – 12%
➢ Egg weight (g) of chicken is 57 gram and turkey weight is 85 gram.
Nutrient composition: on egg weight

➢ 12% Protein
➢ 11% Fat
➢ 12% minerals and 65 % water
➢ Colories: 148 cal/100 gm.
Grading of eggs:
➢ By wt.: Extra large 60 gms/egg
➢ Large 53-59 g.
➢ Medium 45-52 g.
➢ Small 38-44 g.

Agmark grading:
➢ A- grade: Clean, unbroken shell, aircell 4mm depth, clear, firm white well centered yolk free from
defects.
➢ B-grade: Clean, moderately tainted shell, aircell 8 mm depth, slightly off centered and shape visible.
➢ No grade: Eggs classified as loss or no grade is edible.
Page |
30 Physical composition of egg of various species:
Bird
Chicken Turkey
Egg weight (g) 57 85
Yolk (%) 30 32
Albumen (%) 60 56
Shell (%) 10 12
Incubation:
Providing temperature and humidity for normal development of embryo in egg. It may be artificial or natural. A
machine which provide all these is called incubator.
Incubation period in chicken is 21 days.
Incubation Requirement:
Temperature 37.2-37.7 degree C

Humidity 60-70%
Ventilation To provide 21% oxygen in the air
Hatching: Process of breaking out of an egg shell after completion of incubation
Specific conditions for hatching:
Temperature 1-18 days 37.5 – 37.8oC

19-21 days 36.9 –37.5oC
Humidity 60% up to 18 days 70% thereafter
Turning Once every 4 hours up to 18 days -
Ventilation 1-18 days 8 changes/hour

19-21 days 12 changes/hour

SYSTEMS OF HOUSING- POULTRY

System of poultry rearing : In the annals of Poultry Development, one can see a gradual development in
respect of the allotment of space, feeding, nutrition and in management etc
.
Free range system: Deforested land was used management etc.200 birds/acre allotted. In an ordinary land 100
Page | birds/Acre was allotted.
31
Semi Intensive systems
➢ Birds are provided with a pen and run. Pen is an enclosed house and run is an enclosed grass area with
fence.
➢ As few as 6 to as many as 200 can be kept in are acre of land in this system.
➢ 3 to 4 sq.ft / bird in the pen.
➢ Floor level should be at least 10 inch from the ground level
The concept of deep litter system:

➢ When moisture is absorbed there will be controlled microbial activity and odour will also be minimum.
➢ Vit. B12 and B2 are available
➢ depth 4 inches at beginning. 6-8 inches later
➢ Add Lime at 5-10 Kg/100 sq.ft. to keep it dry.
➢ Litter to be racked up once a week
Qualities of good liter material: .Moisture level should be less than 15%
Cage system : Battery cages. Very popular, called as Californian cage system.
Types of cages:
Minimum area is required / bird.
1. Single: 1 /sq.ft.
2. Multiple: 0.75 sq.ft.
3. Colony: 0.5 sq.ft.
Kinds of poultry houses

1. Layer House
2. Broiler House
Layer Broiler
Temperature Comfort Zone 10 -24 o C 21 -25 o C
Optimum 13 -20 o C 24 o C
Humidity Acceptable 50 -75% 50 -75%
Preferable 60% 60%
ALTERNATIVE HOUSING SYSTEMS

➢ Traditional free range or extensive: Socking density should be not greater than 1000 birds / ha. of
available ground (1 hen / 10 m2 )
➢ Semi-intensive –Modified free Range : For these systems , as for free range with exception that the
maximum outdoor stocking density should not be greater than 4000 hens / ha. of land available (1 hen /
2.5 m2)
➢ Modified cages : At least 450 cm2 of cage area/bird and 10 cm / bird of trough space with an
adequate water supply is essential.
CARE AND MANAGEMENT OF LAYERS

➢ Layer Management: From the point of lay to one year it is called laying period.
➢ When first egg laid – Pullet – pullet egg.
Page |
32 Floor space 2 sq.ft.
Feeder space 4 sq.ft.
Water space 2 sq.ft.
Nest space 1 box for 5 birds
Litter Depth 6 box for 5 birds
➢ A 40 watts bulb at a height of 7 feet with 100 feet distance from another, will provide the required
intensity of light for 100 sq.ft. area.
Care and management of broilers.:

➢ Broiler is defined as the tender meated chicken of either sex which grow from 35-40 g of initial weight
to 2kg or more in 6 weeks of age by consuming around 4 kg of feed.
week 0-4 4-8

floor space ½ sq.ft. 1 sq.ft
feeder space 3 sq.ft. 6 sq.ft.
water space 2 sq.ft. 4 sq.ft
Floor space, feeding space and watering space for chicks

Age weeks Floor space Feeding space Watering space
Sq.ft./Chick inches/chick inches/chick
1 0.2 1.5 0.5
2 0.2 2.0 0.7
3 0.3 2.0 0.7
4 0.4 2.5 0.8
5 0.6 2.5 0.8
6 0.8 3.0 1.0
7 0.9 3.0 1.0
Water Consumption:
Age of birds Water amount per 100 birds

0-2 weeks 4.5 to 6.5 liter per day
10-15 weeks 18-22.5 liter per day
Laying hens 27-36 liter per day
Specification of different Poultry species:

Class American Asiatic English Mediterrane an

Shank Clean Feathered Clean Clean
Skin colour Yellow Yellow White Yellow or white
Earlobe colour Red Red Red White
Purpose Dual Meat Dual Egg
Page | Size Medium Massive Medium Small
33
Shell colour Brown Brown Brown White
Examples 1) Rhode Island 1) Brahma 1) Cornish 1) Leghorn
Red 2) Cochin 2) Australorp 2) Minorca
2) Plymouth rock 3) Langshan 3) Dorking 3) Ancona
3)New 4) Orpington 4) Andalusian
Hampshire 5) Sussex
4)Wyandotte
Chicken may also classified based on their utility as:

Rod island red Rod island in new england Dual purpose breed, produce 100 egg per
Page | year, rectangular bird
34
Whitre leg horn Italy Highest egg production breed in the world,
Average 2oo eggs
Red cronish England Famous in America for meat

Ply mouth rock America Produce best quality meat
Aseel UP Famous for fighting sports
Kadaknath Madhya Pradesh Black colored meat
1) Egg type - Eg. White Leghorn, Minorca, Ancona

2) Meat type - Eg. Cornish, Plymouth rock, Brahma
3) Dual purpose - Eg. Rhode Island Red, New Hampshire
4) Game bird - Eg. Aseel
5) Fancy variety - Eg. Silky, frizzled, bantams
6) Desi type - Eg. Kadaknath, Naked neck, chittagong.
Native breeds of egg type chicken in India:
Breed Body weight Age at sexual Annual egg production

(20 weeks) maturity (days) (No.)
Aseel 1220 196 92
Frizzle 1005 185 110
Kadaknath 920 180 105
Naked neck 1005 201 99
Temperature requirement of chicks during different ages
Age in weeks Temperature under hover, at 5 cm above floor ( °C)
0-1 35
0-2 32
2-3 29
3-4 26
5-5 23
➢ Hover: A canopy used on brooders to direct the heat downwards to the chickens.
Average growth rate for egg type chickens:

Age in weeks Average weight of bird (gms.)
4 275
8 590
Page |
12 850
35 16 1100
20 1300
24 1550
30 1600
40 1700
60 1700
80 1700
Poultry Disease
Parasitic (external) Lice, mites, tick and fleas
(internal) Round worms, tapeworm and hexamitiasis
Protozoan Coccidiosis in chicken, leucocytozoonosis
Bacterial Pullorum, Typhoid, Paratyphoid, fowl
cholera,Diarrhea
Viral Ranikhet disease, Marek's disease, fowl pox,
infectious bronchitis, infection bursitis, avian
encephalomycytis, Marek disease, leukosis, chronic
respiratory disease, Hepatitis etc.
Fungal Aspergillosis, Moniliasis
Nutritional Disease
Rickets Vitamin — D Deficiency

Curled toe paralysis Vitamin B2 Deficiency
Crazy chick Vitamin - E deficiency
Perosis
Mn deficiency
Parakeratosis Zn deficiency
Skin Disease
Eye disease- B2 deficiency
Piglet anemia Iron deficiency

Osteomalacia P Deficiency
CLASSIFICATION OF POULTRY DISEASES

VACCINATION
1. Routes of administration
Administration through Drinking Water: Vaccine is reconstituted in cold drinking water along with
skim milk powder at the rate of 4 gram per litre of water and used immediately. Eg RDV Lasota
Vaccine.
Page | 2. Intra ocular -Intra nasal instillation.
36 ➢ The vaccine is reconstituted in normal Saline solution. One drop of diluted vaccine is applied to the
nostrils or eye. Ex : RDVF .
3. Spray Vaccine
➢ Spray or mist spraying is done in chick boxes in the hatcheries. Small drops of equal size is sprayed
and the boxes are allowed for 10 to 15 minutes for drying.
4. Wing Web puncture method
➢ Fowl pox vaccine is reconstituted in 50% glycerol saline and taken in forked needle and vaccination is
done by puncturing through wing web.
5. Feather Follicle Method

➢ Pigeon pox vaccine is reconstituted with 50% glycerol saline. After plucking of the feather follicles in
the internal thigh region, with the help of a glass rod, the vaccine is smeared and rubbed .
➢ After 5 days the birds have to be examined for "Takes" . Takes are cellular reaction taking place in the
nervous system.
6. Subcutaneous injection
➢ Ranikhet K vaccine is reconstituted with normal saline and 0.5ml is given between two layers of skin
in the wing web region .
➢ The vaccine should be protected in ice box during vaccination and should be used within 1hr.
SR NO Age Name of the vaccine

1. 1st day Marek's Disease vaccine
2. 7th day Ranikhet Disease F Strain/Lasota. RD

killed.
3. 14 to 16 days (II week) Infectious Bursal disease(live)
IBD(killed)
4. 21 to 24 th day (III week) Infectious Bronchitis
5. 30 to 35 days Ranikhet disease-Lasota strain

6. 42 to 45 day Infectious Bursal disease (live)
7. 56 to 70 days (8-10 th week) Ranikhet disease "K" (Mesogenic)
8. 84 to 91 days (12 - 13th week) Fowl Pox vaccine
9. 91 to 98 days (13 to 14th week) Infectious Bronchitis Vaccin

10. 126 to 133 days Ranikhet disease K" (Mesogenic)

11. After peak production , every 8 Ranikhet Disease Vaccine "Lasota"
Weeks
Page | Debeaking
37 ➢ It is important to remove only one third of the upper beak taking care to avoiding tongue.
➢ It is usually practiced at the age of 10-14 days and repeated at the age of 14-16 weeks.
➢ Debeaking should never be done with penknife.
Deworming
➢ Birds show the following symptoms when they are infested with worms. Dullness, Paralysis, Enteritis,
Anemia and Drop in egg production.
➢ Deworming is practiced at intervals of 45days in layer birds and also before RDVK vaccination.
➢ Deworming is done against tape worms only on absolute necessity.
DELICING
➢ Is the process of removing of external parasites like ticks, mites and fleas which suck the blood from
the bird .
VIRAL DISEASES
A) RANIKHET DISEASE
➢ New Castle Disease Virus- Para myxo viridae Very important disease affecting poultry rainy season in
India has been found to be more favourable for the occurrence and spread of the disease. In native
fowls this disease occurs in summer.
PERACUTE- without symptoms and sudden death

➢ In a typical outbreak depression is observed, characterised by prostration, closed wyes, drooping
wings and loss of appetite.
➢ Sometimes in neural form there may be twiching of neck, incoordination or even paralysis.
➢ Sometimes-soft shelled or shell less eggs may be laid. Respiratory distress may be observed.
Prevention and control:

➢ Chicks should be vaccinated with F strain or lasota strain on the first day or within 5 days after hatch
and with a booster dose at 8-10 weeks.
➢ RDVK strain is usually administered at 8 weeks of age.
➢ In layer flocks, booster dose of Ranikhet vaccine is given every 2 months.
B) INFECTIOUS BURSAL DISEASE

➢ Gumboro disease -Highly contagious, IBD virus.
➢ Bursa is affected- Usually chicks of 2-6 weeks old affected.
➢ Symptoms- whitish diarrohoea, vent pasting, unsteady gait, tremors.
➢ Prevention – Vaccination at 2nd &3rd weeks of age.

BACTERIAL DISEASES
A) Coli Bacillosis-
➢ Escherchia coli infection
➢ Aggravated by other stress factors Symptoms- Dirrohoea, sweling of joints, comb, and wattle.
➢ moratility – vey high
Page | ➢ Prevention- Proper sanitationand management, avoiding stress addition of antibacterials and anti
38
biotics in feed and water.
B) Infectious coryza-
➢ Haemophilus gallinarum
➢ Symptoms- all ages – affected, Acute respiratory infection, high morbidityand low mortality, odema of
face ,wattle and comb, discharge from nostrils
➢ Prevention and control- Better hygiene, antibiotics – Sulpha in feed, Tylosin, tetetracycline
Salmonellosis
C) Paratyphoid, Pullorum-
visceral organs –affected
S.pullorum- pullorum disease ,
S. gallinarum-typhoid/bacillary white dirrhoea ,
S .typhimurium- paratyphoid
Nutritional Deficiencies and control:

➢ Vitamin: Vit A: Xeropthalmia- Gout, - retarded growth, discharge from eyes and nose. – Cod liver,
fish liver oil, vit A supplementation
➢ Vit D3: Rickettsia, - leg weakness, swollen hock joints, rubbery beak, thin shelled eggs.- Cod liver,
fish liver oil, vit D3 supplementation
➢ Vit E: Encephalomalacia- crazy chick disease, paralysis of leg, retraction of head, convulsions, death-
vegetable oils, synthetic Vit E.
➢ Vit B1: Thiamine – poly neuritis , paralysis of wing and neck.- yeast products, synthetic vit B1
➢ Vit B2- Riboflavin – curled toe paralysis- tendency to walk on hocks, dermatitis on corners of mouth,
vent and foot pads , fish products, Vit B2, rice bran.
➢ Vit B12- Cyanacobalamine- retarded growth, increased mortality, drop in production and hatchability-
fish meal, meat meal, synthetic B
➢ Zinc, magnesium deficiency – bone formation affected.
➢ Calcium, Phosphorous: def. of vit D, deficiency during laying- imbalance in Calcium and
Phosphorous- poor egg shell formation, curved beak, bone deformities.- supplementation with ca and
p.
➢ External And internal parasites: Lice, ticks and mites- deticking, delicing round worm, tape worm
infestation – deworming regularly.

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YouTube: Agri Coaching Chandigarh Classes for: AFO,BHU, NABARD, UPSC, ADO

Agri Coaching www.agricoaching.in Deepak Wadhwa

Salient Features of 19th Livestock Census

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ALL INDIA LIVESTOCK CENSUS (in thousands)

India’s rank in the world:

India’s Rank Sector

Population, Buffalo Population, Carabeef Production, Goat Milk Production

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3rd Sheep Production, Egg Production

4th Chicken Production

Page | 5th Poultry Meat Production, Poultry Production

9th Camel Population, Wool Production

Leading States in India for Livestock Production:

Highest milk producing state Uttar Pradesh (25,198 L)

State with highest per capita availability of milk Punjab (1075 g)

Highest meat production Uttar Pradesh

Highest goat meat production West Bengal

Highest poultry and sheep meat production Andhra Pradesh

Highest wool production Rajasthan

Highest indigenous milch cows Madhya Pradesh

Highest Cross-bred or exotic cows Tamil Nadu

Highest number of poultry birds Andhra Pradesh

Highest number of livestock Uttar Pradesh

Highest cattle population Madhya Pradesh

Highest buffalo population Uttar Pradesh

Highest sheep population Andhra Pradesh

Highest goat population Rajasthan

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Highest pig population Assam

Highest camel population Rajasthan

Page | Growth Rates of Livestock Products:

Meat 5.21 per cent

Broiler production 11 per cent

Egg production 6.28 per cent

Milk production 5.3 per cent

Wool production -0.08 per cent

Average Yield Rate for Milk in India:

1 Exotic Cows 11.21 (kg/ day)

Terminology used in Animal Husbandry

Detail Cattle Buffalo Sheep Goat Pig Horse

Tup lamb Male Kid

Young Heifer calf Buffalo Eve Lamb/ Goalting Gilt Filly

Body temperature, pulse rate and respiration of different animals

Kind of animal Temperature Rate per minute

Gestation period, Oestrous cycle, Heat period of various animals

Animal Age of Puberty Gestation period Oestrous cycle Heat period

Agri Coaching www.agricoaching.in Deepak Wadhwa

Animal Products Statistics:

Commodity Total Production (per Per Capita Availability ICMR

Milk 165.4 MT 355 grams/day 280 grams/day

Meat 7.4 MT 2.96 kg/year 11 kg/year

Eggs 88.1 billion 69 eggs/year 182 eggs/year

Species Wise Milk Contribution to Total Milk Production in India:

Buffalo indigenous 35 per cent

Buffalo non-descript 14 per cent

Cow indigenous 11 per cent

Cow non-descript 9 per cent

Cow cross-bred 26 per cent

Cow exotic 1 per cent

Goat 3 per cent

Agri Coaching www.agricoaching.in Deepak Wadhwa

Agri Coaching www.agricoaching.in Deepak Wadhwa