A Research Study About Loneliness, Social Connectedness and Life Attitude of Working Persons With Disability

PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MUNTINLUPA
College of Arts and Sciences

Department of Psychology
THE RELATIONSHIP OF LONELINESS, SOCIAL CONNECTEDNESS AND
LIFE ATTITUDE AMONG WORKING PERSON WITH DISABILITIES
An Undergraduate Thesis Presented to

The Faculty of College of Arts and Sciences
Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Muntinlupa
Poblacion, Muntinlupa City
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree

Bachelor of Science in Psychology
Espinili, Justine Claire A.

Rafallo, Cristine Z.
Ramirez, Aira L.
CHAPTER I
The Problem and Its Background
Introduction
Disability is part of the human condition and almost everyone will be
temporarily or permanently impaired at some point in life. According to The
International Labor Organization estimates that there are approximately 700
million people who are classified as disabled worldwide as of (July, 2017).
Employment provides the opportunity to earn an income, forge social
relationships, and establish social and political status and it is also important to
disabled people. People with disabilities are often able and willing to work to
become financially independent and to contribute towards community
development and wider society.
Efforts aimed at improving the lives of persons with disability (PWD) in the
Philippines have been recently renewed through the amendment in 2007 of the
Magna Carta for PWD, passed originally into law in 1991. This law mandates the
expansion of services that aims to benefit the differently-abled. It also stipulated
certain additional privileges for PWD to expand their opportunities for them to
have independent living and be able to participate more in the mainstream
society.
There is however difficulties encountered by the group and example of this
are loneliness, social connectedness and life attitude. Despite its pervasiveness
in society, the experience of loneliness at work has generated little conceptual
discussion and empirical substantiation.
Despite its pervasiveness in

society, the experience of
loneliness at work has
generated little conceptual
discussion and empirical
substantiation
Despite its pervasiveness in

society, the experience of
loneliness at work has
generated little conceptual
discussion and empirical
substantiation
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
A study or employment profile of person with disabilities (PWDs).
According to the Department of Health, in the Philippines the latest Census of
population & housing (2010), shows that out of 92.1 million household, 1.443
million Filipinos have some form of disability; the highest number of being in
Region VI-A on the Calabarzon region. The same research shows that among
the age groups, the majority of PWD’s belong to the working age group 15-64
years old.
Based on the study of The Philippine Institute for Development Studies
(2015), the proportion of employed PWDs in the urban area is slightly higher
(58.3%) than that inthe rural area (41.9%). More than half of those with
job/business were still looking for additional work to be able to augment their
income. This is particularly evident in the urban area. Others even tried to get
secondary jobs or engaged themselves in informal and/or small-scale businesses
such as operating a sari-sari store, e-load retail business, charcoal or ice
vending, among others.
Unemployment rate among PWDs in the rural area is relatively higher than
that in the urban area. Many of these PWDs, however, were looking and
available for work. Others, although not actively looking for work, said they were
available and willing to take up work if opportunity would exist. On the other
hand, majority (84%) of those with no job/business in the rural area were not
looking for work. Having permanent disability appeared to be the most common
reason for being economically inactive. Parents and/or other family members of
those PWDs do not allow their disabled members to seek employment.

Pessimism and lack of self-esteem also prevent other PWDs from exerting an
effort to get into the mainstream employment. Many of them believed that no
work is available for them while a few others mentioned that they are shy to go
out and interact with other people.
In the urban area, almost half of the employed PWDs are visually-impaired
while in the rural area, only 16 percent from this group are working. In fact,
almost 60 percent of the non-working visually-impaired in the rural area were not
looking for work. On the contrary, the hearing-impaired group got the highest
employment rate in the rural area, followed closely by mobility-impaired. In the
urban area, however, the hearing-impaired has the highest proportion of
economically inactive members.
As stated by the Association of Persons with Disability in the City of San
Pedro Laguna (August, 2020) there are more than 120 persons with disability
who are currently employed and working in the city government of San Pedro
City, Laguna and almost more than 150 persons with disability who are working
non-government related.
The researcher’s curiosity serve as a driver to determine the relationship
of social connectedness, loneliness, and life attitude of those working persons
with disability.
The researcher’s aims to find out the level of social connectedness,
loneliness, and life attitude of the working persons with disability in San Pedro
City Government, Laguna.
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Connectedness Theory of Ryan J. Hulbert (1985)
Belongingness is a powerful, fundamental, and pervasive human need based on
strong biological and psychological mechanisms (Desi & Ryan, 2000; Patrick, Knee,
Canivello & Lons Bary, 2007).the safety needs and basic psychological needs is the
importance in feeling connected to others (Maslow, 1968). Extensive evidence underlines
the important of belonging for human well-being, physical health, and metal health (for
an overview see Bauneister and Lea Ry, 1995).By Mediating communication through a
telephone, text messaging, email, instant messaging, and online communities as
broadened our communication horizon significantly. Because Communication technology
affords social interaction of awareness of people situation, activities, well-being over
geographical distance and time and this allow as to fulfill our fundamental social needs of
changing life styles, like families dispersing over larger areas, elderly living alone, and to
increase business travel however, doubts remain to whether mediate communication can
afford the affective characteristics a face to face interaction, which is often considered as
the gold standards of communication. Some research has been done in this area and have
shown that meditated communication helps maintain feeling of closeness after a
residential mode (Shklovsk, Kraut and cumming, 2008). The concept of connectedness
has been characterized as a sense of keeping up to date, being involved, being in touch or
sharing with others within on going social relationships, or a sense of having company
( Ijsselsteijn, Vanvaren, & Vanlanen, 2003; Markopoulus, Romero, Vanvaren,
Ijsselsteijn, De Ruyter & Farshchian, 2007). However, the exact nature of this key
outcome of mediated communication has hihert remained but the exact nature of
mediated communication has hihert remained relatively an explored, most research and
design of communication technology has largely based on an intuitive sense of what the
feeling of connectedness is. Social present has been more commonly discussed in
literature on mediated communication application (Biocca, Harms & Burgoon, 2003).
Social present differs markedly from connectedness; were as social connectedness is a
more lingerly feeling of belonging and to achieve the more fundamental insight in the
feeling of connectednes is to be collected and used a relevant knowledge in the Fields of
social connectedness, media psychology and HCI to established the concepts of social
connectedness and its concept is to timely and necessary in order to theoretically anchor
and embed belongingness in the context of both mediated and unmediated
communication.
Attitude Theory of Festinger (1957)
Functional attitude theory (FAT) suggests that beliefs and attitudes are
influential to various psychological functions. Attitudes can be influential on many
processes such as being useful, social, relating to values, or reduction of
cognitive dissonance. They can be beneficial and help people interact with the
world. In the late 1950s when psychoanalysis and behaviourism reigned
supreme as the focus of psychological studies, Smith, Bruner, and White (1956)
and Kats, Daniel (1960) separately and independently developed typologies of
human attitudes in relation to the functions to which they believed the attitudes
are served. Carpenter, Christopher (2012). This theory proposes that attitudes
are held by individuals because they are important and integral to psychological
functioning. The function of an attitude is more important than whether the
attitude is accurate or correct.
Loneliness Theory of D. Perlman (1982)
Hawkey and John T. Cacioppo (2010). Loneliness is a very painful thing. There are
so many people in the world that are feeling lonely or socially isolated and can start one
to feel unsafe. (Louise C. Hawkley & John T. Cacioppo, 2010). This in turns makes one,
often without being fully aware of his, hypervigilant for more social challenges in the
environment (Louise C. Hawkley & John T. Cacioppo, 2010). Being loneliness typically
feels unconcious as a result of living alone, lack of close family or friends,
communication and connection to other people. Lonely individuals see the social world
as a more threatening place, Negative social expectation tend to elicit behaviors from
others that confirm the lonely person’s expectations, thereby setting in motion a self-
fulfilling prophecy in which people actively distance themselves from would be social
partners even as they believe that the cause of the social distance is attributable to others
and is beyond their own control. People think being alone makes you lonely but the truth
is being surrounded by the world people can be the loneliest in the world. (Louise C.
Hawkley & John T. Cacioppo. 2010
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
Loneliness
Social Persons
Connectedness Working with
Disability
Life Attitude
Figure 1. The Relationship of Loneliness, Social Connectedness, and
Life Attitude to Persons Working with Disability
Figure 1. The diagram above shows the relationship of loneliness, social
connectedness, and life Attitude. This Loneliness and Social connectedness
serves as a predictors of Life attitude among working persons with disabilities.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
This study intends to determine the relationship of loneliness, social
connectedness and Life attitude among persons with disabilities employees in
city hall in Muntinlupa City. The researchers come up with supporting problems in
answering the main problem:

What is the profile of the respondent in terms of?
1.1 Age
1.2 Gender
1.3 length of service
What is the level of loneliness of the respondent?
What is the level of social connectedness of the respondent?
What is the level of life attitude of the respondent?
Is there a significance relationship between loneliness, social connectedness and
life attitude of the respondent?
STATEMENT OF THE HYPOTHESIS
Ho: There is no significant relationship between loneliness, social
connectedness, and life attitude among working person with disability.
ASSUMPTIONS OF THE STUDY
The researcher study is anchored on the assumption that the
respondents will be honest in answering the questionnaires which upon data to

be gathered by the researchers valid and reliable for correlation. In addition, the
researcher study is believed to be timely relevant to the respondents that will
result into an outcome providing basis of knowledge to the question.
SCOPE AND DELIMITATIONS
The aim of this study is to determine the level of social connectedness,
loneliness, and life attitude of persons working with disability. This research study
will focus only to the 102 persons working with disability that are employees of
San Pedro City, Laguna government. The disability of the working person will
include: 13 Physical Impairment, 17 Hard of Hearing or Hearing Impairment, and
72 Visual Impairment.
The study will be limited only to the questions regarding social
connectedness, loneliness and life attitude, as well as the profile of the persons
working with disability.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The study will focus on the level of loneliness, social connectedness and
life attitude among persons working with disability in San Pedro City, Laguna
government.
The result of this study could be significant to the following:
Persons with Disabilities. This study will serve as an input and guide to the
working PWD’s for them to cope up their loneliness and to be more connected
with their colleagues in order to have a better life at work.
PWD employees. This study will give them an opportunity to identify the factors,
which leads to job satisfaction. It will provide the employees needed awareness
of how to cope stress in work with this, the proper attitude or behaviour to display
to encourage productivity or otherwise, will be known, as well as the possible
effects which may occur after.
Family of PWD, This study will help them understand and support a family
member who are experiencing stress and thus help him/her cope up in life.
Researchers. This study hopes to be a place for applying theories and give them
the needed knowledge for their future job, especially in handling future problems
similar to the research topic. In doing this study, the researchers will have the
chance to help the organization establish a basis motivation for employee.
Future researchers, this study hopes to further knowledge and become a
significant source of information, regarding job satisfaction and perceived stress
of an employee which could be useful for other further studies, which was not yet
done by other studied that use job satisfaction and perceived stress as their
variables.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Social connectedness is a personal sense of belonging to a group, family, or
community. It’s about the relationships people have with each other and their
engagement with the border community
This is operationally defined as a scale to measure the level of the response of
the study
Loneliness is a complex and usually unpleasant emotional response to isolation.
Loneliness typically includes anxious feelings about a lack of connection or

communication with other beings, both with the present and extending in to the
future.
the study.
Life attitude is a reflection, our attitude in life determines life’s atittude to us. This
simply means we shape our lives that successful people have a good attitude
towards themselves, they expect to succeed more than they fail. Without a doubt,
your attitude determines how far you get in life.
the study
Disability a physical or mental condition that limits a person’s movements,
senses, or activities.
Person with disability Employee a person who works for another person or for
company for wages or a salary.

This is operationally defined as employee and or the participants/ respondents in
the study.
Age the length of time that the person has lived or a thing has existed.
It operationally defined the level of needs of our respondents based on their age.
Gender the state of being male and female.
It operationally defined the equality of male and female in the study.

Chapter 2
Review of Related Literature and Studies
This chapter presents the information gathered from different books,
undergraduate thesis, websites and studies both local and foreign origin which
sustained the facilitation of this research. This chapter also includes filling of gaps
which contributed to the theory building of this study. At the end of this chapter,
synthesis of related literature and studies stated the summary of what others have
researched so that they may help in the improvement of the present study.
Related Literature
Loneliness
As per Dela Cruz (2017), stated that loneliness is the distressing feeling
that occurs when one’s social relationships are perceived as being less satisfying
than what is desired. In essence, according to them, there is a discrepancy
between ideal and perceived social relationship.
According to Duru (2015), Loneliness is an emotional state which
appears when one is misunderstood and isolated, when one can’t have stable
and reliable friendship or when one is rejected by others. Loneliness becomes
apparent when the relationship does not satisfy the social or individual needs and
when the social rewards recedes.
As Stated by Hamarta (2016), it is impossible to be away from loneliness
in human life, but it is really important that people should not let it turn into a
depressive mood. A recent research has revealed that loneliness is related with
physical problems, alcoholism, suicide, depression and tendency to crime. In
research that social behaviours were examined, it is stated that lonely people
showed lack of social ability in their social relationships and they are reported
that they can’t reveal themselves in a proper way.
According to Reynolds and Constantine (2017), stated that social
isolation as pervasive feelings of loneliness, dissatisfaction, marginalization and
heightened levels of interpersonal distress.
Social Connectedness
As per Maglunog (2017), stated that social isolation is common problem
for the elderly with potentially devastating consequences.

As stated by House (2017), Health risks associated with social isolation
have been compared in magnitude to the well-known dangers of smoking
cigarettes and obesity.
Individuals who lack social connections or report frequent feelings of
loneliness tend to suffer higher rates of morbidity and mortality, as well as
infection depression, and cognitive decline. Yet, compared to health behaviors
such as smoking and obesity, much less is known about how and why social
isolation affects health, (Pressman et al. 2015).
Life Attitude
Negative attitudes towards intimate relationships for people with
disabilities indicate that people with disabilities are still not fully integrated within
society.
People with disabilities who voluntarily meet with other people with
disabilities collectively may hold the most positive attitudes of all towards
disability.
The negative attitudes of people with disabilities towards disability and
other people with disabilities is an area that requires attention as such attitudes
can slow progress towards equality.
As long as negative attitudes persist, the full rightful acceptance of people
with disabilities is unlikely (Nowicki, 2006 citing Antonak et al, 2000).
Recognizing that persons with disabilities are still exposed to and oppressed by
prejudice and discrimination may be the first step in reducing prejudice (Genesi
2007 citing Marks, 1997).
As Stated by Gatchalian (2017), despite numerous local and
international statutes on their acceptance in mainstream employment, persons
with disability (PWD) still experience various forms of discrimination. Considered
as a minority group, the treatment they receive may result from the attitude–often
unfounded or based on incorrect stereotypes–which employers hold toward
them.
Related Studies
Loneliness
According to the study of Saltalu (2019), stated that lloneliness level
differs in terms of place they grew up. People who grew up in city centers had
higher loneliness level than people who grew up in towns and villages, also
people from towns had a higher level of loneliness than people from villages.
Higher the population higher the loneliness level of people which is very
significant. In a research, it was found that population growth resulted in weak
relationship among people.
Based on the study of Kaya (2015), Individualism in the society caused
an increase in the number of individuals complaining about lack of social
relationships. Especially, in developed western societies the increase in the
number of people who feel themselves alone took scientists’ attention and
loneliness problem day by day with an increasing attention and with its new
dimensions has been the subject of surveys.

Neslihan Durmus¸og˘lu Saltalu et al. /

Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences 1
(2009) 1272–1277 1273
According to the study of Selouko (2016), Loneliness is one of the most
common problems in modern societies. This feeling is usually lived by older
people who are isolated and alone and persons with disabilities, but in every
stage of life loneliness is experienced by all people, whether young or old.
Social Connectedness
Lamoureux, Hassell, and

Keeffe (2004) meanwhile
studied the determinants of
participation
in activities of daily living by
people with impaired vision.
The studies found out that

both
physical and mental health
significantly explain variation
in participation. Therefore,
interventions aimed at
improving the lives of the
visually impaired may
include approaches
to improve not just in terms
of vision-related
rehabilitation but also mental

and physical
health.
participation
both

include approaches
of vision-related
and physical
health.

participation
both
include approaches
of vision-related
and physical
health.

participation
both

include approaches
of vision-related
and physical
health.
participation

both
include approaches

of vision-related
and physical
health.
participation

both
include approaches
of vision-related

and physical
health.
participation
According to the study of Lamoureux, Hassell, and Keeffe (2016), the
determinants of participation in activities of daily living by people with impaired
vision. The studies found out that both physical and mental health significantly
explain variation in participation. Therefore, interventions aimed at improving the

lives of the visually impaired may include approaches to improve not just in terms
of vision-related rehabilitation but also mental and physical health.
The study by Heckman

and Smith (2003), although
doesn’t concern persons with
disability, examined the
determinants of participation
in a social program by
decomposing
participation into eligibility,
awareness, application,
acceptance and enrolment.

The results
show that personal choices
significantly influence
participation while awareness
of being
eligible in the program is a
major source of disparity in
participation.
Based on the study of Heckman and Smith (2016), although doesn’t
concern persons with disability, examined the determinants of participation in a
social program by decomposing participation into eligibility, awareness,
application, acceptance and enrolment. The results show that personal choices
significantly influence participation while awareness of being eligible in the
program is a major source of disparity in participation.

ne key factor that influences

participation and the general
outlook of PWDs in general
is
societal attitude. Enns (n.d.)
noted that societal attitudes
reinforce passivity and
dependence
among disabled people.
These attitudes are classified
into medical and religious.
The medical
4

model views that PWD are
sick patients to need to spend
the rest of their lives getting
well.
This attitude treats the PWD
as a child relieving him/her
of many adult
responsibilities.
Therefore full participation in
many activities are either
denied or discouraged on the

so-
called patients.
One key factor that influences participation and the general outlook of
PWDs in general is societal attitude. According to Enns (2017), that societal
attitudes reinforce passivity and dependence among disabled people. These
attitudes are classified into medical and religious. The medical model views that
PWD are sick patients to need to spend the rest of their lives getting well. This
attitude treats the PWD as a child relieving him/her of many adult responsibilities.
Therefore full participation in many activities are either denied or discouraged on
the so-called patients.
Based on the Study of Baylor (2017), social isolation has been identified
as a common secondary condition associated with any primary disability in

women. Moreover, it has been recognised that social isolation can have
detrimental effects regarding both mental and physical health in both men and
women. This is aggravated by an increased sense of vulnerability in the face of
sexual or physical violence. Interestingly, the Baylor summary report argues that
age, education, and disability are weak predictor of social isolation. Positive
school environments, less over-protection, more affection at home, and the
sharing of experiences with other women tends to lessen the degree of
experienced social isolation and potentially contributes to positive health
outcomes.
According to the study of Baylor (2017), stated that focusing on the
social connectedness of young people with physical disability revealed that the
most important predictors of participation were energy and pain, disability, and
self-efficacy. The efficacy of different coping strategies has been explored by
other studies that disability has detrimental effects on the leisure activities of
carer families has been born out by a recent study.
Life Attitude
Positive employer attitude regarding the employment potential of persons
with disability have been established in several studies. As per Bulahao (2017),
noted that in the food service industry, there are significant relationships between
the attitudes of employers and the probability of hiring on the one hand, and
between the attitudes and the employers’ attributes (e.g., current position of
employer) on the other. Managers who have presumably more interaction with
PWDs show a more open stance toward them as employees than the business
owners who seldom get to socialize with their employees.
There are also studies that found that a PWD’s characteristics such as
type or nature of disability affect potential employers’ attitudes toward them.
According to Boyayo (2017), stated that Israeli employers prefer those with
mild intellectual disability over those with moderate intellectual disability.
Likewise, Zissi et al. (2017) found that “it would be easier for people with
diabetes, thalassemia or renal insufficiency to gain employment than those with
schizophrenia, blindness, learning disability and depression” (p.14). Stone and
Colella (2017) contended that the nature of disability is one of the important
determinants of the treatment of PWDs in organizations in as far as the aesthetic

quality, origin, disruptiveness, conceal ability, and danger of the disability is
perceived by others. Similarly, Unger (2017) noted in her review of literature on
employer attitudes on PWDs that the type of disability and even appearance of a
PWD become major concerns in their employment.
As per Martz & Gatchalian (2018), Gender was also found to be a
significant predictor of employment outcomes for PWDs where males are said to
be more employable than females for those with visual impairment or other
disabilities. However, countered that because males do not conform to the
stereotype of a PWD (i.e., weak, dependent, helpless), they are less likely to be
preferred in employment than female PWDs.
According to Ficke (2015), Education has also been discussed as a
significant determinant in the employment of disabled individuals. PWDs with
college education or degrees have nearly comparable employment rates with
their non-disabled counterparts when compared to those who have reached only
high school or its equivalent.

Based on the study of Kim (2016),The position or job placement among
PWDs is of great consideration when employers open up to these minority
groups. There appears a greater concentration of PWDs in “technical, clerical,
and the blue-collar categories than in any of the other PATCOP (Professional,
Administrative, Technical, Clerical, Other White-Collar) categories”.
According to the study of Stone & Colella (2015), Research has further
established that a positive evaluation of prior work performance of a PWD in a
company increases their likelihood of further or continuing employment also
found that employer or business characteristics that are related to their attitudes
towards PWD as potential employees include:
• gender (female managers show a more favourable attitude);
• Type of industry (the government sector is likely a top employer);
• Number of employees (the more the employees, the more
Positive the attitude);
• Annual sales (the lower the sales, the better the outlook); and
• Educational attainment of employer (the higher the level
Completed, the more favorable towards hiring PWDs).


participation
people with impaired visi
Synthesis of the Study
The review of related literature and studies has an implication on the
present study. All reviews focused on the level of loneliness, social
connectedness, and life attitude. These related literatures and studies say that
some persons with disabilities have different levels of social satisfaction and life
attitude depending on what kind of activity they participate and the kind of
services they avail of. The way of living of the physically disabled is reinforced by
agencies and institutions that deal with them. These agencies somehow separate
them from the rest of the population but at the same time they help them on
improving their social life and health. But sometimes, the help they receive is not
enough – that is why some citizens criticize or better saying, they are not
satisfied enough of the services they avail of.

Chapter 3
Research Methodology
This chapter presents the procedures adapted by the researchers about the
details on the researcher design, sources of data, population of the study,
instrumentation and validation, data gathering procedure, and statistical treatment
of data applied in order to come up with this study.
Research Design
The researchers utilized the descriptive-correlational method of research
that describes the nature of the situation, as it exists at the time of the study and
correlation method of research (Bermudo et al., 2005). It aimed at determining the
level of loneliness, social connectedness, and life attitude of selected working
persons with disability of San Pedro City Government in San Pedro City, Laguna.
Respondents of the Study
This study is aimed at determining the level of loneliness, social
connectedness, and life attitude of working persons with disability of San Pedro
City Government in San Pedro City, Laguna. The respondents will be compose
of 77 randomly selected working persons with disability which include, 54 visual
impairment, 13 physical impairment, and 10 hearing impairment.
Respondents Total Population Sample Size

Visual Impairment 72 54
Physical Impairment 17 13
Hearing Impairment 13 10
102 77
Table 1. Population Frame and Sample Size
Sampling Techniques
The researchers will use a probability and non – probability sampling
technique. Purposive sampling will be used in this study. Purposive sampling,
also known as judgmental, selective, or subjective sampling, is a form of non-
probability sampling in which researchers rely on their own judgment when
choosing members of the population to participate in their study (Foley, 2018). In
addition, Stratified sampling technique will also be used, the study comprises of
one hundred two respondents; seventy two visual impairment, thirteen physical
impairment, and ten hearing impairment. Out of this total population, by using the
simple stratified sampling technique the researchers will randomly select fifty four
(54) visual impairment, (13) physical impairment, and (10) hearing impairment.
Research Instruments
UCLA Loneliness Scale (Russell, D., Peplau, L.A., & Cutrona, C.E.
1980)
The UCLA Loneliness Scale is a 20-item scale designed to measure one’s
subjective feelings of loneliness as well as feelings of social isolation.
Participants will rate each item on a scale from 1 (Never) to 4(Often). This
measure is a revised version of the original UCLA Loneliness Scale. The main
reason for this revision was to make 10 of the 20 original items reverse scored.
Reliability and Validity

Since the questionnaire was standardized, reliable and validated, it was
presented and approved by our adviser and researcher professor.
Scoring
To determine the working persons with disabilities’ level of loneliness at
San Pedro City Government in San Pedro City, Laguna. The following measures
will be used:
1 – Never 2 – Rarely 3 – Sometimes 4 – Often
Social Connectedness Scale (Lee, R. M., & Robbins, S. B., 1995)
This scale assesses the degree to which youth feel connected to others in
their social environment. The scale is composed of 20 items that responses to
the scale range from 1 (strongly disagree) to 6 (strongly agree).

Scoring
To determine the working persons with disabilities’ social connectedness
at San Pedro City Government in San Pedro City, Laguna. The following
measures will be used:
1 – Strongly Agree 6 – Strongly Disagree
The Life Attitude Scale (Wong, P. T. P., Leung, M., Steinfort, T., &
Vroon, E. J. 2002)
This scale measures the degree to which item reflects your attitude
towards life. The scale consists of 32 questions that responses to the scale range
from 4 (Strongly Agree), 3 (Agree), 2 (Disagree), and 1 (Strongly Disagree).
Scoring
To determine the working persons with disabilities’ life attitude at San
Pedro City Government in San Pedro City, Laguna. The following measures will
be used:
4 – Strongly Agree 3 – Agree 2 – Disagree
1 – Strongly Disagree
Data Gathering Procedures
The researchers will administered the survey instrument to the
respondents via online by using social media tools. First, the researchers will
asked the San Pedro Government office to provide them the list of working
persons with disabilities. After having the list, the researchers will conduct the
data gathering and explained to the respondents’ the purpose of the study via
online. Then, the researchers will introduced themselves to the selected working
persons with disabilities who will answer the prepared questionnaire. The
researchers will explain the procedures of answering questionnaire and
guaranteed then of confidentiality. The questionnaires will be collected right after

they had answered them. The gathered data will be tallied, tabulated, analyzed,
and interpreted.
Statistical Treatment
The following statistical tools will be used to the gathered data:
1. Weighted mean will be used to determine the working persons with disabilities’
(a) level of loneliness, (b) social connectedness, and (c) life attitude.
2. Pearson r will be used to determine if there is significant relationship in the
working persons with disabilities’ (a) level of loneliness, social connectedness,
and life attitude.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232415373_A_study_on_loneliness_level_of_s
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https://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?
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A Research Study About Loneliness, Social Connectedness and Life Attitude of Working Persons With Disability

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A Research Study About Loneliness, Social Connectedness and Life Attitude of Working Persons With Disability

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PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MUNTINLUPA

College of Arts and Sciences

THE RELATIONSHIP OF LONELINESS, SOCIAL CONNECTEDNESS AND

LIFE ATTITUDE AMONG WORKING PERSON WITH DISABILITIES

An Undergraduate Thesis Presented to

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree

Espinili, Justine Claire A.

The Problem and Its Background

Disability is part of the human condition and almost everyone will be

temporarily or permanently impaired at some point in life. According to The

International Labor Organization estimates that there are approximately 700

million people who are classified as disabled worldwide as of (July, 2017).

Employment provides the opportunity to earn an income, forge social

become financially independent and to contribute towards community

development and wider society.

expansion of services that aims to benefit the differently-abled. It also stipulated

have independent living and be able to participate more in the mainstream

There is however difficulties encountered by the group and example of this

in society, the experience of loneliness at work has generated little conceptual

discussion and empirical substantiation.

Despite its pervasiveness in

Despite its pervasiveness in

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

A study or employment profile of person with disabilities (PWDs).

According to the Department of Health, in the Philippines the latest Census of

Based on the study of The Philippine Institute for Development Studies

secondary jobs or engaged themselves in informal and/or small-scale businesses

such as operating a sari-sari store, e-load retail business, charcoal or ice

vending, among others.

those PWDs do not allow their disabled members to seek employment.

out and interact with other people.

employment rate in the rural area, followed closely by mobility-impaired. In the

urban area, however, the hearing-impaired has the highest proportion of

economically inactive members.

As stated by the Association of Persons with Disability in the City of San

The researcher’s curiosity serve as a driver to determine the relationship

of social connectedness, loneliness, and life attitude of those working persons

The researcher’s aims to find out the level of social connectedness,

City Government, Laguna.

Connectedness Theory of Ryan J. Hulbert (1985)

Belongingness is a powerful, fundamental, and pervasive human need based on

importance in feeling connected to others (Maslow, 1968). Extensive evidence underlines

telephone, text messaging, email, instant messaging, and online communities as

broadened our communication horizon significantly. Because Communication technology

affords social interaction of awareness of people situation, activities, well-being over

shown that meditated communication helps maintain feeling of closeness after a

( Ijsselsteijn, Vanvaren, & Vanlanen, 2003; Markopoulus, Romero, Vanvaren,

literature on mediated communication application (Biocca, Harms & Burgoon, 2003).

Social present differs markedly from connectedness; were as social connectedness is a

feeling of connectednes is to be collected and used a relevant knowledge in the Fields of

and embed belongingness in the context of both mediated and unmediated

Attitude Theory of Festinger (1957)

influential to various psychological functions. Attitudes can be influential on many

processes such as being useful, social, relating to values, or reduction of

world. In the late 1950s when psychoanalysis and behaviourism reigned

and Kats, Daniel (1960) separately and independently developed typologies of

functioning. The function of an attitude is more important than whether the

attitude is accurate or correct.

Loneliness Theory of D. Perlman (1982)

feels unconcious as a result of living alone, lack of close family or friends,

Hawkley & John T. Cacioppo. 2010

Figure 1. The Relationship of Loneliness, Social Connectedness, and

Life Attitude to Persons Working with Disability