FACULTY OF CHEMICAL & NATURAL RESOURCES ENGINEERING

FINAL EXAMINATION

COURSE : ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

COURSE CODE : BKC4543

LECTURER : AZILAH BINTI AJIT @ ABD AZIZ

NOORMAZLINAH AHMAD
SITI HAJAR NOOR
SAID NURDIN

DATE : 8 JUNE 2016

DURATION : 3 HOURS

SESSION/SEMESTER : SESSION 2015/2016 SEMESTER II

PROGRAMME CODE : BKC

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATE:

1. This question paper consists of FOUR (4) questions. Answer ALL questions.
2. All answers to a new question should start on new page.
3. All the calculations and assumptions must be clearly stated.
4. Candidates are not allowed to bring any material other than those allowed by
the invigilator into the examination room.

EXAMINATION REQUIREMENTS:

- APPENDICES

DO NOT TURN THIS PAGE UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO

This examination paper consists of SIXTEEN (16) printed pages including front page.

CONFIDENTIAL BKC/151611JBKC4543

QUESTION 1

a) Separation of solids from liquid, stabilization of separated solids, disinfection of

pathogenic micro-organisms and proper reuse or disposal of treated liquid and
solids are technical goal for wastewater treatment methods. Define TWO (2)
processes that involved in the physical, chemical and biological wastewater
treatment.
(6 Marks)

b) A wastewater-treatment plant from BASF Petronas processes an average flow of 14

550 m3/d and the peak flows as high as 20 500 M3 /d with the diameter of primary
clarifier is 18 m.
i) Determine the surface overflow rate and the approximate removal efficiency
for BOD5 and suspended solids at average flow.
(6 Marks)
ii) Calculate the surface overflow rate and the approximate removal efficiency for
BOD5 and suspended solids at peak flow.

(3 Marks)
iii) Design a primary clarifier to remove approximately 58% of the suspended
solids at average flow if the primary clarifier is circular tank with sidewall depth
(h)of4in.
(10 Marks)

QUESTION 2

a) A consultant "GREEN YOUTH" is designing to construct ponds with suspended

culture systems without sludge recycle for an industrial wastewater treatment. Briefly
discuss the main differences between the ponds and the lagoons.
(5 Marks)

b) Biotowers with plastic modular medium were used for treatment of municipal
wastewater "A" and "B". The flow of wastewater "B" was 1.3 times the wastewater
flow "A". The wastewater "A" with the flow of 24045 m 3/d, BOD5 of 163 mg/L and

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CONFIDENTIAL BKC/151611JBKC4543

b) Biotowers with plastic modular medium were used for treatment of municipal wastewater
"A" and "B". The flow of wastewater "B" was 1.3 times the wastewater flow "A". The
wastewater "A" with the flow of 24045 m 3/d, BOD5 of 163 mgIL and 192 mg/L
suspended solid was processed using biotower "M". Biotower "N" handled the wastewater
"B" with BOD5 of 180 mgIL and 273 mg/L suspended solid. The pilot plant analysis
established the treatability constant of 0.05 min - ' at 20 °C and coefficient relating to the
medium characteristics of 0.5 for each biotowers containing 3 units. The biotowers were
operated with the recirculation ratio of 2:1, depths of 7.2 m, temperatures were 24 °C
(maximum) and 15 °C (minimum). You as an engineer required to choose biotower M or N
will be used for you company if BOD 5 effluents (A&B) is set at 18 mg/L. Justify your
answer with the estimate the required length of each biotowers.
(20 Marks)

QUESTION 3
Pollution is now a common place term that our ears are attuned to. Air pollution is one such
form that refers to the contamination of the air, irrespective of indoors or outside. A physical,
biological or chemical alteration to the air in the atmosphere can be termed as pollution. It
occurs when any harmful gases, dust, smoke enters into the atmosphere and makes it difficult
for plants, animals and humans to survive as the air becomes dirty.

a) Define air pollution from an environmental engineer's view.

(3 Marks)

b) Tragedy of Haze 2015 implicates huge impacts to Malaysia society and it was
contributed by the particulates. Classified particles according to its size range and
explain the limitation of visibility during this phenomenon. (Applies formula if
necessary)

(7 Marks)

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CONFIDENTIAL BKC/1516111BKC4543

c) A mining plant decides to burn 8.75 tonnes/ hours of bauxite and discharges the
combustion products through a stack height of 100 m. The bauxite has sulphur content
of 10.2 percent, and the wind velocity at the top of the stack is 2.5 m/s. Atmospheric
conditions are stable. Determine the maximum ground level concentration of SO 2 and
the distance from the stack at which the maximum occurs.

(15 Marks)

QUESTION 4
a) In Malaysia, average amount of municipal solid waste (MSW) generated is 0.5-0.8
kg/person/day and has increased to 1.7 kg/person/day in major cities. With proper
management, municipal waste solid waste has the opportunity to become a precious
resource and fuel for the sustainable energy.
i) Define the important properties of municipal solid waste if they will be used as
fuel.
(5 Marks)
ii) Estimate the overall chemical composition of solid waste sample based on the data
below (Table 1).
Table 1: Composition of waste sample
Waste Wet mv Dry ma Composition (kg)

C H 0 N S Ash

Paper 45 41 17.4 2.50 18.61 0.13 0.08 2.24

Cardboard 10 9.4 4.18 0.53 4.23 0.03 0.02 0.41

Plastics 10 9.3 5.45 0.69 2.23 0 0 0.91

Wood 5 4 1.90 0.24 1.71 0.01 0 0.06

Food wastes 15 4.5 2.16 0.29 1.68 0.11 0.02 0.23

(10 Marks)

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CONFIDENTIAL BKC/1516111BKC4543

b) Solid waste from Taman Astana Permai is to be collected using Hauled-Container

System. Based on 8 working hours a day with distance from Taman Astana Permai to
Sampah Sanitary Landfill is 40 km. Time taken from garage to first container and from
last container is 20 minutes each, while time taken driving between containers is 10
minutes. Determine the number of containers can be collected and waste can be
disposed at Sampah Sanitary Landfill a day if the maximum speed limit along the road
is 65 km/hour.
(10 Marks)

END OF QUESTION PAPER

CONFIDENTIAL BKC/1516111BKC4543

APPENDICES

Al- TABLE OF FORMULAS

= DOl-DOf CDAPPV
1. BOD P 19. P =
2
2. L = L0 (l - e_<t)
- fL(1-e) Vs2
3. k = k20OT-20° 20.
hf - e3gd
1/2
9ib 21.f= 150
4 d50 =
(2 7r NeviPP)
NR eI

22. hf = L(1-e) V 2 ftxt

k1L0 (e -d i t - e_c2t) + Doe_c2t
5 D k2-k1 e 3 d11

In 1! (i - D k2-k1 0.22
6. t k2 -k1 L k1 ' k1L0 1]
= 23.efb =()
7. t - L(1-e)
U
1- efb
8. Dc= Loe_k1tc
XIi
25.Lfb=L(1-e)E 0.22
o R = øvtpd
-'• e JL
26.F, =M x!-
g(pp-pw)d2
10. Vt Ks(1+kdGc)
= 1811 =
27.5
Gc(11mkd)1
11. CD= 0.4
28.X = Oc(Y) (So -S)
24 O(1+kdOc)
12. CD
NR
29.6
24 3 Qo
13. CD =-+ 1/2 + 0.34
NR (NR) 30.VL

= 4 (p-p)d Q(s0-s)
14. Vt2 31. =
CD Pw M VX
15.X= 1_xo+fXOdx
0 170 32.6 QX
16. x1j=(i-)xi00 Y(S0-S) -kd
33.
p l/2
9
_
17. G =
Glit) 34. G ,, =VuXL

G = ( CDAPPVP'' 35.V= M
18. 1000xs
2V11 I
36. v = QU/A

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CONFIDENTIAL BKC/151611JBKC4543

37. G = MLSS X V 57. Ct = yr/cf

38.A_f 58.Nd=Vd/vr

39. M Y' X SODS XQ 59. H = [(t1 - t2 ) + Nd(PSCS + s + a + bx)]/( 1 - W)

40. M X SS >< Q
60. Nd = [(1- W)H - (tl_t 2 )I1(PhCS + s + a + bx)
41.H = h+lth
1.4
61. N = 60P5n/t
'A
42.Lh=d( u1 1+'
62. t = 0.72 + 0.18C + 0.014PRH
43. Lh [1.5 + (2.68 x T '' b-3d
63. CaHb OcNd + 4a+b-c-3d O -' aCO2 + --H2 O + dNH3NH3
44. = 0.707H
64. NH3+202-^H20+HNO3
=
45
S. (1+R)R e kD/Q 65.
4a - b - 2c + 3d
CaHbOCNd+ H20
So+RSe
46.SS. 4a+b- 2c-3d
CH4 +
4a-b +2c+3d
CO2 + dNH3
(1 + R) -, 8 8

47. 0 = (2L + L2)

48. v VhH
= -i-- 66. Chemical content \kg)
= 337C + 1428 (H - + 95S

= (18h1r)2 kJ kJ 100
49. d 67 kg
- = -
kg
(as discarded) 100-%moisture
\gLp,
1/2 ___ [ _ l (H \2
50. d50 =
9jb 68. Cmax = exp
2 I
\2irNevipp)
1 1 H\21
51.4=1-exp(---)
Aw 69. = (- I exp - 2lfy
exp i - -2't..Efzi \ 21
7ruoy i. .i [
ay

52. Th CS = (Phcs + s + a + bx) 70. Reaction rate constant, k1 = k20(1.047)T_20

53. P, CS = pc + uc + dbc 71. Reaeration rate constant, k2 k20(1.016)T_20

54. Tscs = (Pscs + S + a + bx) 72. meq

m// as CaCO L x equivalent mass for CaCO
55.PCtuc+(71p_1)(Tht =

VN
56. V = r

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CONFIDENTIAL BKC/1516111BKC4543

A2- PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER

Fable C-I Physical properties of water (SI units)

.specific [.)vn:ni K eirtk Sttrfdct Vapor

wilit. Dnsiv. esci1v. i:stL:.' vsOst' . 1sI)n,l pr.sure.
Temprzuure, y. p. 1:710", x 101. r x 10, . .. p
kN;m kgm3 kN!m2 N- NN In kN/rn

0 9805 9998 I 9$ .751 1.785 0.0765 0.61

5 9.807 1000.0 2.05 1.51$ I .519 0,0749 0.87
10 9,804 999.7 2.0 1.307 .706 0.0742 1.23
15 9.798 999,1 2.15 1.139 1,139 0,0735 1.70
.20 9,789 .998.2 2.17 .1102 1.003 0.0728 2,34
25 9 777 997.0 2.22 0.890 (1.893 0.0720 3.17
30 9.764 995 7 2.25 0,798 0.800 0.0712 4.24
40 9,730 '992.2 2.28 0.653 0.658 0.0696 7.38
50 9.689 9589 '2.29 0,547 0.553 0.0679 12.33
60 9.642 983.2 2.25 0466 0.474 0.0662 19.92
70 9,5$9 9778 2.25 0.404 0,413 0.0644 31.16
80 9.530 971.8 2.20 0.354 0.364 0.0626 47,34
'90 9.466 '963.3 2,14 0.315 0326 0.0608 70.10
100 9,399 958.4 2.07 0.282 (L294 0.0589 101.33

At atmespltcr;c pressure
In contact wth air.

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CONFIDENTIAL BKC/1516111BKC4543

A3- EQUILIBRIUM CONCENTRATION (mg/L) OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN

Table C-3 Equilibrium concentrations (mg/L) of dis-

solved oxygen* as a function of temperature and
chloride
Chloride concentration, mg/L
Temperature,
0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000

0 14.62 13.79 12.97 12.14 11.32

1 14.23 13.41 12.61 11.82 11.03
2 13.84 13.05 12.28 11.52 10.76
3 13.48 12.72 11.98 11.24 10.50
4 13.13 12.41 11.69 10.97 10.25
5 12.80 12.09 11.39 10.70 10:01
6 12.48 11.79 11.12 10.45 9.78
7 12.17 11.51 10.85 10.21 9.57
8 11.87 11:24 10.61 9.98 9.36
9 11.59 10.97 10.36 9.76 9.17
10 11.33 10.73 10.13 9.55 8.98
Ii 11.08 10.49 9.92 9.35 8.80
12 10.83 10.28 9.72 9.17 8.62
13 10.60 10.05 9.52 8.98 8.46
14 10.37 9.85 9.32 8.80 8.30
15 10.15 9.65 9.14 8.63 8.14
16 995 946 896 847 799
17 974 926 878 830 784
18 9.54 9.07 8.62 8.15 7.70
19 9.35 8.89 8.45 8.00 7.56
20 9.17 873 8.30 7.86 7.42
21 8.99 8:57 8.14 7.71 7.28
22 8.83 8.42 7.99 7.57 7.14
23 8.68 8.27 7.85 7.43 7.00
24 8.53 8.12 7.71 7.30 6.87
25 838 7.96 7.56 7.15 6.74
26 8.22 7.81 7.42 7.02 6.61
27, 8.07 7.67 7.28 6.88 6.49
28 792 7.53 7.14 6.75 637
29 7.77 7.39 7.00 6.62 6.25
30 7.63 7.25 6.86 6.49 6.13

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CONFIDENTIAL BKC/151611/BKC4543

A4- SUSPENDED SOLIDS AND BOD REMOVAL AS A FUNCTION OF

OVERFLOW RATE

70

60

50

I-

30

20

10
0 20 40 60 8.0 1,00
Ovorflow rate mid

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CONFIDENTIAL BKC/151611JBKC4543

A5- DENSITY AND VISCOCITY OF PURE AIR

[I IL II ILLIIIIL IL I liii
I I LT I I0

1 .4

o •.
0
o.g
3

0.

IEEF EH EiEiEE:EE 0.4

0.2

0 200 300 400 500 000 00 800 900 WOO

Cf
T•rc

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BKC/1516111BKC4543
CONFIDENTIAL

46- PASQUILL SlAISIL1IY

Table 1: The Pasqiiill stability classes
--
'StabiIuty cls Defiitin StalHlItyla einIIjH1

A very unstable D neutral

B unstable E slightly stable
C slightly unstable F stable

Table 2: Meteoroloqical conditions that (lefule the Pas(llIill stability classes

wufr .- 41 1avili n III coInIn4j solir, i )di dfloti. , NuJlittIn4.1 croii(ii cove
L ün I 4oderate 51.,
<2 <5 A A—B B E F
2-3 5-7 A—B B C E F
3-5 7-11 B B—C C D E
5-6 11-13 C C—D 0 D 0
>6 >13 C 0 D 0 D
Note: Class D applies to heavily overcast skies, at any wiiidspeed day or night

A7- LATERAL DIFFUSION COEFFICIENT

3x IC

—3

Dtstc,rur from ource (rn)

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CONFIDENTIAL BKC/1516111BKC4543

A8- VERTICAL DIFFUSION COEFFICIENT

It

Iof

4*
Distance from source (m)

A9-PHYSICAL COMPOSITION FOR SOLID WASTE

Table 1.0: Typi data on moisture content of municipal solid waste

Component Moisture

Food Wastes 50-80 70

Paper 4-10 6
Cardboard 4-8 5
Plastics 1-4 2
Textiles 6-15 10
Rubber 1-4 2
Leather 8-12 10
Garden trimmings 30-80 60
Wood 15-40 20
Glass 1-4 2
Tin cans 2-4 3
Ferrous metals 2-6 3
Nonferrous metals 2-6 2

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CONFIDENTIAL BKC/151611JBKC4543

Table 2.0: Typical data on densities of municipal solid waste

Component

Food Wastes 120-480 290

Paper 30-130 85
Cardboard 30-80 50
Plastics 30-130 65
Textiles 30-100 65
Rubber 90-200 130
Leather 90-260 160
Garden trimmings 60-225 105
Wood 120-320 240
Glass 160-480 195
Tin cans 45-160 90
Ferrous metals 120-1200 320
Nonferrous metals 60-240 160

Table 3.0: Typical data on energy of municipal solid waste

Component

Food Wastes 3500-7000 4,650

Paper 11,600-18,600 16,750
Cardboard 13,950-17,450 16,300
Plastics 27,900-37,200 32,600
Textiles 15,100-18,600 17,450
Rubber 20,900-27,900 23,250
Leather 15,000-19,800 17,450
Garden trimmings 2,300-18,600 6,500
Wood 17,450-19,800 18,000
Glass 100-250 150
Tin cans 250-1,200 700
Ferrous metals 250-1,200 700
Nonferrous metals

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CONFIDENTIAL BKC/151611/BKC4543

AlO- Typical data on ultimate analysis of the combustible components in municipal

solid waste

Component Percent by mass (dry basis)

Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Sulfur Ash

Food Wastes 48.0 6.4 37.6 2.6 0.4 5.0

Paper 43.5 6.0 44.0 0.3 0.2 6.0
Cardboard 44.0 5.9 44.6 0.3 0.2 5.0
Plastics 60.0 7.2 22.8 - - 10.0
Textiles 55.0 6.6 31.2 4.6 0.15 2.5
Rubber 78.0 10.0 - 2.0 - 10.0
Leather 60.0 8.0 11.6 10.0 0.4 10.0
Garden 47.8 6.0 38.0 3.4 0.3 4.5
trimmings
Wood 49.5 6.0 42.7 0.2 0.1 1.5
Glass
Tin cans
Ferrous metals
Nonferrous
metals

T,nit-1 rintn fnr hiii1 r.nn.qtnntrtiefficient a and h

Speed limit a b
hltrip
km/h mi/h h/km h/mi
88 55 0.016 0.011 0.018
72 45 0.022 0.014 0.022
56 35 0.034 0.018 0.029
40 25 0.050 0.025 0.040

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 BKC/151611JBKC4543
CONFIDENTIAL

Typical data for computing equipment and labor requirements for hauled and stationary
¼AJ11tafll%eI #JLA1'ASJ&
c'(ic1-pmQ ___________________
Collection Compaction Pick up Empty At site time,
vehicle Loading ratio r loaded contents of s
method container loaded (h/trip)
and deposit container
empty (h/container)
container
(h/trip)
Hauled
container
systems
Tilt frame Mechanical 0.40 0.127
Tilt frame Mechanical 2.0-4.0 0.40 0.133
Stationary
container
systems
Compactor Mechanical 2.0-4.0 0.050 0.10
Compactor Manual 2.0-4.0 0.10

All- Relationship between S/S 0 and kO

1IUIII
kUji!iii I
•I1ILL II
0
0
>4 III
II
_II11i\III
8 0 20 40 60

t re irii In urn, S/So

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