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CRITICAL BOOK REVIEW (CBR)

TITLE OF BOOK
Theory and Reality : An Introduction to the Philosophy of Science

PROGRAM PASCASARJANA
DEPARTEMEN LINGUISTIK TERAPAN BAHASA INGGRIS
UNIVERSITAS NEGERI MEDAN
2019
PREFACE

By expressing gratitude the writer thanked Allah SWT who with his
generosity has provided the opportunity for the writer to be able to complete this
Critical Book Review task.
In this writing, the writer conducts a review by criticizing a book, in which
the hope of the writer with this work is expected later readers will benefit the
readers and those who enjoy quality books.
The author compiles this Critical Book Review, realizing that this critical
book review is far from perfect. Therefore he expects suggestions and
constructive criticism. For the attention of lecturers and friends caregivers of
Curriculum and Learning, the authors say thank you.

Medan, Desember 2019


The writer,

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Pages
PREFACE.................................................................................................................
TABLE OF CONTENTS.........................................................................................
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION...........................................................................
CHAPTER II SUMMARY......................................................................................
CHAPTER III STRENGTH ..................................................................................
CHAPTER IV WEAKNESS...................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................

1. Internal relations of the book chapters..........................................................


2. Currency of the book content.........................................................................
3. Difficulty level of language...........................................................................
CHAPTER V IMPLICATION FOR.................................................................
1. Theories..........................................................................................................
2. Developmental programs in Indonesia...........................................................
3. The writer’s position......................................................................................
CHAPTER VI CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
REFERENCES.........................................................................................................

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

Bibliographic Information

Name of Book : Theory and Reality : An An Introduction to the


Philosophy of Science
Author : Peter Godfrey-Smith

Year : 2003

Publisher : The University of Chicago

City : London

ISBN : 0-226-30063-3
CHAPTER II

SUMMARY

2.1 The Empiricist Tradition

In the beginning to prove a theory is very difficult because under pressure,


but now this view has developed into "logical positivism,". Initially, knowledge
was understood as an experience, which meant that what was experienced was a
patterned thought and response that was considered a fundamental empirical idea
so that experience was interpreted as a concept of learning knowledge.

Empirical experts such as Locke and Hume insist that experience is our
way of knowing what the world is like. Kant argues that thinking involves a
process of interaction between experience and prior knowledge and our task is to
understand space, time, and cause and effect that cannot be derived from
experience, because one must have basic concepts of empirical views to avoid the
influence of thought passive.

Empirical experts do have to avoid too simple a description of how


experience influences trust. The mind does not passively accept traces of facts.
That the role of the active and creative mind must be recognized. The trick is to
avoid this problem while remaining true to basic empirical principles. As I said
above, in the history of philosophy the term "rationalism" is often used for views
that oppose empiricism. A rational view will reduce the various problems that
arise from traditional empiricism such as the influence of religion, worldly, and
politics.

2.2 The Vienna Circle

Logical positivism is a form of empiricism that developed in Europe


which had an orientation to scientific facts, known as the wina circle. Logical
positivism is interpreted as a form of scientific justification with an intellectual
context and historical logic approach. Language philosophy also requires a way to
gather new empirical knowledge gained from the emergence of problems and
problem solving. The positivist logically was inspired by developments in science
in the early years of the twentieth century, especially Einstein's work.

However, in its development the logical positivist philosophers have experienced


setbacks due to their arrogant, illogical, dogmatic, and politically dangerous
systems of thought so that the empirical views turn into idealists derived from
ideas of thought developing at that time called absolute idealism that are relevant
to scientific facts because they originate from unclear literary data so that the
factual meanings that might be intended to be conveyed have been misinterpreted.

2.3 Central Ideas of Logical Positivism

The logical positivist view of science and knowledge is based on having a


theoretical ability. The theory of language itself has two main ideas, namely
analyticsynthetic differentiation and theories of meaning that can be verified.

Analytic-synthetic difference is based on the value of virtue or truth about the


meaning of a word that is formed based on how the language is understood,
meaning that a synthetic sentence is true or false interpreted in the actual
understanding. The example "All bachelors are definitely not married" is a
standard example of a correct analytical sentence. "All bachelors are not yet
dating" is an example of a synthetic sentence, in this case a false sentence. The
term "analytic-synthetic" introduced by Kant was made to be able to explain the
philosophical meaning of real science. Like mathematical knowledge with a real
empirical framework. Logical positivism of linguistics in mathematical studies
carried out using symbols in a certain way to synthesize words so that the
scientific meaning of an idea will be expressed into knowledge, but this is actually
difficult to accept at first by those who still believe in the concept of rationalist
tradition because it is considered unrealized; it is not gained from experience.

The logical positivist language theory is the theory of meaning verification. This
theory aims to find out the meaning of a sentence and know how to verify it. if a
sentence does not have the correct verification method then it means that the
sentence does not exist. Then the sentence needs to be interpreted properly in
accordance with its meaning, then testing is carried out in an effort to find out
whether something is true or false.

2.4 Problems and Changes

Problems and Changes Logical positivist ideas are always in a state of


change. Apparently there are many challenges that need to be faced to formulate
principles in accordance with science. Some of the real problems are simple.
Efforts to develop inductive logic also proceed with difficulty. This is
fundamental in translating ideas because there is a need for holistic testing to
express the true holistic meaning. This happens because it is difficult to
understand certain things without seeing them as a whole. In this case the
assumption of language can be likened to that we cannot test hypotheses or single
sentences separately. Instead, we can test complex assumptions, this is because
complex assumptions can be observed. But to test one claim, you need to make
assumptions about many other things. Often these assumptions take the form of
measurement tools, observational conditions, notes and observers, and so on.
Every time you test an idea, the test will be accompanied by a long and complex
statement that will be connected to the whole with a certain prediction. If the test
is carried out, then the statement can be used as a logical positive

2.5 Logical Empiricism

Logical analysis of language is a form of language that guides logical


empirical ideas about science. The theory was originally an abstract structure that
had many hypotheses that were very interrelated. These structures are connected,
as observable whole forms are called theories, but each part of a theory or concept
is a claim or hypothesis does not always have a specific relationship associated
with it. A term theory (such as "electron" or "gene") derives its meaning from the
understanding of structure and the connections between structures that proceed to
the realm of observation.
The logical positivist differences between observational and theoretical
parts of language are kept intact. Observation is the basis of science seen physical
description of what can be observed by explaining something means showing how
to conclude logical arguments, which illustrate the general idea for logical
positivism and logical empiricism, that logic is the main tool of the philosophy of
science.

We see that logical positivism argues that the main purpose of science is to
track patterns in experience. Logical positivism is formed when a scientist
conducts experiments by making structures that cannot be observed in the world
that we can see. Similarly, scientific language is only meaningful if it only has
patterns in the flow of experience and entities can be observed to help us choose
patterns in the observable realm. And if parts of the theory cannot be observed
correctly then it is considered incorrect.

2.6 Logical Empiricism

Empirical ideas logically dominated much of American philosophy, and


they were very influential elsewhere in the English-speaking world and in some
parts of Europe, in the mid-twentieth century. But in the mid 1960s that view was
clearly under threat; and by the mid or late 1970s, logical empiricism was almost
extinct. The fall of logical empiricism is caused by several factors, one of which is
the breakdown of the language view that forms the basis of many logical and
logical positivist empirical ideas besides that is the pressure of a holistic argument
which then historical frustration attempts to develop inductive logic, and finally
the development of roles new to fields such as history and psychology
CHAPTER III
STRENGTH
1. The topic of Logic plus Empiricism has been explained in detail by the author
2. In general, chapter 2 Logic plus Empiricism gives readers a good
understanding of the origin of the formation of detailed and directed
knowledge.
3. There are many expert perspectives on how an empirical experience becomes
knowledge and theory.
4. This chapter also thoroughly explains the process of how later an empirical
experience becomes knowledge through the stages of testing/justification.
CHAPTER IV

WEAKNESS

The weakness of this book is actually in the concept or language. but the
weakness in this chapter is the difficulty in understanding the essence of the
discussion of this chapter. I think some readers will probably have difficulty
understanding the language the writer uses in interpreting the thoughts expressed
in the book. To understand this chapter, it takes longer because most writing uses
vocabulary that is rarely used, making it difficult for readers to get important
messages from this book, as a result the possibility of losing the purpose of the
message to be conveyed by the author will be very high.
CHAPTER V

IMPLICATION FOR

1. This book can be used by anyone to understand the basis of the philosophy
of knowledge theory and reality, this book is very good to be used to
understand thoroughly how the formation of knowledge through the
process of proving an experience into a concept and is believed to be used
as a theory that can be verified through the hypothesis testing process.
2. he implication for the development of learning models in Indonesia is very
suitable to be applied in improving the ability of Indonesian academics to
apply a logical empirical approach in each of their research, so that the
truth value and validity of a research can be accounted for, in other words
by applying a logical / empirical model of thinking will reduce bias and
confusion from research conducted so that when applied in daily life can
also be applied well.
3. for writers, the critical review of this book provides me with the
understanding that writing scientific papers is systematic so that the same
can be learned from this task, to always try to do each task by using
reliable literature in making scientific ideas and must with a concrete proof
process through the use of appropriate methods.
CHAPTER VI

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

1) Conclusion
After studying this book, I realized that this chapter discusses historically
from the formation of knowledge to the aspects of changing knowledge and how
knowledge can be trusted and used as a theoretical basis. The discussion of the
topic of this chapter is actually detailed but it is difficult for me to understand the
meaning of the word by word, so I need to carefully interpret and perceive the
intent conveyed in this chapter. this book is recommended for us especially
University students who want to increase their understanding of logical thinking
and with logical thinking, we as part of English literature scholars in
understanding literary learning can know the true picture of the origin of English
knowledge.

2) Suggestion

Suggestions, the authors suggest that the learning philosophy of science


must be done by understanding the meaning of life experience. The author also
suggests that it is necessary to make details in writing the book so that the
message to be conveyed can be well received by the reader, this is to prevent the
occurrence of incorrect translation by the reader or failure to understand. The
connection with our learning is the importance of having logical or positive
thinking logic to create good work and can be easily understood by others
Reference

Godfrey-Smith, Peter. 2003. An An Introduction to the Philosophy of Science:


The University of Chicago. London
Gabbay, Dov. M., Thagard, Paul & Woods, John. 2012. Philosophy of
Linguistics. North Holland : The Netherlands. ISBN: 978-0-444-51747-0
Jaszczolt, Kasia M. 2016. Meaning in Linguistic Interaction.Oxford University
Press. United Kingdom
Stalmaszczyk, Piotr. 2014. Philosophy of Language and Linguistics.Walter de
Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston: ISBN 978-3-11-034258-1, e-ISBN 978-3-
11-034275-8

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