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MODULATION
Rohit Kamath (08307920)
Sarang Pendharkar(08307002)
Nitin Soni(08307R24)
At the receiver an Adaptive wavelet packet analysis filter is used to get back the four
orthogonal wavelet packet bases. And the data can be extracted out of them by taking a dot
product with the corresponding bases functions. The structure of the filter bank is simplified
by using Nobel’s Identity for downsampling and upsampling fig. 3. And each branch of the
analysis filter uses an adaptive filter to reduce the noise and fading effects. Structure of the
adaptive filter is shown in fig.4(a)
Fig. 4(a) Adaptive modification of receiver Wave packet analysis part (b) Transversal adaptive filter
A single input adaptive transversal filter is used in each branch of the modified tree,
fig.4(b). Weight update equation for LMS is given by
ܹାଵ = ܹ + 2ߤ݁ ܺ
Where Wn is the adaptive weights of the filter at nth iteration, en = dn-yn and Xn is the
input signal vector taken L at a time, where L is the number of taps in the filter.
The advantage of having such an adaptive filter is that it provides the necessary
filtering to the decomposed signal which would reduce the effect of channel on the
transmitted signal. After enough number of iterations this filter can effectively remove many
channel effects
Here we try to replicate the conditions of the receiver at the transmitter itself. Hence a
simulated noisy input (x’(n))
x’(n)) is given to the replica of receiver along with a predefined
desired signal, fig.5(a).. The adaptive filter part in each branch of the analysis filter bank
adjusts its weights suitable to the channel condition and hence the LMS algorithm converges
after several iterations.. The same procedure is simultaneously repeated for each tree structure
and the best tree is the one which has minimum mean square error (MSE) at the end of
transmission of the predefined signal.
signal
At the receiver a similar structure is built where in, the tree structure with minimum
MSE is selected for decoding. For this to happen,happen initial training sequence needs to be
transmitted.
As mentioned earlier that we need to maintain a constant bit rate irrespective of the
tree structure, for a particular depth. In order to achieve this, more bits are given in series to
certain branches which have less number of filters in cascade than others. For example
considering the tree shown in fig.1(b) the first branch is given two symbols of information,
informatio
whereas others are given single symbol.
Fig. 7 LMS mean square error against iterations for tree1 and tree2
Notice that in fig.6 initial training symbols received are in error. After the
convergence of LMS the output symbols are correct. Also in fig.7 minimum MSE is less for
tree1.
Conclusion
Wavelet Packet Modulation with adaptive filter gives very good performance even
under very low SNR conditions. These wavelet packets are more immune to Inter symbol
interference and inter channel interference. Different channel conditions require transmission
using different tree structures for better performance. This modulation scheme gives more
flexibility in the selection of carriers which is very much required in future communication
systems such as cognitive radio.
References
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14 Oct. 2008 Page(s):1 - 4
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4244-1643-1/08/$25.00 _ 2008 IEEE
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