PHOTOSYNTHESIS

 Energy from the sun enters the planet in a continuous flow as

it is transferred from one organism to the next through food
chains and food webs.

Photosynthesis

 Requires sunlight, carbon dioxide and water that needed in

the chemical reaction.
 Once the process is complete, the plant release oxygen and
the carbohydrate molecule known as glucose, which that is used
as component for energy production.
The process takes place in the plant leaves which contain many
cell layers.

Mesophyll - when photosynthesis occur in the middle layer,

which contains tiny openings called stomata where gases enter
and exit the leaves.
Chloroplast - have a double inner and outer membrane.

Thylakoids - are tiny disc-shaped structures stacked up on top

of each other.

Granum - stack of thylakoids in which is surrounded by a space

known as stroma.

Photosynthesis occurs in two stages:

LIGHT-DEPENDENT STAGE

Occurs in the thylakoids membrane of the chloroplasts where the

chlorophyll pigments absorbs the light energy from the sun and converts
it into chemical energy together with water. Oxygen is also released by
product.
Organisms such as green plants, algae, and cyanobacteria contain the
pigment chlorophyll a that allows photosynthesis.
The reaction begins in a group of pigments and proteins known as
photosystem.
Photosystem

Are located in the membranes of the thylakoids.

Exist as photosystem II and photosystem I in eukaryotes and some
prokaryotes.
Photon- the pigment molecule absorbs one at a time, one packet of light.
Photosystem II transfers the free electrons along a series of protein
called the electron transport chain.
Energy from the electron fuels membrane pumps that move hydrogen
ion against the concentration gradient from the stroma to the thylakoid
space, As the energy is used, the electron will be accepted by another
pigment molecule in photosynthesis.

I. This causes the electrons to be break away

from the atom of the chlorophyll molecule

As more energy is absorbed, it is absorbed by two carrier molecules:

ATP (adenosine triphosphate and NADPH (nicotinamide adenine
dinucleotide phosphate).
The movements of hydrogen ions through ATP synthase is also
known as chemiosmosis.
Aside from ATP, another function of the light-dependent stage is the
generation of another energy carrier, NADPH.
The energy carried by these electrons fuels the formation of NADPH
from NADP+ and hydrogen ions.

LIGHT-DEPENDENT STAGE

Also known as the calvin cycle or calvin- benson cycle,

occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast.
Calvin Cycle is also known as the ‘’dark reaction’’ because it
does not require the presence of light to produce glucose.
Inside the chloroplast, carbon dioxide diffuses into the stroma.
An enzyme called ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBisCo)
catalyzes the reaction and combines carbon dioxide with a five-
carbon sugar molecule called ribulose biphosphate (RuBP). This
results in an unstable six-carbon compound, which is
immediately broken down into two three carbon (3-C)
compounds. This process is called carbon fixation.
The organic molecule is further modified into a simple sugar
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate(G3P) using the energy from ATP
and NADPH.