Module III

ILLUMINATION

ERANAD KNOWLEDGE CITY, COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE

 LIGHTING

 Lighting is a form of energy without which there can be no vision.

 When light strikes on an object, It may be reflected, absorbed or allowed to
pass through.
OBJECTIVE OF MODULE

 To understand importance of proper illumination from human factors point of view

eg. Ergonomics, anthropometrics, Psychology etc.

 To know about proper ambient lighting for areas where people work.
eg. to provide safety and prevent accidents.

 It may be necessary to consider modifications of the lighting design in order to

achieve the desired energy savings.

 To make effort to produce light sources with higher luminous efficacies, better color
rendering properties and longer life expectancies.
PRIMARY CONSIDERATIONS TO ENSURE ENERGY EFFICIENCY
IN LIGHTING SYSTEMS

1. Selection of the most efficient light source possible in order to minimize power
costs and energy consumption.

2. Matching the proper lamp type, to the intended work task or aesthetic
application, consistent with color, brightness control and other requirements.

3. Establishing adequate light levels to maintain

productivity
improve security and
increase safety.
LIGHT
Electromagnetic radiation that the unaided human eye can perceive, having a
wavelength in the range from about 370 to 800 nanometres (nm) and propagating at
the speed of 299,792.5 km/sec.

LIGHT EMISSION PHENOMENA

 Incandescence: Solids and liquids emit visible radiation when they are heated
to temperatures about 1000K. The intensity increases and the appearance
become whiter as the temperature increases.

 Electric Discharge: When an electric current is passed through a gas the atoms
and molecules emit radiation whose spectrum is characteristic of the elements
present.

 Electro luminescence: Light is generated when electric current is passed

through certain solids such as semiconductor or phosphor materials.
NATURE OF LIGHT
BASIC OF LIGHT
LAWS OF ILLUMINATION
Inverse square law I
The illumination E of a surface is directly proportional to Illumination, E  2
the intensity I and inversely proportional to the square of R
the distance R.

I W
R

Area A
This equation applies for perpendicular surfaces.

LAMBERT’S COSINE LAW

The illumination of a surface at any point is dependent upon the
cosine of the angle between the line of flux and normal at the
point
LUX
Lux is a standardized unit of measurement of the light
intensity (which can also be called “illuminance” or
“illumination”)

LUMEN
The lumen is a standardized unit of measurement of
the total amount of light that is produced by a light source,
such as a bulb or tube.

LUMEN & LUX

Luminous flux

A measure of the total quantity of visible light emitted by a source.

Luminous flux is the amount of light radiated by a light source per
second.

Lumen (unit) The lumen (symbol: lm) is the SI derived unit of luminous flux

Lux meter

A lux meter for measuring illuminances in work places.

The lux (symbol: lx) is the SI unit of illuminance and luminous
emittance, measuring luminous flux per unit area. ... In photometry,
this is used as a measure of the intensity, as perceived by the human
eye, of light that hits or passes through a surface.
 DIRECT AND INDIRECT LUMINARY SYSTEM
Direct lighting
• In this type,light directly falls from the source.
• The shades or globes are provided to cover the source from the line of vision
• Efficient but causes glare and shadows
• The correct and uniform light in a room is obtained by correctly locating the lamps at
different places

Indirect lighting
• In this case, light does not reach the surface directly
• Maximum light is thrown towards the ceiling from where it is diverted to the room through
diffuse reflection.
• Suitable for offices, workshops, where shadow less light is preferred
• Drawback-depressive to eye
Diffused lighting
• When light fitting are completely enclosed or concealed, as with some globes and ceiling
panels, the light is diffused since it passes through the glass or plastic.
• Diffused lighting is also glare- free and produces a flat appearance.

Semi-indirect lighting
• In this system, about 50% of the light is sent from the source directly on the reading plane and
about 30% is sent upward
• Diffused globes are preferred in this case, which avoids glare
• It provides uniform distributed light in a room
 TYPES OF LIGHTING

Ambient lighting/general lighting

Ambient lighting provides overall illumination for a room, and is intended to create
a uniform light level throughout a space, independent of any special lighting that
may be needed in targeted areas of a room.

example: ceiling-mounted or recessed fixtures that direct light downwards; wall

sconces or floor-lamp torchieres that wash the walls with light; cove, soffit and
valance lighting that bounces light off ceilings and walls.
Task lighting

• Targeted to a particular area of a room, task lighting is intended to illuminate a

specific function
• It should be free of distracting glare and shadows and should be bright
enough to prevent eyestrain.
• Task lighting is usually achieved with recessed and track lighting, pendant
lighting, portable lamps, or desk lamps.
Accent lighting

• Accent lighting is the use of a concentrated light on

an area or subject to create a visual point of
interest. Accent lighting is often used to spotlight
architectural features, paintings, plants, sculptures or
collectables.
• Creating effective accent lighting typically requires
at least three times as much light on the focal point
as the general lighting around it.
• Accent lighting is usually is created by using track,
recessed, or wall-mounted fixtures
 METHODS OF LIGHTING
ARCHITECTURAL AND BUILT IN LIGHTING NON ARCHITECTURAL LIGHTING
• Valence lighting • Ceiling fixtures
• Cornice lighting • Wall fixtures
• Cove lighting • Portable lamps
• Track lighting
• Soffit lighting

Cove lighting
• This consists of placing continuous series of fluorescent
tubes in a groove along one or more walls of a room,
about 12 inches from the ceiling
• The light reflects off the ceiling and batches the room
in indirect light
Cornice lighting
• A cornice is installed under the ceiling, with a fixture
hidden beneath so as to direct light downwards
only.
• This can give a dramatic effect on drapery, pictures
and wall coverings

Track lighting

• It consists of lamps fixed to the ceiling or wall in an array

to offer great variety.
• One strip often holds spot light, floodlights and even
hanging fixtures that may be turned around to follow
furniture placement
• The tracks can be themselves movable as well for even
more flexible arrangements
Soffit lighting

• This refers to built in light source under a panel.

• It may be fixes to a ceiling or under a cabinet
• Soffit lighting is often used over a sink other work areas

Valence lighting

Lighting from sources that are concealed and shielded by a board or panel at the
wall-ceiling intersection. This lighting may be directed either upward or downward.
DAYLIGHTING
What is day lighting?
Day lighting is the practice of placing windows or other openings and reflective surfaces so that
during the day natural light provides effective internal lighting.

Daylight as two distinct sources of light:

Sunlight – That part of solar radiation that reaches the earth’s surface as parallel rays after
selective attenuation by the atmosphere.
Skylight – That part of solar radiation that reaches the earth’s surface as a result of scattering in the
atmosphere.

Sunlight and skylight may therefore be considered as the direct and diffuse
components of daylight.
The quantity of daylight obtained within a room will be dependent upon:

• The orientation, geometry and space planning of the spaces to be lit.

• The dimensions and orientation of the openings through which daylight
will pass.
• The location and surface properties of any internal partitions which may
reflect and distribute the daylight.
• The location, form and dimensions of any shading devices which will
provide protection from too much light and glare.
• The light and thermal characteristics of the glazing materials used.

Atrium Rooflight
Clerestorey

Window
 Controlling daylight

A range of methods are available to control the amount of daylight that penetrates
into the building.
Fixed external – Permanently obstructs skylight and is maintenance free, but is
architecturally dominating.
Variable external – Allows the maximisation of skylight but can suffer from
maintenance problems.
Variable internal – Absorbs solar radiation and acts as a secondary heat source
within the building. Effective for visual comfort.

Various methods of controlling daylight

In addition, further control can be provided by the choice of glazing type.
DAYLIGHT FACTOR

Interior daylight is measured using a parameter known as the Daylight Factor (DF).
The daylight factor is defined as:

Interior illuminance
Daylight factor (%)  100
Simultaneous horizontal unobstructed exterior illuminance

The Daylight Factor is a combination of 3 separate

components:
 The sky component (SC) – the light received directly from the
sky.
 The externally reflected component (ERC) - the light received
directly by reflection from buildings and obstructions outside the
room.
 The internally reflected component (IRC) - the light received
from surfaces inside the room.
DF = SC + ERC + IRC
Glare from daylight

Glare from daylight can be reduced by:

Using solar control devices - such as external screens and louvres, glass of low
transmittance, or internal blinds and curtains
Other methods of decreasing the contrast between the interior and the view of the
sky - such as ensuring that the window wall is light coloured.
 Innovative daylighting technologies

A number of innovative daylighting technologies are available which are

capable of redirecting the incoming sunlight or skylight to the areas where it is
required.
Mirror system
The technologies available include:
Sunlight tracking systems - have mirrors and/or lenses
that follow the sun and redirect its light to a required
location.
 heliostat and light pipe systems.
 mirror systems.

Daylighting systems - redirect diffuse skylight and

usually sunlight as well. They generally modify or
supplement an existing window or rooflight.
 light shelves.
 Innovative daylighting technologies

Light shelves

These can be used to redirect sunlight and skylight deep into

a space. Both interior and exterior light shelves are
available.
Exterior shelves can also function as a shading device.

The performance of light shelves depends upon the proportion

of the shelf which is situated inside or outside the space.

They can also be used to control sunlight and reduce glare.

 Advantages of daylighting

The utilisation of daylight in buildings has a number of advantages, namely:

• It can make a significant contribution to energy efficiency.

• It has a variability and subtlety which is more pleasing than the
relatively monotonous environment produced by artificial lighting.
• It helps to create optimum working conditions by bringing out the
natural contrast and colour of objects.
• Windows and skylights give occupants contact with the outside world.
• The presence of natural light can bring a sense of well-being
and awareness of the wider environment.
• It is also claimed that exposure to natural light can have a beneficial
effect on human health.

However, due to its uncertainty and variability, daylighting cannot provide

adequate illumination of the internal environment all of the time. Therefore, artificial
lighting systems must always be incorporated into buildings in order to
supplement daylighting when this is required.
ATRIUM LIGHTING
INTRODUCTION
• Atrium is the Latin word which is referred to be as open central court.
• It is also called as the heart of structure.
• Atrium is a large open space of several stories high and having a glazed roof or large
windows which are situated within a large multi-level shopping malls, luxurious
hotels and prestigious offices.
• Atrium are a popular design feature because they give their buildings "a feeling of
space and light.
ARCHITECTURAL ASPECTS OF ATRIUM BUILDINGS
• It generates a number of possibilities to urban design.
• Some odd sites could be dealt with easily by inserting the atrium into it as any creative shape
could be generated by an atrium.
• Act as a cultural centre by holding activities such as musical performances, exhibitions and
shows.
• Visual connection to all activities taking place around the atrium.

ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF ATRIUM BUILDINGS

• usually bring along the thermal comfort and daylight which are essential to minimize
consumption of unrenewable energy.
ENERGY EFFICIENT LIGHTING
Energy Consumption in India
• One-fifth of electricity consumption in India is through lighting
• Lighting contributes significantly to peak load
• A large portion of total lighting is used in inefficient technologies
• About 400 million light points in India today are lighted by incandescent bulbs; their
replacement by CFLs and LEDs would lead to a reduction of over 10,000 MW in electricity
demand.

Why energy efficient lighting?..

• Enormous energy savings are possible using energy efficient equipment, effective controls,
and careful design.
• Using less electric lighting reduces heat gain, thus saving air-conditioning energy and
improving thermal comfort.
• Exhaustion of Non Renewable Sources for electricity generation
• Leads to reduction of investment for expansion of electric power sector

Colour Rendering Index(CRI)

• “Effect of an illuminant on the colour appearance of objects by conscious or subconscious
comparison with their colour appearance under a reference illuminant”
• Ability of a light source to accurately reproduce colors of objects in comparison with an
ideal source
• Good - Day light, incandescent, metal halide, good LED’s (80-100)
• Bad - Low pressure sodium lamp has poor colour rendering (0-10)
• Average - High pressure sodium has average colour rendering 20-60)
Energy Efficiency Techniques
• Use of Day light, turn off the lights when not required
• Proper maintenance of lamps
• Replacement with energy efficient lamps
• Incorporate proper lighting controls
• Use of electronic chokes instead of conventional electromagnetic ballasts
• Use of dimming controls
• Use of 28 watt T5 instead of 40 watt standard FTL

Selecting lamps

• select lamps with high colour rendering.

• Lamps used for general lighting scheme should comply with following:
1. Point light source:-all the point light sources installed in the building for general
lighting should be Compact Fluorescent Lamp(CFL) based or Light Emitting
Diode(LED) based with minimum lamp efficiency of 50lm/W
2. Linear light source:-all the linear light sources installed in the building for general
lighting should be T-5 or at least four star BEE rated TFLs(Tubular Fluorescent
Lamps)
3. Ballasts:- all the ballasts installed should be electronic or low loss copper
ballasts
•For external lighting
•Integration with renewable energy sources:-15% of the total external lighting load shall be met from
renewable energy sources(solar,wind,biomass,fuelcells etc)

Lighting controls
• Most common methods of control:
• Dimming:-Varying the light output of a lamp or
luminaire
• Manually via local control
• Automatically in conjunction with photo sensors or
timers
• Time-based switching devices
• Photo sensors
• Occupancy/motion detectors
Dimming Requirements
• For incandescent and halogen - an external dimming control is sufficient (those that replace a
light switch are often called “wall box” dimmers)
• For discharge sources (fluorescent and HID) – special control gear (ballasts) is required along
with external control
• For LEDs - special power supplies are required along with external control
Time-based switching devices
• Used when the occupancy schedules of a space are well defined.
• Usually “on/off” control.
• Can be used with either local control or centralized control.
Photosensors
• Used to sense relative light levels and provide feedback to an appropriate controlling device
• Can be used for simple on/off control or as part of a dimming system for proportional control
• Used in day lighting systems and other dimming oriented applications.
• Used outdoors for street and area lighting control (dusk to- dawn).
Occupancy sensors
• Detect motion within the controlled space
• Two basic technologies
• Passive infrared
• Ultrasonic
• Adjustable “off delay” times
• Can be used as local control or as part of a lighting control or building automation system
THANK YOU!