SECOND TERM CHEMISTRY STPM 2020

TOPIC TEACHING LEARNING OUTCOMES

PERIOD
7 Chemical Energetics
18 Candidates should be able to:

7.1 Enthalpy changes of WEEK 1 – (a) explain that most chemical reactions are
reaction, H WEEK 2 accompanied by enthalpy changes (exothermic or
endothermic);
(b) define enthalpy change of reaction, H, and state the standard
conditions;
(c) define enthalpy change of formation, combustion, hydration,
solution, neutralisation, atomisation, bond energy, ionisation
energy and electron affinity;
(d) calculate the heat energy change from experimental
measurements using the
relationship: heat change, q mc T or q = mc ;
(e) calculate enthalpy changes from experimental results.

7.2 Hess‟ law Week 2 Candidates should be able to:

(a) state Hess‟ law, and its use to find enthalpy

changes that cannot be determined directly, e.g. an enthalpy
change of formation from enthalpy changes of combustion;
(b) construct energy level diagrams relating the enthalpy to
reaction path and activation energy;
(c) calculate enthalpy changes from energy cycles.

7.3 Born-Haber cycle Week 3 Candidates should be able to:

(a) define lattice energy for simple ionic crystals

in terms of the change from gaseous ions to solid lattice;
(b) explain qualitatively the effects of ionic charge and ionic
radius on the numerical magnitude of lattice energy values;
(c) construct Born-Haber cycle for the formation of simple
ionic crystals.

7.4 The solubility of Week 3 Candidates should be able to:

solids in liquids (a) construct energy cycles for the formation of
aqueous solutions of ionic compounds;
(b) explain qualitatively the influence on solubility
of the relationship between enthalpy change of solution, lattice
energy of solid and enthalpy change of hydration or other
solvent-solute interaction.
 TOPIC TEACHING LEARNING OUTCOMES
PERIOD

8 Electrochemistry

8.1 Half-cell and redox Week 4 Candidates should be able to:

equations (a) explain the redox processes and cell diagram
(cell notation) of the Daniell cell;
(b) construct redox equations.

8.2 Standard electrode Candidates should be able to:

Week 4
potential (a) describe the standard hydrogen electrode;
(b) use the standard hydrogen electrode to determine standard
electrode potential (standard reduction potential), Eº;
(c) calculate the standard cell potential using the Evalues, and
write the redox equations;
(d) predict the stability of aqueous ions from Eº
values;
(e) predict the power of oxidising and reducing
agents from Eº values;
(f) predict the feasibility of a reaction from
value and from the combination of various electrode potentials:
spontaneous and nonspontaneous electrode reactions.

8.3 Non-standard cell Week 5 Candidates should be able to:

potentials (a) calculate the non-standard cell potential, E
, of a cell using the Nernst equation.

8.4 Fuel cells Candidates should be able to:

(a) describe the importance of the development of
more efficient batteries for electric cars in terms of smaller size,
lower mass and higher voltage, as exemplified by hydrogen-
oxygen fuel cell.
TOPIC LEARNING LEARNING OUTCOMES
PERIOD

8.5 Electrolysis Week 5 Candidates should be able to:

(a) compare the principles of electrolytic cell to

electrochemical cell;
(b) predict the products formed during
electrolysis;
(c) state the Faraday‟s first and second laws of
electrolysis;
(d) state the relationship between the Faraday
constant, the Avogadro constant and the electronic charge;
(e) calculate the quantity of electricity used, the mass of
material and/or gas volume liberated during electrolysis.

8.6 Application of Week 6 Candidates should be able to:

electrochemistry (a) explain the principles of electrochemistry in
the process and prevention of corrosion (rusting of iron);
(b) describe the extraction of aluminium by electrolysis, and
state the advantages of recycling aluminium;
(c) describe the process of anodisation of aluminium to resist
corrosion;
(d) describe the diaphragm cell in the manufacture of chlorine
from brine;
(e) describe the treatment of industrial effluent by electrolysis
to remove Ni2+ , Cr3+ and Cd2+
(f) describe the electroplating of coated plastics.
 TOPIC TEACHING
PERIOD
9 Periodic Table:
Periodicity
9.1 Physical properties Week 6
of elements of Period 2
and Period 3
9.2 Reactions of Period 3 Week 7
elements with oxygen
and water
9.3 Acidic and basic
properties of oxides and Week 7
hydrolysis of oxides
LEARNING OUTCOMES
Candidates should be able to:
(a) interpret and explain the trend and gradation
of atomic radius, melting point, boiling point, enthalpy change
of vaporisation and electrical conductivity in terms of structure
and bonding;
(b) explain the factors influencing ionisation energies;
(c) explain the trend in ionisation energies across Period 2 and
Period 3 and down a group;
(d) predict the electronic configuration and
position of unknown elements in the Periodic Table from
successive values of ionisation energies.
Candidates should be able to:
(a) describe the reactions of Period 3 elements
with oxygen and water;
(b) interpret the ability of elements to act as
oxidising and reducing agents.
Candidates should be able to:
(a) explain the acidic and basic properties of the
oxides of Period 3 elements;
(b) describe the reactions of the oxides of Period
3 elements with water;
(c) describe the classification of the oxides of
Period 3 elements as basic, amphoteric or acidic based on their
reactions with water, acid and alkali;
(d) describe the use of sulphur dioxide in food preservation.
 TOPIC TEACHING LEARNING OUTCOMES
PERIOD

10 Group 2

10.1 Selected Group 2

elements and their Week 8 Candidates should be able to:
compounds (a) describe the trends in physical properties of
Group 2 elements: Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba;
(b) describe the reactions of Group 2 elements
with oxygen and water;
(c) describe the behaviour of the oxides of Group
2 elements with water;
(d) explain qualitatively the thermal
decomposition of the nitrates, carbonates and hydroxides of
Group 2 elements in terms of the charge density and
polarisability of large anions;
(e) explain qualitatively the variation in solubility of sulphate of
Group 2 elements in terms of the relative magnitudes of the
enthalpy change of hydration for the relevant ions and the
corresponding lattice energy.

10.2 Anomalous
behaviour of beryllium Week 9 Candidates should be able to:
(a) explain the anomalous behaviour of beryllium
as exemplified by the formation of covalent compounds;
(b) describe the diagonal relationships between beryllium and
aluminium;
(c) explain the similarity of aqueous beryllium salts to aqueous
aluminium salts in terms of their acidic property.

10.3 Uses of Group 2 Week 9 Candidates should be able to:

compounds (a) state the uses of Group 2 compounds in
agriculture, industry and medicine.
 TOPIC TEACHING LEARNING OUTCOMES
PERIOD

11 Group 14

11.1 Physical properties Week 10 Candidates should be able to:

of Group 14 elements
(a) explain the trends in physical properties
(melting points and electrical conductivity) of Group 14
elements: C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb.

11.2 Tetrachlorides and Candidates should be able to:

Week 10
oxides of Group 14
elements (a) explain the bonding and molecular shapes of
the tetrachlorides of group 14 elements;
(b) explain the volatility, thermal stability and
hydrolysis of tetrachlorides in terms of structure and bonding;
(c) explain the bonding, acid-base nature and the thermal
stability of the oxides of oxidation states+2 and +4.

11.3 Relative stability of Week 12 Candidates should be able to:

+2 and +4 oxidation
states of Group 14 (a) explain the relative stability of +2 and +4
elements oxidation states of the elements in their oxides, chlorides and
aqueous cations.

11.4 Silicon, silicone Candidates should be able to:

Week 12
and silicates
(a) describe the structures of silicone and silicates
(pyroxenes and amphiboles), sheets (mica) and framework
structure (quartz) (general formulae are not required);
(b) explain the uses of silicon as a semiconductor
and silicone as a fluid, elastomer and resin;
(c) describe the uses of silicates as basic materials
for cement, glass, ceramics and zeolites.

11.5 Tin alloys

Week 13 Candidates should be able to:

(a) describe the uses of tin in solder and pewter.

 TOPIC TEACHING LEARNING OUTCOMES
PERIOD

12 Group 17

12.1 Physical properties Week 13 Candidates should be able to:

of selected Group 17
elements (a) state that the colour intensity of Group 17
elements: Cl2 , Br2 , and I2 increase down the group;
(b) explain how the volatility of Group 17
elements decreases down the group.

12.2 Reactions of Candidates should be able to:

selected Group 17 Week 14
elements (a) deduce and explain the relative reactivities of
Group 17 elements as oxidising agents from Eº values;
(b) explain the order of reactivity of F2, Cl2, Br2, and I2.
with hydrogen, and compare the relative thermal stabilities of
the hydrides;
(c) explain the reactions of chlorine with cold and hot aqueous
sodium hydroxide.

12.3 Reactions of Week 14 Candidates should be able to:

selected halide ions
(a) explain and write equations for reactions of
Group 17 ionswith aqueous silver ions followed by aqueous
ammonia;
(b) explain and write equations for reactions of Group 17
ionswith concentrated sulphuric acid.
12.4 Industrial
applications of Week 15
Candidates should be able to:
halogens and their
compounds
(a) describe the industrial uses of the halogens and
their compounds as antiseptic, bleaching agent and in black-
and-white photography;
(b) explain the use of chlorine in water treatment.
 TOPIC TEACHING LEARNING OUTCOMES
PERIOD

13 Transition Elements

13.1 Physical properties Week 15 Candidates should be able to:

of first row transition
elements (a) define a transition element in terms of
incomplete d orbitals in at least one of its ions;
(b) describe the similarities in physical properties
such as atomic radius, ionic radius and first ionisation energy;
(c) explain the variation in successive ionisation energies;
(d) contrast qualitatively the melting point, density, atomic
radius, ionic radius, first ionisation energy and conductivity of
the first row transition elements with those of calcium as a
typical s-block element.

13.2 Chemical Week 16 Candidates should be able to:

properties of first row
transition elements
(a) explain variable oxidation states in terms of
the energies of 3d and 4s orbitals;
(b) explain the colours of transition metal ions in
terms of a partially filled 3d orbitals;
(c) state the principal oxidation numbers of these
elements in their common cations, oxides and oxo ions;
(d) explain qualitatively the relative stabilities of these
oxidation states;
(e) explain the uses of standard reduction potentials in
predicting the relative stabilities of aqueous ions;
(f) explain the terms complex ion and ligand;
(g) explain the formation of complex ions and the
colour changes by exchange of ligands. (Examples of ligands:
water, ammonia, cyanide ions, thiocyanate ions, ethanedioate
ions, ethylenediaminetetraethanoate, halide
ions; examples of complex ions: [Fe(CN)6]4 - , [Fe(CN)6]3- ,
[Fe(H2O)5(SCN)]2+
(h) explain the use of first row transition elements
in homogeneous catalysis, as exemplifed by Fe2+ , or Fe3+
in the reaction between I- and S2O82 –

(i) explain the use of first row transition elements

in heterogeneous catalysis, as exemplifed by Ni and Pt in the
hydrogenation of alkenes.
 TOPIC TEACHING LEARNING OUTCOMES
PERIOD

13.3 Nomenclature and Week 16 Candidates should be able to:

bonding of complexes
(a) name complexes using International Union of
Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) nomenclature;

(b) discuss coordinate bond formation between ligands and the

central metal atom/ion, and state the types of ligands, i.e.
monodentate, bidentate and hexadentate.

13.4 Uses of first row Week 17 Candidates should be able to:

transition elements and
their compounds (a) describe the use of chromium (in stainless
steel), cobalt, manganese, titanium (in alloys) and TiO 2
(in paints).