Downloaded from https://iranpaper.

ir
https://www.tarjomano.com/order

Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 32 (1) (2018) 415~421

www.springerlink.com/content/1738-494x(Print)/1976-3824(Online)
DOI 10.1007/s12206-017-1242-6

Maximum allowable fouling detection in industrial fired heater furnaces†

Ali Chaibakhsh1,2,*, Reza Bahrevar1,2 and Nasim Ensansefat1,2
1
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Guilan, Rasht, Guilan 41938-33697, Iran
2
Intelligent System and Advanced Control Laboratory, University of Guilan, Rasht, Guilan 41938-33697, Iran

(Manuscript Received February 17, 2017; Revised July 31, 2017; Accepted August 29, 2017)

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Abstract

Fouling is one the most serious problems in refineries that can have irreparable consequences. In this study, fouling detection inside the
tubes in the radiation section of an industrial fired heater furnace was investigated. The objective of this study is to identify the fouling
rate based on the independent inputs and outputs of the furnace. Therefore, the maximum allowable coke deposition thickness was con-
sidered the upper limit of the tolerance of the system for it to operate properly. A dynamic nonlinear mathematical model was used to
simulate different operational conditions and to record data. Then, fouling detection was performed based on support vector regression
and artificial neural network. Results were compared to achieve the best possible solution. In this work, the detection of critical fouling
was considered to immediately shut down furnaces and prevent irreversible damages.
Keywords: Dynamic model; Support vector regression; Artificial neural network
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Fired heaters are complicated nonlinear systems whose per-

1. Introduction
formance can be affected by many factors. Any change in
Oil refineries consume a significant amount of energy and related factors may cause fouling formation and increase foul-
heavily produce CO2 mainly due to the fouling formation in ing rate. For example, variations in inlet fuel flow rate or
the preheat exchangers of crude distillation units. These char- combustion characteristics will change the temperature distri-
acteristics lead to tremendous energy loss in refineries. Foul- bution inside fired heaters and cause coke formation [8, 9].
ing is an inevitable problem in fired heaters that may happen Hence, all the parameters that affect the performance of fur-
within a span of 1-3 years or even within several months; it naces can either directly or indirectly contribute to coke for-
considerably reduces the efficiency of heat exchangers [1-3]. mation.
This phenomenon is critical for systems, and it eventually Many studies have explored fouling and coke formation.
causes furnaces to shut down. The most sensible sign of foul- Various semi-empirical models have been developed and ap-
ing formation is the enhanced pressure drop that must be plied to predict the fouling behavior of crude oil. These mod-
compensated for to prevent the reduction of the thermal effi- els are useful in gaining a fundamental understanding of foul-
ciency of fired heaters. Hence, different methods are being ing and the effects of the properties and flow characteristics of
used to compensate for fouling, and they include bypassing crude oil on fouling rate [1, 10, 11]. They are also useful in
fouled units, increasing thermal surfaces, detecting fouling, generating accurate fouling/no-fouling operating zones [12]
mitigating fouling, and supervising fouling [2-4]. and designing heat exchangers. These models generally pre-
The thermal resistance of fouling is extremely high; thus, dict fouling rates in tubes based on various laboratory and
the heat transfer rate to the fluid inside the tubes decreases industrial datasets [10, 12]. Despite their high accuracy, these
significantly in the presence of fouling [5]. Consequently, tube models are unsuitable for designing control systems and for
temperature significantly increases, thereby causing the leak- troubleshooting.
ing, bursting, bulging, or cracking of tubes. Hot hydrocarbons Estimating the convection coefficient and fouling thickness
leak into the fired heater and cause widespread firing [6, 7]. [13] and numerical methods for determining fouling growth
These factors and conditions make monitoring furnace opera- are among the approaches used in the condition monitoring of
tion necessary to increase the safety and reliability of systems. fired heater furnaces.
*
Support vector machine (SVM) is a supervised learning
Corresponding author. Tel.: +98 13 33690270, Fax.: +98 13 33690271
E-mail address: chabakhsh@guilan.ac.ir method for classification and regression. Thus, it is a suitable
†
Recommended by Associate Editor Joon Ahn approach for fault diagnosis. Researchers have shown interest
© KSME & Springer 2018 in the prediction capability of SVM in fouling detection for
Downloaded from https://iranpaper.ir
416 A. Chaibakhsh et al. / Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 32 (1) (2018) 415~421
heat exchangers [14, 15].
Fouling detection based on the modeling of a system in a
fuzzy representation is a detailed method that does not require
any specific sensor or special operating condition [8]. The
main deficiency of this method is that it is inapplicable to
complicated systems with numerous parameters.
An advantageous approach is to detect fouling according to
measurable and controllable variables, as well as by consider-
ing the parameters that affect furnace performance for an ap-
propriate system diagnosis. The current study mainly aims to
determine the fouling rate and the maximum allowable fouling
inside the tubes of industrial fired heater furnaces. The predic-
tion is based on recorded data from a dynamic model. Two
distinct approaches are used to solve this problem: Support
vector regression (SVR) and Artificial neural network (ANN).
To achieve this objective, fouling rate is detected according to
independent furnace inputs, pressure drop through the tubes,
tube temperature, and output oil temperature of the furnace.
In the next section, a brief description of the nonlinear
model and data production is presented. The data are used in
fouling detection in furnaces. In Sec. 3, a network is con-
structed with input oil temperature, input oil flow rate, input
air flow rate, fuel flow rate, output oil temperature, tube tem-
perature, and output oil pressure as the inputs and fouling rate
as the output. The simulation results are presented in Sec. 4.
The last section is devoted to the conclusion and suggestions
for future work.
2. Data preparation
A dynamic nonlinear model of a specific industrial fired
heater furnace is used to simulate different operational condi-
tions. This model considers the effects of different parameters,
such as velocity, pressure, and released heat from combustion,
on crude process temperature, tube temperature, and outlet
pressure [8].
In general, fouling is built up on the inner surface of tubes
over time due to the nature of the crude process. However,
excessive internal tube fouling occurs above certain tempera-
tures [16]. Coke formation is influenced by many factors and
predicting its behavior under different operational conditions
is highly complicated; hence, any sudden or extreme change
in furnace performance is disregarded in this study. An expo-
nential function is considered to approximate fouling inside
the tubes [17, 18]. The time constant is assumed to be suffi-
ciently small to avoid unexpected changes that can affect foul-
ing growth. In addition, coke formation reduces the inner radii
of the tubes. Thus, the function can be written as
r = r0e -t t ,
where r0 is the initial radius of the tube, and τ is the time con-
stant that is supposed to be sufficiently small to determine the
effect of all the parameters on furnace outputs. Fouling growth
is presented in Fig. 1.
https://www.tarjomano.com/order
Fig. 1. Fouling growth inside a tube.
Increasing fouling rate enhances fouling resistance. Conse-
quently, the heat transfer rate through the tube wall decreases
significantly over time. This change causes a significant rise in
tube temperature and a drop in pressure. Fluid temperature
also decreases gradually.
A decrease in tube radius causes the fouling resistance to
drop.
1 æ r ö 1 ær ö
Rf = ln ç in ÷÷ = ln ç in ÷ , (2)
2p K c Lt çè rin - d ø 2p K L
c t è r ø
where Rf is the fouling resistance, Kc is the thermal conductiv-
ity of fouling, Lt is the tube length, rin is the tube inner radius,
and δ is the fouling thickness [8].
Finally, this increase continues until the tube wall reaches
its designed temperature. In this case, the furnace must be shut
down and cleaned. Coke formation can significantly influence
the operating lifetime of furnace tubes. The critical point in a
tube in the combustion section is the site in which the tem-
perature of the combustion gas is the highest. In such a case,
the heat flux to the tube will be at its maximum point, and the
maximum allowable fouling in the tube will be the lowest.
Determining this critical location is necessary to effectively
evaluate the run length of the radiant section. Under this con-
dition, the maximum allowable fouling percentage inside the
tubes is approximately 3 % or 4 %. The critical points are
located at the output tube of the furnace situated at the center
of the combustion section [16].
In this study, the independent inputs of the furnace are per-
turbed over time, and fouling thickness inside the tube is in-
creased to simulate furnace performance. However, applying
the fouling rate presented in Fig. 1 is time-consuming, and the
resultant dataset will be too large to handle. Thus, the datasets
required for training and testing stages are selected randomly.
Draft, fuel flow rate, combustion pressure, fuel temperature,
and temperature of combustion gases exiting the furnace are
among the operational parameters that affect furnace perform-
(1) ance. Notably, any changes in the composition of the crude
process and fuel are disregarded in this research to simplify
the problem. In this case, the inlet temperature of the crude
process, fuel flow rate, inlet oil flow rate, inlet air flow rate,
and fuel flow are considered independent variables that affect
the furnace. These parameters, as the inputs of the furnace,
Downloaded from https://iranpaper.ir
A. Chaibakhsh et al. / Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 32 (1) (2018) 415~421
Fig. 2. Furnace conditions during fouling: (a) Outlet oil pressure; (b)
tube temperature.
together with the output oil temperature, tube temperature, and
output oil pressure, are used in fouling detection. Fouling can
only be studied under steady-state conditions. Thus, any ex-
treme unexpected changes in the parameters are ignored. The
aforementioned parameters are changed between a minimum
of 2 % and a maximum of 1 %.
The inner radius decreases by increasing fouling thickness
inside the tubes. Consequently, the heat transfer rate from the
tubes to the inner fluid decreases significantly, and the tube
wall temperature and pressure drop improve (Fig. 2).
The maximum designed temperature of the tube is 930 K,
and the maximum allowable fouling percentage is detected at
approximately 3 %. Crude oil is preheated inside the preheat-
ing furnace before entering the distillation tower. The combus-
tion section in the approached furnace comprises 4 passes with
24 tubes in each pass. The crude process temperature in this
section increases from 562 K to 635 K. On average, the tem-
perature increases by approximately 3° in each tube in a single
pass. When coke is built up on the inner surface of the tubes, it
functions as an insulator and prevents the heating of the crude
process. Consequently, the temperature decreases.
However, if the fouling rate is only considered in a single
tube, then this reduction becomes negligible because of the
changes in parameters. If the fouling rate is considered in sev-
eral tubes, then the temperature reduction becomes increas-
ingly sensible. The outlet temperature of the crude process is
shown in Fig. 3.
3. Fouling detection
In this section, fouling was predicted based on two distinct
methods, namely, SVR and ANN. The prediction capabilities
of these methods were examined and compared. The recorded
data with a sample time of 1 hr were used to develop a net-
work for fouling detection by implementing a simulated dy-
namic model. The inlet temperature of the crude process, fuel
https://www.tarjomano.com/order
417
Fig. 3. Outlet oil temperature of the furnace: (a) Fouling in a single
tube; (b) fouling in several tubes.
flow rate, inlet oil flow rate, inlet air flow rate, fuel flow, out-
put oil temperature, tube temperature, and output oil pressure
were used as the inputs of this network. Fouling rate served as
the output. Then, the artificial model was utilized to predict
critical fouling and fouling intensity inside the tubes. The
critical point was deemed as the case in which the tube
reaches its designed temperature. This point should be de-
tected to shut down the furnace in time, thereby preventing
irreparable damage. The following sections provide a brief
description of the methods and their use in fouling detection.
3.1 SVR
SVM is a machine learning algorithm with strong capabili-
ties in many data processing problems [19]. This method is
most known for its application to classification tasks, but it is
also utilized in regression tasks, thereby making it suitable for
building the model for the continuous data in the current work.
The prediction capability of SVR has been tested in a variety
of research studies, and it has been proven to be successful
[20].
SVR involves mapping the input data into a high-
dimensional feature space through the kernel function; the
output of the regression model can be determined by an opti-
mal hyper plane [21].
In the regression problem, the margin is considered a tube,
the data in which determine the pass of the regression pattern.
The piecewise linear function provides a robust solution for
discerning the best identifying function.
The regression problem is solved by minimizing
1 2
M
Q ( w, b, x , x * ) = w + C å (x i p + x i* p ) . (3)
2 i =1
Subject to constraints,
Downloaded from https://iranpaper.ir
https://www.tarjomano.com/order

418 A. Chaibakhsh et al. / Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 32 (1) (2018) 415~421

yi - wT g ( xi ) - b £ e + xi for i = 1,..., M ,
w g ( xi ) + b - yi £ e + x
T
i
*
for i = 1,..., M , (4)
*
xi ³ 0, x ³ 0
i for i = 1,..., M

where C is the soft margin that determines the trade-off be-

tween the magnitude of the margin and the estimation error of
the training data, and p is typically considered 1 or 2 [15].
Parameter C has a pre-specified value, and it works as a
regularization factor that significantly affects the smoothness
of the regression function. This parameter serves as a con-
straint for Lagrange coefficients that prevents them from cov-
ering the outliers and affecting the accuracy of the model [21]. Fig. 4. NN structure.
The support vectors can be determined by solving the regres-
sion problem. Then, the weighted sum of the support vectors and function g(x) is the activation function for the output. The
is used in the prediction model [22]. type of activation function in this work is a sigmoid.
In this study, three types of kernels were used to map a Best weights can be determined with error propagation,
high-dimensional space: Linear, polynomial, and Radial-based which is computed by the root mean square of errors.
function (RBF) [23]. Approximately 29 % of the gathered data
were used as prediction samples, and 71 % of the data were 1 2 1
E= Exx = ( y - g (åWi , j X j )) 2 , (7)
utilized as training data. 2 2 j

Cross validation was utilized as the means to obtain the ker-

nel parameter and regularization factor. where y is the vector of the correct outputs.
The Backpropagation NN (BPNN) is a supervised training
Linear: ( )
K xi , x j = xiT x j algorithm. It is an efficient method for determining the rela-
d tion between input and output data. The error in the final layer
Polynomial: K ( x , x ) = (g x x + r ) , g > 0
T
(5)
i j i j
is used to update the weights in each layer. The BPNN per-
K ( x , x ) = exp ( -g x - x , g > 0 ) .
2
RBF: forms the task by proportioning the error of the output and
i j i j
propagating it backward into hidden layers. In case of one or
more hidden layers, the weights of the hidden layers are also
computed by minimizing errors with respect to weights. The
3.2 ANN
weights can be adjusted by calculating the changes in errors in
ANN has been used in various data processing problems response to changes in weights.
such as classification, function approximation, and clustering.
An ANN automatically learns the relationship between inputs Wk , j ¬ Wk , j + a ´ ak ´ D j , (8)
and outputs. The performance of the network improves
through a cost function, which overviews and feeds back nec- where the error gradient can be calculated as follows [24]:
essary changes to achieve an effective solution. Basically, an
ANN establishes an intricate and high-order connection be- ¶E ¶ai
= -å ( yi - ai ) = - ak D j , (9)
tween neurons to realize its objective [24]. ¶Wk , j i ¶Wk , j
The scheme for a Neural network (NN) pattern, as pre-
sented in Fig. 4, consists of one or more layers. Each layer where aj and ai are the activated inputs for the hidden and
includes neurons (Perceptrons) formed from input values. If output layers, respectively.
the scheme has more than one layer, then the layer between This method was also used in this study, and its predictive
the outputs and the input layer is called the hidden layer. In capability was compared with that of SVR.
case of an NN with only an input layer, every neuron is a The input and output vectors for the NN model are summa-
weighted function of inputs or perceptrons. Initially, all the rized as follows:
weights are presented randomly. With a weighted learning
function, the network should be able to calculate all the ìïinput = [ m& fuel m& input _ oil Tinput _ oil ]
weights and determine the outputs. ANN Model : í .
ïîoutput = [ Poutlet ] or [ Ttube ]or [ Toutlet _ oil ]

Neuron _ output = g (åW j X j ) , (6)

j
4. Results and discussion
The results of each method are provided in this section. The
where j indicates the perceptron that forms the next neuron, critical amount of fouling is set to be approximately 3 % in
Downloaded from https://iranpaper.ir
https://www.tarjomano.com/order

A. Chaibakhsh et al. / Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 32 (1) (2018) 415~421 419

Table 1. Comparison between NN and SVR models.

e s (e) σ(e) MSE R2

Training NN 12.4621 8.4463 2.7279e-05 0.1829 0.9998

Prediction NN 10.6754 9.1951 1.5287 e-05 0.3247 0.9296
Training SVR 57.4553 8.6034 0.0024 3.8882 0.9950
Prediction SVR 39.5460 8.8540 0.0229 4.4555 0.9947

Fig. 5. Error histograms for the training and prediction of BPNN.

Fig. 8. Estimated fouling rate by SVR: (a) Training; (b) prediction.

Fig. 6. Estimated fouling rate by BPNN: (a) Training; (b) SVR.

Fig. 9. Estimated accelerated fouling rate: (a) BPNN; (b) SVR.

such that the results become tangible. This prediction is illus-

Fig. 7. Error histograms for training and prediction of SVR.
this research. That is, the maximum allowable fouling on the
tube surface is approximately 0.06 inch because the tube
reaches its designed temperature, which is approximately 930
K. Error histograms for ANN are shown in Fig. 5.
For training and prediction, 71 % and 29 % of the data are
used, respectively. In most cases, the prediction error is zero
or close to zero. To determine the fouling rate inside the tubes,
we change the range of 0 %-3 % into the range of 0 %-100 %,
trated in Fig. 6 for training and prediction. High accuracy in-
dicates the capability of the proposed detector.
The error histograms of SVR are shown in Fig. 7. For train-
ing and prediction, 71 % and 29 % of the data are used, re-
spectively. In most cases, the prediction error is zero or close
to zero.
To determine the fouling rate inside the tubes, we change
the range of 0 %-3 % into the range of 0 %-100 %, such that
the results become tangible. This prediction is illustrated in
Fig. 8 for training and prediction. High accuracy indicates the
Downloaded from https://iranpaper.ir
420 A. Chaibakhsh et al. / Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 32 (1) (2018) 415~421
capability of the proposed detector.
For ease of comparison, the statistical parameters are de-
termined and then presented in Table 1. The results clearly
indicate that the prediction training and prediction capability
of the NN are considerably more suitable than SVR in identi-
fying fouling in the preheating furnaces of industrial fired
heaters. SVM, regardless of its power in classification tasks, is
clearly inferior in the regression problem.
The responses of the developed SVR and NN classifiers to
the application of an accelerated fouling rate are presented in
Fig. 9 to show the precision of the prediction and to improve
the tangibility of the results.
5. Conclusion
The objective of this research was to detect fouling based on
measurable parameters, i.e., the independent inputs and out-
puts of a furnace. To realize this objective, a dynamic mathe-
matical model was used to simulate furnace performance. The
effects of variables on coke formation were also investigated.
The independent parameters were perturbed smoothly with
random noise, and fouling was increased gradually in the out-
let tube of a pass. All the inputs and outputs were recorded
because the outlet tube was the critical point in the furnace.
Then, the recorded inputs and outputs were used to form a
network to detect fouling. In this case, the fouling rate per-
centage was considered the output.
The maximum allowable fouling inside the tubes was con-
sidered 3 %. Then, fouling intensity was determined within
the range of 1 %-100 %. The developed SVR and NN classifi-
ers could perfectly detect fouling conditions by applying arti-
ficial fouling to the tubes. The obtained results indicate the
feasibility and accuracy of the proposed technique in dealing
with fouling detection inside fired heater furnaces based on
operational performance data. This approach can be used to
design expert monitoring systems.
The results can be improved remarkably by implementing
potent optimization algorithms on SVR parameters or through
genetic algorithm-optimized NN models, which we suggest
for future work.
Nomenclature------------------------------------------------------------------------
C : Regularization factor
CPp : Specific heat value of combustion products
g(x) : Function
K : Conductivity
L : Length
Rf : Fouling resistance
r : Radius
r0 : Initial radius
T : Temperature
t : Time
δ : Fouling thickness
τ : Time constant
https://www.tarjomano.com/order
References
[1] M. R. J. Nasr and M. M. Givi, Modeling of crude oil fouling
in preheat exchangers of refinery distillation units, Applied
Thermal Engineering, 26 (14) (2006) 1572-1577.
[2] F. Coletti, S. Macchietto and G. T. Polley, Effects of fouling
on performance of retrofitted heat exchanger networks: A
thermo-hydraulic based analysis, Computers & Chemical
Engineering, 35 (5) (2011) 907-917.
[3] B. Yeap, D. Wilson, G. Polley and S. Pugh, Mitigation of
crude oil refinery heat exchanger fouling through retrofits
based on thermo-hydraulic fouling models, Chemical En-
gineering Research and Design, 82 (1) (2004) 53-71.
[4] A. Morales-Fuentes, G. Polley, M. Picón-Núñez and S.
Martínez-Martínez, Modeling the thermo-hydraulic per-
formance of direct fired heaters for crude processing, Ap-
plied Thermal Engineering, 39 (2012) 157-162.
[5] S. Delrot, T. M. Guerra, M. Dambrine and F. Delmotte,
Fouling detection in a heat exchanger by observer of Takagi-
Sugeno type for systems with unknown polynomial inputs,
Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence, 25 (8)
(2012) 1558-1566.
[6] J. Booman, M. González and J. Otegui, Failures in cabin
type hydrocarbon heaters due to inadequate fuel control, En-
gineering Failure Analysis, 21 (2012) 31-39.
[7] M. M. Jan, A. Jalil, Z. Ahmad and M. A. Khan, Application
of non-destructive and fracture mechanics techniques for the
condition assessment of naphtha hydrotreater furnace tubes
in oil refinery, Engineering Failure Analysis, 40 (2014) 15-
24.
[8] A. Chaibakhsh, N. Ensansefat, A. Jamali, R. Kouhikamali
and H. Najafi, Crude oil direct fired furnace model, Applied
Thermal Engineering, 83 (2015) 57-70.
[9] G. Polley, E. Tamakloe, M. P. Nunez, E. Ishiyama and D.
Wilson, Applying thermo-hydraulic simulation and heat
exchanger analysis to the retrofit of heat recovery systems,
Applied Thermal Engineering, 51 (1) (2013) 137-143.
[10] J. Aminian and S. Shahhosseini, Evaluation of ANN mod-
eling for prediction of crude oil fouling behavior, Applied
Thermal Engineering, 28 (7) (2008) 668-674.
[11] R. F. Garcia, Improving heat exchanger supervision using
neural networks and rule based techniques, Expert Systems
with Applications, 39 (3) (2012) 3012-3021.
[12] J. Aminian and S. Shahhosseini, Neuro-based formulation to
predict fouling threshold in crude preheaters, International
Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, 36 (5) (2009)
525-531.
[13] L. Perez, B. Ladevie, P. Tochon and J. Batsale, A new
transient thermal fouling probe for cross flow tubular heat
exchangers, International Journal of Heat and Mass Trans-
fer, 52 (1) (2009) 407-414.
[14] L. Sun, Y. Zhang, X. Zheng, S. Yang and Y. Qin, Research
on the fouling prediction of heat exchanger based on support
vector machine, 2008 International Conference on Intelli-
gent Computation Technology and Automation (ICICTA)
Downloaded from https://iranpaper.ir
A. Chaibakhsh et al. / Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 32 (1) (2018) 415~421
(2008) 240-244.
[15] S. Abe, Support vector machines for pattern classification,
Springer (2005).
[16] A. Cross, Direct-fired heaters: Evaluate thermal perform-
ance and the effects of fouling, Chemical Engineering, 116
(12) (2009) 47.
[17] T. R. Bott, To foul or not to foul-that is the question,
Chemical Engineering Progress, 97 (11) (2001) 30-37.
[18] M. Z. Abedin and N.-H. Kim, An experimental study on
accelerated fouling of aluminum oxide and ferric oxide par-
ticles in internally enhanced tubes, Journal of Mechanical
Science and Technology, 30 (12) (2016) 5707-5714.
[19] E. Osuna, R. Freund and F. Girosit, Training support vector
machines: an application to face detection, 1997 IEEE Com-
puter Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern
Recognition (1997) 130-136.
[20] C.-H. Wu, J.-M. Ho and D.-T. Lee, Travel-time prediction
with support vector regression, IEEE Transactions on Intel-
ligent Transportation Systems, 5 (4) (2004) 276-281.
[21] N. Cristianini and J. Shawe-Taylor, An introduction to
support vector machines and other kernel-based learning
methods, Cambridge University Press (2000).
[22] V. Uslan and H. Seker, Quantitative prediction of peptide
binding affinity by using hybrid fuzzy support vector re-
gression, Applied Soft Computing, 43 (2016) 210-221.
[23] N. Pooyan, M. Shahbazian and M. Hadian, Simultaneous
fault diagnosis using multi class support vector machine in a
dew point process, Journal of Natural Gas Science and En-
gineering, 23 (2015) 373-379.
[24] L. Fausett, Fundamentals of neural networks: Architectures,
algorithms, and applications, Prentice-Hall, Inc. (1994).
https://www.tarjomano.com/order
421
Ali Chaibakhsh is an Assistant Profes-
sor in mechanical engineering at the
University of Guilan since 2009. He
obtained his B.Sc. in Mechanical Engi-
neering from the University of Guilan,
Rasht, Iran in 2002 and his M.Sc. and
Ph.D. from K.N. Toosi University of
Technology, Tehran, Iran in 2004 and
2009, respectively. His research interests include intelligent
systems, including neural networks, fuzzy logic, and soft com-
puting techniques and their applications to industrial processes.
Reza Bahrevar obtained his master
degree in mechanical engineering from
the University of Guilan. He obtained his
B.Sc. and M.Sc. in Mechanical Engineer-
ing from the University of Guilan, Rasht,
Iran in 2012 and 2015, respectively. His
research interests are mainly in areas
pertaining to data mining, fault detection
and diagnosis, fault tolerant control, and system identification.
Nasim Ensansefat Masouleh obtained
her B.Sc. and M.Sc. in Mechanical Engi-
neering from the University of Guilan, Iran,
in 2012 and 2015, respectively. She is
currently a Ph.D. student in mechanical
engineering at the University of Guilan.
Her research interests include industrial
process modeling and control, fault
detection, and network-based control system design.