Fundamental Rights Fundamental Rights Article 14 Article 15(1)

 Limits State & Society.  Directly enforceable, if Equality before law & Prohibition of
 Rule of Law & Liberalism. not enforced based on Equality protection of laws discrimination only on
 Not absolute but law made by Parliament Race, Religion, Caste, Sex
qualified. Reasonable (and NOT State Applicable to citizens+ and Place of Birth.
restriction exists. Legislature) foreign person+ legal
 Justiciable: Court  FRs are basic structure of person  statutory Applicable to citizens only
provides justice on the constitution corporations, companies
violation. etc. Applicable against state
 Armed & Paramilitary only.
forces, Intelligence Applicable against state
agencies etc. exempted.

Article 15(2) Article 16 Article 17 Article 18

No restriction, disability on
grounds of RRCSP w.r.t
(1) Access to shops, hotels,
public places etc.
(2) Use of well, tanks, roads
etc.
Which are wholly or partly
maintained by state fund or
dedicated for public use.
Applicable to citizens only
Applicable against Private
Individuals + State
Equality of opportunity in
public employment. No
discrimination on grounds
of RRCSP + Descent +
Residence
Applicable to citizens only
Applicable against state
only
Abolition of untouchability
Applicable to any person
Applicable against Private
Individual + State
Abolition of titles such as
Rai Bahadur, Zamindar,
Taluqdar etc. prevalent in
British India.
Military and Academic
Distinction are allowed
Applicable to Citizens +
Foreign Persons
Applicable against State
 Article 19 Article 20 Article 21 Article 21A
Right to Freedom: Protection in respect of Protection of life and Right to elementary
1) Speech & Expression conviction of offences. personal liberty education
2) Assembly Protection against Post
3) Associations Facto Law Applicable to Citizens + Applicable Citizens +
4) Movement Applicable to citizens + Foreign Person Foreign Person
5) Residence foreigner+ legal person
6) Profession Applicable against state Applicable against state
Amendment 44 XPropertyX Applicable against State
Applicable to Citizen only Applicable even in National Applicable even in National
(including shareholder of Emergency Emergency
company to)
Applicable against state
Article 22(1) Article 22(2) Article 23 Article 24
Protection against arrest Protection against arrest Prohibition of human traffic Prohibition of employment
and detention- Ordinary and detention- Preventive in human beings and forced of children in factories
law detention law labour

Citizen only (not enemy
alien) (only applicable to
criminal, quasi criminal)
Applicable against state
Applicable to Citizen + Applicable to Citizens + Applicable to Citizens +
Foreign Person Foreign Foreign Person
Applicable against state Applicable against Private Applicable against Private
Individuals + State Individuals + State
Article 25 Article 26 Article 27 Article 28
Freedom of conscience and Freedom to manage Freedom from taxation for Freedom from attending
free profession, practice religious affairs promotion of religion the religious instructions
and propagation of religion.
Applicable to Citizen + Applicable to Citizen + Applicable to Citizen 6
Applicable to Citizen + Foreign Foreign Foreign
Foreign
Applicable against state

Article 29 Article 30 Article 19: Freedom of Article 19: Freedom of

Protection of language,
script and culture of
minorities. No denial of
admission into any
educational institute only
on the basis of Race,
Religion, Caste, Sex, Place
of Birth.
Applicable to Citizens only
Right of minorities to speech & expression assembly
establish and administer Restrictions: Restrictions:
educational institutions  Sovereignty & integrity  Sovereignty and
of India; Security of state integrity of India
Applicable to minority  Friendly relations with  Public Order
citizens only foreign state
 Public order Article 19: Freedom of
 Decency or Morality Associations
 Contempt of Court  Same above two +
 Defamation  Morality
 Incitement of Offence
Article 12 Article 13 Article 13 Article 14
Definition of State Definition of law:  Deals with power of  Equality before
 Union E&L  Permanent Law-by judicial review. law(British idea)
Parliament  Declare all laws that are  Absence of special
 State E&L
 Temporary Law- inconsistent with any of privileges
 Local Governments
Ordinances by President FRs as void  Equal subjection of all
 Other Authority or governor,  13(4)-Constitutional persons to ordinary law
 Judiciary under state  Instruments of delegated amendment XlawX  No person is above law
only for administrative legislation (bye laws,  KBC case- Constitutional  Exceptions to equality-
purposes. orders, rules, amendments can be President, governors,
 Any agency working notifications) challenged on the foreign diplomats (UN),
instrument of state  Customs having force of grounds of violating FRs Visiting head of states
law
Article 14 Article 14 (Exceptions) Article 14 (Exceptions) Article 39(c)
 Equal Protection of Law  President of India and  Article-31C: dictates any Operation of the economic
 Equality of treatment the Governor of States law using Article 39(b) & system does not result in
under equal Not answerable to court 39(c) > Article 14 concentration of wealth
circumstances Exercise and performance and means of production to
 Similar application of the of the powers and duties the common detriment.
same laws to all persons No criminal proceedings, Article 39(b): that the
who are similarly arrests ownership and control of Called as Doctrine of
situated No civil proceedings before the material resources of harmonious reconstruction.
 Like should be treated 2 months’ notice period the company are so
alike without any  Parliamentary/SL distributed as to best  Foreign rulers, diplomats,
discrimination (on basis of) privilege: anything said subserve the common good UN and its agencies
Reasonable classifications or any vote given Diplomatic Immunity
Article 15(1)
Prohibition of
discrimination only on
Race, Religion, Caste, Sex
and Place of Birth.
Applicable to citizens only
Applicable against state
only.
Discrimination on other
grounds is not prohibited
Article 16
Equality of opportunity in
public employment &
appointment to public
offices for all citizens.
Prohibits discrimination on
7 grounds – RRCSP +
Descent + Residence.
Article 355: Claims of reservation of
members of SC/ ST community shall
be taken into consideration,
consistently with maintenance of
efficiency in administration
Article 15(2)
No restriction, disability on
grounds of RRCSP w.r.t
(3) Access to shops, hotels,
public places etc.
(4) Use of well, tanks, roads
etc.
Which are wholly or partly
maintained by state fund or
dedicated for public use.
Applicable to citizens only
Applicable against Private
Individuals + State
Article 16 exceptions
Parliament can prescribe ‘residence’
as condition for certain employment
or public appointment.
State can provide reservation to any
backward class that is not
adequately represented in state
services
Law can provide that incumbent of
an office related to religious
institution should belong to public
religion
Article 15(3) Article 15(5)
Nothing in the article prevents
Added by 93rd AA, 2005.
the state from making spl Deals with reservation for
provisions for women and
Children
socially & educationally
Article 15(4) backward classes (OBC, SC,
Added by 1st Amendment STs) in educational
Act after Champakam institutions (government,
Dorairajan Case. States can private aided or unaided)
make special provisions for
advancement of any
socially & educationally
(not economically)
backward classes of society
Article 17 Article 17
Abolition of Untouchability Non-Compoundable
Punishable Offence offence (private party +
GOI Untouchability society both are affected
Protection Act, 1955  and no compromise
Civil Rights Protection Act allowed)
(Renamed) Untouchability definition not in
constitution
Mysore HC Social
Cognizable Offence- Police
Disability imposed on
has authority to arrest
certain people due to their
without any warrant
birth in certain caste
Article 18
Abolition of titles
State shall not grant any title
No citizen will accept any title
from foreign country
No foreigner cannot accept any
title without consent of India.
No citizen or foreigner can
accept gifts without consent of
President
Exceptions- Academic &
Military Designations
Article 22(1)
Protection against arrest
and detention- Ordinary
law
Citizen only (not enemy
alien) (only applicable to
criminal, quasi criminal)
Applicable against state
Article 19 Relationship b/w Article 19 Article 20
6 rights under reasonable & 21
restrictions
A.K. Gopalan Case: SC held
th
7 Right to property that all FR’s are
deleted by 44th independent of each other
Amendment Act
Menka Gandhi Case: SC
Reasonability of the held that Article 19 & 21
restrictions is determined are integrated.
by judiciary
Article 14+19+21 form a
Golden Triangle.
Article 22(2) Article 23 Article 24
Protection against arrest Prohibition of human traffic Prohibition of employment
and detention- Preventive in human beings and forced of children in factories
detention law labour
Applicable to Citizen + Applicable to Citizens + Applicable to Citizens +
Foreign Person Foreign Foreign Person
Applicable against state Applicable against Private Applicable against Private
Individuals + State Individuals + State
Article 25 Article 26 Article 27 Article 28
Freedom of conscience and Freedom to manage Freedom from taxation for Freedom from attending
free profession, practice religious affairs promotion of religion the religious instructions
and propagation of religion.
Applicable to Citizen + Applicable to Citizen + Applicable to Citizen 6
Applicable to Citizen + Foreign Foreign Foreign
Foreign
Applicable against state

Article 29 Article 30 Article 19: Freedom of Article 19: Freedom of

Protection of language,
script and culture of
minorities. No denial of
admission into any
educational institute only
on the basis of Race,
Religion, Caste, Sex, Place
of Birth.
Applicable to Citizens only
Right of minorities to speech & expression assembly
establish and administer Restrictions: Restrictions:
educational institutions  Sovereignty & integrity  Sovereignty and
of India; Security of state integrity of India
Applicable to minority  Friendly relations with  Public Order
citizens only foreign state
 Public order Article 19: Freedom of
 Decency or Morality Associations
 Contempt of Court  Same above two +
 Defamation  Morality
 Incitement of Offence