Non - Parametric

1) Binomial(Nominal – dichotomous) – comparing the frequency split to that of the industry

average.
➔ Analyze Nonparametric Tests Legacy Dialogs Binomial

2) Chi Square (nominal : dicho > frequency 5 ,3 or more > 1 frequency)

i) Checking difference between various categories of the same variable(ex: social categories
freq distribution). 1 sample
ii) Checking difference between various categories of different variables(ex: proportion of
male and female for white and black workers). 2 samples

➔ Analyze Nonparametric Tests Legacy Dialogs Chi square (i)

➔ ➔Analyze ➔Descriptive Statistics ➔Crosstabs... [opens Crosstabs dialog box] ➔gender
➔button [puts gender under Row[s]:] ➔ethncgpc ➔button [puts ethncgpc under
Column[s]:] ➔Cells... [opens Crosstabs: Cell Display subdialog box] ➔Expected [in
Counts section] ➔ Unstandardised [in Residuals section] ➔Continue [closes Crosstabs:
Cell Display subdialog box]➔Statistics... [opens Crosstabs: Statistics subdialog box]
➔Chi-square ➔Continue [closes Crosstabs: Statistics subdialog box] ➔OK (ii)

In any of the tests if you get a line at the bottom saying expected frequency is low then convert
these variables into dicho and run binomial.

3) Mcnemar (mostly nominal dicho variable at 2 points in time)

The three main assumptions for the test are:

1. You must have one nominal variable with two categories (i.e. dichotomous variables) and
one independent variable with two connected groups.
2. The two groups in your the dependent variable must be mutually exclusive. In other words,
participants cannot appear in more than one group.
3. Your sample must be a random sample.

Ex: Drug test results at 2 points in time ; attendance at 2 points in time

➔ ➔Analyze ➔Nonparametric Tests ➔2 Related Samples... [opens Two-Related-Samples

Tests dialog box] ➔attend1 [puts attend1 beside Variable 1: in Current Selections
section] ➔attend2 [puts attend2 beside Variable 2: in Current Selections section]
➔button [puts the attend1 and attend2 under Test Pair[s] List:] ➔Wilcoxon [to de-
select] ➔McNemar ➔OK

4) Cochran’s Q Test
 Ex: Drug test results at 3 or more points in time ; attendance at 3 points in time

Assumptions and Conditions

• You must have one dependent, dichotomous variable. Dichotomous variables are categorical
variables with two categories or levels. The groups/levels must be mutually exclusive. For
example, you could have “Pass” and “Fail”.
• You must have one independent variable with three groups or levels. For example, you might use
three different tests or administer three different treatments.
• Ideally, use a random sampling method (e.g. simple random sampling).
• You must have a large enough sample size. A rule of thumb is that the number of subjects, n,
multiplied by the number of levels in the independent variable, k, are greater than or equal to 24.

➔ ➔Analyze ➔Nonparametric Tests ➔K Related Samples... [opens Tests for Several

Related Samples dialog box shown] ➔attend1 ➔button [puts attend1 under Test
Variables:] ➔attend2 ➔button [puts attend2 under Test Variables:] ➔attend3 ➔button
[puts attend3 under Test Variables:] ➔Friedman [to de-select] ➔Cochran’s Q ➔OK

5) KS Test
(Ordinal , frequency of different categories using a specified theoretical distribution as a
reference ; can breakdown each of the categories of ordinal using a nominal variable
like gender)
i) One sample – freq check of multiple categories
ii) 2 samples – breakdown each of the categories of ordinal using a nominal variable like
gender
Ex: Job satisfaction (i)
Job satisfaction among men and women (ii)

➔ ➔Analyze ➔Nonparametric Tests ➔1-Sample K-S... [opens One- Sample Kolmogorov-

Smirnov Test dialog box shown] ➔qual ➔button [puts qual under Test Variable List:]
➔Normal [to de-select] ➔Uniform [under Test Distribution]➔OK(i)
➔ ➔Analyze ➔Nonparametric Tests ➔2 Independent Samples... [opens Two-
Independent-Samples Tests dialog box shown] ➔qual ➔button [puts qual under Test
Variable List:] ➔gender [puts gender under Grouping Variable:] ➔Define Groups...
[opens Two Independent Samples: Define Groups subdialog box shown] ➔in box beside
Group 1: type 1 ➔box beside Group 2: and type 2 ➔Continue [closes Two Independent
Samples: Define Groups subdialog box]➔Mann-Whitney U [to de-select]
➔Kolmogorov-Smirnov Z ➔OK (ii)

6) Friedman Test (ordinal variable at various points in time)

ex: Job satisfaction of three different months

 ➔ ➔Analyze ➔Nonparametric Tests ➔K Related Samples... [opens Tests for Several
Related Samples dialog box shown]➔qual1 ➔button [puts qual1 under Test Variables:]
➔qual2 ➔button [puts qual2 under Test Variables:] ➔qual3 ➔button [puts qual3 under
Test Variables:] ➔Friedman ➔OK

Running the test

Your data should meet the following requirements:

• Data should be ordinal (e.g. the Likert scale) or continuous,

• Data comes from a single group, measured on at least three different occasions,
• The sample was created with a random sampling method,
• Blocks are mutually independent (i.e. all of the pairs are independent — one doesn’t affect the
other),
• Observations are ranked within blocks with no ties.

Parametric(ordinal and scale)

Check normality before performing any of the parametric t tests. If the means are same in
the t-test then look for the f value to look for deviances in the variance.
1) T-test (ordinal and scale)
i) Comparing sample to that of the industry average (ex: mean score of job satisfaction
to that of an industry average) {interval}
ii) One nominal used to split ordinal (ex: mean job satisfaction between males and
females) {nominal+interval, nominal+ordinal ex: men and women , mean of their
quality of work}
Finally look at the t table and check for type-1 / type-2 errors in case of hypothesis testing.
iii) 2 sample T-test (ex: marks of two classes in a business test) ~ scale & nominal
iv) Paired T-test(ex: 2 cars performance in 2 crash tests) ~ scale
v) Ordinal and nominal (Gender on edu qualification)
Null is defined as the differences in the means of the two categories.

➔ ➔Analyze ➔Compare Means ➔One-Sample T Test... [opens One-Sample T Test dialog

box shown]➔satis ➔button [puts satis under Test Variable(s):] ➔type 10 in box beside
Test Value: ➔OK (i)
➔ ➔Analyze ➔Compare Means ➔Independent-Samples T Test... [opens Independent-
Samples T Test dialog box shown] ➔satis ➔button [puts satis under Test Variable[s]:]
➔gender [puts gender under Grouping Variable:] ➔Define Groups... [opens Define
Groups subdialog box shown] ➔in box beside Group 1: type 1 ➔box beside Group 2:
and type 2 ➔Continue [closes Define Groups subdialog box] ➔OK`` (ii) & (iii)
➔ ➔Analyze ➔Compare Means ➔Independent-Samples T Test... [opens Independent-
Samples T Test dialog box shown] ➔qual ➔button [puts qual under Test Variable[s]:]
➔gender [puts gender under Grouping Variable:] ➔Define Groups... [opens Define
 Groups subdialog box shown] ➔in box beside Group 1: type 1 ➔box beside Group 2:
and type 2 ➔ Continue [closes Define Groups subdialog box] ➔OK (v)
➔ Analyze ➔Compare Means-> Paired Samples T test (iv)

2) ANOVA (scale and ordinal)

Types:

i) One way ANOVA(1 dependent – scale ,1 independent variable – ordinal/nominal –>

categorical).

Examples of when to use a one way ANOVA

Ex: Income on education levels.

Checking mean as well as variance.

Situation 1: You have a group of individuals randomly split into smaller groups and completing
different tasks. For example, you might be studying the effects of tea on weight loss and form three
groups: green tea, black tea, and no tea.
Situation 2: Similar to situation 1, but in this case the individuals are split into groups based on an
attribute they possess. For example, you might be studying leg strength of people according to
weight. You could split participants into weight categories (obese, overweight and normal) and
measure their leg strength on a weight machine.

Limitations of the One Way ANOVA

A one way ANOVA will tell you that at least two groups were different from each other. But it won’t tell
you which groups were different. If your test returns a significant f-statistic, you may need to run an ad
hoc test (like the Least Significant Difference test) to tell you exactly which groups had a difference in
means.

➔ ➔ Analyze ➔ Compare Means ➔ One-Way ANOVA... [opens One-Way ANOVA dialog

box shown] ➔satis ➔ button [puts satis under Dependent List:] ➔ethnicgp [puts ethnicgp
under Factor:] ➔OK

3) How to check which category has caused the deviance ?

GLM :
Partial eta square more than 65-70% is good enough to be reported.

➔ ➔ Analyze ➔ General Linear Model ➔ Univariate ➔Continuous Variable in

Dependent and Non-continuous Variable in Fixed Factors ➔ Options [Select,
Descriptive statistics and Estimates of effect size (partial eta squared) ➔ continue ➔OK
Regression(To understand the relationship between 2 interval/scale variables) :
Pre Conditions :
i) Normality
ii) Scatter Plot
Final :
Linear Simple Regression
Analyze -> Regression -> Linear
Y = MX + C
The unstandardized coefficients determine the values of m and c(constant).