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Sustainable Solutions for Historic Buildings:
Geothermal Heat Pumps in Heritage Preservation
21
22 APT BULLETIN:JOURNAL OF PRESERVATIONTECHNOLOGY/ 40:2, 2009
Fig. 2. TrinityChurchin the Cityof Boston, 2005. Fig. 3. Section of TrinityChurch,showing proposed cooling-tower locations
(in gray). Courtesy of TrinityChurchin the Cityof Boston.
as either open-loop or closed-loop sys- of 1,500 feet below the earth'ssurface, qualifiedcontractorsto pick from may
tems. An open-loop GHP will pump and multiplewells are typicallyspaced be limited.Also, once operational,some
groundwaterfrom an artesian-typewell 50 to 75 feet apart.The performanceof SCWshave water-qualityissuesand
and circulateit directlythroughthe heat a SCWdependson well depth, rock high sedimentlevelsthat may resultin
pump. The closed-loop systemsconsist thermal/hydraulic conductivity,and additionalmaintenancecost such as
of a sealed undergroundpiping loop bleed rate, if utilized.A bleed system frequentfiltercleaning.
containingwater or a glycol mixture directsreturnwater away from the well, The structureof a SCWbeginswith
that does not come in contact with which is designedto allow freshground- drillinga 12-inch bore hole throughthe
groundwater.Closed-loop GHPs can water to enterthe well and bringwell- soils above bedrock,known as overbur-
have piping configuredvertically,hori- water temperaturesback into a normal den, to accommodatethe installationof
zontally,or in a closed coil in a lake or operatingrange.Typically,SCWspro- an 8-inch-diameter,72-inch-thicksteel
pond. Differentsystemsare better vide 60 to 75 feet per ton of heat-pump casing that is driven40 feet into solid
suited to differentclimatesand applica- capacity.Therefore,a 1,500 foot well bedrockand sealed (Fig. 1). Once the
tions, and choosing the right system is should provide20 to 25 tons of heat- steel casing is installedand groutedin
vital for achievingthe most favorable pump capacitywithout bleed. Local place, a 6-inch bore hole is drilledto
life-cyclecost (LCC).This articlefo- regulationsmay not allow bleed;how- approximately1,500 feet. Once the hole
cuses on standing-columnwells (SCWs), ever,if utilizedit can improveheating is drilled,multiplesectionsof 40-foot-
which are considereda hybridof an and cooling capacity. long PVCtubingare securedtogetherto
open- and a closed-loop system. Most historicbuildingsare located in form a 1,500 foot inductiontube that
With a SCW,water is taken from the dense urbanareaswith little or no sur- will act like a straw,drawingwater up
bottom and returnedto the1top, result- roundingopen land. SCWsare fre- from the bottom of the well through
ing in a verticalflow of water and heat quentlya logical choice for such sites evenly spacedperforationsthat are 1-
exchange.Locatednear the building,the becauseheat transferoccursalong the inch in diameterand located in the bot-
wells are drilledin bedrock,creatinga 1,500-foot-deepverticalbore hole. By tom 40-foot section of tubing.At the
column of water from groundwaterlevel comparison,closed-loop bores are 350 top of the well casing, two pitlessad-
to the bottom of the bore. Using the feet deep with closed piping loops aptersare installedon the insideof the
earthas a heat sourceor heat sink, a groutedin place and typicallyprovide steel casing approximately4 to 5 feet
submersiblepump in each SCWdraws 1.5 to 2.0 tons of heat-pumpcapacity. below grade.The pitlessadaptersallow
water from the bottom of the well and Dependingon the requiredsystemca- for ease of setup and removalof the
deliversit to the buildingheat pump via pacity,a closed-loop bore field may returndrop pipe and submersiblewell
an undergroundpiping loop. This pro- requiresubstantialopen space due to the pump on the insideof the casing.The
cess of extractingwater from the bottom numberof holes and separationbetween submersiblepump is stainlesssteel and
of the well and returningit to the top bore holes, makingSCWsa superior is sedimentresistant.
maximizesheat transferas the water choice on a small site. However,not all
travelsthe lengthof the well column. well drillerswill have experiencedrilling
The wells are typicallydrilledto a depth to the depth of a SCW,so the numberof
GEOTHERMALHEAT PUMPS IN HERITAGEPRESERVATION 23
Fig. 4. Site plan showing the location of geothermal wells at TrinityChurch. Fig. 5. Byerly Hall,RadcliffeInstitutefor Advanced Study, HarvardUniver-
Courtesy of TrinityChurchin the City of Boston. sity, November 2006.
their time and experience:JenniferBentleyand 4. State of Alaska, Dept. of Education and 9. Shawmut Design and Construction, Life
LizJennings.The projectteams for both case Early Development, Life Cycle Cost Analysis Cycle Cost Analysis for Trinity Church, 2002.
studies includedShawmut Design and Construc- Handbook (Juneau:U.S. Government Printing
10. Crimson Key Society, Guidebook to Har-
tion as constructionmanager,Goody Clancy as Office, 1999), 2.
vard University (Cambridge:The Belknap Press
architect,and Cosentini Associates as mechani-
5. Ibid. of Harvard Univ., 1989), 19.
cal, electrical,and plumbingengineers.
6. Michaela A. Martin, David J. Durfee, and 11.Ibid.
PatrickJ. Hughes, "Comparing Maintenance
Notes Costs of Geothermal Heat Pump Systems with 12.Ibid,20.
1. IntergovernmentalPanel on Climate Change, Other HVAC Systems in Lincoln Public 13.Ibid,25.
Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report. Con- Schools: Repair, Service, and Corrective Ac-
tribution of Working Groups I, II and III to tions," prepared for the U.S. Department of 14. See www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2008/
the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergov- Energy,Oak Ridge National Laboratory,Oak 09.18/09-byerly.html.
ernmental Panel on Climate Change, ed. R. K Ridge, Tenn., Contract DE-AC05960R22464, 15. The work on the exterior of the building
Pachauri and A. Reisinger (Geneva, Switzer- and presented at the 1999 ASHRAE Annual
included the restoration of eight chimneys,
land: IPCC, 2007), 30. Meeting, Seattle, Washington:June 19-23,
1999. repointing of the exterior brick, replacementof
2. Environmental Protection Agency "Space the granite and all windows with new sashes
Conditioning: The Next Frontier,"EPA430-R- 7. Theodore E. Stebbins Jr., "Richardson and complete with historic glass, and repair of the
93-004, April 1993. Trinity Church: The Evolution of a Building," slate roofing over about half the building. The
Journal of the Society of Architectural Histori- new external features, such as the south exte-
3. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, ans 27 (1968): 281,283-284 . rior ramp with a glass railing, were designed to
report for the U.S. Department of Energy, have a minimal visual impact but were made
"Geothermal Heat Pumps," Energy Efficiency 8. Ann Jensen Adams, "The Birth of a Style:
distinguishable from the 1930s-era building
and Renewable Energy Clearinghouse, DOE/ Henry Hobson Richardson and the Competi- fabric. The project also included construction.
GO-10098-652, FS 105, September 1998. tion Drawings for Trinity Church, Boston,"
Available at http://www.nrel.gov/docs/legosti/ The Art Bulletin 62 (Sept. 1980): 409.
fy98/24782.pdf.