Fibonacci Problems with the English language

 infinite sequence of natural numbers -sometimes not precise

 first value is 0, the next is 1, to get the next
-sometimes not concise
number add the previous number
-sometimes is ambiguous
Golden Ratio
Mathematical symbols
a a+b
= =φ(Phi)=1.61803399
b a  Numbers
 Letters
Example:
 Binary operations
 Special characters

Examples:

1
1. One-half is a rational number ∈Q
2
2. A number is seven times another number
x=7 y
3. A number is between -3 and 8. −3< n< 8
4. The difference of two consecutive number is
( x +1 )−x=1
5. The square of a whole number is a non-negative
Language of mathematics
integer a 2=b
6. The sum of a number and 6 n+6
7. The product of two numbers a x b
8. Eight less than a number n–8
9. Five more than four times a number 4x + 5
10. The sum of the squares of two numbers (x+y)2
1
11. One eight of a number n
8
12. Three less than twice a number 2n-3

RULES:

Eight less than a number ------------- n-8

Eight less a number -------------- 8-n

Eight is less than a number ---------- -8<n

*pag more than/less than the number comes at last

The sum of the square of two numbers---------a 2+b2

Why language is important
The square of the sum of two numbers--------(a+b) 2
 to understand the expressed idea
 to communicate ideas with others

Characteristics of mathematical language Logic - determine the validity of arguments

 precise Proposition - expresses a complete thought

 concise
 powerful
  English Noun: name of places, animals, person,
CONJUNCTION DISJUNCTION
things etc
 Mathemetical expressions: any combinations of P Q PΛQ P Q PVQ
number as long as no equal sign T T T
T T T
 English sentence: sentence with subject and
predicate and has complete thought T F F T F T
 Mathematical sentence: can solve and have an F T F F T T
equal sign F F F
F F F
Exercises:

1. Cat – EN Note: Note:

2. 2 – ME
Kapag may isa na false, Kapag may isa na true,
3. The word cat begins with letter K – ES, F
4. 1 + 2 = 4 – MS, F false na lahat true na lahat
5. 5 – 3 – ME
6. 5 – 3 = 2 – MS, T
7. The cat is black – ES, CBD IMPLICATION BICONDITIONAL
8. x – ME
P Q P ⇒Q P Q P ⇔Q
9. x = 1 – MS, CBD
10. x – 1 = 0 – MS, CBD T T T T T T
11. t + 3 – ME T F F T F F
12. t + 3 = 3 + t – MS, T
F T T F T F
13. This sentence is false – ES, CBD
14. x + 0 = x – MS, T F F T F F T
15. 1 . x = x – MS, T
16. Hat sat bat – CBD
RULES:

1. And: saro false, the rest is false

CONNECTIVE 2. Or: saro true, the rest is true
Connectives Notation Read as Truth value 3. If, then: sa una true sunod false, answer is false
True iff P and Q are both
:false and false, answer is true
Conjunction PΛQ P and Q
true 4. If and only if: T,T/F,F answer is true
Disjunction PVQ P or Q True iff P is true or Q is
: pag T,F/F,T answer is false
true, or both are true
Implication P⇒Q P implies Q True under all
If P then Q circumstances except
Q if P when P is true, and Q is Conditional statement:
P only if Q false

Bi-conditional P⇔Q P iff Q True iff P and Q are both Implication P →Q If P then Q
true or both false Converse Q→P If Q then P
Inverse ¬ P → ¬Q If not P then not Q
Contrapositive ¬Q → ¬ P If not Q then not P
*Truth value – simple statement is either true or false

*Truth table – shows the truth value

 b)
IMPLICATION CONVERSE
Q P Q→P P Q
P Q P→Q
T T T T T F F
T T T
T F F F
T F F F T T
F T T T
F T T T F F
F F T T
F F T F F T

IN LOGIC: CONTINGENCY
INVERSE CONTRAPOSITIVE
c)
¬P ¬Q ¬ P→ ¬ Q ¬Q ¬P ¬ Q→ ¬ P P Q
F F T F F T T T F F
F T T T F F T F F F
T F F F T T F T T F
T T T F F T F
T T T

Tautology IN LOGIC: CONTRADICTION

 always true
 valid/logical
*Inductive reasoning –reaching general conclusion by
Contradiction examining specific examples
 always false *Deductive reasoning –reaching conclusion by applying
Contingency general assumptions, procedures

 invalid/illogical a. 764, 778, 753, 767, 742, 756

b. 7, 16, 29, 46, 67, 92
Sample: c. 4, 12, 48, 240, 1440, 10080
a) d. 16384, 8192, 2048, 256, 16, ½
e. 5, 27, 137, 687, 3437, 17187
f. 12, 25, 49, 99, 197
P Q PΛQ g. 27, 64, 125, 216, 343
h. 2, 8, 20, 44, 92, 188
T T T T T
i. 13, 14, 18, 27, 43, 68
T F F F T
Definition of terms
F T F T T
Statistics – the science of conducting studies to collect,
F F F T T organize, summarize, analyze and draw conclusions
from data

IN LOGIC: TAUTOLOGY Two branches of statistics

1. Descriptive statistics – consists of the collection,

organization, summarization and presentation
of data
 2. Inferential statistics – consists of generalizing  Ordinal level of measurement – can be ranked,
from samples to populations, performing however precise differences between the ranks do
estimations and hypothesis tests, determining not exist
relationships among variables and making Ex. First place, second place
predictions Shirt size (small, medium, large)
Job position (clerk, director, chief executive)
*variable – characteristics or attribute that can assume
 Internal level of measurement – there is no
different values
meaningful zero
*data – the values that the variables can assume Ex. IQ, temperature
 Ratio level of measurement – there is a true zero.
*data set – collection of data Ex. Height, weight, daily allowance
*population – consists of all subjects that are being
studied
Long quiz:
*sample – group of subjects selected from a population

*census – gathering data from population

*survey – getting data from sample

Variables:

1. Quantitative – numerical that can be ordered or

ranked
Ex. Age weight, height
2. Qualitative – non-numerical, variables that can
placed into distinct categories

Types of quantitative

 Discrete variables – values that can be counted

 Continuous variables – infinite number of
values, include fractions and decimals

Types of variables

 Independent variable - cause

 Dependent variable – effect
 Nuisance or extraneous – effects of
independent and dependent variable

Types of independent variable

 Subject variables – measurable characteristics

of a subject the experiment does not change
Ex. Memory strategy personality
 Manipulated or experimental variables -
systematically manipulates or controls which
subjects are assigned

Levels of measurement

 Nominal level of measurement – no order or

ranking can be imposed
Ex. Religion, hometown, civil status, zip code