Abstract

In this project we are going to DESIGN AND IMPLEMENT DIGITAL CLOCK. In

this project we are designing and implementing the digital clock with discrete
components using counters, timers, decoders and gates. We take display on the seven-
segment.

Introduction:
A digital clock is a type of clock that displays the time digitally. Digital clocks typically
use the 50 or 60 hertz oscillation of AC power or a 32,768 hertz crystal oscillator as in a
quartz clock to keep time. Most digital clocks display the hour of the day in 24 hour
format or more commonly used hour sequence is 12 hour format (with some indication of
AM or PM). In our project we use an oscillator to produce the clock and we display the
clock in 24 hours format. We also introduce the time setting option to this clock for this
we have two buttons one for the minutes and the other for the hours. To represent the
time, most digital clocks use a seven-segment LED, VFD, or LCD display for each of
four digits. In our project we display the time on the seven-segment.

Circuit Description & Operation:

The clock cycle in our circuit is generated through Timer 555. It is wired as an astable
multivibrator to generate clock signal for the 4-bit counter 74160. The time duration of
IC1 can be adjusted by varying the value of resistor R1, resistor R2, or capacitor C2 of
the clock circuit. The ‘on’ time duration T is given by the following relationship:

T = 0.695C2(R1+R2)

We generate the clock cycle of 10Hz so for this we choose the value of 10K ohm for both
resistors and the capacitor valued 4.7uF
After applying the clock cycle to the synchronous four bit counter 74LM160, the counter
counts the cycle and gives the output the another synchronous four bit counter. As the
counters are decade counter so these counters counts up to ten and then give signal to the
other counter in this way the minutes are generated and for resetting the minutes we have
applied the three input NAND gates. For example when the minutes first display reaches
to the 9 value it resets the decade counter and when the minute’s first display goes to
value 7 it resets the decade counter, actually we doesn’t see the value 7 because as it
reaches the value 7 it instantly reseted and we can’t see it on display. Similarly for the
hour’s second display the counter is reseted after the value 9 first time and after 4 second
time, whereas the hour’s first display is reseted after the value 2.

Components Description:

• LM555:
The LM555 is a highly stable device for generating accurate time delays or
oscillation. Additional terminals are provided for triggering or resetting if desired.
In the time delay mode of operation, the time is precisely controlled by one
external resistor and capacitor. For astable operation as an oscillator, the free
 running frequency and duty cycle are accurately controlled with two external
resistors and one capacitor. The circuit may be triggered and reset on falling
waveforms, and the output circuit can source or sink up to 200mA or drive TTL
circuits.

• 74160 synchronous counter:

74160 synchronous counters so their outputs
change precisely together on each clock pulse.
This is helpful if you need to connect their
outputs to logic gates because it avoids the
glitches which occur with ripple counters. For
normal operation (counting) the reset, preset,
count enable and carry in inputs should all be
high. When count enable is low the clock
input is ignored and counting stops.

• 7410: triple input NAND gate

• 7420: quad input NAND

• 7447: BCD to seven segment Decoder

74LM47 is an IC used to covert BCD to the Seven segment. The ic diagram is

given below inputs to this are applied at pins 1,2,6 and 7. The output pins are
9,10,11,12,13,14 and 15. These output pins are connected to the seven segment.
 The function table for the IC is given below:

• Common Anode seven segment

Hardware Circuitry:
The hardware circuit of this project is very complex and we find many problems in
assembling the circuit physically as it seems the network of hundreds of wires just on
three breadboards and just one wrong connection can ruin entire circuitry. In our
experience we set up the circuitry 5 times moreover we have buy two breadboards in
addition to our one breadboard but finally we got it working, here are the some pics of
our hardware.
Software Simulation:
The circuit is also simulated on the Proteus; circuit diagram of the digital clock is on next
page

To download the circuit diagram click

the link given below the Project Report

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