Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
www.elsevier.com/locate/indcrop
Abstract
Compared to the lubricants made of petroleum, vegetable-based lubricants are much more biodegradable but
inferior in many other technical characteristics. The basestock typically contributes to more than 80% of lubricant and
must meet performance criteria in such aspects as cleanliness, viscometric properties, volatility, oxidative and
hydrolytic stability, deposit forming tendencies, solvency, miscibility or compatibility with system elastomers and
other. For vegetable-based lubricants, oxidative stability and low temperature problems are considered the most
critical. Thin film oxidation test was used to compare oxidative stabilities. Vegetable oils appear an order of
magnitude less stable than mineral oils or synthetic biodegradable basestocks, such as isoalkyl adipates or poly
alphaolefins. Low temperature performance of vegetable oils, namely pour points and cold storage, was also
problematic. These problems can only partially be relieved by lubricant additives, thus vegetable oils have to be
modified chemically to eliminate sites susceptible to oxidation and to disrupt formation of crystals at low
temperatures. Published by Elsevier Science B.V.
Keywords: Vegetable oil; Soybean; High oleic sunflower; Lubricants; Viscosity; Oxidation; Pour points
equipment lubricants, elevator oils, mould release In some of the listed properties, volatility or
oils, two stroke engine lubricants and other. Hy- viscosity index being cited the most often, veg-
draulic fluids, which are consumed at : 5 million etable oils clearly outperform mineral oils. Many
metric tons per year rate in the US (Padavich and of the other properties are similar between the
Honary, 1995), have the highest need for fluids or may be manipulated with additives.
biodegradable lubricants. Although vegetable oils However, low resistance to oxidative degradation
have reputation of a low-cost candidate for the and poor low temperature properties are
biodegradable replacement of mineral oils due to major issues for vegetable oils. The lubricant in-
their high inherent biodegradability (Battersby et dustry’s inability to overcome these limitations
al., 1992; Randles and Wright, 1992), unsatisfac- ignited a rapid rise in demand of highly
tory performance curbs their more widespread biodegradable synthetic basestocks as low molec-
utilization as lubricants. ular weight poly a-olefins (PAO 2 or PAO 4,
The performance limitations of vegetable based essentially 20:1 and 10:1 mixtures of hydro-
lubricants stem from inherent properties of the genated dimers:trimers of alpha-decene), di
vegetable oil basestocks rather than composition alkyl adipates (iso decyl, iso tridecyl) or polyol
of additive package. Basestocks usually comprise esters (mostly neopentyl glycol or trimethylol
more than 80% lubricant and nearly entirely pre- propane with fatty acids). The synthetic bases-
define properties such as high biodegradability, tocks also have some imperfections, such as
low volatility, ideal cleanliness, high solvency for higher volatility of PAOs, seal swelling of
lubricant additives, miscibility with other types of adipates, questionable biodegradability of some
system fluids, negligible effects on seals and elas-
polyols, and, frequently the major issue, costs of
tomers and other less significant properties (e.g.
nearly three times higher than that of vegetable
density or heat conductivity). Basestocks are also
oils. Nevertheless, for many original equipment
a major factor in determining oxidative stability,
manufacturers the improvement in lubricants per-
deposit forming tendencies, low temperature so-
formance outweighs the expenses and
lidification, hydrolytic stability and viscometric
imperfections.
properties. On the other hand, parameters like
In this study the two major factors, oxidative
lubricity, antiwear protection, load carrying ca-
pacity, corrosion (rust) prevention, acidity, ash stability and low temperature properties, are in-
content, color, foaming, de-emulsification (so vestigated experimentally. Oxidative stability of
called demulsibility), water rejection and a num- the oils can be evaluated using a number of
ber of others are mostly dependent on the addi- techniques. Micro oxidation is a family of thin
tives or impurities/contaminants. Therefore, when film oxidation tests widespread in lubricant indus-
a given fluid is considered for its suitability as a try (Perez et al., 1987) and appears to be more
lubricant, first of all the basestock-dependent suitable in testing antioxidant-free basestocks
parameters are evaluated. In addition to than other oxidation tests, such as Oil Stability
biodegradability, the following characteristics Index, Pressurized Differential Scanning
must be given attention: cleanliness (particle Calorimetry or Rotary Bomb Oxidation Test.
count), compatibility with mineral oil lubricants These tests essentially measure the antioxidant
and homogeneity during long term storage, water depletion rates (so called Induction Periods) and
content and acidity, viscosity, viscosity index, therefore may produce confusing results when
pour point, cloud point, cold storage, volatility, antioxidant-free basestocks are investigated. Low
oxidative stability (for vegetable oils also iodine temperature properties to some degree can be
value), elastomer compatibility and possibly other characterized by determining the pour points. A
properties, depending on intended application. similar test can also be used to determine the
Water rejection, demulsibility, corrosion protec- ability to remain liquid upon cold storage, which
tion, ash content and foaming could also be tested is often a concern in the case of vegetable-based
if contamination of the additive-free oil is lubricants. These tests were performed in this
suspected. work on a series of vegetable oils and synthetic
S.Z. Erhan, S. Asadauskas / Industrial Crops and Products 11 (2000) 279–282 279
washed off with tetrahydrofuran (THF). The 2.4. Low temperature testing
weighing before washing with THF permitted de-
termination of volatile loss (or gain due to oxida- Pour points were measured strictly according D
tion), whereas the weighing after the washing 97 (ASTM, 1991a), which determines pour points
determined possible formation of solids or corro- by placing a test jar containing 50 ml of the
sion of the surface metal. Gel permeation chro- sample into a metal cylinder submerged into cool-
matography (GPC) was employed to investigate ing media. Sample temperature was measured in
oxypolymerization kinetics. 3°C increments at the top of the sample until it
GPC analyses were carried out on the instru- stopped pouring, whereas the temperature of
ment of Thermo Separations with a P 4000 pump cooling media was kept constant below the sam-
and AS 3000 autosampler/injector. THF flowrate ple temperature. When the sample temperature
of 3 ml/min used partial recirculation through reached the specified range (e.g. three of the
Peak Cutter™ by Waters-Millipore. Four ranges are + 9 to −6, −6 to − 24 and − 24 to
columns of PLgel 5 mm, 10E5A 300× 7.5 mm and − 42°C), the temperature of cooling media was
an adequate guard-column by Polymer Laborato- also reduced to the specified value ( − 18, − 33
ries (UK) were maintained in the air bath at and − 51°C, respectively). The pour point is
409 1°C. Each injection consumed 0.3 ml of defined as temperature where sample still pours.
the 1% sample solution in THF. Refractive Statistically, the test has shown satisfactory accu-
index detector data from Waters M411 Differen- racy; as described in a precision statement
tial Refractometer versus retention time was col- (ASTM, 1991a,b), the difference between two test
lected at 0.6 s intervals and then transferred to a
results from independent laboratories exceeding
spreadsheet for further analysis.
6°C in only one case of 20 with repeatability of
Three key elements were identified as most infl-
2.87°C at 95% confidence.
uential when comparing the traditional micro oxi-
The same equipment as in ASTM D 97 was
dation to its modified version used in this study:
used in the cold storage test as well. The samples
(1) possibility of more pronounced temperature
were kept at − 30°C and visually inspected every
gradients on the heated block surface as com-
24 h for 7 days. Failing criteria consisted of
pared to liquid metal bath; (2) effect of the sur-
face roughness of both sample pan and heating crystallization, solidification and formation of
block on heat transfer to the sample as compared solid particulate but did not include haziness or
to heat transfer from liquid metal bath to sample loss of transparency.
pan via impinger glass wall and (3) influence of
the sample film distribution on oxidation rates of
unsaturated materials as compared to those of 3. Results and discussion
usually unsaturation-free lubricating fluids. All
three factors were investigated experimentally and Soybean oil (SBO) and high oleic (90%)
it was found that factors 1 and 2 do not con- sunflower oil (HOSO) were chosen for evaluation
tribute to the actual temperature in the sample as examples of vegetable oils. PAO and adipate
substantially, whereas the sample film thickness represented widely used synthetic biodegradable
and its homogeneity need to be controlled more lubricating basestocks. The mineral oil was a typ-
accurately in vegetable oils than in petroleum ical ‘non-biodegradable’ basestock mostly used
liquids. Unsaturated materials are more suscepti- for formulations of automotive lubricants. Except
ble to oxidation; therefore, oxygen concentration for natural antioxidants, the above fluids did not
gradients are more pronounced within the film. have any additives.
Assuming minor fluctuations of the film thickness Initially, kinematic viscosities at 40°C and pour
(due to surface profile inconsistencies or oxidative points of the fluids were determined, results
evaporation) do not have an appreciable effect shown in Table 1. It appears that low temperature
(Tseregounis et al., 1987), the amount of sample properties of vegetable oils are much more infe-
was held constant at 40 mm3 95%. rior to those of synthetic basestocks or even min-
S.Z. Erhan, S. Asadauskas / Industrial Crops and Products 11 (2000) 277–282 281
Table 1
Viscosities and pour points of major lubricating basestocks
a
Poly alkyl methacrylate copolymer of 8000 amu, canola oil carrier 1:1.
b
Poly-alpha olefin (kinematic viscosity 4 mm2/s).
eral oil. Cold storage properties of vegetable oils methylene interrupted polyunsaturation and opti-
evidently do not appreciably respond to the pour mal extent of structural alteration for improved
point depressants (PPD), as opposed to mineral low temperature performance. Sufficient experi-
oils. This is consistent with earlier observations mental evidence is not yet available, however, it
(Asadauskas and Erhan, 1999). Oxidative stabili- can be suggested that such modification pathways
ties of the oils are compared in Table 2. as alkylation, alkoxylation, interesterification and
The data also compares oxypolymerization and oligomerization might appreciably improve over-
volatility tendencies of the fluids. Temperature of all lubricant properties of vegetable oils.
150°C and durations of 30 – 60 min chosen for Table 2
testing were high enough to cause a quantifiable Oxidative degradation tendencies
polymerization in unsaturation-free basestocks yet
Fluid Micro oxidation, 30 min at
not too severe to result in oxidative gelation of 150°C, %
vegetable oils. Therefore, the side processes, such
as oxidative cleavage and formation of solids, Oxypolymers Evaporation
were not too substantial. It appears from the data
Soybean oil 48 2
that vegetable oils oxypolymerize considerably
90% Oleic sunflower 13 0
faster than unsaturation-free fluids. oil
This is further highlighted in a kinetic chart for Di i−C13 adipate 3 5
oxypolymerization, as shown in Fig. 1. PAO 4a 6 45
Although HOSO containing only 5% of linoleic Mineral oil 5 5
acid shows higher resistance to oxypolymerization a
Polyalphaolefin with viscosity of 4 cSt at 100°C (hydro-
than SBO, its oxidative stability is far less than genated dimers/trimers of a-decene).
those of PAO or adipate. Oxypolymerization pro-
ceeds much faster and slows down only when side
processes, especially formation of solids, become
more pronounced. It has been established that
methylene interrupted polyunsaturation is the key
factor causing low oxidative stability of vegetable
oils (Gardner, 1989; Gunstone, 1994). This is also
evident comparing micro oxidation data for dif-
ferent vegetable oils (Fig. 2).
Fig. 1. Oxidative degradation and oxypolymerization tenden-
Chemical modification is necessary to improve cies of soybean oil (SBO), high oleic sunflower oil (HOSO),
these performance limitations with the focus on polyalphaolefin (PAO 4) and adipate. Thin film micro oxida-
eliminating bis-allylic hydrogen functionalities in tion test on low carbon steel surface.
282 S.Z. Erhan, S. Asadauskas / Industrial Crops and Products 11 (2000) 277–282
References